Speaker 1: Hello, and welcome to Astronomy Daily, your daily guide to
what's happening in space. I'm Anna and I'm Avery.
Speaker 2: It is Tuesday, February twenty fourth, twenty twenty six, and
we have a busy show for you today.
Speaker 1: We do the big headline, the one everyone in the
space community is talking about right now is Artemis and specifically,
what is happening to that rocket at this very moment.
Speaker 2: Quite literally, as we record this, the SLS rocket is
making a very slow journey about one mile per hour
back to its garage.
Speaker 1: We have all the details on that. We also have
a genuinely exciting story from Mars, a wild mission concept
to chase an interstellar comet. Tina's mystery space plane is
back in orbit, and we wrap up with some beautiful
red giant science that solves a mystery that's been bugging
astronomers since the nineteen seventies.
Speaker 2: Plus we run through this week's launch schedule. It is
surprisingly busy despite all the Artemis drama. Let's get into it.
Speaker 1: So, Avery, let's start with Artemis, because this is a
story that has taken yet another dramatic turn.
Speaker 2: Honestly, Anna, this one stings a little because just last week,
we were watching a really successful second wet Tress rehearsal
and NASA was talking about March six as a real
launch date. Things were looking.
Speaker 1: Good, and then Saturday happened, And then Saturday happened.
Speaker 2: Overnight on February twenty first engineers noticed something concerning an
interruption in the flow of helium to the rocket's upper stage,
specifically the interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage or ICPS.
Speaker 1: And just to be clear for listeners who might be
newer to the show, what does the ICPS actually do?
Speaker 2: Great question. The ICPS is the upper stage of the
SLS rocket. It sits above the core stage and it's
what fires to push Orion and the crew on their
trans lunar trajectory toward the Moon. It uses helium internally
to do two critical jobs. It maintains environmental conditions around
its engine, and it pressurizes the liquid hydrogen and liquid
oxygen propellant tanks. So helium is not optional. Helium is fundamental.
Speaker 1: And this helium flow issue appeared after the wet dress
rehearsal had completed, not during it, which makes it particularly
tricky to pin.
Speaker 2: Down exactly the WDR itself went smoothly. It was during
reconfiguration afterward that data showed the interruption. NASA administrator Jared
Isaacman posted about it on Saturday, saying the team was
investigating three possible causes, a blocked filter between the vehicle
and ground support equipment, a failed quick disconnect umbilical interface,
or a failed check valve on the vehicle, similar to
what caused delays on Artemis one.
Speaker 1: And regardless of which of those three it turns out
to be, the answer is the same.
Speaker 2: The answer is always the same. They have to go
back to the vehicle assembly building. You can't fix any
of those things on the launch pad. So NASA confirmed
a rollback, and that rollback is happening today, February twenty fourth.
The sls Orion and the whole stack are being loaded
onto the Crawler and making that four point two mile
journey back to the VAB at roughly one mile per hour.
Speaker 1: Which takes several hours. It is not a fast vehicle.
Speaker 2: It's not. The crawler itself weighs about six and a
half million pounds unloaded, and it's burning around one hundred
and sixty five gallons of diesel per mile. It is
an extraordinary piece of engineering in its own right.
Speaker 1: So where does this leave the mission timeline?
Speaker 2: March is definitively off the table. Isaac Man was very
clear about that April is now the earliest possible window,
and NASA has said that quick action to get back
to the VAB could still preserve April. A full media
briefing is expected this week. Crewe commander Red Wiseman, pilot
Victor Glover, mission specialist Christina Coch and Canadian astronaut Jeremy
Hansen had just entered quarantine and have now been released again.
This would be their second exit from quarantine, which.
Speaker 1: Tells you something about how hard this process has been.
And this is still the first crude mission beyond low
Earth orbit since Apollo seventeen in nineteen seventy two. The
stakes are enormous.
Speaker 2: They really are. NASA's under pressure, both from the public
and from the White House to get this done. Isaac
Men has been quite transparent about the challenges, which is appreciated.
We'll keep you updated as the investigation progresses. A media
briefing is expected this week.
Speaker 1: Okay, let's lift the mood a little because our next
story is genuinely brilliant and it comes from Mars.
Speaker 2: This is one of my favorites of the week. NASA's
Perseverance rover has just been given something that effectively functions
as GPS on a planet that has no GPS sett
lights whatsoever.
Speaker 1: So how do you navigate on Mars? Walk us through
how it used to work.
Speaker 2: So Historically, Perseverance used a system called visual odometry. Every
few feet, it takes camera images of the surrounding rocks
and geological features, and it tracks how those features shift
and frame to estimate how far it's moved. It's clever,
but the problem is that tiny errors add up. On
a long drive, the rovers internal sense of where it
is could be off by more than thirty five meters
that's over one hundred feet. When it hit that threshold
of uncertainty, its safety systems would kick in and it
would just stop and wait for instructions from Earth.
Speaker 1: And with communication delays of up to twenty four hours,
that could mean an entire day of lost exploration time exactly.
Speaker 2: So, NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab developed a new system called
Mars Global Localization. Here's how it works. Perseverance takes a
full three hundred and sixty degree panorama with its navigation cameras.
Then an algorithm compares that ground level view with high
resolution orbital maps captured by the Mars reconnaissance orbit or
far above. It matches the terrain, the ridges, rocks, slopes,
and triangulates an exact position. The whole process takes about two.
Speaker 1: Minutes two minutes to know where you are with twenty
five centimeter accuracy. That is remarkable.
Speaker 2: What makes it even cleverer is where the computing power
comes from. It runs on the helicopter base station. The
processor that Perseverance used to communicate with Ingenuity. Ingenuity fluid
seventy second and final flight last year, so that processor
was sitting idle. It runs more than one hundred times
faster than the rover's main computers. The team essentially repurposed.
Speaker 1: It so Ingenuity keeps giving even in retirement.
Speaker 2: It really does. Mars Global Localization was used successfully for
the first time in regular mission operations on February second,
and again on February sixteenth. JPL's chief Engineer of Robotics Operations,
Vandy verma U, described it as giving the rover GPS,
saying it can now drive for potentially unlimited distances without
calling home.
Speaker 1: And this has implications beyond just Mars, doesn't it big implications.
Speaker 2: NASA is already looking at adapting this for future lunar
missions where you have difficult lighting conditions and long cold
nights that make precise location data even more critical. And
if we ever have astronauts driving pressurized rovers on Mars,
they won't be able to wait for Houston to tell
them where they are. This is exactly the kind of
technology they'll need.
Speaker 1: What a story five years on Mars and perseverance just
keeps getting smarter, and hopefully so are we now this
next story. I love this one because it is genuinely audacious.
We're talking about a mission concept that was published this
week for Chasing Down an interstellar comment. Avery said the scene.
Speaker 3: Right so our audience will remember comment three. I slash
ATLS the third confirmed interstellar object ever detected in our
Solar System. Discovered in July twenty twenty five. It came
screaming through from outside the Solar System, made its closest
approach to the Sun last October, swung past Venus in November,
and came closest to Earth in December. It is now
racing away from US at over sixty kilometers per second.
Speaker 1: Which is extraordinarily fast. For context, that's faster than any
spacecraft humanity has ever launched.
Speaker 2: Much faster, and that speed is the whole problem. Researchers
from the Initiative for Interstellar Studies published new work this
week exploring how you could actually send a spacecraft to
intercept it. The short answer is you need to do
something genuinely extreme. They call it a solar O birth maneuver.
Speaker 1: Explain that to us.
Speaker 2: So the O birth effects is actually a principle used
in basically every rocket launch. It says that if you
fire your engines when you're moving fast, you get a
bigger boost then if you fire them when you're going slowly. Normally,
it's applied when a spacecraft is at the closest point
of its orbit around the planet. What this mission proposes
is doing it at the closest point of a solar orbit,
a literal close flyby of the Sun itself. We're talking
three point two solar radii from the Sun's surface. That
is extremely close.
Speaker 1: How close is that actually?
Speaker 2: To put it in perspective, the Parker Solar Probe goes closer,
but even that is an extraordinary engineering challenge. At that distance,
the heat and radiation are intense the spacecraft would need
serious shielding, but the gravitational kick from firing your engines
that close to the Sun is so powerful that you
could theoretically reach speeds never achieved by human made objects,
And then.
Speaker 1: You'd still need how long to actually reach three I
gosh atls.
Speaker 2: If launched in twenty twenty five, which the researchers identify
as the optimal window based on the alignment of Earth, Jupiter,
the Sun, and the comet, the spacecraft would reach three
I dash atls by around twenty eighty five, at a
distance of approximately seven hundred and thirty two astronomical units
from the Sun. For comparison, Voyager one has been traveling
for nearly fifty years and is only at about one
hundred and seventy AU.
Speaker 1: So this would be the most distant rendezvous in human history.
Speaker 2: By a massive margin, and only a flyby would be possible,
not orbit insertion, because both the spacecraft and the comet
would be moving so fast, But even a flyby would
be extraordinary because three I dash atls didn't form an
hour solar system if formed around the different star, possibly
one that no longer exists. Its chemical fingerprints could tell
us things about planetary formation elsewhere in the gallay that
we simply cannot learn any other way.
Speaker 1: It's one of those stories where the scale of ambition
just takes your breath away. Is there any serious movement
toward actually doing this?
Speaker 2: The researchers are clear this is a proposal, not a
funded mission, but twenty thirty five is only nine years away.
Decisions would need to start being made soon, and three
i at lists won't be the last interstellar visitor. The
more of these we find, the more valuable the case
for chasing one becomes dang.
Speaker 1: In the realm of things we don't know much about,
Let's talk about China's shen Long spacecraft, which launched on
its fourth mission earlier this month.
Speaker 2: Genlong, which means divine dragon in Chinese, is one of
those topics that generates a lot of fascination, precisely because
so little is officially confirmed. This is China's reusable robotic
space plane, broadly analogous to the US Air Force's X
three seven B. It launched from the Juquon set Light
Launch Center on February sixth or seventh aboard a long
March two.
Speaker 1: F rocket, and as usual, China hasn't said.
Speaker 2: Much, extremely little. The official line via state media shein
Wa is that the mission will conduct quote technology verification
and will provide technical support for the peaceful use of space.
No launch time was given, no photographs, no mission duration, nothing, But.
Speaker 1: We can look at what the previous missions have done
and draw some inferences.
Speaker 2: We can. The first mission in September twenty twenty lasted
two days, the second in twenty twenty two lasted two
hundred and seventy six days. The third launch December twenty
twenty three lasted two hundred and sixty eight days. So
recent missions have been around nine months in orbit. If
this one follows the pattern, we might expect it to
return around November or December.
Speaker 1: And what have analysts pieced together about what it does
up there?
Speaker 2: This is where it gets interesting. Western space tracking organizations,
including the US Space Force and private space situational awareness companies,
have observed that shen Long conducts what are called rendezvous
and proximity operations. It maneuvers close to other objects in orbit.
It has deployed small objects possible sub satellites during at
least two previous missions One of those objects was observed
transmitting signals over North America, leading some analysts to describe
it as a potential mobile signals intelligence.
Speaker 1: Platform, and the anti satellite angle.
Speaker 2: Analysts are cautious. Some experts point out that shen long,
small payload bay, and limited power generation make it an
unlikely direct space weapon, but the ability to approach other
satellites at close range is inherently dual use. It could
be inspection, it could be servicing, it could be something else.
We genuinely don't know. What we do know is that
the US X three seven b's eighth mission is also
currently in orbit, launch last August to test quantum inertial
sensors and high bandwidth laser links. These are the only
two countries flying reusable space planes right now, and they're
both being quite secretive about it.
Speaker 1: The new space race conducted largely in silence, perfectly put. Now,
let's do a quick run through of what else is
happening on the launch front this week, because despite all
the artemis drama, the commercial sector does not stop.
Speaker 2: It really doesn't. Today February twenty fourth, we actually have
a launch scheduled from Wallop's flight facility in Virginia Rocket
Labs HACE Rocket Hypersonic Accelerator Suborbital Test Electron is carrying
a fascinating payload called dart A. It's a scamjet powered
hypersonic vehicle built by Brisbane based company Hypersonics Launch Systems
and this will be a it's first ever flight. The
mission is nicknamed That's Not a Knife, which we.
Speaker 1: Appreciate Australian hypersonics delivered with Australian humor exactly.
Speaker 2: BaseX also has a Falcon nine starlink launch out of
Cape Canaveral. Today, Wednesday brings another Starling from Vandenberg, but
the standout launch of the week is Friday. Firefly Aerospace's
Alpha rocket is returning to flight on the Stairway to
seven mission.
Speaker 1: Tell us about that one.
Speaker 2: So Firefly's last Alpha launch was in April twenty twenty
five and it ended in failure. The rocket had an
anomaly and the mission was lost. This is their return
to flight, and it's significant for another reason. This will
be the last flight of Alpha in its current Block
one configuration. They're upgrading to Block two for Flight eight,
which introduces in house avionics and thermal improvements. So Flight
seven is essentially a test bed for some of those
new systems ahead of the.
Speaker 1: Full upgrade, a lot riding on it.
Speaker 2: Quite a lot. Then the week closes out on Sunday,
March first, with two more SpaceX starlink missions, one from
Vandenberg and one from Cape Canaveral. By the end of
this week, SpaceX will have surpassed twenty seven Falcon nine
launches for twenty twenty six alone. The cadence is extraordinary,
and all.
Speaker 1: Of this happening while the SLS is making its one
mile per hour journey back to the VAB quite the contrast.
Speaker 2: The juxtaposition pretty much writes itself, and.
Speaker 1: We close today with some beautiful deep science. A new
study published this week in the journal Nature Astronomy has
solved a mystery about red giant stars that have had
astronomers puzzled since the nineteen seventies.
Speaker 2: I love this one so a bit of background. Red
giants are what stars like our sun become when they
exhaust their hydrogen fuel. They expand dramatically and undergo chemical changes.
One of the most striking observations has been a consistent
decline in the ratio of carbon twelve to carbon thirteen
in their outer layers. Scientists knew this had to be
caused by material rising up from the nuclear furnace in
the core, but they could not figure out how that
material crossed the stable barrier layer separating the core from
the outer envelope until now. Until now, a team led
by Simon Bleuwen at the University of Victoria's Astronomy Research Center,
working with colleagues at the University of Minnesota, used cutting
edge three dimensional hydrodynamic simulations to model the actual fluid
dynamics inside a red giant, and they found the answer
its rotation.
Speaker 1: Stellar rotation drive the mixing in.
Speaker 2: A really dramatic way. Their simulations showed that in non
rotating stars, waves passing through the barrier layer transport very
little material, which is what previous models predicted, but once
you add rotation, it amplifies those waves enormously. Mixing rates
exceed non rotating stars by over one hundred times, and
they increase with faster rotation rates. That matches exactly what
we observe on real red giant surfaces.
Speaker 1: And these weren't small simulations. They used some serious computing power.
Speaker 2: Two supercomputers the Texas Advanced Computing Center at ut Austin
and the brand new Trillium supercomputing cluster at the University
of Toronto's Cinet facility. The principal investigator, falk Herwig, described
these as the most computationally intensive stellar convection simulations ever performed.
They were only possible because of very recent advances in supercomputing.
Speaker 1: And what does this mean for us? For our Sun?
Speaker 2: In about five billion years, our Sun will enter its
red giant phase. It'll expand and likely swallow Mercury, Venus
and probably Earth. Beyond the frost line, Jupiter, Saturn and
beyond those worlds will move into the new habitable zone.
This research gives us much better per ditions of exactly
how our Sun's chemistry will evolve during that transition, what
elements will appear on its surface, how fast changes will occur.
Speaker 1: Which sounds like a very long term concern, but understanding
how our star will die is genuinely important science.
Speaker 2: It is, and the techniques developed here have applications far
beyond astronomy. The same simulation methods apply to ocean currents,
atmospheric dynamics, even blood flow. Balk Kerwig is already working
with researchers in those fields to develop new large scale
simulation tools.
Speaker 1: The universe teaching us about the ocean. I love it.
And that is your Astronomy Daily for Tuesday, February twenty fourth,
Big day for Artemis and not in any way anyone hoped.
But as we've seen today, space science never stops, whether
it's a rover finding its feet on Mars or scientists
finally understanding why red giant stars change the way they do.
Speaker 2: If you want to keep up with the Artomis rollback developments,
we'll have updates and tomorrow's show once NASA has held
that media reefing. In the meantime, you can find us
at Astronomy Daily dot io and at astro Daily Pod
across all your social platforms.
Speaker 1: Subscribe if you haven't already, leave us a review if
you have a moment. It really does help and we
will see you tomorrow.
Speaker 2: Clear skys everyone, Clear Stys Sunday. Star Is
Speaker 3: Star Is