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Speaker 1: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your go to podcast for the

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latest news and insights in the world of space and astronomy.

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I'm your host Anna. Today we'll start with SpaceX's rapid

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progress at Starbase, where they're making significant advances with their

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launch towers and preparing for future missions. Then we'll move

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on to a fascinating new initiative from Japanese company astro Scale,

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which aims to tackle the growing problem of space junk

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with an innovative ninety million dollars mission. Next, we'll dive

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into some exciting research being conducted on the International Space

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Station by NASA astronauts, which Wilmore and Sunny Williams. Finally,

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we'll explore Harvard professor Avi Lobe's intriguing hypothesis about how

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advanced civilizations might use black holes as a power source.

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Let's dive in. SpaceX has done it again. They've stacked

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Launch Tower two at Orbital Launchpad B at Starbase, Texas

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in record time. Now you might be wondering what this

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all means and why it's such a big deal. Well,

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let me break it down for you. First, the rapid

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assembly of Launch Tower two is an impressive feet of

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engineering and logistics. SpaceX managed to pull this off in

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just forty one days, which is faster than the construction

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of their previous towers. This quicker completion is already causing

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waves in the aerospace community, but it's not just about speed.

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The stacking of the tower signals that SpaceX can now

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move forward with adding their innovative chopstick system. This is

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a significant step forward, particularly for the upcoming Flight five mission.

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The system is a complex piece of technology designed to

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catch boosters, Yes, catch boosters mid air and then lower

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them safely back to the ground. Flight five will see

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Ship thirty and Booster twelve at the forefront. Both vehicles

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are ready to fly, which has many enthusiasts buzzing with excitement.

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Teams have even decorated Ship thirty with a unique Mechazilla decal,

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symbolizing the critical goal of this mission, catching the booster.

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Previous missions never featured such decals, but given the importance

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of Flight five, every detail, even the esthetic ones, is

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being given due attention. Now let's talk a bit about

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the technical aspects that go into making these missions successful.

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SpaceX requires regulatory approval for their return to launch site

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URTLS approach, which involves the booster coming back to the

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launch site instead of landing on a drone ship at sea.

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This method has its own set of challenges and complexities.

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Even though the vehicles seem ready, the mission is still

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weaks away as they await final regulatory green lights. Meanwhile,

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over at Pad A, preparations have been ongoing for the booster.

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Catch teams are not taking any chances. They've been testing

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the chopstick arms by slapping Booster fourteen point one with them.

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This test involves simulating the catch process to ensure everything

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works smoothly during the actual mission. This time they've even

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used new bumpers made of a compressive metal structure instead

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of foam or rubber, showing their commitment to continuously improving

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their techniques. Notably, after these tests, the team exposed all

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the weld lines on the chopstick arms and added doubler

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plates to strengthen them. They also installed a new set

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of bumpers and changed some of the landing rail dampers

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to enhance the stability and safety of the catch process.

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It's obvious that each modification is aimed at refining the

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catch mechanism to utmost reliability, but it doesn't stop there.

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Crews have also added larger gusset plates to the first

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section of the tower, bolstering the connection between diagonal cross

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beams and horizontal beams. This is likely in anticipation of

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the upcoming catch attempt, and they've also added a stop

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on the ship Quick Disconnect SQD ARM, which will protect

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it from the compressive loads generated by the rocket's exhaust.

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All this busy work at Pad A suggests that predicting

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the exact timing of the next flight will be tricky.

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It's a bit like waiting for all the pieces of

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a giant puzzle to come together. You can't rush the process.

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Every bit of hardware and every logistical detail needs to

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align perfectly. Shifting our focus over to Pad B, this

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is where some equally exciting developments have taken place. Padb's

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tower at Starbase is now fully stacked, and it's already

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more complete than its predecessors. With all commodity lines pre installed.

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This down on a lot of the time consuming tasks

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needed post stacking. So there you have it. SpaceX's record

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breaking stacking of Launch Tower two not only brings us

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closer to witnessing the awe inspiring flight five, but also

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showcases the relentless innovation and precision driving today's space exploration.

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Stay with us, as the sky is not the limit anymore,

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space is next up. Space debris has become an increasingly

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pressing issue, and we're seeing some exciting developments in how

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to tackle this challenge. Japanese company Astroscale recently secured a

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ninety million dollars contract to remove a bus sized rocket

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stage from orbit. This mission, funded by the Japanese Aerospace

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Exploration Agency or JAXA, is a significant step forward in

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space sustainability utilizing advanced robotic technologies to clean up our orbits.

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Astroscales project, named Address J two, aims to address the

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issue of space debris. Head on space debris poses a

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considerable risk to both operational satellites and future space missions,

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and cleaning up this orbit junk is critical for long

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term space sustainability. Imagine the challenge a three ton thirty

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six foot long rocket stage just floating around in space,

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creating a potential hazard. Astroscale's mission is to remove this

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behemoth by the end of the decade, demonstrating a critical

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technology for space cleanup. The Address J two mission builds

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on the company's previous efforts under the address j initiative,

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where they recently conducted an orbital inspection of a twelve

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year old upper stage of a Japanese H two A rocket.

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The inspection confirmed that the payload adapter, which will be

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used to grab the rocket stage, is still intact. This

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finding is crucial because unprepared objects in orbit pose additional challenges.

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They aren't fitted with technologies that make docking or removal straightforward.

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This is where Astroscale's innovative approach and advanced technology come

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into play. For this mission, they plan to use a

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robotic arm to grab the tumbling rocket stage and pull

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it into Earth's atmosphere, where it will burn up on

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re entry. The success of this mission could pave the

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way for similar efforts in the future, helping to clear

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the cluttered orbital space and make it safer for new missions.

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But that's not all Astroscale is working on. They have

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two other space debris removal missions in progress. In July,

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the Tokyo based companies signed a contract with satellite operator

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utilsat one web to remove a one web satellite equipped

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with a magnetic docking plate from orbit by twenty twenty seven.

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This mission aims to prove the feasibility of removing smaller

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prepared objects from orbit. Another project they have in the

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works is currently being considered by the UK Space Agency

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and involves removing two old British satellites using a spacecraft

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fitted with a robotic arm. The urgency of addressing space

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debris cannot be overstated. According to the European Space Agency,

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over forty thou five hundred pieces of space junk larger

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than four inches are hurtling through space. This includes old satellites,

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spent rocket stages, and fragments generated from previous collisions and explosions.

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Alongside this, there are an estimated one point one million

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objects between zero point four inches to four inches in size,

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and even more pieces smaller than zero point four inches. Next,

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you may be wondering what the two Boeing Starliner astronauts

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have been doing during their extended stay on the ISS.

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While they've hardly been sitting around twiddling their thumbs. Since

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the launch of the International Space Station over two decades ago,

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it has been a hub of continuous scientific research and innovation.

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From its vantage point in low Earth orbit, the ISS

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offers unique opportunities to conduct experiments that aren't possible on

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our home planet. Recently, NASA astronauts Butch Wilmore and Sunny

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Williams have been at the helm of these operations, contributing

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to a myriad of activities designed to advance both earthly

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and cosmic knowledge. Butch Wilmore and Sunny Williams, both season

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space travelers, arrived on the ISS on June sixth as

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part of NASA's Boeing crew flight test. As veterans of

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two previous space flights each, they are no strangers to

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the riggers and rewards of living and working in microgravity.

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Upon their arrival, the pair wasted no time immersing themselves

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in station life, joining the Expedition seventy one crew in

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ongoing scientific endeavors and maintenance tasks critical to the station's operation.

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One of the key areas of their research focuses on

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plant growth in space, an endeavor that holds immense potential

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for future missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. The

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plant water management investigation is particularly fascinating as it examines

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how various techniques can be used to provide adequate water

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and nutrition to plants in the absence of gravity, utilizing

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the physical properties of fluids such as surface tension and wetting.

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This experiment aims to develop hydroponic systems that could be

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used in long duration space missions. Imagine a future where

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astronauts can reliably grow their own food while journeying through space,

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significantly reducing the need for resupply missions. Complementing this is

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the vegetable production system known as Veggie, which has already

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seen success in growing fresh produce and flowers aboard the ISS.

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Such fresh foods not only offer nutritional benefits, but also

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boost crew morale. Wilmore has been actively involved in preparing

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Veggie for future experiments by installing a light meter that

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will help adjust light settings for optimal plant growth. This

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research is not just groundbreaking, but offers a tangible taste

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of home for astronauts on long term missions. Beyond botany,

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Wilmore and Williams have also been involved in fluid physics research,

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another critical area given the distinct behavior of fluids in microgravity.

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These studies are essential for the development of everything from

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more efficient water systems for space habitats to cooling systems

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for spacecraft. In addition to scientific experiments, the astronauts have

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been utilizing astrob a set of free flying robots designed

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to assist with chores and maintenance. Williams has been working

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closely with these robots, allowing ground controllers to remotely map

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the interior of the ISS, practice docking maneuvers, and test

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the robots capabilities in carrying out various tasks. These automated

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helpers are not just a glimpse into the future of

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space exploration. They're a functional part of station life, now

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freeing up human astronauts to focus on more complex tasks.

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Education and outreach are also key components of their mission.

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In early August, Williams engaged in a space to Earth call,

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using the HAM radio to connect with students from Bonda Atta, Indonesia. Photography,

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while seemingly a leisure activity, is another significant role that

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astronauts undertake. Both Wilmore and Williams have been busy capturing

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stunning images of Earth from the ISS, adding to a

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valuable data set that helps scientists monitor environmental changes over time.

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These snapshots from space also have a psychological benefit for

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the astronauts, offering them a moment of beauty and connection

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with home. As their mission continues, Wilmore and Williams remain

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dedicated to supporting daily operations aboard the ISS, conducting ever

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more complex experiments, and sharing their experiences with the world.

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Their work furthers our understanding of the fundamental science that

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will be crucial for future interplanetary missions and enhances the

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quality of life on Earth through technological and scientific advancements.

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For the latest updates on NASA's Commercial Crew activities, including

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the Boeing Crew flight test, visit the Commercial Crew Program blog,

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and for daily insights into the research being conducted in microgravity,

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make sure to check out the Space Station Blog. From

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fluid dynamics and robotic innovations to educational outreach and the

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stunning beauty of Earth seen from space, Butch Wilmore and

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Sunny Williams are ushering in a new era of space

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exploration that promises to benefit humanity for generations to come. Finally, today,

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something a little different. Professor Avi Lobe of Harvard University

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has once again sparked intriguing discussions with his latest hypothesis,

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the black hole Moon. This groundbreaking idea revolves around the

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concept that advanced civilizations could exploit black holes as potent

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energy sources, potentially providing a techno signature an observable indicator

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of advanced extraterrestrics real civilizations. The hypothesis rests on a

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foundation of some well established astrophysical ideas, primarily concerning the

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nature of black holes and the unique emissions they produce.

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Lobe builds upon Roger Penrose's concept, proposed in nineteen seventy one,

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where energy could be extracted from a rotating black hole's

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accretion disc. The accretion disc is an area where matter

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spirals into the black hole, accelerating to near light speeds

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and releasing energy in multiple wavelengths. Over the years, various

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researchers have speculated that advanced civilizations might harness this energy,

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potentially rendering it a detectable techno signature. In his recent paper,

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Avi Lob takes this idea a step further by suggesting

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how a black hole moon could orbit a planet and

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serve as an energy source. This hypothetical scenario involves creating

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or capturing a small black hole weighing about one hundred

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thousand tons. Now you might wonder how could such a tiny,

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yet incredibly dense object power and entire planet. The answer

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lies in a phenomenon known as Hawking radiation. Theorized by

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Stephen hawk Looking in nineteen seventy four. According to Hawking's theory,

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black holes emit a spectrum of particles and radiation, potentially

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providing a massive continuous energy output. Lob proposes that an

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advanced civilization could maintain this miniature black hole by feeding

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it a small amount of matter just over two kilograms

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per second, and in return, it would yield a staggering

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forty quadrillion watts of power. To put this into perspective,

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that amount of energy output is thousands of times greater

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than Earth's current energy consumption needs. Essentially, this black hole

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would act as the most efficient engine imaginable, converting mass

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to energy with perfect efficiency. But the benefits don't stop there.

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This black hole could consume any form of matter, even waste,

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making it an ideal solution for both energy production and

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waste management. Imagine a world where every scrap of garbage

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could be turned into clean, inexhaustible energy. Such a system

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could function for millions of years, provided there is matter

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to sustain it. Detecting such a system from Earth poses

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another exciting opportunity. Lobe suggests that if astronomers were to

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come across a rogue planet illuminated by gamma rays without

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any visible stellar companion. This could be the telltale sign

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of a black hole moon. This could revolutionize our search

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for extraterrestrial intelligence by expanding our understanding of what technosignatures

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might look like. What sets this theory apart is its

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blend of feasibility and innovation. While the creation and maintenance

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of such a black hole are beyond our current technological capabilities,

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Lobe notes that the theoretical groundwork aligns with known physics.

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A civilization capable of feats like quantum tunneling to create

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baby universes, as Lobe has suggested in another op ed,

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would find a black hole powered engine considerably less challenging

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to manage. These speculations, wild as they may seem, pave

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the way for the kind of imaginative thinking that could

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one day propel us to extraordinary discoveries. That wraps up

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today's episode of Astronomy Daily. Thank you for tuning in,

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and I hope you enjoyed our exciting lineup of stories

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about SpaceX's latest advancements, astroscales, innovative space junk removal mission,

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the groundbreaking research on the ISS, and the intriguing possibilities

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of black hole energy sources. As always, I've been your

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host Anna. For more space news, be sure to visit

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our website at Astronomy Daily dot io. There you can

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sign up for our free daily newsletter, read insightful blog posts,

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and catch up on all the latest space and astronomy

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news with our constantly updating news feed. Don't forget to

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listen to all our previous episodes as well. You can

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also follow us on social media. Just search for astro

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Daily Pod on Facebook, x, YouTube, and TikTok to stay

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connected with our community and never miss an update until

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next time. Keep your eyes on the stars.

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Speaker 2: Sunday Stars star story is control m