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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to the I Can't Sleep Podcast, where I help

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<v Speaker 1>you drift off one fact at a time. I'm your host,

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<v Speaker 1>Benjamin Boster, and today's episode is about the International Space Station.

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<v Speaker 1>The International Space Stations is a space station in low

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<v Speaker 1>Earth orbit l EO. It is a product of the

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<v Speaker 1>International Space Station Program and is operated by five partner

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<v Speaker 1>space agencies NASA, United States, ROSCOSMOS, Russia, ISSA, Europe, Jackson, Japan,

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<v Speaker 1>and CSA Canada. It is a first space station built, maintained,

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<v Speaker 1>and crewed through international cooperation, and the largest human spacecraft

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<v Speaker 1>ever constructed. It is an orbital research station where scientific

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<v Speaker 1>experiments in microgravity are conducted and the space environment is studied.

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<v Speaker 1>Since November second, two thousand, it has hosted the longest

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<v Speaker 1>continuous presence of humans in space, alongside Tiogong. It is

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<v Speaker 1>one of the only two currently operational space stations. The

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<v Speaker 1>station orbits between fifty one point sixty four degrees north

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<v Speaker 1>and south at about four hundred kilometers above Earth, below

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<v Speaker 1>the Van Allen radiation belts and most space debris. Its

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<v Speaker 1>orbit takes it at seven point six seven kilometers per second,

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<v Speaker 1>roughly every ninety three minutes around Earth fifteen point five

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<v Speaker 1>times a day. Measuring one hundred nine meters by seventy

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<v Speaker 1>three meters, it is as large as a full sized

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<v Speaker 1>football or soccer field and has a pressurized internal volume

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<v Speaker 1>of one thousand five hued meters, comparable to a Boeing

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<v Speaker 1>seven forty seven airliner. The station is a modular space station,

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<v Speaker 1>divided into two main sections, the Russian orbital segments developed

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<v Speaker 1>by Roskosmos and the US orbital segment USOS built by NASA, ISSA,

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<v Speaker 1>JEKSA and CSA. The Integrated Trust structure connects the station's

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<v Speaker 1>vast system of solar panels and radiators to its sixteen

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<v Speaker 1>major pressurized mind These modules support scientific research, crew, habitation, storage,

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<v Speaker 1>spacecraft control, and air lock operations. The ISS has eight

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<v Speaker 1>docking and birthing ports for visiting spacecraft. In total, the

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<v Speaker 1>station consists of forty three different modules and elements. Crews

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<v Speaker 1>visit via the Soyuz and Crew Dragon spacecraft and previously

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<v Speaker 1>the Space Shuttle. Cargo supply craft include Progress, Cargo, Dragon,

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<v Speaker 1>Sickness Automated Transfer Vehicle, and HTVX. The ISS is the

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<v Speaker 1>political product of the development of international cooperation and space

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<v Speaker 1>throughout the space age. The station combines two previously planned

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<v Speaker 1>crude Earth orbiting stations, the United States Space station Freedom

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<v Speaker 1>and the Soviet Union's mer II. The first is S

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<v Speaker 1>S module was launched in nineteen ninety eight, with major

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<v Speaker 1>components delivered by Proton soyuse and Space Shuttle launch vehicles.

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<v Speaker 1>Long term occupancy began with the arrival of the Expedition

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<v Speaker 1>one crew on November second, two thousand. Since then, the

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<v Speaker 1>ISS has remained continuously inhabited for twenty five years and

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<v Speaker 1>two hundred forty nine days, the longest continuous human presence

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<v Speaker 1>in space. As of August twenty twenty five, two hundred

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<v Speaker 1>and ninety individuals from twenty six countries had visited the station.

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<v Speaker 1>Future plans for the ISS include the addition of at

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<v Speaker 1>least one module, the Payload Power Thermal module, by Axiom Space,

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<v Speaker 1>forming the commercial segment of the station. The station is

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<v Speaker 1>expected to remain operational until the end of twenty thirty,

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<v Speaker 1>by which parts of it are to be used for

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<v Speaker 1>Axiom Station and the Russian Orbital Service Station. After this,

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<v Speaker 1>the ISS is planned to be de orbited using the

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<v Speaker 1>U S de orbit Vehicle, but critique of this plan

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<v Speaker 1>and the proposal of parking the station at a more

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<v Speaker 1>stable higher orbit has gathered congressional support as of twenty

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<v Speaker 1>twenty six. The ISS was originally intended to be a laboratory, observatory,

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<v Speaker 1>and factory, while providing transportation, maintenance, and a low Earth

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<v Speaker 1>orbit staging base for possible future missions to the Moon, Mars,

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<v Speaker 1>and asteroids. However, not all of the use is envisioned,

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<v Speaker 1>and the initial memorandum of understanding between NASA and roscosmos

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<v Speaker 1>have been realized. In the twenty ten United States National

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<v Speaker 1>Space Policy, the ISS was given additional roles of serving commercial, diplomatic,

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<v Speaker 1>and educational purposes. The ISS provides a platform to conduct

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<v Speaker 1>scientific research, with power, data, cooling, and crew available to

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<v Speaker 1>support experiments. Small uncrewed spacecraft can also provide platforms for experiments,

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<v Speaker 1>especially those involving zero gravity and exposure to space, but

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<v Speaker 1>space stations offer a long term environment where studies can

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<v Speaker 1>be performed potentially for decades with ready access by human researchers.

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<v Speaker 1>The ISS simplifies individual experiments by allowing groups of experiments

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<v Speaker 1>to share the same launches and crew time. Research is

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<v Speaker 1>conducted in a wide variety of fields, including astrobiology, astronomy,

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<v Speaker 1>physical sciences, materials, science, space, weather, meteorology and human research,

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<v Speaker 1>including space medicine and the life sciences. Scientists on Earth

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<v Speaker 1>have timely access to the data and can suggest experimental

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<v Speaker 1>modifications to the crew if follow on experiments are necessary.

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<v Speaker 1>The routinely scheduled launches of resupply craft allows new hardware

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<v Speaker 1>to be launched with relative ease. Crews fly expeditions of

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<v Speaker 1>several months duration, providing approximately one hundred and sixty man

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<v Speaker 1>hours per week of labor with a crew of six. However,

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<v Speaker 1>a considerable amount of crew time is taken up by

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<v Speaker 1>station maintenance. A notable ISS experiment is the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer,

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<v Speaker 1>which is intended to attact dark matter and answer other

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<v Speaker 1>fundamental questions about the universe. According to NASA, the AMS

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<v Speaker 1>is as important as a Hubble space telescope. It is

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<v Speaker 1>docked on the station and could not have been easily

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<v Speaker 1>accommodated on a free flying set satellite platform because of

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<v Speaker 1>its power and bandless needs. On April third, twenty thirteen,

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<v Speaker 1>scientists reported that hints of dark matter may have been

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<v Speaker 1>detected by the AMS. According to these scientists, the first

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<v Speaker 1>results from the space born Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer confirm an

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<v Speaker 1>unexplained excess of high energy positrons and earth bound cosmic rays.

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<v Speaker 1>The space environment is hostile to life. Unprotected presence and

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<v Speaker 1>space results in exposure to intense radiation consisting primarily of

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<v Speaker 1>protons and other sub atomic charged particles from the solar wind,

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<v Speaker 1>in addition to cosmic rays, vacuum, extreme temperatures, and microgravity.

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<v Speaker 1>Some simple forms of life call extremophiles, as well as

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<v Speaker 1>small invertebrates called tartar grades, and survive in this environment

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<v Speaker 1>in an extremely dry state through desiccation. Medical research improves

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<v Speaker 1>knowledge about the effects of long term space exposure on

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<v Speaker 1>the human body, including muscle atrophy, bone loss, and fluid shift.

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<v Speaker 1>This data would be used to determine whether long lasting

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<v Speaker 1>human space flight and space colonization is feasible. In two

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<v Speaker 1>thousand six, data on bone loss and muscular atrophy suggested

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<v Speaker 1>that there would be a significant risk of fractures and

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<v Speaker 1>movement problems if astronauts landed on a planet after a

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<v Speaker 1>lengthy interplanetary cruise, such as the six months interval required

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<v Speaker 1>to travel to Mars. Medical studies are conducted aboard the

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<v Speaker 1>iss on behalf of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute,

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<v Speaker 1>an SBRI. Prominent Among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound

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<v Speaker 1>and Microgravity Study, in which astronauts perform ultrasound scans under

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<v Speaker 1>the guidance of remote experts. The study considers the diagnosis

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<v Speaker 1>and treatment of medical conditions in space. There is usually

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<v Speaker 1>no physician on board the ISS, and diagnosis of medical

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<v Speaker 1>conditions is a challenge. Is anticipated that remotely guided ultrasound

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<v Speaker 1>scans will have application on Earth and emergency and rural

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<v Speaker 1>care situations where in person acts as to a trained

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<v Speaker 1>physician is difficult. In Augus twenty, scientists reported that bacteria

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<v Speaker 1>from Earth, particularly Dianochicus radiodurans bacteria, which is highly resistant

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<v Speaker 1>to environmental hazards, are found to survive for three years

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<v Speaker 1>in outer space based on studies conducted on the International

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<v Speaker 1>Space Station. These findings supported the notion of pansperma, the

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<v Speaker 1>hypothesis that life exists throughout the universe, distributed in various

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<v Speaker 1>ways including space dest meteoroids, asteroids, comets, planetoids, or contaminated spacecraft.

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<v Speaker 1>Remote sensing of the Earth, astronomy and deep space research

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<v Speaker 1>on the ISS have significantly increased during the twenty tens

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<v Speaker 1>after the completion of the US orbital segment in twenty eleven.

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<v Speaker 1>Throughout the more than twenty years of the ISS program,

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<v Speaker 1>researchers aboard the ISS and on the ground have examined aerosols, ozone, lightning,

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<v Speaker 1>and oxides in Earth's atmosphere, as well as the sun,

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<v Speaker 1>cosmic rays, cosmic dust, antimatter, and dark matter in the universe.

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<v Speaker 1>Examples of Earth viewing remote sensing experiments that have flown

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<v Speaker 1>on the ISS are the Orbiting Carbon Observatory three ISS,

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<v Speaker 1>Rapid scat Ecostress, the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation, and the

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<v Speaker 1>Cloud Aerosol Transport System. ISS based astronomy telescopes and experiments

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<v Speaker 1>include SOLAR, the Neutron Star, Interior Compasses Explorer, the Calorimetric

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<v Speaker 1>Electron Telescope, the Monitor of All Sky X ray Image,

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<v Speaker 1>and the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer. Researchers are investigating the effect

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<v Speaker 1>of the station's near weightless environment on the evolution, development, growth,

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<v Speaker 1>and international processes of plants and animals. In response to

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<v Speaker 1>some of the data, NASA wants to investigate microgravity's effects

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<v Speaker 1>on the growth of three dimensional human like tissues and

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<v Speaker 1>the unusual protein crystals that can be formed in space.

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<v Speaker 1>Investigating the physics of fluids and microgravity will provide better

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<v Speaker 1>models of the behavior of fluids. Because fluids can be

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<v Speaker 1>almost completely combined in microgravity, Physicists investig gave fluids that

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<v Speaker 1>do not mix well on Earth. Examining reactions that are

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<v Speaker 1>slowed by low gravity and low temperatures will improve our

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<v Speaker 1>understanding of superconductivity. The study of materials science is an

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<v Speaker 1>important ISS research activity with the objective of reaping economic

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<v Speaker 1>benefits through the improvement of techniques used on Earth. Other

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<v Speaker 1>areas of interest include the effect of low gravity on

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<v Speaker 1>combustion through the study of the efficiency of burning and

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<v Speaker 1>control of emissions and pollutants. These findings may improve knowledge

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<v Speaker 1>about energy production and lead to economic and environmental benefits.

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<v Speaker 1>The International Space Station is a product of global collaboration,

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<v Speaker 1>with its components manufactured across the world. The modules of

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<v Speaker 1>the Russian orbital segment, including Zarya and Zviezda, were produced

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<v Speaker 1>at the Krunachev State Research and Production Space Center in Moscow.

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<v Speaker 1>Ziezda was initially manufactured in nineteen eighty five as a

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<v Speaker 1>component for the Mirtu space station, which was never launched.

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<v Speaker 1>Much of the U s orbital segment, including the Destiny

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<v Speaker 1>and Unity modules, the integrated trust structure and solar arrays

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<v Speaker 1>were built at NASA's Marshall's Space Flight Center in Huntsville,

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<v Speaker 1>Alabama and Michewed Assembly Facility in New Orleans. These components

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<v Speaker 1>underwent final assembly and processing for launch at the Operations

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<v Speaker 1>and check Out Building and the Space Station Processing Facility

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<v Speaker 1>at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The U s

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<v Speaker 1>orbital segment also hosts the Columbus module, contributed by the

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<v Speaker 1>European Space Agency and built in Germany, the Kibo module,

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<v Speaker 1>contributed by Japan and built at the Tukuba Space Center

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<v Speaker 1>and the Institute of Space and Astronomical Science, along with

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<v Speaker 1>the Canada arm Io and Dexter, a joint Canadian US endeavor.

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<v Speaker 1>All of these components were shipped to the SSPF for

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<v Speaker 1>launch processing. The assembly of the International Space Station, a

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<v Speaker 1>major endeavor in space architecture, began in November nineteen ninety eight.

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<v Speaker 1>Modules in the Russian segment launched and docked autonomously, with

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<v Speaker 1>the exception of RASVED. Other modules and components were delivered

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<v Speaker 1>by the Space Shuttle, which then had to be installed

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<v Speaker 1>by astronauts either ru remotely using robotic arms or during

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<v Speaker 1>space walks more formerly known as extra vehicular activities EVAs.

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<v Speaker 1>By June five, two thousand eleven, astronauts had made over

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<v Speaker 1>one hundred and fifty nine EVAs to add components to

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<v Speaker 1>the station, totaling more than one thousand hours in space.

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<v Speaker 1>The beginning of the core of the ISS's tenure in

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<v Speaker 1>orbit was the launch of the Russian build Czarya module

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<v Speaker 1>atop a Proton rocket on November twentieth, nineteen ninety eight.

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<v Speaker 1>Zaria provided propulsion, communications, and electrical power. Two weeks later,

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<v Speaker 1>on December fourth, nineteen ninety eight, the American mained UNITY

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<v Speaker 1>was ferried aboard Space Shuttle Endeavor on st S eighty

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<v Speaker 1>eight and joined with Zaria. Unity provided the connection between

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<v Speaker 1>the Russian and US segments of the station and would

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<v Speaker 1>provide ports to connect future modules and visiting spacecraft. The

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<v Speaker 1>atmosphere on board the ISS is similar to that of Earth.

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<v Speaker 1>Normal air pressure on the ISS is one hundred and

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<v Speaker 1>one point three kilopescales, the same as at sea level

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<v Speaker 1>on Earth. While the crew would remain healthy at a

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<v Speaker 1>lower pressure, some equipment is very pressure sensitive. Double sided

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<v Speaker 1>solar arrays provide electrical power to the ISS. These bifacial

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<v Speaker 1>cells collect direct sunlight on one side and light reflected

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<v Speaker 1>off from the Earth on the other, and are more

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<v Speaker 1>efficient and operate at a lower temperature than single celled

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<v Speaker 1>cells commonly used on Earth. The station originally used rechargeable

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<v Speaker 1>nickel hydrogen batteries for continuous power during the forty five

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<v Speaker 1>minutes of every ninety minute orbit that has eclipsed by

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<v Speaker 1>the Earth. The batteries are recharged on the day side

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<v Speaker 1>of the orbit. They had a six point five year

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<v Speaker 1>lifetime and were regularly replaced over the anticipated twenty year

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<v Speaker 1>life of the station. Starting in twenty sixteen, the nickel

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<v Speaker 1>hydrogen batteries were replaced by lithium ion batteries, which are

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<v Speaker 1>expected to last until the end of the ISS program.

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<v Speaker 1>The ISS relies on various radio communication systems to provide

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<v Speaker 1>telemetry and scientific data links between the station and mission

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<v Speaker 1>control centers. Radiolinks are also used during rendezvous and docking procedures,

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<v Speaker 1>and for audio and video communication between crew members, flight controllers,

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<v Speaker 1>and family members. As a result, the ISS is equipped

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<v Speaker 1>with internal and external communication systems used for different purposes.

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<v Speaker 1>The US orbital segment of the ISS is equipped with

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<v Speaker 1>approximately one hundred commercial off the shelf laptops running Windows

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<v Speaker 1>or Linux. These devices are modified to use the station's

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<v Speaker 1>twenty eight volt DC power system and with additional ventilation.

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<v Speaker 1>Since heat generated by the devices can stagnate in the

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<v Speaker 1>weightless environment, NASA prefers to keep a high commonality between

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<v Speaker 1>laptops and spare parts are kept on the station so

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<v Speaker 1>astronauts can repair laptops when needed. As of June twenty

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<v Speaker 1>twenty three, thirteen individuals have paid for their own travel

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<v Speaker 1>to visit the ISS. In news coverage, such travelers are

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<v Speaker 1>often referred to as space tourists. However, many have objected

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<v Speaker 1>to the term as they typically undergo professional training and

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<v Speaker 1>conduct scientific, educational, or outreach activities while on orbit. Gravity

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<v Speaker 1>at the altitude of the ISS is approximately ninety percent

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<v Speaker 1>as strong as on Earth's surface, but objects in orbit

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<v Speaker 1>are in continuous free fall, resulting in a state of

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<v Speaker 1>weightlessness known as microgravity. This perceived weightlessness is disturbed by

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<v Speaker 1>five effects. Drag from the residual atmosphere, vibration from the

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<v Speaker 1>movements of mechanical systems in the crew, actuation of the

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<v Speaker 1>onboard attitude control moment, gyroscopes, thrust firings for attitude or

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<v Speaker 1>orbital changes, The living and working space aboard the International

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<v Speaker 1>Space Station is larger than a six bedroom house, equipped

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<v Speaker 1>with seven private sleeping quarters, three bathrooms, two dining rooms,

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<v Speaker 1>a gym, and a panoramic three hundred and sixty degree

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<v Speaker 1>view bay window. The station provides dedicated crew quarters for

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<v Speaker 1>long term crew members. These soundproof, person sized booths offer privacy, ventilation,

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<v Speaker 1>and basic amenities such as a sleeping bag, a reading lamp,

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<v Speaker 1>and storage for personal items. Visiting crew members use tethered

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<v Speaker 1>sleeping bags attached to available wall space or inside their spacecraft.

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<v Speaker 1>While it is possible to sleep floating freely, this is

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<v Speaker 1>generally avoided to prevent collisions with sensitive equipment. The station's

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<v Speaker 1>lighting system is adjustable, allowing for dimming, switching off, and

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<v Speaker 1>color temperature changes to support crew activities and rest. The

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<v Speaker 1>ISS operates un coordinated Universal Time UTC. A typical day

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<v Speaker 1>aboard the ISS begins at six hundred with wake up,

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<v Speaker 1>post sleep routines and a morning inspection of the station.

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<v Speaker 1>After breakfast, the crew holds a daily planning conference, with

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<v Speaker 1>mission control starting work around eight ten. Morning tasks include

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<v Speaker 1>scheduled exercise, scientific experiments, maintenance or operational duties. Following a

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<v Speaker 1>one hour lunch break. At thirteen o five, the crew

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<v Speaker 1>resumes their afternoon schedule of work and exercise. Pre sleep activities,

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<v Speaker 1>including dinner and a crew conference, begin at nineteen thirty,

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<v Speaker 1>with a scheduled sleep period starting at twenty one thirty.

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<v Speaker 1>The crew works approximately ten hours on weekdays and five

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<v Speaker 1>hours on Saturdays, with the remaining time allocated for relaxation

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<v Speaker 1>or catching up on tasks. Free time often involves enjoined

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<v Speaker 1>personal hobbies, communicating with family, or gazing out at Earth.

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<v Speaker 1>Through the station's windows, the crew can watch TV aboard

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<v Speaker 1>the station to simulate night conditions. The station's windows are

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<v Speaker 1>covered during designated sleep periods, as the ISS experiences sixteen

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<v Speaker 1>sunrises and sunsets daily due to its orbital speed. Reflection

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<v Speaker 1>of individual and crewe characteristics are found, particularly in the

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<v Speaker 1>decoration of the station and expressions in general, such as religion.

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<v Speaker 1>Food aboard the International Space Station is preserved in package

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<v Speaker 1>to withstand long storage times, minimize waste, and prevent contamination

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<v Speaker 1>of station systems. Because microgravity dulls taste, meals are often

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<v Speaker 1>seasoned more heavily than on Earth. Crews particularly look forward

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<v Speaker 1>to resupply missions, which deliver perishable items such as fresh

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<v Speaker 1>fruit and vegetables to reduce the risk of crumbs and spills,

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<v Speaker 1>damage and equiped foods are prepared in specialized packaging. Liquid

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<v Speaker 1>condiments are preferred over powdered ones, and containers are secured

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<v Speaker 1>with velcro or magnets. Drinks are delivered as powders to

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<v Speaker 1>be mixed with water, while soups and beverages are sipped

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<v Speaker 1>from plastic bags with straws. Solid foods are eaten with

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<v Speaker 1>utensils attached to trays by magnets, and any stray food

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<v Speaker 1>must be collected to prevent it from clogging air filters

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<v Speaker 1>and other systems. While crews occasionally gather for group meals

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<v Speaker 1>in unity, especially during holidays or special occasions, they more

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<v Speaker 1>often eat in small groups because of differing schedules. Russian

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<v Speaker 1>cosmonauts also retain the option of dining separately in Sizda,

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<v Speaker 1>where the Canwarmer is located. Was a growing diversity of

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<v Speaker 1>Nessa's astronaut core and the large number of international astronauts

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<v Speaker 1>who have flown to the ISS, the variety of food

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<v Speaker 1>available has expanded significantly. Efforts are made to provide meals

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<v Speaker 1>that reflect astronauts cultural backgrounds and personal preferences, and food

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<v Speaker 1>is often shared among crew members. Experiments have also been

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<v Speaker 1>conducted aboard the ISS to grow fresh vegetables in orbit.

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<v Speaker 1>These studies aimed to supplement astronauts diets with additional nutrients,

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<v Speaker 1>provide psychological benefits and advanced space agricultural techniques needed for

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<v Speaker 1>long duration missions to the Moon and Mars. As of

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<v Speaker 1>twenty twenty three, crops grown include three types of lettuce,

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<v Speaker 1>Chinese cabbage, mizzen A mustard, and red Russian khale. Some

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<v Speaker 1>of the plants are harvested and eaten by the crew,

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<v Speaker 1>while others were returned to Earth for analysis. In the future,

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<v Speaker 1>NASA plants to grow tomatoes and peppers, and eventually berries, beans,

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<v Speaker 1>and other nutrient rich foods. Such crops could offer not

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<v Speaker 1>only improve nutrition, but also potential protection against space radiation

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<v Speaker 1>for crew members who consume them. The is S is

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<v Speaker 1>equipped with three Russian designed toilets located in Zviazda, Tranquility

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<v Speaker 1>and Nauca. Inside these waste and hygiene compartments, the occupant

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<v Speaker 1>fastens themselves to the toilet seed, which is equipped with

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<v Speaker 1>spring loaded restraining bars to ensure a proper seal. A

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<v Speaker 1>lever activates a powerful fan while opening A suction poured

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<v Speaker 1>at the bottom of the toilet bowl and the air

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<v Speaker 1>stream carries waste away. Solid waste is stored in individual

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<v Speaker 1>bags placed in an aluminum container, which is later transferred

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<v Speaker 1>to cargo spacecraft that will burn up on reentry. Liquid

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<v Speaker 1>waste is collected through a hose with anatomically shaped funnel

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<v Speaker 1>adapters so that both men and women can use the

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<v Speaker 1>same system. The urine is diverted to the water recovery system,

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<v Speaker 1>where it is processed into drinking water. Showers were first

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<v Speaker 1>introduced on space stations in the early nineteen seventies aboard

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<v Speaker 1>sky Lab and Solut three. However, crews complained about the

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<v Speaker 1>complexity of showering, and by the time of Solute six

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<v Speaker 1>in the early nineteen eighties, it had been reduced to

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<v Speaker 1>a monthly activity. The ISS, like later Russian stations after,

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<v Speaker 1>has no shower. Instead, astronauts clean themselves with wet wives

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<v Speaker 1>or with a water jet and using soap dispense from

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<v Speaker 1>a toothpaste like tube. Rinseless shampoo and edible toothpaste are

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<v Speaker 1>also provided to conserve water.