Speaker 1: What if you could break into computer systems, completely shatter
Speaker 1: their defenses and bypass their security, but not as a
Speaker 1: criminal facing twenty years in prison. Right doing it legally,
Speaker 1: exactly doing it is a highly paid, perfectly legal security expert.
Speaker 1: Today we are opening some jeeps and it has manual
Speaker 1: beginning ethical hacking with Python. And the mission for this
Speaker 1: deep dive is to really uncover the foundational mindset of
Speaker 1: an ethical hacker.
Speaker 2: Yeah, and we're going to look at how to build
Speaker 2: a safe sandbox for practicing these skills, which is super
Speaker 2: important and why mastering the Linux command line in Python
Speaker 2: three is honestly the ultimate key to digital defense.
Speaker 1: And for you listening, if you are eager to learn
Speaker 1: but want to cut through all the intimidating jargon, we've
Speaker 1: got you covered. We're taking a structured journey today.
Speaker 2: We're going from the basics of network architecture all the
Speaker 2: way into the granular logic of object oriented programming, so
Speaker 2: you'll get a really clear picture of the mechanisms that
Speaker 2: make these exploits and the defenses against them work.
Speaker 1: It's fascinating stuff. But let's start with the absolute most
Speaker 1: critical boundary here, right, Rule number one, You never ever
Speaker 1: penetrate or tamper with a system without explicit permission.
Speaker 2: Never, that is the line between an ethical hacker and
Speaker 2: a cyber criminal.
Speaker 1: Right, and Sinha uses this lock tester analogy that I
Speaker 1: just love. He says, penetration testing or pend testing is
Speaker 1: like a car manufacturer hiring a master locksmith. Right, they
Speaker 1: hire this expert to break into a new prototype car
Speaker 1: just to.
Speaker 2: Find its flaws before it actually goes to market.
Speaker 1: Exactly, you are invited to break in, whereas a malicious
Speaker 1: hacker or a cracker just breaks into a parked car
Speaker 1: on the street to spel it.
Speaker 2: Yeah, it's the exact same skill set, but entirely different intent.
Speaker 2: But to understand how to protect that car or you know,
Speaker 2: a corporate network in our case, you have to understand
Speaker 2: exactly what the attacker is targeting. Right.
Speaker 1: You need to think like them exactly.
Speaker 2: And every cyber attack fundamentally aims to compromise one or
Speaker 2: more of four key security components. That's confidentiality, authenticity, integrity,
Speaker 2: and availability.
Speaker 1: Okay, so instead of looking at these four things in
Speaker 1: a vacuum, imagine you are tracking a single coordinated cyber
Speaker 1: attack like a digital heist.
Speaker 2: Oh I like that let's walk through it.
Speaker 1: So it starts with confidentiality, right. The attacker intercepts data
Speaker 1: traveling as clear text across a trusted network. They just
Speaker 1: sit there quietly using a packet sniffer, and they steal
Speaker 1: an administrator's password as it literally just moves past them.
Speaker 2: Yeah. So now they have a credential, but they still
Speaker 2: need to actually bypass the local security filters to use it,
Speaker 2: which is where authenticity comes into play.
Speaker 1: Okay, how does that work.
Speaker 2: Well, every legitimate hardware device on a network has a
Speaker 2: media access control address and as address, So the attacker
Speaker 2: spoofs that address, basically altering their own hardware signature.
Speaker 1: Ah, so they're effectively wearing a stolen uniform to walk
Speaker 1: right past the digital guards. They take on the identity
Speaker 1: of a trusted station on.
Speaker 2: The network exactly. So okay, now they're inside the network
Speaker 2: and say they want to manipulate a financial transaction. That
Speaker 2: is a direct strike against integrity.
Speaker 1: Right, because they're changing the data itself.
Speaker 2: Yeah, they perform what's called a bitflip. They intercept a
Speaker 2: digital instruction that says, say, transfer ten thousand dollars, alter
Speaker 2: a few bits of the data, and suddenly it's a
Speaker 2: ten million dollar transfer.
Speaker 1: But wait, I have to push back here for a second.
Speaker 1: If bitflipping just changes like a single zero tool one
Speaker 1: in the underlying code, why doesn't the bank system automatically
Speaker 1: detect that the file was tampered with? I mean surely
Speaker 1: they check that.
Speaker 2: Well, that is the exact vulnerability and ethical hacker is
Speaker 2: testing for in a secure system. Yeah, the data is
Speaker 2: tied to a cryptographic hash, which is basically a complex
Speaker 2: mathematical summary of the file.
Speaker 1: Right, so if you change even one bit, the hash changes.
Speaker 2: Completely, The resulting hash changes entirely, and the system rejects
Speaker 2: the file. But in a poorly designed system, the application
Speaker 2: might only check if the data format looks correct.
Speaker 1: Oh wow, so it doesn't check if the cryptographic signature
Speaker 1: actually matches exactly.
Speaker 2: If that integrity check is weak or missing, the altered
Speaker 2: message just processes as legitimate.
Speaker 1: That is terrifying. Okay. So finally, to cover their tracks
Speaker 1: on the way out, the attacker targets availability. They launch
Speaker 1: a denial of service or DOS attack.
Speaker 2: Yeah, the classic dot Right.
Speaker 1: They flood the system's bandwidth with garbage requests until the
Speaker 1: servers just crash. It's like millions of people forming a
Speaker 1: massive human chain in front of your house or the bank,
Speaker 1: so no legitimate customers or security personnel can even get
Speaker 1: through the front.
Speaker 2: Door, creating total chaos while the attacker slips away in
Speaker 2: the confusion. But here is the thing for anyone learning this.
Speaker 2: You can't exactly practice spoofing m mass addresses and launching
Speaker 2: DOS attacks on your own home Wi Fi.
Speaker 1: Yeah, please don't do that. You will break your internet.
Speaker 2: Right, You'll cause serious problems. You need a sandbox, like
Speaker 2: a completely isolated environment where you can safely deploy these techniques.
Speaker 1: And this is where Oracle Virtual Box comes in. Right.
Speaker 1: It's software that lets you run virtual machines or vms
Speaker 1: right inside your main operating system.
Speaker 2: Yeah, it's literally a computer running inside your computer.
Speaker 1: So if an exploit goes wrong or you accidentally unleashed
Speaker 1: malware while you're practicing the outer computer, your main OS
Speaker 1: is perfectly fine. It remains totally untouched.
Speaker 2: Completely untouched. And the specific virtual machine you want to
Speaker 2: install inside that sandbox is Kali Linux.
Speaker 1: Kali Linux.
Speaker 2: Yeah, it's a Linux distribution engineered specifically for security professionals.
Speaker 2: It comes preloaded with hundreds of necessary hacking and diagnostic tools. Right,
Speaker 2: out of the box.
Speaker 1: I'll admit, though, if you are already super comfortable coding
Speaker 1: and testing on a Windows machine, pivoting to an entirely
Speaker 1: new operating system like Linux feels like a massive detour.
Speaker 1: Why go through all that trouble?
Speaker 2: Well, A big part of it is that remaining anonymous
Speaker 2: during appentist is paramount, and staying truly anonymous on Windows
Speaker 2: is practically.
Speaker 1: Impossible because of all the tracking.
Speaker 2: Yeah, due to how it fundamentally handles telemetry and user data.
Speaker 2: It's always phoning home. But honestly, more importantly, it comes
Speaker 2: down to how data travels across the Internet.
Speaker 1: Okay, lay that out for me.
Speaker 2: So if you look at the OSI seven layer model
Speaker 2: of networking, hackers need an operating system that gives them
Speaker 2: the raw, low level power to intercept data at very
Speaker 2: specific hardware layers.
Speaker 1: We are talking about the difference between layer three and
Speaker 1: layer two.
Speaker 2: Right precisely, Think about how the Internet is built. Routers
Speaker 2: operate at layer three, which is the network layer. They
Speaker 2: read IP addresses to route packets of data across the globe.
Speaker 1: Right the IP address gets into the right building.
Speaker 2: Essentially exactly, but switches operate lower at layer two. The
Speaker 2: data link layer. They don't care about IP addresses at all.
Speaker 2: They read those MP addresses we talked about earlier.
Speaker 1: Oh, to filter and forward frames of data within a
Speaker 1: local physical network, like moving from room to room inside
Speaker 1: the building.
Speaker 2: You got it. So, if you are on a standard
Speaker 2: Windows machine, you are mostly interacting way up at the
Speaker 2: application layer layer seven. You can't easily reach down to
Speaker 2: the hardware level to manipulate a layer two frame.
Speaker 1: Oh, I see, because when you send an email on Windows,
Speaker 1: the OS just wraps your data in protocol after protocol
Speaker 1: until it hits the network card.
Speaker 2: Yeah, it abstracts all the hardware stuff away from you.
Speaker 2: But KLi Linux allows you to strip away those higher
Speaker 2: level protocols. You can directly craft and inject custom frames
Speaker 2: right at layer two.
Speaker 1: And why does that matter so much?
Speaker 2: Because if you can manipulate layer two, you can completely
Speaker 2: bypass the IP security protocols happening up at layer three.
Speaker 2: You are just slipping entirely under the radar.
Speaker 1: Wow. And Windows simply does not grant you that level
Speaker 1: of granular hardware control out of the box, not at all.
Speaker 2: So okay, you've built the sandbox. You are inside Cali
Speaker 2: Linux ready to manipulate the network. But to actually harness
Speaker 2: that granular control, you have to navigate the way real hackers.
Speaker 1: Do, which is completely without a mouse.
Speaker 2: Right you open the Linux command line. The terminal is
Speaker 2: the true control center of the machine.
Speaker 1: Now, it's easy to look at basic commands like PWD
Speaker 1: to put your working directory, or l's to list files,
Speaker 1: or CD to change directories and think of them as
Speaker 1: just this clunky, outdated way to navigate a hard drive.
Speaker 2: Yeah, a lot of beginners think that, but that misses
Speaker 2: the underlying Unix philosophy entirely, which is.
Speaker 1: That every tool should do exactly one thing and do
Speaker 1: it perfectly.
Speaker 2: Yes, think about a visual file explorer on Windows or Mac.
Speaker 2: It's a massive, complex program trying to do one hundred
Speaker 2: things at once. But the Linux terminal provides these tiny,
Speaker 2: razor sharp.
Speaker 1: Tools like cat, which just reads text file.
Speaker 2: Exactly, or grep which searches for text patterns. But the
Speaker 2: real magic happens when you chain them together using piping.
Speaker 1: Ah, the pipe command. I love this. It literally takes
Speaker 1: the standard output of one program and feeds it directly
Speaker 1: is the standard input to the next program.
Speaker 2: Right, So imagine you run a network scan and it
Speaker 2: outputs fifty thousand lines of active system sources and IP
Speaker 2: addresses just a wall of text, yeah, completely unreadable. But
Speaker 2: if you pipe that massive output directly into grap and
Speaker 2: tell it to search for the word SDRC, you instantly
Speaker 2: filter all that noise.
Speaker 1: You are constructing a custom, highly specific diagnostic weapon on
Speaker 1: the fly, just by combining simple tools.
Speaker 2: Exactly, it's incredibly efficient.
Speaker 1: I get the power of piping for data, definitely, But
Speaker 1: I mean, if I just want to move a file
Speaker 1: from one fold or to another, typing cryptic commands like
Speaker 1: MV still feels way slower than just dragging and dropping
Speaker 1: a folder icon.
Speaker 2: Sure it might be slower for one single file, but
Speaker 2: what if you need to move ten thousand log files,
Speaker 2: append today's date to their file names, and compress them
Speaker 2: all while you are secretly connected to a remote server
Speaker 2: in another country.
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, you won't exactly have a graphical desktop to click.
Speaker 2: On, exactly, you will only have a blinking cursor. The
Speaker 2: terminal gives you the ability to automate that massive task
Speaker 2: with a single line of text.
Speaker 1: So it's about speed, precision, and automation. But I mean
Speaker 1: that ultimate control comes with the terrifying lack of guardrails right,
Speaker 1: like the infat arm dash or of command.
Speaker 2: Yeah remove recursively with force. If you execute that command
Speaker 2: in the root directory, it deletes every single folder and
Speaker 2: file on the machine.
Speaker 1: Permanently, just gone. There is no recycle bed.
Speaker 2: None, There is no are you sure prompt? The system
Speaker 2: will literally just delete itself while you sit there and watch.
Speaker 1: Which perfectly illustrates why user management and permissions are so
Speaker 1: critical in Linux. You use the adducer command to create
Speaker 1: a standard profile, so you aren't operating as Root.
Speaker 2: The super user, right because Route can accidentally nuke the
Speaker 2: whole system with a typo exactly.
Speaker 1: And you also control exactly what files can even run
Speaker 1: by changing permissions. Instead of making every file wide open,
Speaker 1: you use a command like Schmann plus x to turn
Speaker 1: a harmless text file into an executable script.
Speaker 2: And if you try to run a script without that
Speaker 2: execute permission, Linux flat out denies you. So you are
Speaker 2: actively managing the blast radius of your actions by explicitly
Speaker 2: granting a file the permission to execute logic, which.
Speaker 1: Brings us to actually writing that logic. Navigating the terminal
Speaker 1: is how you move around, but to build your own
Speaker 1: custom experts automate your defenses or manipulate network sockets. You
Speaker 1: need a programming language, and.
Speaker 2: Python three is the ethical hackers multi toool of choice.
Speaker 2: Plus it comes conveniently pre installed on virtually all Linux distributions.
Speaker 1: So why Python specifically out of all the languages out there.
Speaker 2: Well, Python is uniquely suited for security work because of
Speaker 2: its readable syntax, and it's incredibly powerful networking libraries. But
Speaker 2: it doesn't force some very strict rules to achieve that readability.
Speaker 1: Oh, you mean the indentation, the absolute reliance on white space.
Speaker 2: Yes, the most famous Python quirk.
Speaker 1: Because in languages like C plus plus or Java, you
Speaker 1: use curly brackets to group blocks of code together, right,
Speaker 1: Like you could theoretically write a whole program on one
Speaker 1: incredibly messy line of text if you really wanted to.
Speaker 2: It would look terrible, but yes, the compiler would read it.
Speaker 2: Python forces you to use empty space instead, right.
Speaker 1: Python's indentation is kind of like formatting a formal outline,
Speaker 1: or even like Russian nesting dolls. The outer loop is
Speaker 1: the largest doll, and everything indented beneath it lives entirely
Speaker 1: inside that specific doll's execution scope.
Speaker 2: That's a great way to picture it.
Speaker 1: If you endmi line of code improperly, you're basically trying
Speaker 1: to shove a bigger doll to a smaller one, and
Speaker 1: the logic of the entire system just shatters.
Speaker 2: The script breaks it does, and that strict structural requirement
Speaker 2: forces your code to be highly readable, which is crucial. Honestly,
Speaker 2: when you are rapidly reviewing thousands of lines of an.
Speaker 1: Exploit in the field, makes total sense.
Speaker 2: But beneath that really clean visual structure lies the absolute,
Speaker 2: non negotiable golden rule of Python. Everything is an object.
Speaker 2: Everything everything variables, functions, network sockets, the code itself, and
Speaker 2: every single object has three defining traits, an ID, a type,
Speaker 2: and a value.
Speaker 1: Okay, so the ID is the unique fingerprint in the
Speaker 1: system memory, the type is its class, which dictates what
Speaker 1: it can do, and the value is the actual data exactly.
Speaker 2: And this is where understanding the underlying mechanism becomes crucial
Speaker 2: for a hacker. Consider the difference between mutable and immutable objects.
Speaker 1: Break that down for me, Well.
Speaker 2: A dictionary in Python, which stores data in key value
Speaker 2: pairs is mutable. You can change its contents its value,
Speaker 2: but its ID in the system memory remains exactly The same.
Speaker 1: It's the same container, just with different stuff inside. But
Speaker 1: immutable objects like integers or strings of text or tuples
Speaker 1: cannot be altered once they are created.
Speaker 2: Right right, So say you have a variable set to
Speaker 2: the number one, and your script adds one to it
Speaker 2: to make it too. Python doesn't just quietly change the
Speaker 2: value of the original object in memory, doesn't. No, It
Speaker 2: actually destroys the old object and creates a brand new
Speaker 2: object with a brand new ID to hold the number two.
Speaker 1: That is wild to think about. Even a simple number
Speaker 1: like one or a string like password. Is this complex,
Speaker 1: first class citizen under the hood, with its own built
Speaker 1: in methods and memory life cycle.
Speaker 2: It really is. So if knowing what objects are is
Speaker 2: like understanding vocabulary of the system, you need grammar to
Speaker 2: actually build a sentence. You need loging, loops, and pattern
Speaker 2: matching to make your Python scripts perform actual work.
Speaker 1: Right, So, we use conditionals like if, elf and else
Speaker 1: to execute code based on truer false evaluations like if
Speaker 1: this network port is open, deploy the payload, Else log
Speaker 1: the IP address.
Speaker 2: And move on exactly, and loops automate the repetition A
Speaker 2: while loop keeps running in action as long as a
Speaker 2: condition remains true, and.
Speaker 1: A four loop iterates sequentially, Right, like reading a dictionary
Speaker 1: of passwords line by line to test against the login screen.
Speaker 2: Yeah exactly. But as you write these network tools, things
Speaker 2: will inevitably break. Connections, drop files, go missing, target servers
Speaker 2: reject packets.
Speaker 1: It's the real world. Things get messy always.
Speaker 2: So this requires you to wrap your logic and try
Speaker 2: and accept blocks to catch errors. If your script tries
Speaker 2: to divide by zero, for example, Python naturally throws a
Speaker 2: zero division error and halts completely.
Speaker 1: Okay, so how does the triblock fix that.
Speaker 2: A triblock tests the code and if it fails, the
Speaker 2: accept block intercepts the error gracefully instead of crashing the program.
Speaker 1: I actually have to challenge this though, If you are
Speaker 1: just writing a quick script for yourself, why put so
Speaker 1: much effort into gracefully catching errors. I mean, if a
Speaker 1: network socket times out or the logic is flawed, why
Speaker 1: not just let the script crash, read the red error
Speaker 1: message in the terminal, fix the code, and run it again.
Speaker 2: Ah, Because in a live penetration test, a hard crash
Speaker 2: is the equivalent of dropping a flash bang and a
Speaker 2: quiet library. Oh wow, Okay, Yeah, if your custom exploit
Speaker 2: fails violently against a target server, it doesn't just stop
Speaker 2: working on your end, It triggers automated alerts on their end.
Speaker 1: So it generates massive anomalous entries in the server's error logs.
Speaker 2: Exactly, it notifies the system administrator that someone is blindly
Speaker 2: probing their defenses, and they will immediately lock down the network.
Speaker 2: Catching errors gracefully keeps your script running silently.
Speaker 1: It's the difference between a loud smash and grab and
Speaker 1: a professional picking a lock in the dark.
Speaker 2: That's exactly it. Stealth is everything.
Speaker 1: Stealth. You want the script to silently log the failure
Speaker 1: locally on your machine and quietly move on to the
Speaker 1: next port without ever tipping off the target. Yes, but
Speaker 1: when you are silently pulling down all that data, you
Speaker 1: need a way to actually make sense of it. If
Speaker 1: catching errors keeps our scripts quiet, how do we actually
Speaker 1: find what we're looking for in all the noise we
Speaker 1: just quietly downloaded. That's the next challenge, because we need
Speaker 1: a way to filter gigabytes of data instantly, which requires
Speaker 1: regular expressions or the remodule.
Speaker 2: Rejex is incredibly powerful. It is basically a mini language
Speaker 2: embedded within Python. Designed purely for structural pattern matching.
Speaker 1: A lot of people think of find to replace like
Speaker 1: hitting creatrol plus F in a word document, But rejects
Speaker 1: is infinitely more powerful because you aren't just looking for
Speaker 1: a specific word, you know, you're looking for an abstract
Speaker 1: structural pattern exactly.
Speaker 2: Imagine you have used Holly Linux to intercept gigabytes of
Speaker 2: raw network traffic. You don't know the specific credit card
Speaker 2: numbers or social security numbers hidden in.
Speaker 1: That data, right because you haven't seen them yet, But
Speaker 1: you know.
Speaker 2: What a credit card number looks like structurally, four digits,
Speaker 2: a dash, four digits, and so on.
Speaker 1: So you write a reject pattern using specific syntax to
Speaker 1: denote digits and characters that instantly hunts down that exact structure.
Speaker 2: Yeah, it filters out gigabytes of useless noise to hand
Speaker 2: you the exact sensitive data buried inside. It turns days
Speaker 2: of manual searching into milliseconds of computation.
Speaker 1: Okay, so we're building these incredible tools. Now we have
Speaker 1: stealthy error handling, We have rejects filtering massive data sets.
Speaker 1: But as our Python scripts evolve from simple network scanners
Speaker 1: into massive, multi layered security applications, reading them top to
Speaker 1: bottom becomes impossible.
Speaker 2: The complexity just gets completely out of hand.
Speaker 1: Right, we need architecture, and that leads us to the
Speaker 1: final crucial concept here, object oriented programming or OOP.
Speaker 2: So, as we established earlier, everything built into Python is
Speaker 2: already an object, but OOP allows you to design your
Speaker 2: own complex objects to model the real.
Speaker 1: World, right, to create custom tools.
Speaker 2: Exactly. It starts with a class which acts as a blueprint,
Speaker 2: and then an object is a concrete, usable instance generated from.
Speaker 1: That blueprint, and the moment you generate that object, a
Speaker 1: special method called in it runs automatically. Right. It initializes
Speaker 1: the object the moment it's born, setting up its default
Speaker 1: attributes and internal states.
Speaker 2: Yep, that's the baseline.
Speaker 1: But the real magic of this architecture and hacking comes
Speaker 1: from polymorphism, which essentially means a single command or message
Speaker 1: can trigger completely different behaviors depending on which object receives it.
Speaker 2: Let's look at a practical example from the book. Imagine
Speaker 2: you have a blueprint for a robot class and a
Speaker 2: blueprint for a human class. Both classes contain a method
Speaker 2: called walk like a robot.
Speaker 1: Right, if you send the walk like a robot command
Speaker 1: to an instance of the robot class. The robot simply walks.
Speaker 1: That is just its natural state of locomotion, right, But
Speaker 1: if you send that exact same command to an instance
Speaker 1: of the human class, the human behaves completely differently. They
Speaker 1: perform a stiff mechanical imitation of a robot exactly.
Speaker 2: It's the exact same trigger, the exact same command, but
Speaker 2: the resulting behavior is completely unique to the object's specific class.
Speaker 2: The command means something fundamentally different to each object.
Speaker 1: Now, why does an ethical hacker care about polymorphism? Though?
Speaker 2: Because it achieves loose coupling, it allows you to build
Speaker 2: highly modular attack and defense tools. Let's say you build
Speaker 2: a massive automated network scanning application that targets five different
Speaker 2: types of operating systems. Okay, if one of those targets
Speaker 2: suddenly updates its firewall architecture, you don't have to tear
Speaker 2: apart and rewrite your entire framework.
Speaker 1: Oh, because it's modular, right.
Speaker 2: You simply go in and update the specific class in
Speaker 2: your code that handles that one operating system. The rest
Speaker 2: of the application remains completely untouched. You can adapt your
Speaker 2: digital weapons to new defenses with absolute surgical precision.
Speaker 1: Wow, we have covered some serious ground today. We started
Speaker 1: with the absolute necessity of legal intent right, understanding that
Speaker 1: penetration testers are invited experts, not malicious crackers.
Speaker 2: Yeah, intent is everything, And.
Speaker 1: Then we tracked how a coordinated attack targets confidentiality, authenticity, integrity,
Speaker 1: and availability.
Speaker 2: And from there we moved into the sandbox. We talked
Speaker 2: about utilizing Oracle virtual Box and Callie Linux to bypass
Speaker 2: high level software restrictions right.
Speaker 1: To gain that low level layer two network control we
Speaker 1: need without destroying our own machines in the process exactly.
Speaker 2: And we broke down the Unix philosophy of the command
Speaker 2: line wielding tiny precise tools like pipes to process data efficiently.
Speaker 1: And finally we explored why Python three is the ultimate
Speaker 1: multi tool. From the strict structural logic of its indentation
Speaker 1: to the modular power of object oriented programming, it really
Speaker 1: allows security professionals to build stealthy, adaptable the fences and exploits.
Speaker 2: It's an entirely new way of conceptualizing digital systems, really.
Speaker 1: Which leads me to a final thought for you to
Speaker 1: take away. We've discussed how Python treats absolutely everything from
Speaker 1: a simple integer to a complex network function as an
Speaker 1: object with a unique idea, a specific type and inheritable traits.
Speaker 2: Right, It's a highly structured, systemic way to organize complex information.
Speaker 1: So what happens when an ethical hacker takes that mindset
Speaker 1: out of the code editor and starts viewing the entire
Speaker 1: digital world this way? If the local networks you connect to,
Speaker 1: the global routers you rely on, and even the human
Speaker 1: users interacting with those systems are all fundamentally just objects
Speaker 1: with attributes that can be manipulated, inherited, or spoofed. How
Speaker 1: does adopting this object oriented worldview change how you perceive
Speaker 1: the hidden vulnerabilities in the technology you use every single day?
Speaker 2: It changes everything, Honestly
Speaker 1: Thanks for joining us on this deep dive, Keep questioning,
Speaker 1: keep learning, and we'll catch you next time.