WEBVTT

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<v Speaker 1>By now the house has gone quiet, the street, the dishwasher,

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<v Speaker 1>Can't Sleep dot supportingcast dot fm for an AD free

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<v Speaker 1>experience today. You can also find the link in the

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<v Speaker 1>show notes. Welcome to the I Can't Sleep Podcast or

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<v Speaker 1>I Hope you drift off one fact at a time.

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<v Speaker 1>I'm your host, Benjamin Boster, and today's episode is about apartments.

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<v Speaker 1>Thank you to Michael for sponsoring today's episode. This one

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<v Speaker 1>goes out to Maya, Who's a good Egg? An apartment

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<v Speaker 1>North American English, flat, British English, Indian English, South African English,

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<v Speaker 1>or unit Australian English is a self contained housing unit

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<v Speaker 1>that occupies part of a building. The housing tenure of

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<v Speaker 1>apartments also varies considerably from large scale public housing to

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<v Speaker 1>owner occupancy within what is legally a condominium strata title

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<v Speaker 1>or common hold or leasehold to tenants running from a

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<v Speaker 1>private landlord. The buildings that contain apartments may be called

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<v Speaker 1>different things depending on size or country. The term apartment

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<v Speaker 1>is favored in North America, although in some Canadian cities

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<v Speaker 1>flat is used for a unit which is part of

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<v Speaker 1>a house containing two or three units, typically one to

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<v Speaker 1>a floor. In the UK and Australia, flat is the

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<v Speaker 1>common term, although parts of the real estate industry has

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<v Speaker 1>recently begun using the term apartment for large upmarket flats,

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<v Speaker 1>especially if their target group is foreign investors. In some countries,

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<v Speaker 1>the word unit is a more general term, referring to

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<v Speaker 1>both apartments and rental business suites. The word unit is

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<v Speaker 1>generally used only in the context of a specific building.

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<v Speaker 1>Mixed use buildings combine commercial and residential uses was in

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<v Speaker 1>the same structure. Typically, mixed use buildings consist of businesses

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<v Speaker 1>on the lower floors, often retail and street facing ground

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<v Speaker 1>floor and supporting subterranean levels, and residential apartments on the

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<v Speaker 1>upper floors. Tenement law refers to the feudal bases of

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<v Speaker 1>permanent property, such as land or rents. It may be

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<v Speaker 1>found combined as in message or tenement to encompass all

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<v Speaker 1>the land, buildings, and other assets of a property in

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<v Speaker 1>the United States. In some other countries, such as Canada,

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<v Speaker 1>some apartment dwellers own their units either as a housing cooperative,

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<v Speaker 1>in which the residence own shares of a corporation that

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<v Speaker 1>owns a building or development, or in a condominium whose

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<v Speaker 1>residents own their apartments and share ownership of the public spaces.

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<v Speaker 1>Most apartments are in buildings designed for the purpose, but large,

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<v Speaker 1>older houses are sometimes divided into apartments. The word apartment

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<v Speaker 1>denotes a residential unit or section in a building. In

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<v Speaker 1>some locations, particularly the United States, the word connotes a

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<v Speaker 1>rental unit owned by the building owner and is not

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<v Speaker 1>typically used for a condominium. In England and Wales, some

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<v Speaker 1>flat owners own shares in the company that owns the

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<v Speaker 1>freehold of the building, as well as holding the flat

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<v Speaker 1>under a lease. This arrangement is commonly known as a

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<v Speaker 1>share of freehold flat. The freehold company has the right

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<v Speaker 1>to collect annual ground rents from each of the flat

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<v Speaker 1>owners in the building. The freeholder can also develop or

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<v Speaker 1>sell the building, subject to the usual planning and restrictions

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<v Speaker 1>that might apply. This situation does not happen in Scotland,

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<v Speaker 1>where long leasehold of residential property was previously unusual and

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<v Speaker 1>is now impossible. Apartment buildings are multi story buildings where

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<v Speaker 1>three or more residences are contained within one structure. Such

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<v Speaker 1>a building may be called an apartment building, apartment complex,

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<v Speaker 1>flat complex, block of flats, tenement Scotland, tower block, high rise,

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<v Speaker 1>or occasionally mansion block. In British English, especially if it

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<v Speaker 1>consists of many apartments for rent, a high rise apartment

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<v Speaker 1>building is commonly referred to as a residential tower, apartment tower,

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<v Speaker 1>or block of flats. In Australia, a high rise building

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<v Speaker 1>is defined by its hide differently in various jurisdictions. It

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<v Speaker 1>may be only residential, in which case it might also

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<v Speaker 1>be called a tower block, or it might include other

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<v Speaker 1>functions such as hotels, offices or shops. There is no

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<v Speaker 1>clear difference between a tower block and a skyscraper, although

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<v Speaker 1>a building with fifty or more stories is generally considered

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<v Speaker 1>a skyscraper. High Rise buildings become possible with the invention

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<v Speaker 1>of the elevator or lyft and cheaper, more abundant building materials.

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<v Speaker 1>Their structural system usually is made of reinforced concrete and steel.

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<v Speaker 1>A low rise building and mid rise buildings have fewer stories,

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<v Speaker 1>but the limits are not always clear. Empress defines a

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<v Speaker 1>low rise as an enclosed structure below thirty five meters,

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<v Speaker 1>which is divided into regular floor levels. The City of

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<v Speaker 1>Toronto defines a mid rise as a building between four

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<v Speaker 1>and twelve stories. Most low rise apartment buildings or walk

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<v Speaker 1>ups lacking elevators. Garden apartment buildings are usually one or

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<v Speaker 1>two story structures, where the individual apartments open directly to

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<v Speaker 1>the outdoors, and where the building or complex offers landscaped grounds.

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<v Speaker 1>The smallest self contained apartments are referred to as studio

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<v Speaker 1>efficiency or bachelor apartments in the U S and Canada,

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<v Speaker 1>or studio flat in the UK. These units usually consist

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<v Speaker 1>of a large single main room which acts as the

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<v Speaker 1>living room, dining room, and bedroom combined, and usually also

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<v Speaker 1>includes kitchen facilities with a separate bathroom. In Korea, the

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<v Speaker 1>term one room refers to a studio apartment. A bed

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<v Speaker 1>sit is a UK variant on single room accommodation, a

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<v Speaker 1>bed sitting room, probably without cooking facilities, with a shared bathroom.

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<v Speaker 1>A bed sit is not self contained, and so is

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<v Speaker 1>not an apartment or flat. As this article uses the terms,

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<v Speaker 1>it forms part of what the UK government calls a

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<v Speaker 1>house in multiple occupation. The American variant of the bedstead

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<v Speaker 1>is the single room occupancy. Merriam Webster defines a garden

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<v Speaker 1>apartment in American English as a multiple unit, low rise

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<v Speaker 1>dwelling having considerable lawn or garden space. The apartment buildings

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<v Speaker 1>are often arranged around courtyards that are open at one end.

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<v Speaker 1>Such a garden apartment shares some characteristics of a town house.

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<v Speaker 1>Each apartment has its own building entrance, or shares that

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<v Speaker 1>entrance by a staircase and lobby that adjoins other units

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<v Speaker 1>immediately above and or below it. Unlike a town house,

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<v Speaker 1>each apartment occupies only one level. Such garden apartment buildings

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<v Speaker 1>are almost never more than three stories high, since they

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<v Speaker 1>typically lack elevators. However, the first garden apartment buildings in

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<v Speaker 1>New York, US, built in the early nineteen hundreds, were

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<v Speaker 1>constructed five stories high. Some garden apartment buildings place a

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<v Speaker 1>one car garage under each apartment. The interior grounds are

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<v Speaker 1>often landscaped. In Chicago, a garden apartment refers to abasement

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<v Speaker 1>apartment the Oxford English Dictionary defines the use of garden

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<v Speaker 1>flat and British English as a basement or ground floor

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<v Speaker 1>flat with a view of and access to a garden

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<v Speaker 1>or lawn, although although its citations acknowledge that the reference

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<v Speaker 1>to a garden may be illusory, garden flat can serve

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<v Speaker 1>simply as a euphemism for a basement. The large Georgian

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<v Speaker 1>or Victorian town house was built with an excavated subterranean

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<v Speaker 1>space around its front, known as an area, often surrounded

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<v Speaker 1>by cast iron railings. This lowest floor housed the kitchen,

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<v Speaker 1>the main place of work for the servants, with a

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<v Speaker 1>tradesman's entrance by the area stairs. This lower ground floor,

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<v Speaker 1>another euphemism, has proven ideal for conversion to a self

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<v Speaker 1>contained garden flat. One American term for this arrangemond, is

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<v Speaker 1>an English basement. When part of a house is converted

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<v Speaker 1>for the ostensible use of the owner's family member, the

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<v Speaker 1>self contained dwelling may be known as an in law apartment,

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<v Speaker 1>annex or granny flat, though these sometimes illegally created units

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<v Speaker 1>are often occupied by ordinary renters rather than the landlord's relative.

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<v Speaker 1>In Canada, these are commonly located below the main house

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<v Speaker 1>and are therefore basement suites. Another term is an accessory

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<v Speaker 1>dwelling unit which may be part of the main house

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<v Speaker 1>or a free standing structure in its grounds. Salon apartment

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<v Speaker 1>is a term linked to the exclusive apartments built as

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<v Speaker 1>part of multi family houses in Belgrade and in certain

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<v Speaker 1>towns in Yugoslavia in the first decades of the twentieth century.

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<v Speaker 1>The structure of the apartments included centrally located ant room

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<v Speaker 1>with a combined function of the dining room and one

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<v Speaker 1>or more salon areas. Most of these apartments were built

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<v Speaker 1>in Belgrade, Serbia, although with the first examples of apartments

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<v Speaker 1>popularly named salon apartments, with the concept of spatial and

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<v Speaker 1>functional organization later spreading to other large urban centers in Yugoslavia.

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<v Speaker 1>Maisonette French for little house has no strict definition, but

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<v Speaker 1>the oed suggests a part of a residential building which

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<v Speaker 1>is occupied separately, usually on more than one floor, and

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<v Speaker 1>having its own outside entrance. It differs from a flat

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<v Speaker 1>in having usually more than one floor, with a staircase

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<v Speaker 1>internal to the dwelling leading from the entrance floor to

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<v Speaker 1>the upper or in some cases lower, other floor. It

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<v Speaker 1>is a very common arrangement in much post War British housing,

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<v Speaker 1>especially but not exclusively, public housing, and serves both to

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<v Speaker 1>reduce costs by reducing the amount of space given to

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<v Speaker 1>access corridors, and to emulate the traditional two story terraced

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<v Speaker 1>house to which many of the residents had been accustomed.

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<v Speaker 1>It also allows for apartments, even when they are acts

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<v Speaker 1>dust by a corridor, to have windows on both sides

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<v Speaker 1>of the building. A maisonet could encompass tineeside flats, pairs

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<v Speaker 1>of single story flats within a two story terrace. Their

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<v Speaker 1>distinctive feature is their use of two separate front doors

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<v Speaker 1>onder the street, each door leading to a single flat.

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<v Speaker 1>Maisonet could also stretch to cottage flats, also known as

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<v Speaker 1>four in a block flats, a style of housing common

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<v Speaker 1>in Scotland. The vast majority of apartments are on one level,

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<v Speaker 1>hence flat. Some, however, have two stories joined internally by stairs,

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<v Speaker 1>just like many houses. One term for this is maisonette.

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<v Speaker 1>Some housing in the United Kingdom, both public and private,

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<v Speaker 1>was designed as scissor section flats. On a grander level,

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<v Speaker 1>penthouses may have more than one story to emphasize the

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<v Speaker 1>idea of space and luxury. Two story units in a

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<v Speaker 1>new construction, are sometimes referred to as townhouses in some countries,

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<v Speaker 1>though not usually in Britain, duplex refers to two separate

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<v Speaker 1>units horizontally adjacent was a common demising wall, or vertically

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<v Speaker 1>adjacent with a floor ceiling assembly. Duplex description can be

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<v Speaker 1>different depending on the part of the US, but generally

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<v Speaker 1>has two to four dwellings with a door for each

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<v Speaker 1>and usually two front doors close together but separate. Referred

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<v Speaker 1>to as duplex, indicating the number of units, not the

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<v Speaker 1>number of floors, as in some areas of the country,

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<v Speaker 1>they are often only one story. Groups of more than

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<v Speaker 1>two units have corresponding names triplex, et cetera. These buildings

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<v Speaker 1>that have a third story are known as triplexes. In

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<v Speaker 1>the United States, regional forms have developed. A Milwaukee, a

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<v Speaker 1>Polish flat, or raised cottage is a small house that

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<v Speaker 1>has been lifted up to accommodate a basement floor housing

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<v Speaker 1>a separate apartment, then set down again, thus becoming a

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<v Speaker 1>modest pair of dwellings. In the Sun Belt, boxy small

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<v Speaker 1>apartment buildings called dingbats, often with car ports below, sprang

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<v Speaker 1>up from the nineteen fifties. In the United Kingdom, the

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<v Speaker 1>term duplex is usually applied to an apartment with two

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<v Speaker 1>stories with an internal staircase, neither of which is located

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<v Speaker 1>at ground level. Such homes are frequently found in low

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<v Speaker 1>cost rental housing, in apartment blocks constructed by local authorities

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<v Speaker 1>or above street level retail units, where they may be

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<v Speaker 1>occupied by the occupier of the retail unit or rented

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<v Speaker 1>out separately. Buildings containing two dwellings with a common vertical

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<v Speaker 1>wall are known as semi detached, or colloquially semis. This

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<v Speaker 1>form of construction is very common and built as such,

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<v Speaker 1>rather than being a later conversion. This type of apartment

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<v Speaker 1>developed in the US during the middle of the twentieth century.

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<v Speaker 1>The term initially described a living space created within a

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<v Speaker 1>former industrial building, usually nineteenth century. These large apartments found

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<v Speaker 1>favor with artists and musicians wanting accommodation in large cities

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<v Speaker 1>New York, for example, and are related to unused buildings

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<v Speaker 1>in the decaying parts of such cities, being occupied illegally

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<v Speaker 1>by people's squad. These loft apartments were usually located in

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<v Speaker 1>former high rise warehouses and factories left vacant after town

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<v Speaker 1>planning rules and economic conditions in the mid twentieth century changed.

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<v Speaker 1>The resulting apartments created a new bohemian lifestyle and were

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<v Speaker 1>arranged in a completely different way from most urban living spaces,

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<v Speaker 1>often including workshops and art studio spaces. As the supply

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<v Speaker 1>of old buildings of a suitable nature has dried up,

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<v Speaker 1>developers have responded by constructing new buildings in the same esthetic,

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<v Speaker 1>with varying degrees of success. An industrial warehouse or a

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<v Speaker 1>commercial space converted to an apartment is only called a loft,

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<v Speaker 1>although some modern lofts are built by design. A penthouse

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<v Speaker 1>is an apartment usually located on the top floor of

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<v Speaker 1>a high rise apartment building. This type of house has

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<v Speaker 1>exclusive features like private elevators, landscape terraces, and high ceilings.

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<v Speaker 1>In Russia, a communal apartment is a room with a

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<v Speaker 1>shared kitchen and bath. A typical arrangement is a cluster

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<v Speaker 1>of five or so room apartments with a common kitchen

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<v Speaker 1>and bathroom and separate front doors occupying a floor. In

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<v Speaker 1>a pre revolutionary mansion, Traditionally, a room is owned by

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<v Speaker 1>the government and assigned to a family on a semi

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<v Speaker 1>permanent basis. A service department is any size space for

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<v Speaker 1>residential living that includes regular made and cleaning services provided

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<v Speaker 1>by the rentell agent. Service departments or serviced flats developed

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<v Speaker 1>in the early part of the twentieth century and were

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<v Speaker 1>briefly fashionable in the nineteen twenties and thirties. They are

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<v Speaker 1>intended to combine the best features of luxury and self

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<v Speaker 1>contained apartments, often being an adjunct of a hotel. Like

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<v Speaker 1>guests semi permanently installed in a luxury hotel, residents could

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<v Speaker 1>enjoy the additional facilities such as housekeeping, laundry, catering, and

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<v Speaker 1>other services if and when desired. A feature of these

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<v Speaker 1>apartment blocks was quite glamorous interiors with lavish bathrooms but

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<v Speaker 1>no kitchen or laundry spaces in each flat. This style

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<v Speaker 1>of living became very fashionable as many upper class people

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<v Speaker 1>found they could not afford as many live in staff

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<v Speaker 1>after the First World War and reveled in a lock

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<v Speaker 1>up and leave lifestyle that service department hotels supplied. Some

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<v Speaker 1>buildings have been subsequently renovated with standard facilities in each apartment,

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<v Speaker 1>but service department hotel complexes continued to be constructed. Recently,

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<v Speaker 1>a number of hotels have supplemented their traditional business model

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<v Speaker 1>with service department wings, creating privately owned areas within their buildings.

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<v Speaker 1>Either freehold or leasehold. Apartments may be available for rent,

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<v Speaker 1>furnished with furniture, or unfurnished into which a tenant moves

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<v Speaker 1>in with his own furniture. Service departments intended to be

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<v Speaker 1>convenient for shorter stays include soft furnishings and kitchen utensils

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<v Speaker 1>and maid service. Laundry facilities may reside in a common

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<v Speaker 1>area accessible to all building tenants, or each apartment may

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<v Speaker 1>have its own facilities, depending on when the building was

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<v Speaker 1>built and its design. Utilities such as water, heating, and

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<v Speaker 1>electricity may be common for all the apartments, or separate

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<v Speaker 1>for each apartment and build separately for each tenant. Many

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<v Speaker 1>areas in the US have ruled it illegal to split

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<v Speaker 1>a water bill among all the tenants, especially if a

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<v Speaker 1>pool is on the premises. Outlets for connection to telephones

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<v Speaker 1>are typically included in apartments. Telephone service is optional and

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<v Speaker 1>is almost always billed separately from the rent payments. Cable

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<v Speaker 1>television and similar amenities also cost. Extra parking spaces, air conditioning,

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<v Speaker 1>and extra storage space may or may not be included

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<v Speaker 1>with an apartment. Rental leases often limit the maximum number

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<v Speaker 1>of residents in each apartment on or around the ground

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<v Speaker 1>floor of the apartment building. A series of mailboxes are

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<v Speaker 1>typically kept in a location accessible to the public and

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<v Speaker 1>thus to the mail carrier. Every unit typically gets its

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<v Speaker 1>own mailbox with individual keys to it. Some very large

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<v Speaker 1>apartment buildings with a full time staff may take the

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<v Speaker 1>mail from the carrier and provide mail sorting service near

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<v Speaker 1>the mailboxes or some other location accessible by outsiders. A

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<v Speaker 1>buzzer equivalent to a door bell may be available for

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<v Speaker 1>each individual unit. In smaller buildings, such as two or

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<v Speaker 1>three flats, or even floor flats, rubbish is often disposed

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<v Speaker 1>of in trash containers similar to those used at houses.

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<v Speaker 1>In larger buildings, rubbish is often collected in a common

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<v Speaker 1>trash bin or dumpster for cleanliness or minimizing noise. Many

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<v Speaker 1>lessers will place restrictions on tenants regarding smoking or keeping

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<v Speaker 1>pets in an apartment. In more urban areas, apartments close

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<v Speaker 1>to the downtown British English town or city center area

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<v Speaker 1>have the benefits of proximity to jobs and or public transportation. However,

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<v Speaker 1>prices per square foot are often much higher than in

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<v Speaker 1>suburban areas. Moving up in size from studio flats are

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<v Speaker 1>one bedroom apartments which contain a bedroom enclosed from the

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<v Speaker 1>other rooms of the apartment, usually by an internal door.

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<v Speaker 1>This is followed by two bedroom, three bedroom, et cetera.

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<v Speaker 1>Apartments with more than three bedrooms are rare. Small apartments

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<v Speaker 1>often have only one entrance. Large apartments often have two entrances,

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<v Speaker 1>perhaps a door in the front and another in the back,

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<v Speaker 1>or from an underground or otherwise attached parking structure. Depending

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<v Speaker 1>on the building design, the entrance doors may be connected

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<v Speaker 1>directly to the outside or to a common area inside,

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<v Speaker 1>such as a hallway or a lobby. In many American cities,

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<v Speaker 1>the one plus five style of mid rise wood framed

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<v Speaker 1>apartments have gained significant popularity following a two thousand and

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<v Speaker 1>nine revision to the International Building Code. These buildings typically

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<v Speaker 1>feature four wood framed floors above a concrete podium and

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<v Speaker 1>are popular with the developers due to their high density

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<v Speaker 1>and relatively low construction costs. The Pueblan peoples of what

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<v Speaker 1>is now the southwestern United States have constructed large, multi

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<v Speaker 1>room dwellings, some comprising more than nine hundred rooms since

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<v Speaker 1>the tenth century. In the classic period Mesoamerican city of Teotia,

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<v Speaker 1>kan apartments were not only the standard means of housing

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<v Speaker 1>the city's population of over two hundred thousand inhabitants, but

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<v Speaker 1>show a remarkably even wealth distribution for the entire city,

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<v Speaker 1>even by contemporary standards. Furthermore, the apartments were inhabited by

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<v Speaker 1>the general populace as a whole, in contrast to other

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<v Speaker 1>pre modern societies where apartments were limited to housing the

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<v Speaker 1>lower class members of the society, as with a somewhat

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<v Speaker 1>contemporary Roman insule. In ancient Rome, the Insulee singular Insula

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<v Speaker 1>were large apartment buildings where the lower and middle classes

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<v Speaker 1>of Romans dwelled. The floor at ground level was used

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<v Speaker 1>for tabernay shops and businesses, with living space on the

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<v Speaker 1>higher floors. Insully in Rome and other imperial cities reached

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<v Speaker 1>up to ten or more stories, some with more than

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<v Speaker 1>two hundred stairs. Several emperors, beginning with Augustus, attempted to

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<v Speaker 1>establish limits of twenty to twenty five meters or multi

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<v Speaker 1>story buildings, but met with only limited success. The lower

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00:32:31.079 --> 00:32:36.079
<v Speaker 1>floors were typically occupied by either shops or wealthy families,

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<v Speaker 1>while the upper stories were rented out to the lower classes.

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<v Speaker 1>Surviving Oxarinkus papyri indicate that seven story buildings even existed

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<v Speaker 1>in provincial towns, such as in the third century Hermopolis

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<v Speaker 1>in Roman Egypt,