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<v Speaker 1>Chapter nine of Ten Common Trees. This is a LibriVox recording.

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<v Speaker 1>All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more

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<v Speaker 1>information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Ten

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<v Speaker 1>Common Trees by Susan Stokes The cone bearers. At one

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<v Speaker 1>time there was a great forest of pine trees. They

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<v Speaker 1>covered the hillsides and the steep slopes of the mountains.

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<v Speaker 1>They stood spear straight in the moss by the streams.

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<v Speaker 1>They looked down from the cliffs, where they grew tall

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<v Speaker 1>and strong, or clung ragged and stunted to the bare rocks.

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<v Speaker 1>On the edge of this forest lived the Indians. Their

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<v Speaker 1>young men grew up in the shade of the pines,

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<v Speaker 1>and somehow they were alike. The trees were dark in somber.

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<v Speaker 1>They cared not for summer nor winter. Neither were the

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<v Speaker 1>Indians merry. They were fearless and hardy. No blast was

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<v Speaker 1>too strong, and no cold too fierce. They trapped the

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<v Speaker 1>beaver and followed the bear under the tree. And they

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<v Speaker 1>listened to the winds when they whistled or moaned through

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<v Speaker 1>the branches. When they danced and sung around their war fires,

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<v Speaker 1>the pines echoed their voices and so they came to

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<v Speaker 1>feel that the trees were alive, that there was in

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<v Speaker 1>the tree a spirit to which they could appeal. They

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<v Speaker 1>also thought that some men had been changed into trees.

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<v Speaker 1>Even now, there is in the Bitter Root Mountains a

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<v Speaker 1>great medicine or peat tree. It is a pine and

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<v Speaker 1>stands on the boundary between two tribes. Under it, they

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<v Speaker 1>settled their disputes, and to it they bring offerings, which

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<v Speaker 1>they hang on its branches. Shall I tell you some

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<v Speaker 1>of the stories they used to tell about the pines.

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<v Speaker 1>A long time ago, there were ten Indian boys living

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<v Speaker 1>in a village. They were great friends. Every evening, at

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<v Speaker 1>dusk they would meet and dance about one of their number,

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<v Speaker 1>who was a sweet singer. Once they wanted to have

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<v Speaker 1>a great feast, but their parents thought it was foolish

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<v Speaker 1>in wind not give them the things for which they asked.

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<v Speaker 1>That night they came out and danced as usual. The

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<v Speaker 1>singers sang more sweetly than ever before. As he sung,

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<v Speaker 1>they danced faster and faster. Then the singer rose into

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<v Speaker 1>the air, and still they whirled round and round him.

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<v Speaker 1>Their mothers came out and called to them to come back,

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<v Speaker 1>and they might have what they wished. Still, they rose

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<v Speaker 1>higher and higher, dancing around the singer. Only one of

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<v Speaker 1>them looked back, and he fell to the earth and

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<v Speaker 1>was changed into a pine tree. And so the pine

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<v Speaker 1>trees still tell the fate of the boys who danced

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<v Speaker 1>away into the clouds. The trunk is a singer, and

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<v Speaker 1>its circles of branches are the boys who danced about

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<v Speaker 1>him away. Up in the top of a pine tree,

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<v Speaker 1>there is a tip like a feather, and this is

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<v Speaker 1>a story they tell about it. Three men once went

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<v Speaker 1>to the great spirit gloose Gup to ask for favors.

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<v Speaker 1>The first was a young Indian who wore bark and

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<v Speaker 1>fur in his moccasins in order to appear tall. He

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<v Speaker 1>also plastered his hair high and stuck in a turkey feather.

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<v Speaker 1>What would you have, asked Glusgob. I wish to be

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<v Speaker 1>taller than any Indian in the land, said he. Glusgob

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<v Speaker 1>was not pleased and turned to the second. What will

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<v Speaker 1>you have? He asked. The second wanted to live upon

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<v Speaker 1>the earth forever that he might see its beauty. Grant

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<v Speaker 1>that I may live to be very old, and that

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<v Speaker 1>I may have good health to enjoy it, said the third.

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<v Speaker 1>Gluscob called his servant and told him to take the

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<v Speaker 1>men to a hill near by and fasten their feet

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<v Speaker 1>in the ground. This done, he changed them into pine trees.

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<v Speaker 1>In this way each had his wish granted. If you

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<v Speaker 1>will listen when you pass under the pines, you can

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<v Speaker 1>hear their voices and see the turkey feather there in

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<v Speaker 1>the top. Some of the pine trees are very very tall.

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<v Speaker 1>Would you like to hear how they became so? The

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<v Speaker 1>great Manabosso had been hunting one day. When he came

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<v Speaker 1>to the edge of the forest. He saw the prince

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<v Speaker 1>of the serpents lying on the sand by the big

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<v Speaker 1>sea water. Manabosso remembered how much harm the serpents had done,

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<v Speaker 1>and so he shot a magic arrow straight to its

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<v Speaker 1>heart and killed it. Then he turned and ran. The

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<v Speaker 1>serpent had given a loud cry, and the others, hearing it,

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<v Speaker 1>came to him. When they saw that mana Bosso had

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<v Speaker 1>killed him, they started after him, crawling and leaping. They

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<v Speaker 1>went so fast that they were soon upon him, and

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<v Speaker 1>he could hear them hissing. He had run to the

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<v Speaker 1>top of a mountain, and now he had just time

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<v Speaker 1>to climb the tree. He found there. The serpents were

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<v Speaker 1>about its space. Waters of Earth, rise and save me,

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<v Speaker 1>he cried. The waters came, roaring and splashing. They rose

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<v Speaker 1>to the top of the mountain. They swallowed the serpents

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<v Speaker 1>and crept higher and higher up the tree. They came

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<v Speaker 1>about his feet. Tree, tree, stretch and save me, he cried.

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<v Speaker 1>The tree was a pine. It stretched and stretched until

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<v Speaker 1>it was several times as tall as before, and still

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<v Speaker 1>the waters rose. They crept to his knees, to his waist,

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<v Speaker 1>but when they reached his neck they stopped. He called

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<v Speaker 1>to a passing loon to dive and bring up some earth.

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<v Speaker 1>It dived but came up dead. Then a muskrat came

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<v Speaker 1>floating by Manabosso called to it, muskrat, bring me some

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<v Speaker 1>dirt from the ground below the water, and you shall

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<v Speaker 1>have your choice of places on the new Earth I

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<v Speaker 1>will build. The muskrat dived and brought up some dirt

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<v Speaker 1>in its paws. It seemed to be dead, but Manabosso

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<v Speaker 1>breathed into its nostrils, and it came to life. So

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<v Speaker 1>Manabo also made a new Earth, and ever since the

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<v Speaker 1>pine trees have been taller than other trees. The pine

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<v Speaker 1>family Almost all cone bearing trees are called pines by

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<v Speaker 1>those who have not studied them. The pine family includes

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<v Speaker 1>not only the true pines, but the firs and spruces,

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<v Speaker 1>the hemlocks, larches, and cedars. They are also called evergreens,

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<v Speaker 1>for they do not drop their leaves as do many

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<v Speaker 1>of the other common trees. This does not mean that

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<v Speaker 1>the leaves never drop at all, but that they do

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<v Speaker 1>not fall at the same time or on the approach

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<v Speaker 1>of winter. If you look under the trees, you can

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<v Speaker 1>always find the dried needles that have fallen. They fall

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<v Speaker 1>from the inner and older parts of the branches. Evergreen

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<v Speaker 1>leaves do not look much like those of other trees.

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<v Speaker 1>They are sometimes long and pointed, like needles. They may

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<v Speaker 1>be narrow and flat, They may look like flattened scales

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<v Speaker 1>on the branches, or they may be short and all

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<v Speaker 1>like such. Leaves are much stiffer than other leaves and

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<v Speaker 1>must have some way of protecting themselves against the cold.

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<v Speaker 1>They are usually resinous. That is, there are in each

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<v Speaker 1>leaf bodies which produce a thick, sticky gum, which we

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<v Speaker 1>call balsam. This is sometimes fragrant, as in the fur balsam.

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<v Speaker 1>The pines are much more like the trees that were

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<v Speaker 1>growing on the earth at the time that the great

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<v Speaker 1>coal beds were forming than are any of the deciduous trees.

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<v Speaker 1>Their leaves are more like the leaves of the old

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<v Speaker 1>club mosses. Their cones are also somewhat like those of

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<v Speaker 1>the ancient mosses. In this way we know that the

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<v Speaker 1>pines are much older in their form than the deciduous trees.

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<v Speaker 1>The fruit of the pines is called a cone. You

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<v Speaker 1>have all seen cones. They are usually round or oval

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<v Speaker 1>in shape, and consist of a central act around which

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<v Speaker 1>grow many hard, stiff, brown scales. Sometimes these scales are

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<v Speaker 1>thin and flat, sometimes they are thick and rough. In

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<v Speaker 1>the pines they overlap, but in the cypresses and in

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<v Speaker 1>the cedars their edges may fit together so that they

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<v Speaker 1>are rather ball like and have hard ridges. If you

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<v Speaker 1>could watch a cone grow, you would find that it

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<v Speaker 1>began as a twig begins. The part that in a

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<v Speaker 1>twig grows into leaves in a cone flatten out and

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<v Speaker 1>become the scales of the cone. The seed are borne

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<v Speaker 1>on these scales, even in their seed. The pine family

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<v Speaker 1>are quite different from the deciduous trees. A pine nut

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<v Speaker 1>is smooth on the outside. Cut away the shell and

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<v Speaker 1>the kernel looks like a small egg with a small

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<v Speaker 1>cap on one end. That cap is always found among

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<v Speaker 1>the cone bearers. Now, if you cut the white kernel

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<v Speaker 1>in two, you will find that the outside is food,

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<v Speaker 1>and in the sund under of the food is a

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<v Speaker 1>tiny little plant which may be green at one end.

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<v Speaker 1>This is a young pine tree. This is a part

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<v Speaker 1>which when you plant the nut, cracks the shell and

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<v Speaker 1>pushes its way out. These young plants are different from

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<v Speaker 1>all other seedlings. You may find instead of one seed

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<v Speaker 1>leaf like the corn, or two seed leaves like the maple,

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<v Speaker 1>there are a circle of narrow leaves, usually about eight

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<v Speaker 1>or ten. When the young tree begins to branch, buds

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<v Speaker 1>form in a circle and become a circle of branches.

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<v Speaker 1>But the middle bud is stronger than any of the others.

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<v Speaker 1>It forms the trunk, which always exceeds the branches. The

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<v Speaker 1>Norway spruce is the easiest to find of this group.

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<v Speaker 1>It is cultivated in almost all the parts of this country.

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<v Speaker 1>It is an evergreen tree with a straight, slender trunk

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<v Speaker 1>and circles of slightly drooping branches. The sprays are flattened

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<v Speaker 1>than the stems covered with short needles of about an

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<v Speaker 1>inching length. The needles are single, four sided, slightly curved,

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<v Speaker 1>and occur on all sides of the stems. Their tips

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<v Speaker 1>are pointed, but not sharp. The stems are marked with

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<v Speaker 1>curious flat ridges or cushions from which the needles spring.

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<v Speaker 1>If the tree is well grown, you may find it

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<v Speaker 1>in flour In April or May. On the underside of

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<v Speaker 1>the sprays will be found some dull yellow catkins of

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<v Speaker 1>about an inchin length. They are not at all wooly

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<v Speaker 1>and consists of overlapping scales. Each scale is supplied with

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<v Speaker 1>two pockets from which the pollen is shed when ripe.

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<v Speaker 1>These are the staminant catkins. The pistolate catkins or young

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<v Speaker 1>cones are always higher up near the top of the tree.

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<v Speaker 1>They are about an inchin length, of a deep red color,

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<v Speaker 1>and hang down. They too, are made of flattened scales

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<v Speaker 1>at the base of each scale are too tight any

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<v Speaker 1>oval bodies, which grow into seeds after they have been

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<v Speaker 1>supplied with pollen. The mature cones are from four to

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<v Speaker 1>six inches long and very regular in their shape. There

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<v Speaker 1>is a central axis upon which the bracts or scales

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<v Speaker 1>are arranged spirally. Figure six shows a cut through a cone,

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<v Speaker 1>the bracts upon either side, and the seeds as they

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<v Speaker 1>lie upon the bracts. Since the seed do not lie

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<v Speaker 1>in a closed cavity, cone bearing trees are known as gymnosperms,

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<v Speaker 1>or trees with naked seed. The seed are winged and

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<v Speaker 1>fall out when the scales loosen in February. The true

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<v Speaker 1>pines have flowers very much like these, but they are

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<v Speaker 1>grouped differently. There is usually a cluster of the staminate

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<v Speaker 1>catkins near the end of the lower branches. The young

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<v Speaker 1>cones are higher up on older trees. They seem to

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<v Speaker 1>take the place of a circle of young twigs on

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<v Speaker 1>the branches. Great groups in the pine family. I am

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<v Speaker 1>sure you will want to be able to distinguish the

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<v Speaker 1>best known members of the pine family. This can be

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<v Speaker 1>easily done if you answer the following questions. Is your

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<v Speaker 1>cone bearer an evergreen? If not, it is probably a

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<v Speaker 1>large or the southern cypress. If evergreen, otherres some thin,

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<v Speaker 1>dry bud scales about the base of the leaves. If so,

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<v Speaker 1>it is a true pine. The leaves usually occur in

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<v Speaker 1>groups from two to five wrapped together, and the cones

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<v Speaker 1>are thick and woody. The scotch pine and yellow pine

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<v Speaker 1>have the needles arranged in clusters of two. The pitch

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<v Speaker 1>pine has the needles in groups of three. The white

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<v Speaker 1>pines have five needles in a cluster. The barky, smooth,

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<v Speaker 1>and of a pale color. Are the leaves of your evergreen,

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<v Speaker 1>single and attached to little ridges on the stem. Do

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<v Speaker 1>the cones group, then it is a spruce or a hemlock.

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<v Speaker 1>The spruce uzes have the needles arranged on all sides

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<v Speaker 1>of the stems. Each needle is a little bit four sided.

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<v Speaker 1>The cones fall as one piece. The black spruce of

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<v Speaker 1>America and the white spruce have shorter cones than the

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<v Speaker 1>one described. The first has dark bark and small cones.

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<v Speaker 1>The second has light green foliage and a cone about

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<v Speaker 1>two inches long. They both grow in the northern United

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<v Speaker 1>States and in Canada, where there are large forests. The

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<v Speaker 1>Colorado spruce has sharp, pointed, pungent leaves and the branches

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<v Speaker 1>incline upward. The hemlocks differ from the spruces in that

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<v Speaker 1>the leaves are flattened and arranged in two rows on

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<v Speaker 1>the stems, like a feather. This gives the tree a dainty,

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<v Speaker 1>feathery spray, which droops decidedly. The staminate catkins are nearly round.

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<v Speaker 1>Are the leaves of your evergreen single flattened and inclined

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<v Speaker 1>to turn upward so that the under side of the

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<v Speaker 1>stem is nearly bare. Then you have a fur. Observe

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<v Speaker 1>that each leaf springs from a circular disc. The balsam

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<v Speaker 1>firs are Native Americans and have served as Christmas trees

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<v Speaker 1>for several centuries. The blisters upon their bark yield Canada balsam,

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<v Speaker 1>and their leaves are very fragrant. Figure nine represents a

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<v Speaker 1>twig of the northern balsam fir. The cones of the

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<v Speaker 1>fir trees stand erect on the stems. When they open

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<v Speaker 1>to shed the seed, the scales fall at the same time.

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<v Speaker 1>This leaves the central axis standing. There are often conspicuous

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<v Speaker 1>bracts between the scales. When the lower side of the

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<v Speaker 1>leaves is marked with white, they are called silver firs.

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<v Speaker 1>These are very handsome trees. The cedars may puzzle you

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<v Speaker 1>at first, but if you look at them closely or

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<v Speaker 1>get the cones, it will not be for long. The

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<v Speaker 1>Lebanon cedars have needle like leaves arranged in tufts. The

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<v Speaker 1>whites have flattened stems covered with four rows of overlapping scales.

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<v Speaker 1>They are of two kinds, those having the flattened branches

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<v Speaker 1>extending up and down the tree from top to bottom,

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<v Speaker 1>and those in which the branches extend round the tree.

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<v Speaker 1>The first are called arbor vita. The scales of the

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<v Speaker 1>cones overlap. The second are called cypresses. The cones are round,

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<v Speaker 1>like marbles. These are very common in California. The junipers

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<v Speaker 1>or red cedars do not have a cone at all,

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<v Speaker 1>but bear purple berries. The leaves are either scale like

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<v Speaker 1>or sharp and pointed, and the branches are horizontal. End

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<v Speaker 1>of Chapter nine