WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.840 --> 00:00:08.160 Chapter three of History of Egypt. This is a LibriVox recording. 2 00:00:09.199 --> 00:00:13.519 All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more 3 00:00:13.560 --> 00:00:20.960 information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording 4 00:00:21.039 --> 00:00:29.039 by Rick Vina. History of Egypt by F. C. H. Wendel. 5 00:00:30.879 --> 00:00:36.679 Chapter three From the Seventh Dynasty to the close of 6 00:00:36.719 --> 00:00:42.159 the twelfth the Transition period and the Middle Empire about 7 00:00:42.200 --> 00:00:50.759 twenty four hundred through nineteen thirty BC. Section one The 8 00:00:50.920 --> 00:00:59.600 Transition Period dynasties seven through eleven. This was a period 9 00:00:59.640 --> 00:01:05.760 of frequent revolutions. King after king ascended the throne, but 10 00:01:05.840 --> 00:01:09.599 it was a long time before a king arose who 11 00:01:09.640 --> 00:01:14.200 succeeded in securing a firm hold on the reigns of state. 12 00:01:15.319 --> 00:01:19.200 It is next to impossible to give even a chronological 13 00:01:19.319 --> 00:01:23.359 list of the kings who ruled in this period, which 14 00:01:23.480 --> 00:01:28.280 must have covered some two hundred years and perhaps more. 15 00:01:29.519 --> 00:01:32.400 It is owing to this gap, and one that we 16 00:01:32.480 --> 00:01:36.359 shall meet with later, that the chronology of the earlier 17 00:01:36.400 --> 00:01:42.560 periods of Egypt is so very uncertain. From conditions existing 18 00:01:43.079 --> 00:01:46.719 in the times of the Twelfth Dynasty, it would seem 19 00:01:47.200 --> 00:01:51.920 that the great hereditary princes of the realm, the nomarchoi 20 00:01:52.599 --> 00:01:59.000 succeeded in winning some considerable independence during this period. It 21 00:01:59.079 --> 00:02:02.599 is but natural that in a time when the kings 22 00:02:02.680 --> 00:02:07.079 felt anything but secure on the throne, they should seek 23 00:02:07.480 --> 00:02:11.319 to enlist the support of the nobility, and be ready 24 00:02:11.639 --> 00:02:16.800 to purchase that support by according them greater privileges than 25 00:02:16.840 --> 00:02:22.240 they had hitherto enjoyed. These nobles were a very shrewd lot, 26 00:02:22.879 --> 00:02:26.280 and no doubt made the best of the bargain by 27 00:02:26.360 --> 00:02:30.719 selling their support to the highest bidder. It was in 28 00:02:30.800 --> 00:02:36.439 all probability this inordinate strengthening of the nobility that finally 29 00:02:36.520 --> 00:02:40.680 led to the rise of the Theban princes and to 30 00:02:40.800 --> 00:02:44.680 their accession to the throne under the founder of the 31 00:02:44.719 --> 00:02:51.039 Eleventh dynasty. This was significant for the entire future of Egypt, 32 00:02:51.520 --> 00:02:56.039 as Thebes controlled the destinies of the kingdom for over 33 00:02:56.080 --> 00:03:01.800 a thousand years. Manetho gives only a list of dynasties 34 00:03:02.000 --> 00:03:11.240 for this period as follows. Seventh Dynasty Memphidic seventy kings 35 00:03:11.680 --> 00:03:18.199 in seventy days. According to Eusebius, five kings in seventy 36 00:03:18.280 --> 00:03:26.719 five years. Eighth Dynasty Memphidic twenty seven kings in one 37 00:03:26.840 --> 00:03:35.680 hundred forty six years, Ninth dynasty from Herakleopolis twenty seven 38 00:03:35.840 --> 00:03:43.000 kings in four hundred nine years, Sinchellis four kings in 39 00:03:43.080 --> 00:03:52.199 one hundred years. Tenth Dynasty from Heracleopolis seventeen kings in 40 00:03:52.280 --> 00:03:59.520 one hundred eighty five years. Of the names, Manetho gives 41 00:03:59.560 --> 00:04:04.840 only the that of King Akthos, the founder of the Ninth dynasty, 42 00:04:05.479 --> 00:04:08.879 of whom he relates that he was the most barbarous 43 00:04:08.960 --> 00:04:14.400 and inhuman king that had hitherto ruled in Egypt. He 44 00:04:14.439 --> 00:04:19.600 committed many crimes and was finally stricken with insanity and 45 00:04:19.800 --> 00:04:25.240 killed by a crocodile. It is a probable conjecture that 46 00:04:25.360 --> 00:04:29.680 Manetho wishes to convey the impression that this king was 47 00:04:29.720 --> 00:04:36.399 a foreign invader. In all probability, the am Muhriyusha, whom 48 00:04:36.639 --> 00:04:41.600 Una had so effectually crushed, had been left alone by 49 00:04:41.759 --> 00:04:47.639 mary Ra's immediate successors, and had again gathered sufficient strength 50 00:04:48.160 --> 00:04:52.079 to renew their attacks on Egypt. If this is so, 51 00:04:52.800 --> 00:04:57.720 the attack must not have come until after nephrikha Ra's 52 00:04:58.000 --> 00:05:03.600 long reign. It seems that this time the barbarians had 53 00:05:03.639 --> 00:05:07.879 it all their own way and had finally succeeded in 54 00:05:08.000 --> 00:05:15.240 conquering the country. This hypothesis receives some confirmation, however, slight 55 00:05:15.800 --> 00:05:21.800 from the fact that a semi legendary papyrus mentions combats 56 00:05:21.800 --> 00:05:28.399 with the Hariyusha under kings Cheruti and Ameno. Judging from 57 00:05:28.439 --> 00:05:32.879 the names, Ameno was probably one of the kings of 58 00:05:32.920 --> 00:05:37.959 the Eleventh dynasty, and these battles were then fought in 59 00:05:38.040 --> 00:05:45.000 delivering Egypt from the foreign invader. Section two. The Middle 60 00:05:45.040 --> 00:05:54.120 Empire dynasties eleven and twelve. The eleventh dynasty, with the 61 00:05:54.240 --> 00:05:59.399 founder of this dynasty, the Theban Princes, ascended the throne 62 00:05:59.439 --> 00:06:04.560 of Egypt. These kings seem to have delivered Egypt from 63 00:06:04.560 --> 00:06:09.360 the yoke of the foreign invader, the war possibly being 64 00:06:09.399 --> 00:06:15.360 begun by Cheruti and Amenno, though we nowhere find any 65 00:06:15.439 --> 00:06:20.319 mention of this fact. The first of these princes mentioned 66 00:06:20.360 --> 00:06:24.639 in the lists of kings is the Erpiti, that is, 67 00:06:25.360 --> 00:06:32.040 hereditary Prince Antefh. The three succeeding kings are designated as 68 00:06:32.199 --> 00:06:37.279 whore and the fourth successor of Antefh is the first 69 00:06:37.319 --> 00:06:43.720 one to bear the full titulature of Egyptian kings. From 70 00:06:43.759 --> 00:06:47.839 this fact, the conclusion has been drawn that the first 71 00:06:48.079 --> 00:06:54.120 anteph was merely Prince of Thebes, that his next successors 72 00:06:54.120 --> 00:06:59.240 had gradually enlarged their sway until they ruled over all 73 00:06:59.319 --> 00:07:03.240 of Upper Eas Egypt, and had assumed the title Whore, 74 00:07:04.160 --> 00:07:09.879 signifying ruler of Upper Egypt, And that finally, the fourth 75 00:07:10.040 --> 00:07:14.800 successor of Antef had succeeded in conquering all of Egypt 76 00:07:15.279 --> 00:07:21.240 and had consequently assumed the full titulature of the Egyptian kings. 77 00:07:22.399 --> 00:07:27.920 This conjecture is entirely unwarranted. It is probable that these 78 00:07:28.120 --> 00:07:32.319 rulers delivered Egypt from the yoke of the foreign invader, 79 00:07:32.959 --> 00:07:36.240 but any attempt to read the history of the war 80 00:07:36.800 --> 00:07:42.000 from the titles of these kings is futile. The founder 81 00:07:42.040 --> 00:07:47.639 of the dynasty, Prince Antef, in all probability, was the 82 00:07:47.680 --> 00:07:52.560 man with whom the national movement began, though he possibly 83 00:07:52.680 --> 00:07:58.319 died before other princes had recognized his authority, and owes 84 00:07:58.439 --> 00:08:02.000 his place in the list of kings to the fact 85 00:08:02.480 --> 00:08:07.480 that his dynasty based their claim to the throne on him. 86 00:08:08.399 --> 00:08:13.360 To translate the title of Horror as ruler of Upper 87 00:08:13.399 --> 00:08:19.600 Egypt or as duke is not admissible. Horr was one 88 00:08:19.600 --> 00:08:24.560 of the titles of the Egyptian kings. The word signifies Horus, 89 00:08:25.480 --> 00:08:29.079 and this title was given the king because he was 90 00:08:29.120 --> 00:08:34.320 looked upon as the Horus on earth. The order of 91 00:08:34.399 --> 00:08:39.600 succession of these kings is not certain, and we therefore 92 00:08:39.639 --> 00:08:44.919 deem it advisable to group them according to their names. 93 00:08:45.000 --> 00:08:49.279 This will give us two groups, one of kings whose 94 00:08:49.360 --> 00:08:54.639 names were all the same anteph and another of kings 95 00:08:54.679 --> 00:09:00.120 whose names were all the same meant to Hotep. Any 96 00:09:00.159 --> 00:09:05.279 other arrangement would be equally arbitrary. While lacking the clearness 97 00:09:05.360 --> 00:09:12.559 of this the antef kings anteph Aea, that is, the 98 00:09:12.639 --> 00:09:18.799 great with the throne name Ra Sechem up Mat, is 99 00:09:18.840 --> 00:09:23.000 the only king of this line of whose family relations 100 00:09:23.039 --> 00:09:28.120 we have any knowledge. A note on his sarcophagus informs 101 00:09:28.240 --> 00:09:33.600 us that his younger brother and successor, Anon teph Ra 102 00:09:34.000 --> 00:09:40.879 Sechem her her Mat, had the sarcophagus made. This sarcophagus 103 00:09:40.919 --> 00:09:43.679 is in the museum of the Louver. It is of 104 00:09:43.759 --> 00:09:49.639 gilt wood and is ornamented with wings folded protectingly about 105 00:09:49.879 --> 00:09:56.759 the deceased. An inscription found in Abudos mentions buildings erected 106 00:09:56.799 --> 00:10:02.600 by him in this city. A Pyramideon mentioning the name 107 00:10:02.639 --> 00:10:09.000 of his wife Mentu Hotep was discovered at Kurna. The 108 00:10:09.039 --> 00:10:14.519 record of a criminal procedure against theban tomb robbers informs 109 00:10:14.600 --> 00:10:18.600 us that he was buried in the necropolis of Thebes. 110 00:10:19.799 --> 00:10:25.320 The guilt wood sarcophagus of Onnontef is in the British Museum. 111 00:10:25.879 --> 00:10:30.080 His silver gilt diadem is in the Museum of Leiden. 112 00:10:31.919 --> 00:10:37.759 Nube cheper Ra. Onnontef is mentioned on a statue as 113 00:10:37.840 --> 00:10:43.240 the conqueror of Asiatics and Nubians, but the texts do 114 00:10:43.320 --> 00:10:48.679 not give any detailed accounts of his campaigns. His tomb 115 00:10:49.159 --> 00:10:55.960 at dra Abulnega, opposite Thebes, was discovered by Mariette in 116 00:10:56.080 --> 00:11:02.000 eighteen sixty to eighteen sixty one. The stelle found in 117 00:11:02.080 --> 00:11:07.519 the funereal chapel dates from his fiftieth year, so that 118 00:11:07.600 --> 00:11:12.759 we know he reigned fifty years and consequently must have 119 00:11:12.879 --> 00:11:17.559 lived at a time when the country was tranquil. At 120 00:11:17.600 --> 00:11:22.639 the same place, fragments of two obelisks erected by this 121 00:11:22.879 --> 00:11:28.399 pharaoh were found on Aia the Great is one of 122 00:11:28.440 --> 00:11:33.759 the kings whose tombs are mentioned in the criminal procedure above. 123 00:11:33.960 --> 00:11:39.000 Alluded to one of the hieratic copies of the Book 124 00:11:39.159 --> 00:11:43.440 of the Dead, alleges that the one hundred and thirtieth 125 00:11:43.519 --> 00:11:50.399 chapter was discovered. In his reign, the Mentu Hotep kings 126 00:11:50.960 --> 00:11:57.159 belonged to the same family with the Antef kings. Nebhotep. 127 00:11:57.720 --> 00:12:03.000 Mentu Hotep is known only from a stelle found at Kanasso, 128 00:12:03.759 --> 00:12:08.000 on which he is depicted as adoring the local divinities 129 00:12:08.039 --> 00:12:13.320 of that region, who throw all peoples under his feet, 130 00:12:14.200 --> 00:12:19.480 that is, give him power over them. From this we 131 00:12:19.559 --> 00:12:24.639 must infer that Neb Hotep carried on wars in Nubia 132 00:12:26.159 --> 00:12:31.200 of Ra Neb Tawi Mentu ho Tep. We know only 133 00:12:31.440 --> 00:12:35.159 that he sent an expedition to the quarries of the 134 00:12:35.279 --> 00:12:41.320 Wadi Hamamat to quarry a sarcophagus for him. On this 135 00:12:41.480 --> 00:12:45.600 occasion he caused a great reservoir to be cut in 136 00:12:45.679 --> 00:12:49.679 the rock so that the men might not die of thirst. 137 00:12:50.960 --> 00:12:57.559 Ran eb Chepru Mentu ho Tep reigned over forty six years, 138 00:12:57.600 --> 00:13:02.240 as is proved by the tombstone of a certain Meru, 139 00:13:02.480 --> 00:13:06.480 who died in the forty sixth year of this reign. 140 00:13:07.840 --> 00:13:12.279 We know of him only that he quarried stone in Assuwan. 141 00:13:13.639 --> 00:13:17.240 This pharaoh must have been a ruler of some consequence, 142 00:13:17.919 --> 00:13:21.279 for his name is mentioned in all of the lists 143 00:13:21.320 --> 00:13:26.080 of kings, and in several lists, his is the only 144 00:13:26.240 --> 00:13:30.879 name of a king ruling before the Hixos invasion that 145 00:13:31.039 --> 00:13:37.480 is mentioned. Seyanch Kharrah was the last king of this dynasty. 146 00:13:38.440 --> 00:13:43.159 A very interesting inscription graven on the rock in the 147 00:13:43.240 --> 00:13:49.120 Wadi Hamamat relates the story of one of his expeditions. 148 00:13:50.000 --> 00:13:54.159 In the eighth year of his reign, three thousand men 149 00:13:54.679 --> 00:13:59.399 under command of Henu started from Kebti at the mouth 150 00:13:59.559 --> 00:14:05.000 of the Vattle. The expedition had a twofold object, first 151 00:14:05.519 --> 00:14:11.200 to quarry stone for the monarch's tomb and sarcophagus, and 152 00:14:11.440 --> 00:14:16.559 second to visit the shores of Powind that is, the 153 00:14:16.600 --> 00:14:21.360 southwest coast of Arabia and the Somali coast on the 154 00:14:21.399 --> 00:14:25.720 African side of the Red Sea on a trading expedition. 155 00:14:27.120 --> 00:14:34.000 Henu accomplished both objects successfully. To facilitate the provisioning of 156 00:14:34.159 --> 00:14:38.840 so large a detachment, a number of stations was established 157 00:14:39.279 --> 00:14:44.639 and wells sunk along the line of march. Arrived at 158 00:14:44.639 --> 00:14:49.759 the quarries, one detachment of the expedition settled down to work, 159 00:14:50.360 --> 00:14:54.480 while the other continued its march to the sea, which 160 00:14:54.480 --> 00:14:58.759 it reached at about the place where Cosser now stands. 161 00:15:00.080 --> 00:15:04.360 From here, Henu sent out a fleet. No mention is 162 00:15:04.440 --> 00:15:08.440 made of the building of ships to the shores of Powin, 163 00:15:09.440 --> 00:15:14.200 awaiting their return at Kosser. The fleet brought back all 164 00:15:14.320 --> 00:15:19.440 the products of this country, consisting of incense, precious stones, 165 00:15:19.840 --> 00:15:25.600 and other valuables. Meanwhile, the stone cutters had done their work, 166 00:15:26.159 --> 00:15:31.720 and the expedition returned to Egypt. This expedition is memorable, 167 00:15:32.320 --> 00:15:36.519 and that it proves that this pharaoh was firmly determined 168 00:15:36.919 --> 00:15:42.080 to establish a regular trade with Powin. The undertaking was, 169 00:15:42.120 --> 00:15:46.840 in a certain sense a pioneer expedition, the duty of 170 00:15:46.919 --> 00:15:50.879 which was to survey the road from Kebti to the 171 00:15:50.919 --> 00:15:56.879 Red Sea, and, by the establishment of watering stations, to 172 00:15:56.960 --> 00:16:01.720 make it practicable. The first king of whom we know 173 00:16:02.000 --> 00:16:08.720 that he followed in seyanch Karra's footsteps was Amenemhat the 174 00:16:08.799 --> 00:16:17.399 second the twelfth dynasty twenty one thirty through nineteen thirty BC. 175 00:16:19.399 --> 00:16:24.080 The eleventh dynasty had been a period of strife in it. 176 00:16:24.600 --> 00:16:29.120 Egypt had been delivered from the domination of the foreign invader. 177 00:16:29.879 --> 00:16:34.840 The kingdom had been reunified, and the work of reorganizing 178 00:16:34.879 --> 00:16:40.080 the government had been begun. So well had the last 179 00:16:40.240 --> 00:16:45.440 rulers of this dynasty done their work, that seanch Karrah 180 00:16:46.080 --> 00:16:49.960 could undertake the work of opening a road through the 181 00:16:50.000 --> 00:16:55.320 Wadi Hammamat from Kebti to the Red Sea, and of 182 00:16:55.399 --> 00:17:00.840 laying the first foundations of a direct commercial intercourse with 183 00:17:00.960 --> 00:17:06.720 the coast of southwestern Arabia and the Somali coast. To 184 00:17:06.799 --> 00:17:12.079 what extent the work of reorganization was completed when amenem 185 00:17:12.160 --> 00:17:15.880 Hat the First ascended the throne, we do not know, 186 00:17:16.680 --> 00:17:21.000 as but few monuments of the kings immediately preceding him 187 00:17:21.440 --> 00:17:25.799 have come down to us of the times embraced by 188 00:17:25.839 --> 00:17:31.799 the Twelfth dynasty. We have, however, a fair knowledge. Though 189 00:17:31.880 --> 00:17:36.440 the buildings erected by the kings of this dynasty have disappeared, 190 00:17:37.200 --> 00:17:42.039 yet the numerous inscriptions that have been preserved in all 191 00:17:42.119 --> 00:17:47.000 parts of Egypt contain records of their doings. Much of 192 00:17:47.079 --> 00:17:50.960 our knowledge of this period we owe to the tombs 193 00:17:51.119 --> 00:17:56.359 discovered at many Hasan and Bersha. But even here it 194 00:17:56.480 --> 00:18:00.240 is not yet possible to give details or to fully 195 00:18:00.400 --> 00:18:05.039 understand all the conditions that led to the rise and 196 00:18:05.119 --> 00:18:13.480 the fall of this house. Sehotep a brah A, menem 197 00:18:13.519 --> 00:18:21.039 Hat twenty one thirty through twenty one hundred BC. Reader's note. 198 00:18:22.359 --> 00:18:28.799 A map of Ethiopia is shown. End note. About the 199 00:18:28.920 --> 00:18:34.680 year twenty one thirty, King Amenemhat the First ascended the 200 00:18:34.720 --> 00:18:38.519 throne of Egypt. What claim he had to the crown 201 00:18:39.039 --> 00:18:43.160 we are not told, but in all probability he was 202 00:18:43.200 --> 00:18:48.000 related to the last king of the preceding dynasty. The 203 00:18:48.119 --> 00:18:55.000 change of dynasty was not accomplished without severe internal dissensions. 204 00:18:55.039 --> 00:19:01.880 Several inscriptions allude to these disturbances, but give no details. 205 00:19:01.920 --> 00:19:06.400 The new pharaoh was equal to the occasion. He defeated 206 00:19:06.440 --> 00:19:11.640 the rebels and then set to work to reorganize his kingdom. 207 00:19:12.359 --> 00:19:15.680 One of his first measures was to curb the power 208 00:19:15.759 --> 00:19:20.920 of the nobles, who had become semi independent. The principle 209 00:19:20.960 --> 00:19:26.599 of heredity he dared not abolish, but he regulated the succession. 210 00:19:28.480 --> 00:19:33.960 When an old nomarchoss died, the king chose his successor 211 00:19:34.440 --> 00:19:38.640 from his heirs at law, and thus bound the new 212 00:19:38.720 --> 00:19:45.240 prince to his person. He also personally superintended a new 213 00:19:45.440 --> 00:19:50.480 survey of the whole country. It would seem that during 214 00:19:50.519 --> 00:19:57.039 the periods of anarchy, foreign domination and restoration following on 215 00:19:57.160 --> 00:20:01.599 the decline of the old Empire. The Egyptian kings had 216 00:20:01.599 --> 00:20:06.880 not possessed the leisure or the power to adjust. Disputes 217 00:20:07.240 --> 00:20:13.519 concerning boundaries which had arisen among the nobles. The stronger 218 00:20:13.799 --> 00:20:17.680 had preyed upon the weaker, and many a prince had 219 00:20:17.720 --> 00:20:23.680 seized the occasion of enlarging his domain. A Menemhat made 220 00:20:23.720 --> 00:20:29.359 a tour of inspection through the country, personally hearing complaints 221 00:20:29.400 --> 00:20:35.079 and readjusting the boundaries. He thus succeeded in reorganizing his 222 00:20:35.240 --> 00:20:40.960 kingdom in a very short time, and when order was 223 00:20:41.079 --> 00:20:44.640 once restored, he was the man to keep it with 224 00:20:44.759 --> 00:20:49.920 an iron hand. This policy enabled him, early in his 225 00:20:50.079 --> 00:20:54.880 reign to turn his attention to foreign affairs. He marched 226 00:20:54.920 --> 00:20:59.440 against the Libyan tribe of the Matieu and conquered them. 227 00:21:00.359 --> 00:21:05.359 He also ward on the Asiatic frontier against the Bedouins 228 00:21:05.480 --> 00:21:09.720 of the Syrian Desert. In the twenty ninth year of 229 00:21:09.799 --> 00:21:15.240 his reign, he led his forces into Nubia and entirely 230 00:21:15.359 --> 00:21:20.519 subdued the o Aua, a tribe that had begun to 231 00:21:20.559 --> 00:21:25.319 give trouble. Like all of the Pharaohs, he was a 232 00:21:25.359 --> 00:21:29.920 great builder. Traces of his work have been found at 233 00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:36.559 Tannis Abydos, Memphis, and Karnak. The relics of his work 234 00:21:36.839 --> 00:21:41.400 found at Karnak are of great importance, as they prove 235 00:21:41.839 --> 00:21:46.000 that the great Temple of Ammon was founded by this ruler. 236 00:21:47.119 --> 00:21:51.799 The stone needed for these buildings was quarried in the 237 00:21:51.839 --> 00:21:59.599 limestone quarries of Tura roau Au opposite Memphis, in the 238 00:21:59.680 --> 00:22:04.559 Dire the right quarries of the Wadi Hammamat, and in 239 00:22:04.640 --> 00:22:11.640 the granite quarries of Assuan. In the sixteenth Upper Egyptian Gnome, 240 00:22:12.240 --> 00:22:17.640 he built a city called hot Sehotep ab rah As 241 00:22:17.720 --> 00:22:24.359 also a fort called amenem Hat Dead Taui. This pharaoh 242 00:22:24.839 --> 00:22:29.160 had in later times the reputation of being a great sage. 243 00:22:29.799 --> 00:22:34.519 A papyrus written about one thousand years after his time 244 00:22:35.319 --> 00:22:39.359 said to be a series of precepts addressed to his 245 00:22:39.519 --> 00:22:44.680 son user Tessen. The first tells the story of his 246 00:22:44.880 --> 00:22:49.240 accession to the throne and relates some other events of 247 00:22:49.279 --> 00:22:54.400 his reign. This interesting papyrus, which is said to have 248 00:22:54.440 --> 00:22:58.680 been composed by the king himself, is preserved in the 249 00:22:58.720 --> 00:23:03.440 British Museum. In the twenty first year of his reign, 250 00:23:04.160 --> 00:23:09.599 a Menemhat in all probability, with the purpose of avoiding 251 00:23:09.640 --> 00:23:15.000 a civil war over the succession appointed his son User 252 00:23:15.119 --> 00:23:20.640 Tessen co regent. This practice was imitated by most of 253 00:23:20.720 --> 00:23:25.440 his successors. The pharaoh died in the thirtieth year of 254 00:23:25.480 --> 00:23:30.000 his reign, and the events related in illusions made in 255 00:23:30.039 --> 00:23:33.680 the memoirs of a prince of this time force on 256 00:23:33.880 --> 00:23:40.640 us the suspicion that he was murdered cheper Ka rah 257 00:23:40.880 --> 00:23:46.680 Usir Tessen twenty ninety nine through twenty sixty five b C. 258 00:23:48.599 --> 00:23:53.279 When Usir Tessen the First ascended the throne about twenty 259 00:23:53.519 --> 00:23:58.079 ninety nine b C, he succeeded to a mighty empire, 260 00:23:58.720 --> 00:24:03.839 firmly united in its various parts and presenting a bold 261 00:24:03.880 --> 00:24:10.720 front to its hostile neighbors. Already as co regent, User 262 00:24:10.839 --> 00:24:15.680 Tessen had distinguished himself in the field, and his warlike 263 00:24:15.960 --> 00:24:19.319 ardor did not abate. When he sat on the throne 264 00:24:19.720 --> 00:24:24.680 as sole ruler, he was compelled to take the field 265 00:24:25.200 --> 00:24:30.039 against the Libyan Bedouines, whom he subdued. In the forty 266 00:24:30.119 --> 00:24:35.079 third year of his reign. He invaded Nubia and penetrated 267 00:24:35.119 --> 00:24:39.920 as far as the Second Cataract. Here he set up 268 00:24:40.000 --> 00:24:44.359 a stell on which he enumerates the names of eleven 269 00:24:44.839 --> 00:24:54.000 conquered Nubian tribes. Of these names, nine are preserved one who, 270 00:24:54.839 --> 00:25:07.559 two Ks three destroyed, four Shamik, five Chassah, six Shayat, 271 00:25:08.960 --> 00:25:19.920 seven Asheri Kin eight o wah Owah, nine Chammer, ten destroyed, 272 00:25:21.160 --> 00:25:26.920 eleven Amau. It is very unfortunate that we have no 273 00:25:27.119 --> 00:25:31.720 detailed accounts of these wars. We know only where the 274 00:25:31.799 --> 00:25:36.599 king ward and read the names of the conquered nations, 275 00:25:36.640 --> 00:25:42.359 But here our knowledge ends. This pharaoh opened the copper 276 00:25:42.599 --> 00:25:48.920 and malakite mines of the set Mefkat Malakite land, as 277 00:25:48.960 --> 00:25:54.880 the Egyptians called the Sinai Peninsula. He also quarried stone 278 00:25:55.359 --> 00:26:00.440 in the Wadi Hammamat. The most important of the buildings 279 00:26:00.480 --> 00:26:06.200 erected by this pharaoh were, of course, at Thebes. He 280 00:26:06.279 --> 00:26:11.160 built the priest's quarters at Karnak, which were restored in 281 00:26:11.240 --> 00:26:15.200 the reign of Rameses the ninth, and had his statue 282 00:26:15.559 --> 00:26:20.759 placed in the temple yard. A very fine colossal statue 283 00:26:20.839 --> 00:26:25.160 of this king, which was found at Tennis, is now 284 00:26:25.519 --> 00:26:29.759 in the Museum of Berlin. In the third year of 285 00:26:29.839 --> 00:26:34.160 his reign. According to the text written on a roll 286 00:26:34.240 --> 00:26:39.240 of leather preserved in the same museum, the pharaoh began 287 00:26:39.440 --> 00:26:44.359 work on the temple of raw At Heliopolis, as his 288 00:26:44.519 --> 00:26:49.240 father was then still living and he was merely co regent. 289 00:26:50.119 --> 00:26:54.640 A menem Hat the First appears as the directing spirit, 290 00:26:55.400 --> 00:27:01.759 while User Tessen seems to have exercised executive functions. The 291 00:27:01.799 --> 00:27:07.240 temple was called het chah Seho tepab Ra, that is, 292 00:27:07.640 --> 00:27:12.799 the Shining Temple of Amenemhat the First, while a portion 293 00:27:12.960 --> 00:27:17.640 of it was named after User Tessen. The only trace 294 00:27:17.799 --> 00:27:23.960 left of this temple are two obelisks erected by User Tessen, 295 00:27:24.160 --> 00:27:27.880 one of which is still standing while the other is 296 00:27:28.039 --> 00:27:35.279 fallen and in fragments. A peculiarly shaped obelisk, rounded at 297 00:27:35.279 --> 00:27:40.079 the apex and showing undoubted traces of the fact that 298 00:27:40.119 --> 00:27:44.400 it was once capped with metal, was found broken in 299 00:27:44.480 --> 00:27:50.359 two at Bagig in the Fayoun. Owing to the fact 300 00:27:51.000 --> 00:27:54.799 that the Felaheen of the region look upon it as sacred, 301 00:27:55.400 --> 00:27:59.920 it could not be removed. The king also built in Abydos. 302 00:28:00.960 --> 00:28:05.359 In his forty second year, User Tessen appointed his son 303 00:28:05.960 --> 00:28:11.880 a Menemhat co regent two years after he died, having 304 00:28:11.960 --> 00:28:16.559 ruled in all forty four years, of which he shared 305 00:28:16.640 --> 00:28:21.000 ten with his father, and two with his son and 306 00:28:21.119 --> 00:28:29.079 ruled thirty two alone. Nub Ka Rah A Menemhat twenty 307 00:28:29.119 --> 00:28:34.240 sixty four through twenty thirty one b C. Ascended the 308 00:28:34.279 --> 00:28:39.319 throne as sole king about twenty sixty four b C. 309 00:28:40.680 --> 00:28:44.519 He was a ruler of no special prominence, but he 310 00:28:44.759 --> 00:28:49.079 was well able to keep together the great kingdom left 311 00:28:49.160 --> 00:28:52.880 him by his father. In the twenty eighth year of 312 00:28:52.920 --> 00:28:58.119 his reign, this king sent an expedition under command of 313 00:28:58.359 --> 00:29:04.599 Chent schah Oer to Arabia and the Somali coast Pewent. 314 00:29:05.720 --> 00:29:09.799 The expedition was a success. This is the first time 315 00:29:10.359 --> 00:29:14.720 since the reign of Seyanch Karrah that we hear of 316 00:29:14.799 --> 00:29:20.200 a government expedition sent to this country. Like his father, 317 00:29:20.920 --> 00:29:24.960 he worked at the Sinai copper mines and built at 318 00:29:25.039 --> 00:29:30.640 sarbut El Chadem a temple to Hathor, who was the 319 00:29:30.680 --> 00:29:35.920 Tutelar deity of this region. He also operated the quarries 320 00:29:36.240 --> 00:29:40.680 of the Wadi Hammamat. In the thirty second year of 321 00:29:40.720 --> 00:29:45.480 his reign, he appointed his son User Tessen co regent 322 00:29:46.119 --> 00:29:51.240 and died three years later, having ruled in all thirty 323 00:29:51.279 --> 00:29:55.960 five years, two years as co regent of his father 324 00:29:56.880 --> 00:30:01.480 thirty years alone and three years together with his son 325 00:30:03.279 --> 00:30:09.680 chah chepper ra User Tessen twenty thirty through twenty fourteen 326 00:30:09.880 --> 00:30:14.559 b C. Of Usir Tessen the second, who came to 327 00:30:14.640 --> 00:30:19.279 the throne about twenty thirty b c. We know but little. 328 00:30:20.240 --> 00:30:24.599 Almost all our knowledge of his reign is confined to 329 00:30:24.799 --> 00:30:29.400 the great inscriptions in the tombs at Beni Hassan and 330 00:30:29.559 --> 00:30:33.559 Bersha tell us of the social conditions of the time. 331 00:30:34.920 --> 00:30:38.160 In the first year of his reign, he sent an 332 00:30:38.200 --> 00:30:43.279 expedition to the wah D Gasus, a branch of the 333 00:30:43.319 --> 00:30:49.319 wah D Hamamat, which runs in a slanting northeast direction 334 00:30:50.000 --> 00:30:56.359 to the Red Sea. This expedition most probably went to Powitt. 335 00:30:57.279 --> 00:31:00.079 In the fifth year of his reign, he sent an 336 00:31:00.119 --> 00:31:05.519 expedition under Mentuhotep to Assouan, and it would seem from 337 00:31:05.559 --> 00:31:10.319 his inscription that the tribes dwelling about the quarries had 338 00:31:10.359 --> 00:31:15.440 given trouble and had been subdued. This pharaoh built at 339 00:31:15.559 --> 00:31:20.799 Memphis and Tannis, at which latter place a statue of 340 00:31:20.839 --> 00:31:25.640 his wife ne Effort was found. In the times of 341 00:31:25.680 --> 00:31:30.640 the twelfth dynasty, it was a customary thing for Syrian 342 00:31:30.720 --> 00:31:35.759 Bedouins to cross the Egyptian border and seek permission to 343 00:31:35.839 --> 00:31:41.839 pasture their herds on Egyptian soil. A migration of this character, 344 00:31:42.400 --> 00:31:46.279 which took place in the sixth year of this reign, 345 00:31:46.720 --> 00:31:51.640 is represented on a celebrated painting found in the tomb 346 00:31:51.799 --> 00:31:58.640 of Kenem Hautep, the nomarchous of the sixteenth Upper Egyptian Gnome. 347 00:31:59.640 --> 00:32:04.880 This painting represents the arrival of thirty seven Asiatics who 348 00:32:04.960 --> 00:32:11.480 came before that noble bearing costly presents, among which was 349 00:32:11.720 --> 00:32:18.160 especially valuable I Salve, seeking his protection and asking permission 350 00:32:18.519 --> 00:32:23.359 to settle on his territory. The painting has become widely 351 00:32:23.440 --> 00:32:29.079 known through the attempted identification of the people here depicted 352 00:32:29.759 --> 00:32:34.880 with Abraham and his party. This attempt, however, is futile. 353 00:32:35.640 --> 00:32:39.440 The Bible relates that Abraham came to Egypt on a 354 00:32:39.559 --> 00:32:43.640 similar errand, and that his stay in this country was 355 00:32:43.759 --> 00:32:48.079 advantageous to him. The account of the Bible shows a 356 00:32:48.119 --> 00:32:53.279 good knowledge of the conditions under which such migrations were made, 357 00:32:53.920 --> 00:32:57.759 and is certainly based on old recollections of the race, 358 00:32:58.599 --> 00:33:02.920 some parts of which no doubt, did dwell in Egypt 359 00:33:03.119 --> 00:33:07.680 under these conditions while they were yet in the nomadic state. 360 00:33:09.640 --> 00:33:15.160 Manetho calls this king Sesostris and attributes to him the 361 00:33:15.240 --> 00:33:19.720 conquest of the world, but as yet no monuments have 362 00:33:19.799 --> 00:33:25.960 been discovered that bear out this statement. As Sesostris is 363 00:33:26.000 --> 00:33:31.759 the usual designation of Rameses second with the classical writers. 364 00:33:32.240 --> 00:33:36.920 It is, however, just possible that the copyists of Manetho 365 00:33:37.359 --> 00:33:43.079 got things slightly mixed. The king died after a reign 366 00:33:43.119 --> 00:33:47.960 of nineteen years, three of which he shared with his father. 367 00:33:50.720 --> 00:33:56.720 Shah kah Rah User Tessen twenty thirteen through nineteen eighty 368 00:33:56.839 --> 00:34:03.119 seven b C, who succeeded his about twenty thirteen b C. 369 00:34:04.119 --> 00:34:08.719 Is one of the greatest figures of Egyptian history. He 370 00:34:09.119 --> 00:34:15.320 it was that finally subdued Ethiopia. The victories of Usir 371 00:34:15.440 --> 00:34:19.400 Tessen the first had placed the southern boundary of the 372 00:34:19.480 --> 00:34:25.679 realm at the Second Cataract. Usir Tessen the third immediately 373 00:34:25.760 --> 00:34:30.360 proceeded to strengthen this frontier and make it the basis 374 00:34:30.480 --> 00:34:36.239 of his operations. Having defeated the hostile tribes of the region, 375 00:34:36.880 --> 00:34:40.840 he built two forts on opposite sides of the Nile, 376 00:34:41.760 --> 00:34:47.039 one at Semna and one at Cumna on this cataract, 377 00:34:47.599 --> 00:34:50.840 and in the eighth year of his reign, erected a 378 00:34:50.960 --> 00:34:55.960 boundary stone warning all negroes from coming down the river 379 00:34:56.079 --> 00:34:59.960 on their boats unless they were bringing cattle or merchant 380 00:35:00.119 --> 00:35:06.920 dies to mark it at he Semna or akhen Kumna. 381 00:35:07.159 --> 00:35:11.000 In the sixteenth year of his reign, the Pharaoh set 382 00:35:11.079 --> 00:35:16.679 out on his second campaign against the Nubians. He completely 383 00:35:16.760 --> 00:35:22.239 devastated the country, destroyed the crops, drove off the cattle, 384 00:35:22.800 --> 00:35:29.039 and took numerous prisoners. Despite this great victory, the Nubians 385 00:35:29.039 --> 00:35:33.920 were not yet completely subdued. In the nineteenth year of 386 00:35:34.000 --> 00:35:38.079 his reign, the king was again compelled to take the 387 00:35:38.199 --> 00:35:44.079 field against them, and again he completely defeated them, taking 388 00:35:44.199 --> 00:35:49.960 large numbers of prisoners and devastating the country. After this, 389 00:35:50.440 --> 00:35:54.960 the tribes seemed to have submitted and remained tranquil for 390 00:35:55.119 --> 00:35:57.960 during the rest of this epoch we hear of no 391 00:35:58.280 --> 00:36:03.480 new outbreaks. The king was an active builder. We have 392 00:36:03.519 --> 00:36:08.000 already mentioned two of his great works. He also built 393 00:36:08.039 --> 00:36:15.519 in Thebes, in Heracleopolis, Magna, in Abydos, in Tannis, and 394 00:36:15.639 --> 00:36:20.719 in Amada. He was moreover the first founder of the 395 00:36:20.760 --> 00:36:25.280 temples on the island of Elephantine, where he erected a 396 00:36:25.320 --> 00:36:30.639 temple to satt and Anuquet, two of the local deities 397 00:36:30.719 --> 00:36:35.199 of the region. Near the island, he founded a new city, 398 00:36:35.840 --> 00:36:41.199 which he called Haru Chah Karah. It is interesting to 399 00:36:41.280 --> 00:36:47.000 note how posterity honored this great monarch. Almost six hundred 400 00:36:47.079 --> 00:36:52.400 years after the king's death, Tutmosis the Third erected a 401 00:36:52.519 --> 00:36:56.440