WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.040 --> 00:00:03.240 You know, usually when we talk about magic, there's this 2 00:00:03.359 --> 00:00:06.480 expectation of smoke and mirrors, like a sleight of hand. 3 00:00:06.360 --> 00:00:08.560 Right exactly, you pull a rabbit out of a hat, 4 00:00:08.800 --> 00:00:10.960 and the audience just applauds. 5 00:00:10.519 --> 00:00:11.880 Yeah, because they don't really want to know how the 6 00:00:11.880 --> 00:00:12.400 trick works. 7 00:00:12.480 --> 00:00:12.560 Ye. 8 00:00:12.679 --> 00:00:14.720 Yeah. The mystery is the whole point. 9 00:00:14.839 --> 00:00:17.120 The joy is totally in the deception. I mean, the 10 00:00:17.120 --> 00:00:19.559 moment you see the trap door, the magic is just gone. 11 00:00:19.839 --> 00:00:22.359 But then you look at a modern smartphone. You just 12 00:00:22.519 --> 00:00:25.960 tap a flat piece of glass and instantly you're looking 13 00:00:26.000 --> 00:00:29.280 at your family halfway across the globe on a real 14 00:00:29.440 --> 00:00:31.879 time high definition video call, oh for. 15 00:00:31.839 --> 00:00:36.240 Sure, or buying groceries with just a fingerprint, right. 16 00:00:36.479 --> 00:00:40.079 Or checking a baby monitor from your office. It feels 17 00:00:40.079 --> 00:00:42.600 like pure magic. But if you actually pull back the 18 00:00:42.640 --> 00:00:46.399 curtain on this illusion, which you find isn't a trapdoor 19 00:00:46.759 --> 00:00:49.799 or like smoking mirrors, No, not at all. We're looking 20 00:00:49.799 --> 00:00:53.079 at an environment that is just a massive, invisible scaffolding 21 00:00:53.119 --> 00:00:53.960 of pure math. 22 00:00:54.320 --> 00:00:58.240 It's the absolute definition of hiding complexity behind a simple interface. 23 00:00:58.560 --> 00:01:01.479 We interact with computers every single day, but the underlying 24 00:01:01.520 --> 00:01:05.280 mechanics of how they actually function remain just a complete 25 00:01:05.280 --> 00:01:06.599 mystery to most of us. 26 00:01:06.760 --> 00:01:10.120 Which brings us to our mission today. It's Friday, March 27 00:01:10.200 --> 00:01:13.719 twenty seventh, twenty twenty six, and welcome to the learner. 28 00:01:14.200 --> 00:01:17.159 Whether you're prepping for a career change or just insanely 29 00:01:17.280 --> 00:01:20.680 curious about the digital scaffolding holding up your life, we 30 00:01:20.799 --> 00:01:22.280 are going to decode. 31 00:01:21.799 --> 00:01:24.200 That mystery, and we have some great source material for this. 32 00:01:24.400 --> 00:01:27.879 Yes, we're using the foundational principles from the comtia It 33 00:01:28.280 --> 00:01:31.359 Fundamentals plus Guide to do it. And I promise this 34 00:01:31.439 --> 00:01:34.280 isn't going to be some dry textbook lecture. Okay, let's 35 00:01:34.400 --> 00:01:34.920 unpack this. 36 00:01:35.239 --> 00:01:38.760 Let's start by dismantling that illusion of the modern computing device. 37 00:01:39.079 --> 00:01:41.640 Take that FaceTime call you mentioned, Yeah, just feel so 38 00:01:41.760 --> 00:01:44.560 natural to you the user. It is a seamless experience 39 00:01:44.560 --> 00:01:48.040 of site and sound. But underneath that glass screen, some 40 00:01:48.120 --> 00:01:50.959 incredibly smart people figured out how to represent anything you 41 00:01:51.000 --> 00:01:55.640 can see, hear, or touch as massive, endless sequences of. 42 00:01:55.599 --> 00:01:57.680 Ones and zeros, just ones in zero. 43 00:01:57.680 --> 00:01:58.799 Oh. We call this data. 44 00:01:58.959 --> 00:02:01.840 So wait, every single pixel of that video call, every 45 00:02:01.879 --> 00:02:05.200 subtle frequency of your voice is being mathematically chopped. 46 00:02:05.000 --> 00:02:07.040 Up, exactly mathematically chopped up. 47 00:02:06.959 --> 00:02:10.439 And translated into these ones and zeros transmitted across the 48 00:02:10.479 --> 00:02:13.280 globe and then reassembled on the other end almost. 49 00:02:13.080 --> 00:02:17.680 Instantly, precisely, And because the sounds and images a computer 50 00:02:17.800 --> 00:02:21.840 creates are fundamentally just numbers, the computer can change them, 51 00:02:22.000 --> 00:02:25.680 oh right, or create them entirely from scratch, simply by 52 00:02:25.719 --> 00:02:27.719 doing a massive amount of calculations. 53 00:02:28.479 --> 00:02:30.240 It's wild to think about. I mean, it's not just 54 00:02:30.360 --> 00:02:35.120 video calls. It's how programmers use math to turn like 55 00:02:35.560 --> 00:02:37.759 a raw recording of a bunch of kids in front 56 00:02:37.800 --> 00:02:41.919 of a green screen into a massive Harry Potter spellcasting. 57 00:02:41.319 --> 00:02:43.240 Scene, oh perfect example, Or how. 58 00:02:43.120 --> 00:02:47.000 They render CGI dinosaurs breathing in Jurassic Park, or a 59 00:02:47.039 --> 00:02:50.879 web swinging spider man over Manhattan. Spider Man isn't a drawing, 60 00:02:50.960 --> 00:02:54.319 He's just a really complex math equation being solved millions 61 00:02:54.319 --> 00:02:55.120 of times a second. 62 00:02:55.240 --> 00:02:57.280 It really is incredible when you break it down like that, 63 00:02:57.360 --> 00:03:00.000 And it all comes down to three foundational building blocks 64 00:03:00.199 --> 00:03:02.719 from our techs. First, you have the hardware, the actual 65 00:03:02.800 --> 00:03:05.879 physical stuff, right, This is the physical presence of the machine. 66 00:03:06.000 --> 00:03:08.800 The tangible components you can actually touch or throw out 67 00:03:08.800 --> 00:03:10.080 a window if you get frustrated. 68 00:03:10.240 --> 00:03:12.800 Yeah, hopefully not, but yeah, the silicon, the glass, the 69 00:03:12.800 --> 00:03:13.919 plastic exactly. 70 00:03:14.280 --> 00:03:17.240 Establishing that BTS line is crucial. So hardware is the 71 00:03:17.280 --> 00:03:22.960 physical realm. Then sitting inside that hardware, you have the processors. 72 00:03:22.560 --> 00:03:23.840 The brains of the operation. 73 00:03:24.159 --> 00:03:27.560 These are the super fast electronic calculators carrying out the computations. 74 00:03:27.960 --> 00:03:31.240 And finally you have the programming or the software, which. 75 00:03:31.080 --> 00:03:32.439 Is the operating system and the apps. 76 00:03:32.520 --> 00:03:33.159 Right, you got it. 77 00:03:33.199 --> 00:03:36.639 The software is what actually tells the processor what math 78 00:03:36.719 --> 00:03:39.800 to do. Because a processor is essentially a blind engine. 79 00:03:40.240 --> 00:03:44.240 It has immense power, but absolutely no direction until the 80 00:03:44.280 --> 00:03:45.639 software provides a map. 81 00:03:45.960 --> 00:03:50.360 I picture the processor as an incredibly fast but painfully 82 00:03:50.439 --> 00:03:51.719 literal accountant. 83 00:03:51.919 --> 00:03:53.080 That's a great way to look at it. 84 00:03:53.159 --> 00:03:56.439 Like this accountant can do billions of calculations a second, 85 00:03:56.639 --> 00:03:59.639 but they only know two numbers one and zero, which 86 00:04:00.280 --> 00:04:01.840 tiny electrical switches turning on. 87 00:04:01.800 --> 00:04:02.759 And off exactly right. 88 00:04:02.800 --> 00:04:05.479 So if you don't give this account exact step by 89 00:04:05.479 --> 00:04:09.120 step instructions via software, they just sit there doing nothing. 90 00:04:09.039 --> 00:04:10.319 Just waiting for a command. 91 00:04:10.560 --> 00:04:13.080 But that raises a question for me. If it's all 92 00:04:13.319 --> 00:04:16.439 just basic math at light speed, at what point does 93 00:04:16.439 --> 00:04:21.399 a fancy desktop calculator officially become a quote unquote computer. 94 00:04:21.720 --> 00:04:24.519 What's fascinating here is that the line isn't actually drawn 95 00:04:24.560 --> 00:04:27.600 by the math itself, but by storage and programming. 96 00:04:27.959 --> 00:04:29.360 Oh really, not the math. 97 00:04:29.439 --> 00:04:32.879 Nope, those two elements bridge the gap. Think about a 98 00:04:32.920 --> 00:04:36.279 simple calculator. It just processes the numbers you punch in 99 00:04:36.560 --> 00:04:38.600 right then and there. It has no memory of what 100 00:04:38.639 --> 00:04:39.439 it did yesterday. 101 00:04:39.560 --> 00:04:41.759 Right, you hit clear, and it's gone forever exactly. 102 00:04:42.000 --> 00:04:46.360 A computer, however, can store complex multi step programs and 103 00:04:46.439 --> 00:04:50.360 save vast amounts of data for later use. It has permanence, and. 104 00:04:50.319 --> 00:04:54.279 The physical reality of that storage is almost unrecognizable from 105 00:04:54.279 --> 00:04:55.279 where it started, isn't it. 106 00:04:55.319 --> 00:04:57.959 Oh it's night and day. Early data storage didn't even 107 00:04:58.040 --> 00:05:01.160 use microchips. It relied on paper car or long spools 108 00:05:01.160 --> 00:05:04.040 of tape with literal physical holes punched into them to 109 00:05:04.120 --> 00:05:06.319 represent those ones and zero paper cards. 110 00:05:06.399 --> 00:05:08.519 That is just so crazy to picture now. 111 00:05:08.720 --> 00:05:11.240 A literal hole was a one and intac paper was 112 00:05:11.279 --> 00:05:15.759 a zero. If you'd take a single standard modern smartphone 113 00:05:15.800 --> 00:05:18.839 photo today, the amount of ones and zeros required to 114 00:05:18.839 --> 00:05:21.800 store that image would have easily filled the first commercial 115 00:05:21.920 --> 00:05:24.360 data storage systems of the early nineteen fifties. 116 00:05:24.560 --> 00:05:27.639 Wow, just one photo, just one selfie? 117 00:05:27.720 --> 00:05:30.800 And back then in today's money renting the equipment to 118 00:05:30.839 --> 00:05:34.160 store that single selfie would have cost thousands of dollars 119 00:05:34.199 --> 00:05:34.839 a month. 120 00:05:34.680 --> 00:05:37.560 Thousands of dollars a month just to store one photo. 121 00:05:37.720 --> 00:05:40.680 And now we carry around whole libraries of high definition 122 00:05:40.800 --> 00:05:44.879 video in our pockets, which forces us to look at 123 00:05:44.920 --> 00:05:46.759 the physical boxes actually doing this. 124 00:05:46.800 --> 00:05:48.160 Math right, the form factor. 125 00:05:48.319 --> 00:05:51.199 Yeah, if the storage and processing of shrunk, that drastically, 126 00:05:51.240 --> 00:05:54.680 the physical footprint of the computer has entirely transformed alongside it. 127 00:05:54.800 --> 00:05:57.319 The physical evolution of computers is really a story of 128 00:05:57.360 --> 00:06:01.439 shifting from shared massive resources to high personal, dedicated ones, 129 00:06:01.639 --> 00:06:03.560 and now to something completely. 130 00:06:03.079 --> 00:06:04.600 Ambient, ambient computing. Yeah. 131 00:06:04.639 --> 00:06:07.839 In the nineteen sixties, computing power was so expensive and 132 00:06:07.920 --> 00:06:10.800 bulky that you had to centralize it. These were multi 133 00:06:10.959 --> 00:06:11.800 user computers. 134 00:06:12.040 --> 00:06:16.079 We're talking about mainframes, mini computers, and supercomputers, right, yeah, 135 00:06:16.199 --> 00:06:19.800 room size machines used by the military, big banks or universities. 136 00:06:19.959 --> 00:06:23.839 Oh yeah, massive machines. They were designed to handle multitasking 137 00:06:23.959 --> 00:06:26.800 for dozens or even thousands of users. 138 00:06:26.560 --> 00:06:29.839 At once, by calculating massive data sets for the national census, 139 00:06:30.279 --> 00:06:33.160 or trying to map the human genome, or you know, 140 00:06:33.160 --> 00:06:36.600 figuring out the answer to life, the universe and everything exactly. 141 00:06:37.079 --> 00:06:41.439 But as the physics of microchips improved and transistors shrink, 142 00:06:41.720 --> 00:06:43.240 we just didn't need a whole room to do the 143 00:06:43.279 --> 00:06:46.639 math anymore. By the nineteen seventies and eighties, we shifted 144 00:06:46.639 --> 00:06:48.720 to dedicated computers. 145 00:06:48.319 --> 00:06:49.959 The personal computer or PC. 146 00:06:50.319 --> 00:06:53.199 Right, suddenly you had a desktop, then a laptop, and 147 00:06:53.279 --> 00:06:57.040 eventually an ultrabook. The processing power was dedicated to a 148 00:06:57.079 --> 00:06:58.879 single user sitting right in front of it. 149 00:06:58.959 --> 00:07:03.519 And then, of course the explode mobile devices smartphones, tablets, fablets. 150 00:07:03.079 --> 00:07:06.399 And we also got specialty mobile devices things like e readers. 151 00:07:06.439 --> 00:07:08.160 Oh like the Kindle. I love my Kindle. 152 00:07:08.319 --> 00:07:12.199 Yeah, they use e ink screens that physically rearrange microcapsules 153 00:07:12.199 --> 00:07:14.519 of black and white pigments so the screen doesn't wash 154 00:07:14.560 --> 00:07:15.720 out and direct sunlight. 155 00:07:16.040 --> 00:07:19.000 That is such a cool piece of specialized. 156 00:07:18.360 --> 00:07:22.759 Hardware, or rugged GPS units specifically designed for offshore sailing 157 00:07:22.879 --> 00:07:27.319 or extended backcountry backpacking. But the most recent evolution is 158 00:07:27.399 --> 00:07:30.800 perhaps the most profound shift in computing history. 159 00:07:31.279 --> 00:07:33.759 The Internet of Things right, yeah, IoT. 160 00:07:33.720 --> 00:07:37.160 Yes, This is where the processors are embedded into objects 161 00:07:37.399 --> 00:07:39.800 that aren't traditionally considered computers at all. 162 00:07:40.040 --> 00:07:44.319 The dispersal of computing power into our environment like medical 163 00:07:44.319 --> 00:07:49.160 devices monitoring a patient's vitals, smart cars, doorbell cameras. 164 00:07:48.839 --> 00:07:51.879 Even refrigerators that track their own inventory and tell you 165 00:07:51.920 --> 00:07:52.839 when you're out of milk. 166 00:07:53.040 --> 00:07:55.800 It totally changes our relationship with the hardware. You weren't 167 00:07:55.800 --> 00:07:58.639 sitting down at a desk to use the computer. You 168 00:07:58.680 --> 00:08:01.399 are living inside a matrix of constant computation. 169 00:08:01.720 --> 00:08:02.680 That's a great way to put it. 170 00:08:02.759 --> 00:08:04.240 Okay, Wait, I have to push back on this a 171 00:08:04.240 --> 00:08:04.680 little bit. 172 00:08:04.720 --> 00:08:05.360 Sure, go for it. 173 00:08:05.560 --> 00:08:08.519 If my phone is basically a supercomputer compared to a 174 00:08:08.600 --> 00:08:12.360 nineteen sixty's mainframe, and even my kitchen appliances are doing 175 00:08:12.399 --> 00:08:16.839 complex math, why do we still have massive warehouse size 176 00:08:16.879 --> 00:08:18.000 server farms today. 177 00:08:18.120 --> 00:08:19.600 Ah, that's a really good point. 178 00:08:20.079 --> 00:08:23.920 Like, if the devices are so powerful, aren't we just 179 00:08:23.959 --> 00:08:27.439 returning to the old dumb terminal days where a giant 180 00:08:27.480 --> 00:08:30.079 machine somewhere else does all the heavy lifting and our 181 00:08:30.160 --> 00:08:33.240 thousand dollars phones are just shiny glass screens to view 182 00:08:33.279 --> 00:08:33.799 the results. 183 00:08:33.960 --> 00:08:38.159 That is the exact tension driving modern architecture. The concept 184 00:08:38.159 --> 00:08:41.600 of remotely accessed computer systems is central to how everything 185 00:08:41.639 --> 00:08:42.240 works today. 186 00:08:42.320 --> 00:08:44.440 Okay, so I'm not totally off base, not at all. 187 00:08:44.519 --> 00:08:47.759 While your phone has immense local processing power. The sheer 188 00:08:47.960 --> 00:08:50.879 volume of data we interact with far exceeds what a 189 00:08:50.919 --> 00:08:53.840 small battery power device can handle alone. 190 00:08:53.600 --> 00:08:58.440 Like streaming full high definition movies or running complex web applications. 191 00:08:57.879 --> 00:09:01.559 Right or sinking massive photolibrary. So the cloud is essentially 192 00:09:01.639 --> 00:09:03.080 just someone else's mainframe. 193 00:09:03.320 --> 00:09:03.840 Oh wow. 194 00:09:03.960 --> 00:09:07.679 In many ways, Yes, we use our powerful dedicated devices 195 00:09:07.720 --> 00:09:11.039 to access centralized data storage and processing. It gives us 196 00:09:11.080 --> 00:09:12.080 the best of both worlds. 197 00:09:12.200 --> 00:09:12.679 Makes sense. 198 00:09:12.720 --> 00:09:16.039 We use local processing for immediate tasks like rendering the 199 00:09:16.039 --> 00:09:19.799 smooth swiping animations on your screen or filtering audio, and 200 00:09:19.879 --> 00:09:22.120 we use remote processing on the server farm for the 201 00:09:22.159 --> 00:09:24.519 heavy lifting and cross device synchronization. 202 00:09:25.240 --> 00:09:27.759 So we have this incredible hardware sitting on our desks, 203 00:09:28.080 --> 00:09:30.159 in our pockets, and in remote server farms. 204 00:09:30.279 --> 00:09:30.879 Yeah. 205 00:09:30.919 --> 00:09:34.720 But going back my analogy, an incredibly fast accountant who 206 00:09:34.759 --> 00:09:37.879 only speaks in ones and zeros is utterly useless to 207 00:09:37.879 --> 00:09:40.720 me if I can't speak their language. We need a 208 00:09:40.759 --> 00:09:44.440 way to bridge that communication gap between human intent and 209 00:09:44.559 --> 00:09:45.559 processor math. 210 00:09:45.679 --> 00:09:49.639 And that bridge is the operating system or the OS. 211 00:09:49.639 --> 00:09:52.279 It is the fundamental software foundation of the device. 212 00:09:52.399 --> 00:09:52.720 Okay. 213 00:09:53.080 --> 00:09:56.879 It defines what commands the system can perform and exactly 214 00:09:56.960 --> 00:09:59.440 how you are allowed to interact with it, whether you're 215 00:09:59.480 --> 00:10:02.399 clicking a matt how, swiping a screen, or speaking a command. 216 00:10:02.840 --> 00:10:05.440 I think of the operating system like the manager of 217 00:10:05.480 --> 00:10:08.000 a very busy, highly technical restaurant. 218 00:10:08.080 --> 00:10:08.960 I like that analogy. 219 00:10:09.039 --> 00:10:11.399 If I'm the customer, I don't walk directly into the 220 00:10:11.480 --> 00:10:13.960 kitchen and start yelling at the chef, who is the 221 00:10:14.000 --> 00:10:16.240 process in this case to cook my meal. 222 00:10:16.440 --> 00:10:18.240 No, that would be a disaster, right. 223 00:10:18.440 --> 00:10:21.360 The chef only speaks a highly specialized language of exact 224 00:10:21.440 --> 00:10:25.559 heat temperatures and precise millisecond timing. If I try to 225 00:10:25.559 --> 00:10:27.159 talk to the chef, I'll just cause a. 226 00:10:27.200 --> 00:10:29.960 Kitchen fire, a digital kitchen fire, exactly. 227 00:10:30.200 --> 00:10:33.440 Instead, I talk to the manager the OS. I place 228 00:10:33.519 --> 00:10:37.000 my simple human order, and the manager translates my request 229 00:10:37.080 --> 00:10:41.279 into the specific optimized instructions the chef needs to execute it. 230 00:10:41.480 --> 00:10:45.480 And just like restaurants, there are completely different managers with 231 00:10:45.879 --> 00:10:49.960 very different management philosophies for sure. For desktop and laptop pieces, 232 00:10:50.080 --> 00:10:53.639 the market is heavily dominated by the IBM compatible or 233 00:10:53.720 --> 00:10:58.679 Intel platform, which primarily runs Microsoft Windows or sometimes Linux. 234 00:10:58.960 --> 00:11:02.559 And then there's the Apple Mac platform running. 235 00:11:02.240 --> 00:11:06.440 Mec os correct though interestingly Max transition to using Intel 236 00:11:06.519 --> 00:11:08.840 CPUs for a while, which meant a Mac could actually 237 00:11:08.879 --> 00:11:12.919 run Windows natively using a utility called Bootcamp. It totally 238 00:11:12.960 --> 00:11:14.440 blurred the lines of hardware. 239 00:11:14.120 --> 00:11:17.279 Platform that hardware compatibility is a crucial factor, and the 240 00:11:17.320 --> 00:11:20.480 COMTI guide highlights a major divide in how these operating 241 00:11:20.480 --> 00:11:22.000 systems are built and distributed. Right. 242 00:11:22.120 --> 00:11:25.440 Yes, you have commercial operating systems like Windows and Maco, 243 00:11:25.759 --> 00:11:29.159 where a single company owns rights and tightly controls the 244 00:11:29.240 --> 00:11:30.000 underlying code. 245 00:11:30.000 --> 00:11:32.600 And then you have open source operating systems like Linux. 246 00:11:32.919 --> 00:11:36.759 Exactly with Linux distributions like Ubuntu, the source code is 247 00:11:36.919 --> 00:11:40.360 entirely free and open. Anyone in the world can inspect it, 248 00:11:40.559 --> 00:11:42.000 modify it, and distribute it. 249 00:11:42.080 --> 00:11:44.759 And we also have to talk about Chromos right because 250 00:11:44.759 --> 00:11:48.440 it's a variant of Linux built by Google specifically for 251 00:11:48.480 --> 00:11:49.840 what are called thin clients. 252 00:11:49.960 --> 00:11:53.399 Yes, thin clients are fascinating. They are computers that don't 253 00:11:53.399 --> 00:11:58.600 install massive, heavy software locally. Instead, they act as lightweight portals, 254 00:11:58.840 --> 00:12:01.559 relying heavily on web apps like Office Online. 255 00:12:01.600 --> 00:12:04.159 The heavy lifting happens on the server. Going right back 256 00:12:04.159 --> 00:12:06.279 to that clouds a maintrain concept. 257 00:12:05.879 --> 00:12:08.600 We talked about, You've got it, and the mobile landscape 258 00:12:08.639 --> 00:12:11.279 is just as varied. You have Apple iOS, which is 259 00:12:11.519 --> 00:12:15.440 entirely proprietary and locked strictly to Apple hardware. 260 00:12:15.639 --> 00:12:17.519 Android is the big alternative. 261 00:12:17.000 --> 00:12:19.480 There, right. Android is another variant of Linux and its 262 00:12:19.519 --> 00:12:22.799 open source, allowing dozens of different manufacturers to use and 263 00:12:22.840 --> 00:12:26.159 modify it. Then you have Windows Phone, which tried to 264 00:12:26.240 --> 00:12:30.039 unify the desktop and mobile experience with its tile interface. 265 00:12:30.200 --> 00:12:31.600 And I remember BlackBerry. 266 00:12:31.799 --> 00:12:35.240 Oh yeah, the historical context of BlackBerry is important. They 267 00:12:35.279 --> 00:12:38.840 dominated early mobile business by relying on their own proprietary 268 00:12:38.879 --> 00:12:42.360 OS that was deeply integrated with those physical keyboards. 269 00:12:42.440 --> 00:12:46.159 I kind of missed those keyboards. Yeah, But we also 270 00:12:46.200 --> 00:12:48.840 have to look at the actual menus these restaurant managers 271 00:12:48.840 --> 00:12:49.279 hand us. 272 00:12:49.360 --> 00:12:50.039 The interface. 273 00:12:50.320 --> 00:12:53.559 Yeah, the graphical User interface or GUI, that's what most 274 00:12:53.559 --> 00:12:56.000 of us use. We click colorful icons with a mouse 275 00:12:56.080 --> 00:12:59.480 or tap buttons on a screen. The GUI puts guardrails 276 00:12:59.559 --> 00:13:01.840 up so we don't accidentally wander into the kitchen and 277 00:13:01.879 --> 00:13:02.919 break things, right. 278 00:13:02.960 --> 00:13:06.120 But then there's the command line interface or CLI, where 279 00:13:06.120 --> 00:13:08.960 you literally just type lines of text into. 280 00:13:08.720 --> 00:13:11.039 A blank terminal, sounds activity. 281 00:13:10.799 --> 00:13:13.679 It can be. The GUI hides the complexity, which is 282 00:13:13.720 --> 00:13:17.120 great for everyday use. Yeah, but the CLI gives you direct, 283 00:13:17.399 --> 00:13:20.960 unfiltered access to the operating system's raw power, so professional 284 00:13:20.960 --> 00:13:24.720 would use that exactly. A network administrator using a CLI 285 00:13:24.879 --> 00:13:28.600 can type a single line of text and instantly reconfigure 286 00:13:28.679 --> 00:13:31.600 one hundred different machines, whereas doing that through a GUI 287 00:13:31.679 --> 00:13:34.080 would require clicking through menus for hours. 288 00:13:34.399 --> 00:13:37.480 Okay, here's where it gets really interesting. We have all 289 00:13:37.519 --> 00:13:43.279 these different restaurant managers Windows, mac Os, Linux, iOS, Android. 290 00:13:44.080 --> 00:13:47.600 Why are there so many? Why hasn't one single operating 291 00:13:47.639 --> 00:13:51.120 system just won the war and taken over absolutely everything. 292 00:13:51.320 --> 00:13:54.000 If we connect this to the bigger picture, it really 293 00:13:54.000 --> 00:13:58.000 comes down to the unavoidable trade offs between hardware optimization 294 00:13:58.279 --> 00:14:00.240 and universal flexibility. 295 00:14:00.320 --> 00:14:01.240 Tell me more, an. 296 00:14:01.159 --> 00:14:04.039 Operating system has to be tuned for the physical hardware 297 00:14:04.039 --> 00:14:08.000 it runs on. Apple tightly controls both the hardware manufacturing 298 00:14:08.080 --> 00:14:12.039 and the software development. That means iOS is incredibly optimized 299 00:14:12.080 --> 00:14:15.360 for the exact specific components inside an iPhone. It's a 300 00:14:15.399 --> 00:14:18.240 walled garden, but because they control the soil and the seeds, 301 00:14:18.279 --> 00:14:21.240 the garden is very well manicured and highly stable. 302 00:14:21.320 --> 00:14:23.799 So Apple is the restaurant that grows its own vegetables, 303 00:14:23.960 --> 00:14:26.759 raises its own beef, and writes its own recipes exactly. 304 00:14:27.080 --> 00:14:29.720 Google on the other hand, designed Android to be an 305 00:14:29.759 --> 00:14:32.879 open bizarre They license Android to be flexible because it 306 00:14:32.919 --> 00:14:36.960 needs to run on thousands of wildly different hardware configurations. 307 00:14:36.519 --> 00:14:39.879 From a high end Samsung folding phone to like a 308 00:14:40.080 --> 00:14:43.120 fifty dollars budget tablet you get at the grocery store. 309 00:14:43.279 --> 00:14:47.919 Exactly different users and manufacturers have completely different needs. Some 310 00:14:48.039 --> 00:14:53.279 prioritize absolute control and stability, while others prioritize flexibility, cost 311 00:14:53.440 --> 00:14:57.559 or customization. One single OS simply cannot serve all those 312 00:14:57.559 --> 00:14:58.559 conflicting masters. 313 00:14:58.600 --> 00:15:01.799 That makes total sense. Yeah, okay, so we have our devices, 314 00:15:01.840 --> 00:15:05.600 we have our OS translating our human requests into math. 315 00:15:06.639 --> 00:15:09.159 But a single computer sitting alone in a room is 316 00:15:09.240 --> 00:15:10.639 incredibly limited. 317 00:15:10.519 --> 00:15:11.120 Very limited. 318 00:15:11.240 --> 00:15:13.559 The real inflection point in human history was when we 319 00:15:13.559 --> 00:15:14.759 figured out how to connect them. 320 00:15:14.919 --> 00:15:18.559 Networking is where the fundamental nasure of computing changes at 321 00:15:18.600 --> 00:15:22.440 the foundational level. You have a land a local area network. Okay, 322 00:15:22.600 --> 00:15:25.879 This connects computers in a single, defined physical location, like 323 00:15:25.919 --> 00:15:28.639 your house or an office building. They usually connect through 324 00:15:28.639 --> 00:15:31.519 a central piece of hardware called a switch, which directs 325 00:15:31.519 --> 00:15:33.799 traffic locally between those specific devices. 326 00:15:33.840 --> 00:15:36.159 I picture like a private family group chat. 327 00:15:36.240 --> 00:15:37.399 Oh that's a good comparison. 328 00:15:37.639 --> 00:15:40.559 Everyone in the house can talk to each other, share files, 329 00:15:40.919 --> 00:15:43.679 and send messages quickly and securely because they are all 330 00:15:43.679 --> 00:15:45.759 in the same closed loop. But if I need to 331 00:15:45.799 --> 00:15:48.240 send a message to someone outside the house, I need 332 00:15:48.279 --> 00:15:49.000 a bigger system. 333 00:15:49.159 --> 00:15:52.240 That's where you need a one A wide area network 334 00:15:52.639 --> 00:15:58.200 a when connects multiple independent lands together over large geographical. 335 00:15:57.559 --> 00:15:59.159 Distances like the whole world. 336 00:15:59.360 --> 00:16:03.000 YEP, the Internet itself is simply the ultimate global WHAN. 337 00:16:03.559 --> 00:16:06.679 It is a massive network of networks connected by devices 338 00:16:06.720 --> 00:16:11.720 called routers, communicating over vast infrastructures like DSL, cable or 339 00:16:11.759 --> 00:16:12.919 fiber optic lines. 340 00:16:13.080 --> 00:16:15.279 So if the LAN is the family group chat, the 341 00:16:15.320 --> 00:16:18.559 WAN is the global postal service precisely, and the router 342 00:16:18.720 --> 00:16:20.879 sitting in my living room, often called the SO router 343 00:16:21.440 --> 00:16:24.279 for small office home office, is my personal post office 344 00:16:24.279 --> 00:16:25.039 sorting facility. 345 00:16:25.080 --> 00:16:26.840 It looks at every single piece of data. 346 00:16:26.919 --> 00:16:29.120 Right If I'm just setting a file to my wireless printer, 347 00:16:29.240 --> 00:16:32.519 the router keeps that data securely inside the house, But 348 00:16:32.559 --> 00:16:35.279 if I type in a website, the router knows to 349 00:16:35.320 --> 00:16:37.200 send that request out into the global WAN. 350 00:16:37.519 --> 00:16:40.720 And most of these ESO routers also act as wireless 351 00:16:40.759 --> 00:16:44.919 access points or WAPs, projecting a Wi Fi signal, so 352 00:16:44.919 --> 00:16:47.080 we don't have to physically plug our laptops into the 353 00:16:47.120 --> 00:16:48.480 wall with an Ethernet cable. 354 00:16:48.519 --> 00:16:49.559 Thank goodness for Wi Fi. 355 00:16:49.759 --> 00:16:53.840 Absolutely, and the primary reasons we build these vast networks 356 00:16:53.879 --> 00:16:56.559 are resource sharing and data assets. 357 00:16:56.759 --> 00:16:59.320 Resource sharing seems pretty straightforward. 358 00:16:58.759 --> 00:17:02.320 It's simple economics. Why would a company buy ten separate 359 00:17:02.320 --> 00:17:04.640 printers for an office when they can put one high 360 00:17:04.640 --> 00:17:08.160 capacity printer on the land and have everyone share it seamlessly. 361 00:17:08.359 --> 00:17:12.319 That makes total sense. For hardware, the data assets, that 362 00:17:12.480 --> 00:17:14.400 is where the real value lies, isn't it. 363 00:17:14.519 --> 00:17:19.119 Unquestionably for modern organizations, data is universally their most valuable 364 00:17:19.200 --> 00:17:23.240 asset after their human personnel. We're talking about vast databases 365 00:17:23.240 --> 00:17:28.119 of customer records, years of proprietary research, detailed financial histories. 366 00:17:27.839 --> 00:17:33.480 And it also encompasses intellectual property or IP, digital products, copyrights, trademarks. 367 00:17:33.599 --> 00:17:36.839 The entire value of a modern corporation often exists purely 368 00:17:36.880 --> 00:17:39.720 as ones and zeros sitting on a server somewhere. 369 00:17:39.519 --> 00:17:43.680 And there are massive legal frameworks built entirely around protecting 370 00:17:43.680 --> 00:17:48.599 that data, like the Source Mentions, Canada's PIPEDA. 371 00:17:48.200 --> 00:17:51.200 Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act. 372 00:17:51.359 --> 00:17:54.160 Yeah that's a mouthful. Yeah, but it strictly regulates how 373 00:17:54.160 --> 00:17:59.920 companies are legally allowed to collect, use, and store human data. 374 00:18:00.119 --> 00:18:02.559 It's incredibly important legislation. 375 00:18:02.119 --> 00:18:05.240 Which leads me to a major concern. If data is 376 00:18:05.359 --> 00:18:08.119 genuinely the most valuable asset on Earth, and we are 377 00:18:08.240 --> 00:18:11.960 rapidly moving toward an Internet of things where my baby monitor, 378 00:18:12.160 --> 00:18:16.240 my smart car, and my kitchen appliances are all constantly 379 00:18:16.240 --> 00:18:17.839 transmitting data over the network. 380 00:18:18.079 --> 00:18:19.200 I see where you're going with this. 381 00:18:19.319 --> 00:18:21.119 Are we just leaving the vault door wide open? 382 00:18:21.200 --> 00:18:23.319 This raises an important question, and you've hit on the 383 00:18:23.400 --> 00:18:28.000 single biggest crisis in it today. There's a constant, unavoidable 384 00:18:28.079 --> 00:18:31.960 tension in network architecture between accessibility and confidentiality. 385 00:18:32.200 --> 00:18:34.839 Meaning we demand that our data be available to us 386 00:18:34.839 --> 00:18:37.960 from any device anywhere in the world instantly. Yes, but 387 00:18:38.000 --> 00:18:40.319 at the same time we demand it be completely hidden 388 00:18:40.640 --> 00:18:43.400 and protected from hackers. That seems impossible. 389 00:18:43.640 --> 00:18:47.880 It's extremely difficult, and IoT devices are notoriously difficult to 390 00:18:47.880 --> 00:18:51.079 secure because a smart light bulb or a thermostat needs 391 00:18:51.160 --> 00:18:54.359 to be cheap and use very little electricity. It just 392 00:18:54.480 --> 00:18:58.599 doesn't have the processing power to run heavy sophisticated security software. 393 00:18:58.720 --> 00:19:01.640 Oh I hadn't thought of that the hardware limits. 394 00:19:01.279 --> 00:19:02.480 The security exactly. 395 00:19:03.319 --> 00:19:08.000 Furthermore, everyday users rarely changed the default passwords on these devices. 396 00:19:08.319 --> 00:19:11.720 There's a famous case where a high end casino was hacked. 397 00:19:12.359 --> 00:19:15.200 A casino they have massive security, they do. 398 00:19:15.839 --> 00:19:20.640 The hackers didn't attack the casino's heavily fortified main servers directly. Instead, 399 00:19:20.720 --> 00:19:24.599 they found an internet connected smart thermometer inside an aquarium 400 00:19:24.680 --> 00:19:25.319 in the lobby. 401 00:19:25.400 --> 00:19:26.839