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<v Speaker 1>Okay, so today we're diving into the world of five G. Right,

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<v Speaker 1>you sent over a ton of really great info, especially

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<v Speaker 1>some interesting excerpts from five gnre the next generation wireless

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<v Speaker 1>access technology. Yeah, it's pretty technical, but we're gonna break

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<v Speaker 1>it all down, you will, so you can walk away

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<v Speaker 1>feeling like you're fluid in five G.

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<v Speaker 2>Absolutely so.

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<v Speaker 1>Honestly, when I hear five G, I think faster downloads.

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<v Speaker 1>But I'm sure it's got to be more than that.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh it's way more than that. Okay, it's like comparing

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<v Speaker 2>a bicycle to a spaceship. Five G actually has three

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<v Speaker 2>major scenarios that it's built for.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay.

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<v Speaker 2>First up is enhanced Mobile Broadband or eMBB. Okay, you

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<v Speaker 2>know this is your download speed, streaming quality, all that

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<v Speaker 2>good stuff, just like cranked up to eleven. Okay, remember

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<v Speaker 2>those like dreaded buffering wheels.

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<v Speaker 1>Are the worst?

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<v Speaker 2>Gone? Really, with five G you can download a whole

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<v Speaker 2>movie in seconds, stream live events in crystal clear HD

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<v Speaker 2>even in a packed stadium.

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<v Speaker 1>That actually sounds an upgrade worth having, Yeah for sure.

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<v Speaker 1>But what about all this Internet of Things talk? Where

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<v Speaker 1>does five G fit into that?

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<v Speaker 2>That's our second scenario. Okay, massive machine type communications or

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<v Speaker 2>MMTC MMTC. We're talking connecting like a ridiculous number of devices.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay.

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<v Speaker 2>Imagine your car is like chatting with traffic lights. What

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<v Speaker 2>your fridge is ordering groceries? Wow, and your smart watch

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<v Speaker 2>is having a heated debate with your thermostat about the

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<v Speaker 2>ideal temperature.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, that sounds simultaneously amazing and also like my devices

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<v Speaker 1>are about to start a robot uprising against me.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, don't give them any ideas, right, But on a

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<v Speaker 2>serious note, all of this connectivity is what makes smart cities,

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<v Speaker 2>automated factories, all of that possible.

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<v Speaker 1>That's wild. Okay, So you said there's a third scenario. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>what's that one all about.

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<v Speaker 2>That's where things get really wild.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay.

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<v Speaker 2>Ultra reliable and low latency communications or you are LLC.

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<v Speaker 1>You ARELLC.

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<v Speaker 2>Imagine your instant communications so fast you wouldn't even notice a.

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<v Speaker 1>Delay, Like faster than I can accidentally my five year

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<v Speaker 1>old Instagram posts way faster.

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<v Speaker 2>Think self driving cars reacting in real time to avoid accidents. Ok.

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<v Speaker 2>Surgeons performing remote surgery from across the globe, or even

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<v Speaker 2>robotic referees that made the right calls.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, you lost me at the robot refs.

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<v Speaker 2>But I get what you're saying, You get the idea.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, this is already blowing my mind, and we haven't

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<v Speaker 1>even gotten to the howe part? Right, So how does

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<v Speaker 1>five G actually pull all of this off? What's going

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<v Speaker 1>on behind the scenes to make all of this magic happen?

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<v Speaker 2>It might seem like magic, but it all boils down

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<v Speaker 2>to some pretty ingenious engineering. Okay. One key difference is

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<v Speaker 2>that five G uses a wider range of frequencies than

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<v Speaker 2>previous generations, including these things called millimeter waves or millim waves.

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<v Speaker 1>Millimeter waves is that what they use in those really

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<v Speaker 1>high tech microwaves?

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<v Speaker 2>Not quite okay, but you're on the right track. Okay.

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<v Speaker 2>These millimeter waves are super high frequency radio waves, and

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<v Speaker 2>they're like the express lanes of the wireless Highway. They

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<v Speaker 2>carry tons of data incredibly fast.

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<v Speaker 1>So faster frequencies faster speeds makes sense. But there's got

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<v Speaker 1>to be a catch, right, Don't Those higher frequencies have

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<v Speaker 1>a harder time like traveling through walls and stuff. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>I feel like my Wi Fi signal freaks out if

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<v Speaker 1>I'm too far from the router.

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<v Speaker 2>You're absolutely right, Okay. Higher frequencies are a bit like divas,

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<v Speaker 2>they need special treatment. So instead of relying on those

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<v Speaker 2>massive cell towers, five G uses more distributed network with

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<v Speaker 2>many smaller cells, almost like having a network of mini

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<v Speaker 2>towers strategically placed throughout a city.

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<v Speaker 1>So it's like having a bunch of relay runners just

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<v Speaker 1>passing the data along making sure it gets to its destination.

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<v Speaker 2>Exactly.

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<v Speaker 1>Very cool. Yet, on top of that, you said five

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<v Speaker 1>G uses beamforming.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, five G uses beamforming.

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<v Speaker 1>What is that? So?

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<v Speaker 2>Imagine instead of a light bulb radiating light everywhere, you

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<v Speaker 2>have a spotlight that could focus its beam directly on you.

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<v Speaker 2>That's essentially what beamforming does with data. It sense of

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<v Speaker 2>focus being directly to your device, leading disaster speeds and

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<v Speaker 2>less interference.

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<v Speaker 1>That's really cool. Okay, so we've got these high frequencies,

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<v Speaker 1>we've got these smaller cells, we've got these laser focused

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<v Speaker 1>beams of data. Right, is there anything else five G

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<v Speaker 1>has up its sleeve? What about this thing I read

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<v Speaker 1>about it using unlicensed spectrum? Isn't that what Wi Fi uses?

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<v Speaker 2>You're right, five G can actually operate an unlicensed spectrum

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<v Speaker 2>just like Wi Fi, using something called license assisted access

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<v Speaker 2>or LAA LAEDA. Yeah, it's like finding a secret passageway

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<v Speaker 2>to add even more bandwidth to the network.

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<v Speaker 1>So five G is like a bandwidth hog, just using

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<v Speaker 1>every trick in the book to squeeze out as much

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<v Speaker 1>speed and capacity as possible.

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<v Speaker 2>Basically.

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<v Speaker 1>But hold on, We've been talking about how much data

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<v Speaker 1>five G can handle, right, But how does it actually

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<v Speaker 1>send and receive all that information? Isn't there a whole

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<v Speaker 1>different way uses frequencies compared to older networks.

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<v Speaker 2>You're definitely on top of this, Okay. It's not just

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<v Speaker 2>about the amount of data, it's also about how efficiently

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<v Speaker 2>it's moved. Okay. So older networks mainly used frequency division

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<v Speaker 2>duplex or FDD, which is like having separate lanes on

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<v Speaker 2>a highway for sending and receiving data.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, makes sense, keeps things organized exactly.

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<v Speaker 2>But five G is all about efficiency.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay.

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<v Speaker 2>So it utilizes both FDD and something called time division

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<v Speaker 2>duplex or TDD.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, so what's so special about TDD.

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<v Speaker 2>Imagine a single lane road with cars taking turns to

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<v Speaker 2>go in each direction. Okay, that's kind of what TDD does.

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<v Speaker 2>It allows devices to send and receive data on the

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<v Speaker 2>same frequency, but at different times. Ah.

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<v Speaker 1>So instead of having dedicated lanes, they're sharing the road,

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<v Speaker 1>but in a super organized way.

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<v Speaker 2>Exactly.

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<v Speaker 3>That's pretty clever, it is, okay, and it allows for

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<v Speaker 3>a lot more flexibility, especially for applications where you're downloading

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<v Speaker 3>way more data than you're uploading, like streaming a movie,

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<v Speaker 3>scrolling through social media.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, I feel like my brain is at max capacity

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<v Speaker 1>and we've only just scratched the surface.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, you've got a.

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<v Speaker 1>Massive Mimo network slice saying. It's like a whole new

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<v Speaker 1>language we're speaking.

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<v Speaker 2>There's a lot to unpack.

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah, there is. We're gonna take a quick pause, but

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<v Speaker 1>don't go anywhere. We'll be right back to unravel the

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<v Speaker 1>rest of the five G mystery. All right, and we're back.

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<v Speaker 1>All right. So we left off with some pretty wild concepts. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>massive Mimo network slicing. It's like the team behind five

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<v Speaker 1>G rated a sci fi writer's notebook for inspiration.

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<v Speaker 2>You're not wrong. So these advancements are what really unlocked

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<v Speaker 2>the true potential of five G. Okay, let's start with

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<v Speaker 2>that massive Mimo you mentioned. Okay, it sounds intimidating, but

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<v Speaker 2>it's actually pretty cool once you break it down.

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<v Speaker 1>Break it down for us, all right.

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<v Speaker 2>So picture a typical cell tower with a handful of antennas. Okay,

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<v Speaker 2>Now multiply that by say one hundred.

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<v Speaker 1>One hundred.

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<v Speaker 2>That's the basic idea behind massive MIMO okay, which stands

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<v Speaker 2>for massive multiple input multiple output.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay.

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<v Speaker 2>So instead of just a few antennas, you have dozens,

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<v Speaker 2>even hundreds, wow, all working together.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, that's a lot of antennas. What's the advantage of

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<v Speaker 1>having so many?

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<v Speaker 2>Think of it like this. Each antenna can create its

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<v Speaker 2>own individual data stream, like having a dedicated lane for

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<v Speaker 2>each device trying to connect to the network.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay.

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<v Speaker 2>This allows five G to handle a ridiculous amount of

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<v Speaker 2>data traffic simultaneously, okay, all while boosting speeds and improving reliability.

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<v Speaker 1>So it's like going from a two lane road to

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<v Speaker 1>like a super highway with dozens of lanes all flowing smoothly.

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<v Speaker 2>Exactly. Very cool. And it's not just about cramming more

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<v Speaker 2>cars or in this case, data, onto the road, right.

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<v Speaker 2>Massive MIMO also allows the network to target specific devices

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<v Speaker 2>with pinpoint accuracy, thanks to a technique we talked about earlier, beamforming.

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<v Speaker 1>Oh right, Remember that, it's like each antenna has its

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<v Speaker 1>own little spotlight exactly sifticing data exactly where.

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<v Speaker 2>It needs to go precisely.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, massive MIMO check. What about network slicing, Oh.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, rather good one. Network slicing is a good one.

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<v Speaker 1>What is that?

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<v Speaker 2>It's basically the ability to create multiple virtual networks, okay,

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<v Speaker 2>all running on top of that same physical five G infrastructure.

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<v Speaker 1>So it's like having different lanes on that data super highway,

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<v Speaker 1>each dedicated to a specific type of traffic precisely. Okay.

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<v Speaker 2>You could have a dedicated slice optimized for super low latency,

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<v Speaker 2>perfect for things like self driving cars or remote surgery.

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<v Speaker 2>Another slice could be tailored for massive IoT deployments, prioritizing

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<v Speaker 2>reliability and energy efficiency. Okay, And of course you would

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<v Speaker 2>have your standard high speed Internet slice for all your

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<v Speaker 2>streaming and downloading needs.

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<v Speaker 1>So it's like having a Swiss Army knife of networks exactly,

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<v Speaker 1>each tool perfectly designed for a specific task.

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<v Speaker 2>I like that. Okay, that's a good analogy.

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<v Speaker 1>But how does all of this get connected back to

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<v Speaker 1>the core Internet. We've got all of these smaller cells,

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<v Speaker 1>these millimeter waves. It seems like there's a lot that

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<v Speaker 1>could go wrong.

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<v Speaker 2>That's where another clever innovation comes in, integrated access in

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<v Speaker 2>backhaul or Iabhay, yeah, okay. So traditionally, connecting those smaller

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<v Speaker 2>cells back to the core network relied on fiber optic cables,

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<v Speaker 2>which can be expensive and difficult to install everywhere, especially

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<v Speaker 2>in densely populated areas.

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<v Speaker 1>Right, Not every city has miles of underground tunnels just

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<v Speaker 1>waiting for more cables, exactly.

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<v Speaker 2>So with IAB, five G can actually use its own

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<v Speaker 2>wireless signals for backhaul, connecting those smaller cells to the

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<v Speaker 2>core network wirelessly. Really, it's like creating a network within

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<v Speaker 2>a network.

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<v Speaker 1>That's really efficient.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, it is.

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<v Speaker 1>It's like five G is a master of multitasking, juggling

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<v Speaker 1>all these different technologies and frequencies.

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<v Speaker 2>It is.

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<v Speaker 1>But even with all of these advancements, we have to

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<v Speaker 1>acknowledge there are still some challenges. Of course, it's not

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<v Speaker 1>all sunshine and gigabit downlines.

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<v Speaker 2>You're right. Every new technology comes with its own set

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<v Speaker 2>of hurdles. Sure. One of the biggest challenges with five

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<v Speaker 2>G is deployment, Okay, especially when it comes to those

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<v Speaker 2>high frequency millimeter waves, right.

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<v Speaker 1>Those DIVA frequencies you mentioned earlier.

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<v Speaker 2>Exactly, they can carry tons of data, but they don't

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<v Speaker 2>travel very far Yeah, and they have a harder time

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<v Speaker 2>penetrating walls and other obstacles. This means we need a

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<v Speaker 2>lot more of those smaller cells strategically placed to provide coverage,

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<v Speaker 2>which can be expensive and complex to implement.

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<v Speaker 1>It's a trade off incredible speed and capacity, but at

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<v Speaker 1>the cost of a more complex and dense network.

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<v Speaker 2>It is a bit of a trade off.

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<v Speaker 1>What about security With all of these devices coming online?

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<v Speaker 1>I feel like every time I turn around there's a

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<v Speaker 1>new story about a data breach or a hack.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, that's a critical consideration. As we connect more and

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<v Speaker 2>more devices to the Internet through five G, we're essentially

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<v Speaker 2>expanding the attack surface for hackers. So securing these networks

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<v Speaker 2>and ensuring the privacy of our data is paramount.

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<v Speaker 1>It's like having a bigger house, you need a more

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<v Speaker 1>robust security system to protect it exactly. So, how do

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<v Speaker 1>we make five G as secure as possible?

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<v Speaker 2>It requires a multi layered approach, from building robust security

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<v Speaker 2>protocols into the five G standard itself to developing advanced

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<v Speaker 2>encryption and authentication methods. It's an ongoing process of staying

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<v Speaker 2>one step ahead of the bad.

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<v Speaker 1>Guys, a never ending game of cat and mouse.

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<v Speaker 2>Pretty much.

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<v Speaker 1>Well, we've covered a lot of ground here, from the

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<v Speaker 1>nitty gritty technical details to the broader impact of five

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<v Speaker 1>G on our lives. But there's one more piece of

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<v Speaker 1>the puzzle we haven't touched on yet. Okay, the interplay

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<v Speaker 1>between four G and five G. Right, because we're not

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<v Speaker 1>all just magically going to switch to five G overnight.

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<v Speaker 2>Right, You're right. Five G is still in its early

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<v Speaker 2>stages of rollout, ok and it needs to coexist and

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<v Speaker 2>cooperate with existing four G networks. That transition period is crucial, Okay,

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<v Speaker 2>and it involves some pretty clever engineering in itself.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, So how do we actually make that transition happen? Okay?

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<v Speaker 1>So how do we actually make that transition happen?

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<v Speaker 2>It's a bit like changing a tire while the car

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<v Speaker 2>is still running. Oh god, it requires really careful coordination

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<v Speaker 2>and some serious engineering ingenuity. But luckily, the brilliant minds

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<v Speaker 2>behind the five G standard, the folks at three GPP, Okay,

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<v Speaker 2>they figured out some pretty clever ways to make this

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<v Speaker 2>transition as seamless as possible.

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<v Speaker 1>So what's the secret, sauce? How do they get these

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<v Speaker 1>two technologies to play nice and work together?

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<v Speaker 2>One key approach is called non standalone deployment or NSA

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<v Speaker 2>for short NSA. Yeah, it sounds complicated, but the idea

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<v Speaker 2>is actually pretty straightforward. Okay to me with it all right,

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<v Speaker 2>So imagine five G as this like high flying trapeze artists, okay,

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<v Speaker 2>making its grand debut, But in the beginning it needs

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<v Speaker 2>a safety net. That's where four G comes in. With NSA,

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<v Speaker 2>five G networks can actually piggyback on existing four G

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<v Speaker 2>infrastructure okay, for things like initial connection setup and mobility management.

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<v Speaker 1>So my five G phone might be connected to a

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<v Speaker 1>four G network for some tasks exactly, while still tapping

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<v Speaker 1>into those blazing fast five G speeds when they're available.

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<v Speaker 2>Precisely. It's like having a hybrid engine in a car. Okay,

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<v Speaker 2>you get the best of both worlds. I like this

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<v Speaker 2>approach allows for a faster and more cost effective rollout

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<v Speaker 2>of five G Okay, because operators can leverage their existing

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<v Speaker 2>four G networks well, gradually building out dedicated five G

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<v Speaker 2>infrastructure as they go.

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<v Speaker 1>That makes a lot of sense. But what happens when

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<v Speaker 1>I'm like on the move switching between four G and

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<v Speaker 1>five G coverage areas?

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<v Speaker 2>Right?

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<v Speaker 1>Does the connection just drop out like it used to

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<v Speaker 1>back in the dark ages of early cell phones.

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<v Speaker 2>Not at all. That's where another clever trick comes in.

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<v Speaker 1>Dual connectivity. Dual connectivity.

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<v Speaker 2>What is that? With dual connectivity, your device can actually

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<v Speaker 2>be connected to both a four G and a five

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<v Speaker 2>G cell simultaneously.

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<v Speaker 1>My phone can have two connections at the same time.

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<v Speaker 2>That's right.

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<v Speaker 1>Is it like a superhero phone or something.

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<v Speaker 2>It's pretty close. As you move between coverage areas, yea,

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<v Speaker 2>the network seamlessly hands over the connection from one cell

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<v Speaker 2>to the other without you even noticing.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, that's impressive. That's like a relay race where they

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<v Speaker 1>pass the baton without breaking stride exactly. So we've covered

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<v Speaker 1>a ton of ground here, from the nitty gritty technical

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<v Speaker 1>details to the it's a broader impact of five G

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<v Speaker 1>on our lives.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah, we really have. But before we wrap things up,

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<v Speaker 2>there's one more like really cool aspect of five G

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<v Speaker 2>I wanted to touch on.

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<v Speaker 1>Okay, what's up.

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<v Speaker 2>It's potential for like super accurate location tracking.

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<v Speaker 1>Oh yeah, that's a good one.

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<v Speaker 2>Yeah.

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<v Speaker 1>Five G isn't just about communication, it's also about knowing

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<v Speaker 1>where you are with remarkable precision. Okay, we're talking about

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<v Speaker 1>pinpointing your location with an accuracy of centimeters, both indoors.

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<v Speaker 2>And outdoors, a centimeters centimeters.

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<v Speaker 1>That's like GPS on steroids. How is that even possible?

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<v Speaker 2>It all comes down to the nature of those higher

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<v Speaker 2>frequencies and the density of five G networks. Okay, with

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<v Speaker 2>more cells and a wider range of frequencies, the network

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<v Speaker 2>can triangulate your position with incredible accuracy.

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<v Speaker 1>So you're telling me my phone could know exactly what

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<v Speaker 1>I all am on in the grocery store exactly. That's

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<v Speaker 1>both amazing and a little terrifying, a little bit of both. Well,

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<v Speaker 1>I think that's about all the time we have for today,

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<v Speaker 1>but wow, we covered a lot of ground we did.

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<v Speaker 1>Five g's clearly so much more than just faster internet connection.

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<v Speaker 1>It's really a fundamental shift in how we connect to

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<v Speaker 1>the world and to each other.

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<v Speaker 2>Couldn't have said it better myself.

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<v Speaker 1>All right, everyone, thanks for joining us on this deep

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<v Speaker 1>dive into the world of five G. Until next time,

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<v Speaker 1>keep exploring, keep learning, and keep your eyes on the horizon,

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<v Speaker 1>because who knows what incredible innovations are just around the corner.