WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.240 --> 00:00:03.000 Hi there, Thanks for joining us. This is Space Nuts. 2 00:00:03.120 --> 00:00:04.879 My name is Andrew Dunkley. 3 00:00:04.919 --> 00:00:07.440 Coming up on this episode, we're going to be looking 4 00:00:07.480 --> 00:00:11.359 at a photograph. Yeah, it's finally time for us to 5 00:00:11.400 --> 00:00:14.640 share our family photos with you. Now it's not James 6 00:00:14.679 --> 00:00:17.839 Webb Space Telescope has taken a photo of an exoplanet. 7 00:00:17.960 --> 00:00:20.239 It's not the first time it's taken a direct photo 8 00:00:20.280 --> 00:00:23.320 of an exoplanet, but this one is very old and 9 00:00:23.480 --> 00:00:24.039 very cold. 10 00:00:24.280 --> 00:00:25.160 And we'll tell you why. 11 00:00:25.879 --> 00:00:29.239 They've spotted spots on Mars. And the spots that they've 12 00:00:29.280 --> 00:00:33.719 spotted could mean we've spotted life as it was. Possibly 13 00:00:34.840 --> 00:00:36.640 we'll put a spot on that and talk about it later. 14 00:00:36.920 --> 00:00:40.759 And a Danish astronomer that dates back about four hundred 15 00:00:40.799 --> 00:00:44.399 years or so, Ticko Brye, is in the news. We'll 16 00:00:44.439 --> 00:00:49.079 tell you why on this edition of Space Nuts fifteen 17 00:00:49.399 --> 00:00:52.200 in Channel ten nine. 18 00:00:52.439 --> 00:01:01.039 Ignition Space Nuts or three two red ones Space Nuts 19 00:01:01.560 --> 00:01:03.039 and actually bought it Bills Good. 20 00:01:04.040 --> 00:01:06.920 And the man who's always spot on with his astronomy 21 00:01:07.000 --> 00:01:10.599 and space science is Professor Fred What's an astronomer at large. 22 00:01:10.920 --> 00:01:14.400 Fresh Very nice segue there, and thank you for that. 23 00:01:16.599 --> 00:01:18.159 Couldn't help It couldn't help. It. 24 00:01:18.439 --> 00:01:20.280 Gee, it's cold here. 25 00:01:21.680 --> 00:01:25.879 We have been hit with a real, a real plunge 26 00:01:25.920 --> 00:01:26.640 in the temperatures. 27 00:01:26.719 --> 00:01:29.319 Last week we had a couple of days where it 28 00:01:29.400 --> 00:01:32.599 got seven to eighteen, seven to nineteen degrees, which in 29 00:01:32.640 --> 00:01:37.439 the middle of July is beautiful, but it came back 30 00:01:37.439 --> 00:01:39.799 with a vengeance the other day. We've been plunging to 31 00:01:39.879 --> 00:01:43.079 minuses in the early morning and barely reaching double figures 32 00:01:43.159 --> 00:01:43.680 during the day. 33 00:01:43.680 --> 00:01:45.599 And it's sunny. That's the weird part. 34 00:01:45.719 --> 00:01:49.599 It is really cold and sunny, and that's not a 35 00:01:49.599 --> 00:01:53.560 combination that's very, very common around here. If it's cold, 36 00:01:53.560 --> 00:01:55.640 it's usually bleakish as well. 37 00:01:55.680 --> 00:01:58.120 But the days are beautiful, but the. 38 00:01:58.040 --> 00:02:02.120 Air is freezing, and I'm well, I believe it's because 39 00:02:02.159 --> 00:02:07.120 of an effect that's happened in Antarctica, where the troposphere 40 00:02:07.400 --> 00:02:10.800 rose fifty degrees in just a couple of days, and 41 00:02:10.840 --> 00:02:13.919 that causes a really big impact on the cold air 42 00:02:13.960 --> 00:02:17.360 in Antarctica and just pushes it north, and that's what's 43 00:02:17.479 --> 00:02:18.919 causing I don't believe. 44 00:02:19.800 --> 00:02:21.680 There, you, Gil, and I certainly knew it was a 45 00:02:21.960 --> 00:02:24.280 blust of Antarctica that you were getting, which is cold 46 00:02:24.319 --> 00:02:26.039 and dry, which I guess is why you've got flear 47 00:02:26.080 --> 00:02:26.879 sculls as well. 48 00:02:27.280 --> 00:02:31.639 Yeah, yeah, it's lovely, but go outside your fingers starting 49 00:02:32.280 --> 00:02:34.960 and you think what's going supposed to be warm? 50 00:02:36.639 --> 00:02:40.199 With apologies to our Canadian listeners who want to go 51 00:02:40.639 --> 00:02:42.439 far worse than this every year. 52 00:02:42.840 --> 00:02:47.960 Yes, yes, indeed, although they've been dealing with forest. 53 00:02:47.639 --> 00:02:52.159 Fire opposite just but we were in Juster earlier this year. 54 00:02:52.680 --> 00:02:55.159 We were there last year, and while we were there 55 00:02:55.199 --> 00:02:58.360 we were getting fire warnings on our phones. And here 56 00:02:58.360 --> 00:03:00.400 we are a year later and it's happening all again. 57 00:03:00.439 --> 00:03:03.800 It's just become part of the landscape in most countries 58 00:03:03.800 --> 00:03:04.319 these days. 59 00:03:04.360 --> 00:03:08.360 Unfortunately. Everything good with you, Fred. 60 00:03:09.039 --> 00:03:13.599 It's so acceptable. Yes, thank you, that's agreeing. Well, no, 61 00:03:14.080 --> 00:03:17.599 I guess the correct word, Andrew is nominal. Everything's not nominal. 62 00:03:17.919 --> 00:03:19.000 Yeah, that's a great word. 63 00:03:19.280 --> 00:03:24.639 All right, and now let us get into a few stories. 64 00:03:24.680 --> 00:03:26.520 But before we get into the main crutch of it, 65 00:03:26.840 --> 00:03:29.360 you've got some news on SpaceX. We were talking about 66 00:03:29.639 --> 00:03:33.000 the Falcon rockets a couple of weeks ago and some 67 00:03:33.080 --> 00:03:33.800 issues there. 68 00:03:34.039 --> 00:03:36.439 Things have changed, yes they have. 69 00:03:36.680 --> 00:03:41.719 So. Falcon nines were grounded after the failure of the 70 00:03:41.759 --> 00:03:44.120 second stage of one of them. We did talk about 71 00:03:44.159 --> 00:03:48.719 it and it resulted in an attempt to rescue some 72 00:03:48.719 --> 00:03:51.960 of the satellites that were twenty two or twenty three 73 00:03:52.719 --> 00:03:56.360 Starling satellites that were supposed to be being orbited, but 74 00:03:56.560 --> 00:03:58.719 they didn't make it. And I think even though they 75 00:03:58.879 --> 00:04:01.800 made contact with some of the the satellites, they didn't 76 00:04:01.879 --> 00:04:07.680 get them into stable orbits. So SpaceX has investigated the 77 00:04:07.719 --> 00:04:13.400 problem was a liquid oxygen leak to do with insulation 78 00:04:14.000 --> 00:04:19.000 around that upper stage engine. There's a quote from SpaceX 79 00:04:19.040 --> 00:04:21.120 which is the cause of the leak was identified as 80 00:04:21.120 --> 00:04:23.759 a crack in a sense line for a pressure sensor 81 00:04:24.160 --> 00:04:27.720 attached to the vehicle's oxygen system. The line cracked due 82 00:04:27.720 --> 00:04:31.040 to fatigue caused by high loading from engine vibration and 83 00:04:31.120 --> 00:04:35.160 looseness in the clamp that normally constrains the line. Despite 84 00:04:35.160 --> 00:04:37.560 the leak, the second stage continue to operate throughout the 85 00:04:37.639 --> 00:04:41.000 duration of the first burn, completed its engine shut down 86 00:04:41.319 --> 00:04:43.600 where it ends to the coast phase of the mission 87 00:04:43.680 --> 00:04:48.000 intended for the parking orbit. The second second burn of 88 00:04:48.000 --> 00:04:50.839 the upper stage was planned to circularize the orbit ahead 89 00:04:50.839 --> 00:04:55.000 of the satellite deployment, but that didn't work. Basically, a 90 00:04:55.040 --> 00:04:59.319 long story short, but that's all been accepted by the FAA. 91 00:05:00.160 --> 00:05:04.319 I think that's the organization that actually has to ratify 92 00:05:04.399 --> 00:05:08.600 the capability to launch, and they've taken remedial steps. I 93 00:05:08.639 --> 00:05:11.360 think they've actually got rid of that particular pressure sensor, 94 00:05:12.519 --> 00:05:17.360 which has solved the problem, and so they now have 95 00:05:17.439 --> 00:05:19.600 to go ahead to launch, and in fact they've they've 96 00:05:19.759 --> 00:05:22.639 already carried out I think more than one launch. I 97 00:05:22.639 --> 00:05:24.040 think they've done three this week. 98 00:05:24.759 --> 00:05:27.920 Very good. Berg. 99 00:05:28.839 --> 00:05:31.839 I think I read something the other day that it's 100 00:05:32.439 --> 00:05:37.000 said that rocket launchers are becoming so common. There's I 101 00:05:37.000 --> 00:05:39.319 think there's almost one a day in the world. 102 00:05:40.279 --> 00:05:41.560 That's what you're getting on that way. 103 00:05:41.720 --> 00:05:44.759 Yes, yeah, when you go back to the fifties and sixties, 104 00:05:44.800 --> 00:05:48.759 they there were a rare thing, but now they've just 105 00:05:48.800 --> 00:05:52.720 become so very common. In fact, a lot of them 106 00:05:52.720 --> 00:05:55.959 don't even make the news because it's just that thing 107 00:05:56.199 --> 00:06:00.399 that's right. Yes, Now, before we continue, I just want 108 00:06:00.399 --> 00:06:02.319 to say a loo to a few of our live viewers, 109 00:06:02.319 --> 00:06:06.600 one of which is Misty. Misty is an administrator on 110 00:06:06.680 --> 00:06:09.720 the Space Nuts podcast group Facebook page, so it gives 111 00:06:09.720 --> 00:06:12.319 me a chance to publicly say thank you for all 112 00:06:12.439 --> 00:06:15.439 what she does for us behind the scenes, keeping people 113 00:06:15.519 --> 00:06:16.759 in line on Facebook. 114 00:06:16.800 --> 00:06:18.079 That's a big job. 115 00:06:19.600 --> 00:06:24.360 And hello to Danny and regular question on our live 116 00:06:24.480 --> 00:06:29.480 feeds is board broke build So hello to all of you. 117 00:06:30.639 --> 00:06:33.360 Now Fred the James Webspace telescopes in the news. 118 00:06:33.360 --> 00:06:35.959 Again, that's very rare as well. 119 00:06:37.360 --> 00:06:38.360 Be a fabulous job. 120 00:06:38.439 --> 00:06:41.399 I have to say, yes, it has, and it's been 121 00:06:41.480 --> 00:06:45.240 able to take direct photographs of exoplanets. Prior to that, 122 00:06:46.480 --> 00:06:51.680 we've got artists' renditions of what an exoplanet might look 123 00:06:51.759 --> 00:06:54.439 like and they're fantastic. But these are direct photos, although 124 00:06:54.439 --> 00:06:56.920 they tend to be a bit fuzzy. But this latest 125 00:06:56.920 --> 00:07:01.639 photograph of an exoplanet is a bit different from others 126 00:07:01.680 --> 00:07:04.560 because it's possibly the oldest one they've ever found, and 127 00:07:04.600 --> 00:07:07.759 it's a darn cold place, that's right. 128 00:07:08.279 --> 00:07:16.199 So this is basically a star whose name is Epsilon 129 00:07:16.600 --> 00:07:21.600 Hindi A. It's in the constellation of Indus Southern hemisphere constellation. 130 00:07:21.920 --> 00:07:25.199 It's about twelve light years away, but it has a 131 00:07:25.199 --> 00:07:30.319 planet which has been suspected because of other observations. I'm 132 00:07:30.319 --> 00:07:32.279 not sure what they were, whether they were I think 133 00:07:32.319 --> 00:07:35.879 there were radio velocity observations. That means the Doppler wobble 134 00:07:36.399 --> 00:07:40.639 technique where you actually analyze the velocity of the parent star, 135 00:07:41.240 --> 00:07:45.120 and since that's sort of varying periodically, you can tell 136 00:07:45.160 --> 00:07:47.959 that there's a planet pulling it out of place. And 137 00:07:48.720 --> 00:07:52.319 that's the certainly the initial way in which most extra 138 00:07:52.399 --> 00:07:54.639 planets were found. And then it went over to the 139 00:07:54.680 --> 00:07:56.720 transit method, where you look at the dimming of a 140 00:07:56.759 --> 00:08:01.000 star as a planet moves in front of it. So 141 00:08:02.600 --> 00:08:07.959 this planet was its existence was suspected, but it's turned 142 00:08:08.000 --> 00:08:11.240 out with the as exactly as you've said, with the 143 00:08:11.279 --> 00:08:14.879 fact that we now have an image of this planet, 144 00:08:15.000 --> 00:08:19.839 which is called exelon indab because the bee stands for 145 00:08:19.879 --> 00:08:25.160 the planet, and it's actually I think it's puzzled the scientists. 146 00:08:27.319 --> 00:08:30.160 It's and in fact the scientists who are working on 147 00:08:30.199 --> 00:08:34.200 this are at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg. 148 00:08:34.600 --> 00:08:37.080 Of colleagues who work there, but I don't know this 149 00:08:37.159 --> 00:08:40.360 particular one Elizabeth Matthews, who's the lead author of this paper. 150 00:08:40.399 --> 00:08:43.399 And Elizabeth says, well, we expect it to image a 151 00:08:43.440 --> 00:08:47.039 planet in this system with the web telescope because there 152 00:08:47.080 --> 00:08:50.240 were there, you are, because there were radial velocity indications 153 00:08:50.240 --> 00:08:53.759 of its presence. That's the Doppler waddle technique. The planet 154 00:08:53.759 --> 00:08:57.559 we found isn't what we have predicted. It's about twice 155 00:08:57.559 --> 00:09:00.799 as massive, a little further from its star, and has 156 00:09:00.840 --> 00:09:03.279 a different orbit from what we expected. The cause of 157 00:09:03.320 --> 00:09:06.960 this discrepancy remains an open question. That's actually a really 158 00:09:06.960 --> 00:09:09.639 important thing because if we've got it wrong when it 159 00:09:09.639 --> 00:09:15.039 comes to interpreting these radial velocity measurements of stars, then 160 00:09:15.080 --> 00:09:17.360 we need to know that because there's a lot of 161 00:09:17.399 --> 00:09:21.399 work being done about things like hot jupiters and all 162 00:09:21.440 --> 00:09:25.039 the rest of it. Things we've talked about before. So 163 00:09:25.879 --> 00:09:29.320 what is this planets several times the mass of Jupiter 164 00:09:31.080 --> 00:09:35.519 in an elliptical orbit one that's not circular, excuse me, 165 00:09:35.600 --> 00:09:41.759 but it's fainter than expected at shorter infrared wavelengths, and 166 00:09:41.840 --> 00:09:46.200 that suggests, first of all, that it has probably got 167 00:09:46.200 --> 00:09:49.960 a cloudy atmosphere, but there may be carbon based molecules 168 00:09:50.080 --> 00:09:54.480 in the atmosphere. Methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide are 169 00:09:53.639 --> 00:09:59.440 being suggested. But the cool bit of this, and it 170 00:09:59.480 --> 00:10:04.279 really is, is it's temperature. The average temperature of this 171 00:10:04.320 --> 00:10:10.279 planet two degrees celsius. Wow, yeah, it's now. That's so 172 00:10:10.720 --> 00:10:14.799 it's a Jupiter or more than Jupiter mass planet Jupiter 173 00:10:15.120 --> 00:10:19.039 is a gas giant in our own Solar system, which 174 00:10:19.080 --> 00:10:22.720 is at about minus ninety something like that minus ninety 175 00:10:22.759 --> 00:10:26.919 five or thereabout degree celsius way out in the Solar system, 176 00:10:26.960 --> 00:10:33.840 so it's very cold. So this one is relatively warm 177 00:10:34.840 --> 00:10:39.759 compared with our gas giants, but it is much cooler 178 00:10:39.799 --> 00:10:43.879 than any other exoplanet that has been observed directly, and 179 00:10:44.039 --> 00:10:48.480 there's about twenty five that we've seen directly. And the problem, 180 00:10:48.519 --> 00:10:52.240 by the way, in imaging a planet directly is that 181 00:10:52.279 --> 00:10:54.279 you're blinded by the lights of the star that it's 182 00:10:54.320 --> 00:10:56.240 going around, because the star is right next door to 183 00:10:56.320 --> 00:10:59.600 it and it's yet to a brillion times brighter. So 184 00:10:59.639 --> 00:11:01.799 you've got to take away the light of the star. 185 00:11:01.840 --> 00:11:05.000 That's done by means of an instrument called a corona graph, 186 00:11:05.120 --> 00:11:07.559 and if you can do that cleverly enough, you can 187 00:11:07.639 --> 00:11:10.639 leave an image of the planet itself nestling in the 188 00:11:11.840 --> 00:11:16.000 sort of outer light of the star. That's what's happened here. 189 00:11:16.159 --> 00:11:22.960 So the issue is, as I said, it's colder than 190 00:11:23.000 --> 00:11:28.480 any other exoplanet. That makes it harder to observe because 191 00:11:28.519 --> 00:11:35.240 of an exoplanet that's warm emits more energy. Now this 192 00:11:35.360 --> 00:11:41.559 star is actually it's because its name implies, because it's 193 00:11:41.600 --> 00:11:45.200 got an A after it epsilon in the A. It's 194 00:11:45.759 --> 00:11:48.840 the main star in a system of three other stars, 195 00:11:48.840 --> 00:11:53.440 so it's a triplet system. It is a red dwarf star, 196 00:11:54.840 --> 00:11:57.159 and that doesn't surprise us because red dwarfs are the 197 00:11:57.200 --> 00:11:59.759 easiest ones to observe when it comes to subtracting the 198 00:11:59.840 --> 00:12:03.279 light of the star because they're relatively faint, smaller, and 199 00:12:03.320 --> 00:12:11.440 cooler than the Sun. And the the point about this 200 00:12:11.559 --> 00:12:15.120 star is that it's hits elderly. It's probably the same 201 00:12:15.159 --> 00:12:18.480 age as the Sun a well a half billion years, 202 00:12:19.000 --> 00:12:22.000 and most of the extra planets that have been that 203 00:12:22.039 --> 00:12:26.559 have been observed directly have been around much younger stars, 204 00:12:26.559 --> 00:12:29.600 so they're much younger in there in the you know, 205 00:12:29.639 --> 00:12:32.799 in their life history. So this one's really interesting from 206 00:12:32.799 --> 00:12:35.879 that point of view. It's a mature planet, probably been 207 00:12:35.919 --> 00:12:39.000 around for four or five billion years, it's going around 208 00:12:39.039 --> 00:12:44.600 a cool red dwarf star, and and is in an 209 00:12:44.679 --> 00:12:48.639 unexpected orbit. So there's a few little mysteries to solve there. 210 00:12:49.440 --> 00:12:51.840 And just foot note that you might know more about 211 00:12:51.879 --> 00:12:55.840 than me. Andrew Hits well, I know, I think I 212 00:12:55.840 --> 00:12:58.960 know where you're going. Yeah, it features I think this 213 00:12:59.159 --> 00:13:03.080 star and fictional planets around. The staff featured on a 214 00:13:03.200 --> 00:13:07.360 number of science fiction movies and games like Halo. 215 00:13:08.039 --> 00:13:10.799 Yeah, Halo, which I played when it first came out 216 00:13:10.840 --> 00:13:11.559 with my boys. 217 00:13:11.879 --> 00:13:15.600 We loved Halo. That's a franchise that's still. 218 00:13:15.399 --> 00:13:19.080 Going to the keep releasing new versions of the game. 219 00:13:20.480 --> 00:13:23.039 Even made it into a TV series which lasted I 220 00:13:23.039 --> 00:13:26.519 think two seasons. But yeah, it's featured in Halo, it's 221 00:13:26.559 --> 00:13:30.080 featured in books, and it was a pretty popular place 222 00:13:30.120 --> 00:13:36.320 in Star Trek episodes. So Epsilon Indie is well known 223 00:13:36.480 --> 00:13:38.679 to the science fiction community. 224 00:13:39.200 --> 00:13:39.759 There you go. 225 00:13:39.879 --> 00:13:45.679 Yeah, But what's interesting is I don't think ultimately this 226 00:13:45.679 --> 00:13:48.399 will be the oldest and coldest planet we ever find, 227 00:13:48.440 --> 00:13:54.279 but it is at the moment, and the gas giants 228 00:13:54.279 --> 00:13:59.240 in our Solar System are colder. What does that mean 229 00:13:59.360 --> 00:14:02.320 in terms of of how gas giants age or is 230 00:14:02.360 --> 00:14:04.559 it just to do with proximity to the star? 231 00:14:05.440 --> 00:14:08.200 Maybe yes, I mean we think that gas giants get 232 00:14:08.240 --> 00:14:11.919 big because they are cold. And you know, in the 233 00:14:11.960 --> 00:14:16.600 Solar System, the gas giants are all beyond the frost line. 234 00:14:17.039 --> 00:14:21.080 So that means that water they put the commonest too 235 00:14:21.080 --> 00:14:25.600 element molecule in the universe, could could freeze out, and 236 00:14:25.679 --> 00:14:29.639 so probably what you've got is a rocky core with 237 00:14:29.720 --> 00:14:34.519 a very heavy, massive, pretty dense layer of ice around it. 238 00:14:35.519 --> 00:14:39.320 But it may be that this planet, like the one 239 00:14:39.320 --> 00:14:41.960 we were talking about in the last but one episode 240 00:14:41.960 --> 00:14:46.679 of space Nuts, has migrated into a closer orbit and 241 00:14:46.799 --> 00:14:48.360 that might push its temperature up. 242 00:14:49.600 --> 00:14:53.279 Ah Okay, well, yeah, I suppose that's something they'll be 243 00:14:53.360 --> 00:14:56.279 able to analyze if they can collect the data. 244 00:14:56.399 --> 00:14:57.720 It's such a I mean, it's not. 245 00:14:57.879 --> 00:15:00.559 It's not a long way away from us, but it's 246 00:15:00.600 --> 00:15:02.000 still a long way, you. 247 00:15:01.960 --> 00:15:06.240 Know, that's right, it is. So yeah. So it's a 248 00:15:06.320 --> 00:15:09.399 very nice piece of work, and the team I think, 249 00:15:09.480 --> 00:15:15.000 are expecting to observe other relatively nearby planets to look 250 00:15:15.080 --> 00:15:18.840 for even colder ones. As you said, I don't suppose 251 00:15:18.840 --> 00:15:20.080 it'll hold the record for long. 252 00:15:21.519 --> 00:15:22.360 No, probably not. 253 00:15:23.000 --> 00:15:26.639 You can read that story on NASA spaceflight dot Com 254 00:15:26.679 --> 00:15:28.519 if you want to know more about it. While we're 255 00:15:28.519 --> 00:15:31.919 talking about Jupiter, though, fred I read a story just 256 00:15:31.960 --> 00:15:35.279 in the last few days about the storm the red 257 00:15:35.320 --> 00:15:39.279 spot and how it's getting smaller, and when you look 258 00:15:39.360 --> 00:15:42.039 back through recent history, it's really shrunk a lot, although 259 00:15:42.080 --> 00:15:45.519 it's still big enough for Earth to fit inside barely though. 260 00:15:46.240 --> 00:15:47.039 But they think they know. 261 00:15:47.000 --> 00:15:49.360 Why it's getting smaller. It's running out of stuff to eat. 262 00:15:49.879 --> 00:15:57.240 Apparently they think it fed on smaller storms. But those 263 00:15:57.360 --> 00:16:00.000 storms are diminishing as well, so the red spot doesn't 264 00:16:00.159 --> 00:16:03.879 have any sustenance and therefore is losing weight. 265 00:16:04.240 --> 00:16:09.919 Basically interesting, very interesting. This is space Nuts. 266 00:16:10.000 --> 00:16:14.600 Andrew Dunkley here with Professor Fred Watson. Let's take a 267 00:16:14.639 --> 00:16:16.559 little break from the show to tell you about our 268 00:16:16.639 --> 00:16:21.000 sponsor in Cogny. Now, if you use the Internet, chances 269 00:16:21.000 --> 00:16:24.480 are you've registered your name, your address, your phone number, 270 00:16:24.480 --> 00:16:29.759 your credit card details on one or more or many websites. 271 00:16:30.600 --> 00:16:34.960 Occasionally those websites will get infiltrated and that data gets 272 00:16:34.960 --> 00:16:38.600 sold on the dark web. And there was a case 273 00:16:38.679 --> 00:16:44.240 recently where thirteen million people most likely had their medical 274 00:16:44.320 --> 00:16:50.480 data sold through the dark web. Thirteen million. Now what 275 00:16:50.559 --> 00:16:54.080 happens to that data, Well, it could be just about anything. 276 00:16:55.159 --> 00:16:59.120 Data is available commodity these days. It's used to create 277 00:16:59.200 --> 00:17:05.160 fake ID, it's used to enable people to make spam email, 278 00:17:05.599 --> 00:17:10.400 spam phone calls and spam emails. It can lead to 279 00:17:10.440 --> 00:17:14.319 you being scammed. There was a famous case only recently 280 00:17:14.359 --> 00:17:17.160 where somebody got a call from their bank, and it 281 00:17:17.200 --> 00:17:20.759 was so convincing they gave them information which led to 282 00:17:20.880 --> 00:17:25.079 them losing tens of thousands of dollars and the bank 283 00:17:25.119 --> 00:17:28.759 won't pay up because they voluntarily gave the information out. 284 00:17:28.799 --> 00:17:33.079 It's very nasty case, but this is what happens. So 285 00:17:33.319 --> 00:17:35.279 what do you do about it? 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This is a really fascinating story, and again, 328 00:20:13.960 --> 00:20:18.359 like we discussed last week, involves a rover making a discovery. 329 00:20:18.400 --> 00:20:21.680 Last week it was finding sulfur. This week it's finding 330 00:20:22.359 --> 00:20:26.839 these these what they've described as leopard spots on rocks 331 00:20:27.039 --> 00:20:28.240 on the planet's surface. 332 00:20:28.559 --> 00:20:30.079 This is the Perseverance rover. 333 00:20:30.960 --> 00:20:34.480 What's really interesting about this story is these spots may 334 00:20:34.880 --> 00:20:37.079 mean something rather significant. 335 00:20:39.039 --> 00:20:39.559 That's right. 336 00:20:40.200 --> 00:20:46.039 So it's a rock that is about probably ninety by 337 00:20:47.920 --> 00:20:51.200 sixty centimeters three feet by two feet in the all measure, 338 00:20:52.559 --> 00:20:54.559 and it's got a name. 339 00:20:55.319 --> 00:20:56.279 It's Hook. 340 00:20:56.400 --> 00:21:01.000 Pronouncing this correctly, Chow the falls it's named after I believe, 341 00:21:01.279 --> 00:21:03.599 a feature in the Grand Canyon. I think that's right. 342 00:21:04.599 --> 00:21:10.079 So that rock has all sorts of interesting aspects to it, 343 00:21:11.119 --> 00:21:16.319 which is puzzling scientists as to how these various features 344 00:21:16.359 --> 00:21:19.359 can exist in one rock because they seem to be 345 00:21:20.079 --> 00:21:23.039 you know, some of it suggests that there's a lot 346 00:21:23.039 --> 00:21:25.839 of a lot of hot water been involved. With this 347 00:21:26.680 --> 00:21:30.079 too hot for anything to live in, and yet we've 348 00:21:30.119 --> 00:21:34.440 got these what have been called leopard spots, tiny little 349 00:21:34.440 --> 00:21:37.039 white spots which I think have a black ring around them, 350 00:21:38.240 --> 00:21:42.680 and they are on Earth the sort of thing that 351 00:21:42.720 --> 00:21:47.400 you find when you've got fossilized microbes. They're similar to 352 00:21:49.079 --> 00:21:52.200 what we find in rocks where you've got fossilized microbial 353 00:21:52.240 --> 00:21:56.599 activity on Earth. So this is why people are very 354 00:21:56.599 --> 00:22:00.200 excited about this rock. Is it the first evidence of 355 00:22:03.079 --> 00:22:06.519 having been life, living organisms on Mars or is it 356 00:22:06.559 --> 00:22:12.119 purely chemical? And apparently the mission scientists who are working 357 00:22:12.160 --> 00:22:15.319 on this have kind of analyzed this thing to death. 358 00:22:15.599 --> 00:22:18.920 They've used every piece of technology that they've got on 359 00:22:18.960 --> 00:22:23.400 the spacecraft. They've zapped it with a laser, they've kind 360 00:22:23.440 --> 00:22:26.279 of looked at it with the spectrometers, they've looked at 361 00:22:26.279 --> 00:22:31.119 it with their mass spectrometers. They've really done everything to 362 00:22:31.160 --> 00:22:35.279 analyze it, and they still don't really have an answer 363 00:22:35.480 --> 00:22:39.519 as to whether this is the result of life or not. 364 00:22:40.519 --> 00:22:42.759 The only way we'll get that answer is by bringing 365 00:22:42.799 --> 00:22:49.279 it back, and there is their emissions being planned to 366 00:22:49.359 --> 00:22:54.079 bring rocks back to Earth from Mars so we can 367 00:22:54.119 --> 00:22:59.400 analyze them with laboratory instruments on Mars. But this is 368 00:22:59.400 --> 00:23:04.039 not likely to happen. Well, they're talking about twenty forty now, 369 00:23:04.519 --> 00:23:07.640 that return mission been pushed back and pushed back, and 370 00:23:07.680 --> 00:23:09.880 I'm not even sure whether the return mission that was 371 00:23:09.920 --> 00:23:13.119 being plumbed actually included rocks as big as this one. 372 00:23:13.640 --> 00:23:15.599 I think it was more for the you know, the 373 00:23:15.680 --> 00:23:18.720 caches of soil that have been collected on Mars and 374 00:23:18.839 --> 00:23:21.039 left in little piles on the surface of the planet. 375 00:23:21.640 --> 00:23:25.240 Yeah, it's very disappointing to hear that, because we all 376 00:23:25.319 --> 00:23:27.759 want to know, We all so very much want to know, 377 00:23:27.920 --> 00:23:32.440 and you know, we're finding telltale signs that life may 378 00:23:32.480 --> 00:23:34.640 have existed on Mars when it was a hot or 379 00:23:34.680 --> 00:23:35.359 wetter place. 380 00:23:36.359 --> 00:23:37.920 And how long. 381 00:23:37.759 --> 00:23:45.000 That life, if it did exist, survived is another big question. Yeah, 382 00:23:45.039 --> 00:23:49.440 but pushing it back to twenty forty, I mean, that's 383 00:23:49.680 --> 00:23:51.960 that's a gut punch, really, isn't it. 384 00:23:51.960 --> 00:23:57.039 It is. My understanding is that NASA. NASA is concerned 385 00:23:57.039 --> 00:24:02.640 about how much it costs to do that, and. 386 00:24:01.400 --> 00:24:06.480 It isn't isn't it The biggest question, well, in all 387 00:24:06.519 --> 00:24:10.559 of existence, is whether or not there is life in 388 00:24:10.640 --> 00:24:13.200 life beyond. I mean, isn't it worth spending a couple 389 00:24:13.240 --> 00:24:14.279 of bucks to find out. 390 00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:17.200 Yeah, I think it's eleven and a half billion. Is 391 00:24:17.240 --> 00:24:18.960 the current Trump. 392 00:24:18.920 --> 00:24:22.720 Change or should I say Trump change? No, it's it's a. 393 00:24:24.240 --> 00:24:27.000 Yeah, it's not a lot really easy. 394 00:24:27.799 --> 00:24:30.640 The what what I was going to say is that 395 00:24:30.920 --> 00:24:34.079 as I understand it, NASA is trying to interest the 396 00:24:34.119 --> 00:24:37.440 private sector into doing this. So if you can get 397 00:24:37.480 --> 00:24:41.400 a company that's prepared to invest a lot of money 398 00:24:41.599 --> 00:24:45.279 in a mission like this, that could be you know, 399 00:24:45.599 --> 00:24:47.799 certainly would put that company on the map, wouldn't it. 400 00:24:48.039 --> 00:24:51.000 You know, if you think thinks it's probably yeah, there's 401 00:24:51.000 --> 00:24:54.000