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<v Speaker 1>Hello, and welcome to Western siev is episode five hundred,

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<v Speaker 1>A whiff of grape shot. The night of nine Thermidor

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<v Speaker 1>year two, which was actually July twenty seventh, seventeen ninety four,

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<v Speaker 1>ended with the downfall of Maximilian Robespierre, the incorruptible architect

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<v Speaker 1>of the terror, when the guillotine fell on his neck.

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<v Speaker 1>In the next afternoon, the square erupted in cheers, but

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<v Speaker 1>behind the relief lay fear. One Parisian wrote, the monster

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<v Speaker 1>is dead, but what hydra will grow in its place?

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<v Speaker 1>The French Republic has survived invasion and rebellion, but it

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<v Speaker 1>was exhausted. The Convention that had once trembled before Robespierre,

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<v Speaker 1>now scrambled to dismantle the machinery of terror he had built.

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<v Speaker 1>And so on the twenty fourth of August seventeen ninety four,

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<v Speaker 1>the Convention decided to reorganize the government, deliberately fracturing and

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<v Speaker 1>spreading out power. Sixteen different committees would now replace the

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<v Speaker 1>all powerful Committee of Public Safety, hopefully making it impossible

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<v Speaker 1>for one person to dominate. It was, as the deputy

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<v Speaker 1>boiset de Angelias explained, a republic of committees lest tyranny reappear.

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<v Speaker 1>The next few weeks saw the steady erosion of Jacobin control.

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<v Speaker 1>On August twenty ninth, a new group emerged in the streets,

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<v Speaker 1>the Muskdins. They were young, fashionable, middle class Parisians, smelling

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<v Speaker 1>of musk and armed with canes. Eager to avenge the terror,

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<v Speaker 1>they prowled the cafes where Jacobins once gathered, shouting down

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<v Speaker 1>with the drinkers of blood, as so often happens. Unfortunately

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<v Speaker 1>with a revolution, when one party falls, the next simply

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<v Speaker 1>steps up to take its place, behaving in the exact

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<v Speaker 1>same way, but with an eye for retribution, and so

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<v Speaker 1>the wheel of the French relution continued to span them. Now. Meanwhile,

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<v Speaker 1>the French armies were suddenly on the frontier's triumphant. On

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<v Speaker 1>August the thirtieth, General Pugeout retook Conde Lees Gate, and

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<v Speaker 1>so for the first time since seventeen ninety two, there

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<v Speaker 1>were no foreign troops on French soil. But victory again

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<v Speaker 1>could not disguise the domestic collapse. If the reason for

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<v Speaker 1>all the terror and for all the suspicion was fear

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<v Speaker 1>of a monarchist plot within France, and because of these

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<v Speaker 1>foreign armies that were perched everywhere around Paris. You would

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<v Speaker 1>again think the expulsion of foreign troops would end those concerns,

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<v Speaker 1>but they simply don't. And so on August the thirty first,

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<v Speaker 1>Paris itself, for the first time was placed under direct

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<v Speaker 1>federal government control. It's the first time that you don't

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<v Speaker 1>just have a Parisian mayor in charge. This is an

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<v Speaker 1>acknowledgment that revolutionary sections of citizens, once the beating heart

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<v Speaker 1>of radical democracy, had suddenly become a liability to the

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<v Speaker 1>survival of France. The people, it turned out, needed to

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<v Speaker 1>be controlled. Maybe Louis was right about something. Oh I'm sorry,

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<v Speaker 1>maybe citizen Cape had been right about something. In a

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<v Speaker 1>faint spirit of preservation continued to stir among the deputies.

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<v Speaker 1>On September the one, the Musee des Monuments Francais, was

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<v Speaker 1>founded to save cathedrals, tombs and relics of the old

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<v Speaker 1>monarchy from the mobs. Suddenly somebody realized, Hey, we might

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<v Speaker 1>actually want all that stuff someday. Best not let it

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<v Speaker 1>be tossed on an old Savonarola style pyre. This was

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<v Speaker 1>an extraordinary reversal. Of course, the same revolution that had

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<v Speaker 1>melted down bells and smashed the images of saints now

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<v Speaker 1>began to regret its own vandalism. The Abbe Gregorie coined

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<v Speaker 1>the word bandalisme on September the thirteenth, warning that to

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<v Speaker 1>destroy is not to purify, to respect art, it's not

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<v Speaker 1>to betray liberty. Religion, once a weapon of the terror,

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<v Speaker 1>was now suppressed in a new and different way. Instead,

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<v Speaker 1>on September the eighteenth, the state would simply stop paying

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<v Speaker 1>constitutional priests and stop paying for the maintenance of church properties,

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<v Speaker 1>the Deputies declaring no more salaries for superstition. So the

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<v Speaker 1>Convention wasn't necessarily interested in restoring old Catholic faith. In

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<v Speaker 1>restoring the old Church was actually just turning its back

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<v Speaker 1>on religion in general, abandoning Catholicism and any form of

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<v Speaker 1>Christianity or religion to that matter, to the private sphere.

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<v Speaker 1>A week later, the ashes of the murdered Jacobin journalist

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<v Speaker 1>Jean Paul Morant were carried into the Pantheon, which was

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<v Speaker 1>the final sort of echo of revolutionary canonization. Unfortunately, within months,

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<v Speaker 1>those exact same ashes would once again be taken out

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<v Speaker 1>for Paul Maraut just wanted to rest in peace. I'm guessing.

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<v Speaker 1>By October the atmosphere had become once again thick with

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<v Speaker 1>words of retribution and recommation. Paris sections once the voices

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<v Speaker 1>of the san Culos were now riven by shouting matches

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<v Speaker 1>between those who had supported the terror or at least

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<v Speaker 1>acknowledged it, and those who now wanted to punish those

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<v Speaker 1>who they felt had been complicit in it. The Convention, however,

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<v Speaker 1>wasn't having it this time, and struck first, and so

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<v Speaker 1>on October the third, the leaders of armed san Culos

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<v Speaker 1>bands who were demanding punishment for the terror were simply

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<v Speaker 1>all rounded up and arrested. The theory that if you

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<v Speaker 1>just cut all the heads off all the snakes, maybe

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<v Speaker 1>you could put the genie back in its box. Probably not,

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<v Speaker 1>And while France's internal conflicts deepened, its armies actually continued

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<v Speaker 1>to do shockingly well. Fell On October the sixth and

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<v Speaker 1>on October the twenty seconds, the Convention created a school

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<v Speaker 1>to train engineers and artillery officers, and it would soon

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<v Speaker 1>produce the very men who would serve under Napoleon. You see,

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<v Speaker 1>France had actually hit on something pretty powerful with the

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<v Speaker 1>leve am Moss. What it turned out was that we

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<v Speaker 1>were entering into an age where sheer manpower counted for

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<v Speaker 1>a lot. We weren't in the age of knights and

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<v Speaker 1>professional fighting men anymore. Yes, of course it helped to

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<v Speaker 1>have professional officers, but it turned out with a little

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<v Speaker 1>rudimentary training and drill, most people could learn how to

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<v Speaker 1>fire a rifle, and since we were in an age

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<v Speaker 1>where that was the main way of fighting, if you

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<v Speaker 1>could enroll more men into your army than other countries,

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<v Speaker 1>you did have a dramatic advantage. France, by pure accident,

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<v Speaker 1>figured that out during the Revolution, and now what we

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<v Speaker 1>see happening militarily are the creation of these academies to

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<v Speaker 1>train the officers who can actually effectively use that machine.

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<v Speaker 1>It's that machine. It's going to be used by Napoleon.

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<v Speaker 1>But Napoleon would not have existed were it not for

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<v Speaker 1>the levee en mass, which really just changed the dynamics

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<v Speaker 1>of military fighting, and that's going to carry through all

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<v Speaker 1>the way through the world wars. Now, the Jacobin Club

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<v Speaker 1>was still kicking around at this point, but by November

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<v Speaker 1>it was pretty clear the writing was on the wall.

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<v Speaker 1>On November the ninth and the eleventh, citizens in Paris

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<v Speaker 1>physically began attacking the Jacobin Club smashing its benches and

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<v Speaker 1>destroying its chandeliers. One newspaper observed coldly, quote the club

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<v Speaker 1>that once ruled France has been routed by Dandy's and Styx.

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<v Speaker 1>And so on November the twelfth, the Convention suspended the

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<v Speaker 1>Jacobin Club itself. Its closure quite frankly, symbolized what was

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<v Speaker 1>real the death of revolutionary radicalism. Really, the radicalism of

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<v Speaker 1>the French Revolution was now a thing of the past.

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<v Speaker 1>Everyone was ready for some return to normalcy and for

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<v Speaker 1>affairs to start to balance them out. And of course

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<v Speaker 1>they're going to. They're going to, just in a way

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<v Speaker 1>that no one in the French Revolution could have recognized

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<v Speaker 1>at that specific moment. Now, internationally, problems did start to

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<v Speaker 1>crop up for France. The Treaty of London, which was

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<v Speaker 1>signed on November the nineteenth, bound Britain and the United States,

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<v Speaker 1>who we're going to get back to here pretty soon

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<v Speaker 1>to suppress French privateers. This essentially ed British control over

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<v Speaker 1>the seas and continued to isolate France from its colonies.

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<v Speaker 1>The winter of seventeen ninety four seventeen ninety five was

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<v Speaker 1>one of exhaustion politically and hunger physically. The maximum the

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<v Speaker 1>law of fixing price ceilings on grain was actually repealed

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<v Speaker 1>on December the twenty fourth, Merry Christmas. Everyone one deputy said,

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<v Speaker 1>let liberty govern the markets. Kind of sounds like Scrooge,

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<v Speaker 1>doesn't he But liberty was cold comfort. Bread prices doubled overnight,

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<v Speaker 1>and the Asignan, the paper currency of France, simply collapsed.

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<v Speaker 1>The Convention tried its best to patch its legitimacy together.

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<v Speaker 1>On December the eighth, seventy three of the surviving Girondins,

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<v Speaker 1>those moderates who had been purged by the Jacobins in

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<v Speaker 1>seventeen ninety three, were invited back. It was a symbolic healing,

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<v Speaker 1>but one that enraged the radicals, and the reckoning didn't

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<v Speaker 1>wait too much longer. Jean Baptiste Carrier, the monstrous representative

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<v Speaker 1>who had drowned thousands in knods during the Terror, was

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<v Speaker 1>tried and executed on December the sixteenth, and so the

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<v Speaker 1>Revolution at last had begun to eat its executioners. By

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<v Speaker 1>early seventeen ninety five, France had simply replaced one terror

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<v Speaker 1>with another. This is now the so called White Terror.

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<v Speaker 1>If you're reading history books, The first White Terror began

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<v Speaker 1>as former Jacobins were hunted by royalists and moderates. Murders

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<v Speaker 1>flared up cross France from Lyon, Nimes and the Run Valley.

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<v Speaker 1>Then the Convention's tone changed. On February the fifth, The Monitor,

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<v Speaker 1>one of those key newspapers and pamphlet producers in Paris,

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<v Speaker 1>condemned the incitement to blood of Marat and his allies,

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<v Speaker 1>And so days later, about I'd say two and a

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<v Speaker 1>half months after they went in, Marat's remains were once

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<v Speaker 1>again removed from the pantheon. At the same time, France's

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<v Speaker 1>oldest wound, its war against Catholic peasants in the Vendet,

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<v Speaker 1>was finally being healed. On February seventeenth, the Convention declared

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<v Speaker 1>a general amnesty and freedom of religion was restored. The

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<v Speaker 1>hope was to just patch France together so that it

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<v Speaker 1>could ideally defend itself against its external enemies. One representative,

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<v Speaker 1>speaking a few days later, declared, let us be just

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<v Speaker 1>and tolerant, let each man worship in peace. It was

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<v Speaker 1>the first official proclamation of la cite, the secular principle

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<v Speaker 1>that will later come to define France. But peace in

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<v Speaker 1>the countryside didn't fill stomachs in Paris, the Asignant had

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<v Speaker 1>fallen to eighty percent of its value. By March nineteen,

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<v Speaker 1>food riots broke out in Paris, one observer noting people

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<v Speaker 1>gnaw bones like dogs. The Convention lashed out. On March

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<v Speaker 1>the twenty first. It passed a death penalty for anyone

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<v Speaker 1>leading uprisings. The old Jacobin prosecutors Beret Colo eBay. They

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<v Speaker 1>were all arrested and later deported to French Guinea. In April,

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<v Speaker 1>the misery boiled over. On April, the first Sansculos invaded

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<v Speaker 1>the Convention demanding bread, demanding some way to feed their family.

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<v Speaker 1>It was a ghost of what had happened back in

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<v Speaker 1>seventeen ninety two, but this time was different. This time,

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<v Speaker 1>the National Guard did not join the radicals. Instead, they

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<v Speaker 1>turned on the insurrection and crushed it. Paris placed under

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<v Speaker 1>siege and the radicals sent into exile, now abroad. Meanwhile,

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<v Speaker 1>diplomacy triumph for armies couldn't. On April the fifth, France

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<v Speaker 1>signed a peace treaty with Prussia at Basil, securing the

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<v Speaker 1>left bank of the Rhyme. While that was going on,

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<v Speaker 1>the Convention restored the rights of those that had rents

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<v Speaker 1>branded as outlaws, an effort to just kind of put

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<v Speaker 1>the wounds back together. The same month, the last Jacobin prosecutor,

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<v Speaker 1>Fouco team Mel, faced his own tribunal. His defense, familiar

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<v Speaker 1>to any of those who followed the Nuremberg Trials, that

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<v Speaker 1>he had only followed orders, fell on deaf ears. He

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<v Speaker 1>was guillotined on May the seventh, along with his jurors.

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<v Speaker 1>The Zankulos rose up one last time between May twentieth

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<v Speaker 1>and twenty fourth, seventeen ninety five. Armed with pikes and

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<v Speaker 1>the old tricolor banners, they stormed the Convention one last

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<v Speaker 1>time for fun, you guys. They murdered the deputy Ferraud

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<v Speaker 1>and paraded his severed head on a pike all the

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<v Speaker 1>way through the streets. His head was famously saluted in silence,

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<v Speaker 1>a stoic gexture of defiance that would become iconic. Over

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<v Speaker 1>the next four days, the army, under the command of

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<v Speaker 1>General Maneux, retook Paris street by street. Hundreds of san

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<v Speaker 1>Culo resurgence were executed or simply deported. On May thirty first,

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<v Speaker 1>the revolutionary tribunal itself was finally abolished, and the revolution's

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<v Speaker 1>radical phase was finally and truly dead. On June eighth,

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<v Speaker 1>the ten year old Louis the seventeenth died in the

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<v Speaker 1>Temple prison, likely of tuberculosis, where he had been held

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<v Speaker 1>since the death of his father. His uncle in exile,

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<v Speaker 1>the Comte de Provence, now proclaimed himself Louis the eighteenth,

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<v Speaker 1>to the name I want to remember. The following weeks

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<v Speaker 1>after the death of Louis the seventeenth saw renewed Royalist insurrections.

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<v Speaker 1>The Vende, upon getting news of his death, once again

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<v Speaker 1>rose in June, joined by Emmigrey's landed by the British

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<v Speaker 1>on the Normandy coast. This lasted all the way from

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<v Speaker 1>June twenty sixth through July the twenty first. Eventually, French

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<v Speaker 1>generals crushed them, executing seven hundred and forty eight emigres

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<v Speaker 1>by firing squad With that Notwithstanding peace was slowly spreading,

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<v Speaker 1>Spain made peace at Basil on July the twenty second,

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<v Speaker 1>seating all of saant demand to France. Only Austria and

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<v Speaker 1>England remained hostile. By August, the Convention had moved on

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<v Speaker 1>to constitutional reform. The Constitution of Year three, adopted on

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<v Speaker 1>August the twenty second, established the Directory and for those

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<v Speaker 1>who know your French Revolution history, You know we have

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<v Speaker 1>now come on to our penultimate scene, the final scene,

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<v Speaker 1>of course, being Napoleon. The Directory was a cautious five

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<v Speaker 1>man executive board by a bicameral legislature. It would be,

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<v Speaker 1>for all practical purposes ineffective. On September the twenty third, though,

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<v Speaker 1>a national referendum approved the Directory, and it came into

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<v Speaker 1>existence even as the ink dried on the new constitution.

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<v Speaker 1>Though danger returned. Royalists, furious that two thirds of the

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<v Speaker 1>new legislature would be drawn from the old Convention rose

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<v Speaker 1>in Paris on October the fifth, seventeen ninety five. Paul Barross,

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<v Speaker 1>charged with the defense of the Convention, turned to a

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<v Speaker 1>young general recently released from suspicion, Napoleon Bonaparte, a man

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<v Speaker 1>we now should definitely take a moment to introduce. Somewhere.

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<v Speaker 1>On a warm August morning in seventeen sixty nine, in

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<v Speaker 1>a small town on Corsica called Isaacio, a baby cried

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<v Speaker 1>out into a world at war. The French had actually

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<v Speaker 1>only conquered Corsica months earlier, extinguishing its brief independence under

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<v Speaker 1>the patriot Pascual Payole. The child's name was Napoleon de Bonaparte,

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<v Speaker 1>the son of Carlo Bonaparte, a minor loyal of noble lineage,

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<v Speaker 1>and Letitia Romonio, a strong, austere woman whose will would

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<v Speaker 1>mirror that of her son, Napoleon. She would later say,

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<v Speaker 1>was born when the Canon thundered, and indeed the island's

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<v Speaker 1>mountains still echoed with gunfire when the future emperor entered

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<v Speaker 1>the world. Napoleon's earliest loyalties were not to France but

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<v Speaker 1>to Corsica. He grew up in a stone house overlooking

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<v Speaker 1>the Gulf of Ayachio, speaking Corsican an Italian much more

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<v Speaker 1>fluently than French. His father, Carlo, ambitious and pragmatic, had

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<v Speaker 1>switched allegiance to the new French rulers to preserve the

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<v Speaker 1>family's fortunes. This act earned him a small pension and

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<v Speaker 1>the opportunity to send his sons to France for education.

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<v Speaker 1>So inten seventeen seventy nine, at just ten years old,

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<v Speaker 1>Napoleon left Corsica for the mainland. He would never feel

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<v Speaker 1>entirely at home there. In fact, Napoleon would later write,

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<v Speaker 1>I was a foreigner, and I was made to feel it.

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<v Speaker 1>His schoolmates at Brienne a royal military academy, mocked his

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<v Speaker 1>accent and provincial manners. Yet the boy absorbed knowledge like

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<v Speaker 1>a sponge. Reserved, solitary, and fiercely intelligent. He spent hours

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<v Speaker 1>reading Plutarch's lives, memorizing the campaigns of Alexander and Caesar.

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<v Speaker 1>He once wrote in a school essay that he longed

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<v Speaker 1>to be quote the sword and mind of a free people.

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<v Speaker 1>At Brienne, his teachers saw flashes of greatness. One described

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<v Speaker 1>him as a silent and thoughtful youth who seeks to

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<v Speaker 1>understand rather than to please. In seventeen eighty four, at fifteen,

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<v Speaker 1>Napoleon won admission to the Ecole Militaire in Paris, one

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<v Speaker 1>of France's most prestigious academies. There the transformation from Bonaparte

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<v Speaker 1>to Bonaparte began. He studied artillery, the branch of the

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<v Speaker 1>army most open to talent rather than birth, and graduated

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<v Speaker 1>in just one year, qualifying as a second lieutenant. He

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<v Speaker 1>was seventeen, small and dark, with a thick Corsican accent

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<v Speaker 1>and an iron sense of purpose. Nothing probably would have

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<v Speaker 1>come of him other than moving up the ranks steadily.

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<v Speaker 1>But then came the Revolution, when the French revolution erupted

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<v Speaker 1>in seventeen eighty nine. Napoleon was twenty years old. His

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<v Speaker 1>letters from the time show a mix of idealism and calculation.

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<v Speaker 1>He wrote to his brother Joseph, the people are awakening,

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<v Speaker 1>if only Corsica had such men. Returning to the island,

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<v Speaker 1>he found Corsica once again in revolt, this time against France.

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<v Speaker 1>The old patriot Paoli, once Napoleon's hero, now led the rebellion.

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<v Speaker 1>Torn between island and empire, Napoleon sided with the revolution

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<v Speaker 1>and against Paoli. It was a choice that would define

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<v Speaker 1>his life. He would abandon local loyalties for the dream

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<v Speaker 1>that was France. In seventeen ninety three, that decision turned fatal.

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<v Speaker 1>Paoli's followers expelled the Buonapartes from Corsica. Napoleon's brother would

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<v Speaker 1>later recall, we were hunted like beasts. The family fled

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<v Speaker 1>to the French mainland, destitute refugees. Yet, in that very

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<v Speaker 1>same year, seventeen ninety three, fate offered Napoleon a dramatic

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<v Speaker 1>chance to rise. Now, France was at war in that

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<v Speaker 1>year with just about every monarchy in Europe. The southern

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<v Speaker 1>port of Toulon had fallen into Royalist hands and welcomed

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<v Speaker 1>the British fleet. The Revolutionary army besieged the city, but

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<v Speaker 1>it lacked skilled officers. Enter stage left one in Bonaparte,

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<v Speaker 1>arriving with his artillery company. He quickly transformed with the siege.

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<v Speaker 1>He surveyed the terrain, identified key positions, and proposed a

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<v Speaker 1>daring plan. Sea is the forts commanding the harbor, and

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<v Speaker 1>the British should be forced to withdraw. His superiors hesitated,

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<v Speaker 1>but his energy was irresistible. Under his direction, cannon batteries

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<v Speaker 1>pounded the enemy. He shouted to his men over and

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<v Speaker 1>over again, fire faster and aim at the masts. The

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<v Speaker 1>sea is our enemy's road. On December seventeenth, seventeen ninety three,

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<v Speaker 1>the French army stormed Toulon. Bonaparte was wounded in the

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<v Speaker 1>thigh by a bayonet, but he refused to leave the field.

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<v Speaker 1>When the smoke cleared, the tricolor flew over the city

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<v Speaker 1>and the British had fled. That just twenty four Napoleon

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<v Speaker 1>was promoted to brigadier general. One observer wrote he had

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<v Speaker 1>the head of a caesar and the eyes of a fanatic.

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<v Speaker 1>For a brief moment, Napoleon was a rising star of

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<v Speaker 1>the revolution, he was sent to organize the defense of

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<v Speaker 1>the Mediterranean coast and drafted plans for a campaign into Italy,

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<v Speaker 1>but the political tide soon turned. In July seventeen ninety four,

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<v Speaker 1>Robespierre fell from power. Napoleon, who had associated with the

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<v Speaker 1>Jacobin government, suddenly found himself suspect. I have seen men

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<v Speaker 1>fall like trees in a storm, he wrote, bitterly. Arrested

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<v Speaker 1>for a short time, he was released but left without command.

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<v Speaker 1>In early seventeen ninety five, he languished in Paris, poor, unemployed, restless.

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<v Speaker 1>He lived in a small apartment on the Rue de Capone,

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<v Speaker 1>spending hours in cafes arguing politics and military strategy. In

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<v Speaker 1>a letter later on, he would confess, I have no place,

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<v Speaker 1>no resources, no prospects, and I shall end my days

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<v Speaker 1>in obscure, no glory. But he petitioned the war ministry

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<v Speaker 1>for an Italian command, citing his previous plans for an offensive.

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<v Speaker 1>The army went unanswered. In the meantime, he was offered

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<v Speaker 1>a post in the Army of the West, fighting Royalist

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<v Speaker 1>insurgents in the Vende. He refused it, calling it quote

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<v Speaker 1>a war against Frenchmen, not enemies. That refusal might have

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<v Speaker 1>ended Napoleon's career had not. History intervened again. On the

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<v Speaker 1>twenty sixth of October, there was a major royalist uprising

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<v Speaker 1>within Paris itself called into action really unexpectedly the afternoon

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<v Speaker 1>of October the twenty sixth, on the Rue Saint Honore,

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<v Speaker 1>Napoleon immediately loaded the canon that he had with grape

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<v Speaker 1>shot and fired directly into the charging royalist mob. A

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<v Speaker 1>whiff of grape shot, as Tom Carlisle later called it,

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<v Speaker 1>saved the republic. Napoleon's cool brutality earned him the title

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<v Speaker 1>Commander of the Army of the Interior. And just like that, Napoleon,

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<v Speaker 1>who had been on the outside looking in, was back baby.

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<v Speaker 1>And we'll see the consequences now. After Napoleon put down

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<v Speaker 1>the uprising, elections followed on October the thirty first. The

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<v Speaker 1>first five directors took office. It was a cautious oligarchy,

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<v Speaker 1>weary of direct democracy and wary of kings. Didn't really

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<v Speaker 1>change anything, though. The crisis of the economy continued. The

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<v Speaker 1>Asignat collapsed to three percent of its nominal value. A

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<v Speaker 1>forced loan of six hundred million francs was decreed on

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<v Speaker 1>December the tenth, for the first time in year, France

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<v Speaker 1>had a stable government, but the people remained cynical. Now

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<v Speaker 1>December the thirty first, seventeen ninety five, an armistice was

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<v Speaker 1>signed on the Rhine with Austria and Great Britain, making

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<v Speaker 1>the guns fall silent for the first time. Released in

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<v Speaker 1>seventeen ninety three, in this fragile piece, though one figure

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<v Speaker 1>continued to prepare for war. Napoleon Bonaparte, now twenty six,

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<v Speaker 1>restless and brilliant, spent the winter mapping a campaign into

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<v Speaker 1>northern Italy, a theater that had been neglected by older generals.

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<v Speaker 1>The Republic is like a volcano, he wrote to one

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<v Speaker 1>of the five Directors, But I will ride its fire.

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<v Speaker 1>As we will see next time. In the spring of

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<v Speaker 1>seventeen ninety six, Napoleon will be in command of the

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<v Speaker 1>Army of Italy, and he will lead the nation finally

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<v Speaker 1>out of the French Revolution, an inn to empire