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<v Speaker 1>Chapter three of Ten Common Trees. This is a LibriVox recording.

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<v Speaker 1>All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more

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<v Speaker 1>information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording

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<v Speaker 1>by Kimberly Sassen. Ten Common Trees by Susan Stokes, Chapter three,

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<v Speaker 1>The apple tree? Have you plucked the apple blossoms in

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<v Speaker 1>the spring? In the spring and caught their subtle odors

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<v Speaker 1>in the spring? Pink buds pouting at the light, crumpled petals,

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<v Speaker 1>baby white, just to touch them a delight in the spring,

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<v Speaker 1>William Martin. If you live in a large city, you

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<v Speaker 1>may not know the apple tree. In winter it is

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<v Speaker 1>a short, reddish tree with a flat or rounded top.

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<v Speaker 1>Its stout, thick branches are irregular and rigid. In spring

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<v Speaker 1>it is a white tree. Its large clusters of white

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<v Speaker 1>and pink flowers look like short stemmed booms, with the

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<v Speaker 1>margin of leaves below. In the fall it is a

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<v Speaker 1>green tree. That is the season we like it best,

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<v Speaker 1>for then it bears its apples of red and gold.

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<v Speaker 1>The poet Bryant has written the following upon planting the

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<v Speaker 1>apple tree. He says, what plant we in the apple tree?

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<v Speaker 1>Buds which the breath of summer days shall lengthen into

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<v Speaker 1>leafy spray bows, where the thrush with crimson breast shall

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<v Speaker 1>haunt and sing and hide her nest. We plant upon

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<v Speaker 1>the sunny lee a shadow for the noontide hour, a

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<v Speaker 1>shelter from the summer shower. When we plant the apple tree,

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<v Speaker 1>I will show you first its twigs. They are marked

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<v Speaker 1>with the scars of last year's leaves. Just where they

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<v Speaker 1>join the branch are some circular scars very close together.

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<v Speaker 1>They mark the place of last year's bud scales Figures

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<v Speaker 1>one and two. Last year it grew from the circular

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<v Speaker 1>scars to the bud. If you look farther back on

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<v Speaker 1>the stem, you will find some more scars like these.

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<v Speaker 1>Each set marks the place of a winter bud, and

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<v Speaker 1>you can tell the age of the branch by counting

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<v Speaker 1>from winter bud to winter bud a year for each space.

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<v Speaker 1>The buds are of two kinds, leaf buds and flower buds.

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<v Speaker 1>The leaf buds are usually single, the flower buds in clusters.

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<v Speaker 1>They are no larger than the stem. The scales cover

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<v Speaker 1>the end of the twig. They are short scales, and

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<v Speaker 1>around the edge of each is soft, fine wool to

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<v Speaker 1>keep the tender inner part warm. The twigs are also downy.

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<v Speaker 1>With the warm air, come the apple blossoms, budding, blowing

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<v Speaker 1>in the soft may air, cups with sunshine, overflowing flakes

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<v Speaker 1>of fragrance, drifting, snowing, showering everywhere. Let us see what

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<v Speaker 1>these flowers can tell us. They will speak to our eyes,

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<v Speaker 1>not our ears. Fig. Three. Here is a flower. It says,

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<v Speaker 1>I have a round white face. I have a yellow center.

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<v Speaker 1>Look behind and you will see that I am attached

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<v Speaker 1>to the tree by a slender stalk where it joins

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<v Speaker 1>the flower. It is thick and round, like a bud.

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<v Speaker 1>The calyx will say, I am the outside part of

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<v Speaker 1>my flower. I help to keep it warm. I have

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<v Speaker 1>five green sepals covered with down. They are closed over

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<v Speaker 1>the whole flower in the bud. My petals help too,

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<v Speaker 1>says the corolla. They keep the stamens and pistols warm

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<v Speaker 1>in the bud and tell the bees where to come

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<v Speaker 1>for honey. They are broad and white on the inside,

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<v Speaker 1>but red as a rose on the outside, And then

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<v Speaker 1>the stamens. We stand in a circle. There are about

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<v Speaker 1>thirty of us. Each of us has a slender body,

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<v Speaker 1>and a yellow head. The head is full of pollen.

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<v Speaker 1>What is pollen? Pollen is a yellow powder which helps

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<v Speaker 1>to make the seed grow. Just in the center are

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<v Speaker 1>five green arms with sticky tips. What can they tell us?

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<v Speaker 1>We catch the pollen. We are part of the pistol.

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<v Speaker 1>The pistol holds the seed. Where down under the flower

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<v Speaker 1>it has five little rooms. In each are some very

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<v Speaker 1>young seeds which will grow when they get the pollen

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<v Speaker 1>Figures four and five. Down at the base of the

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<v Speaker 1>stamens and style, there is some honey for the bees.

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<v Speaker 1>The bees visit the trees for this honey, bringing in

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<v Speaker 1>pollen from other flowers and taking some away. In this way,

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<v Speaker 1>the flowers do not always use their own pollen. But

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<v Speaker 1>I think the leaf tells the best story of all.

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<v Speaker 1>This is what it says. All winter long I lived

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<v Speaker 1>in the bud. There were a great many of us,

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<v Speaker 1>and we were so closely packed that it was warm

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<v Speaker 1>and cozy. One day the scales about us loosened and

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<v Speaker 1>a whiff of fresh air reached us. It was so

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<v Speaker 1>good we all crowded out and stretched into the light.

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<v Speaker 1>Then I found out what I was like. I had

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<v Speaker 1>a broad green blade, a slender stem, and at the

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<v Speaker 1>base of that two little ears stipules. My blade was

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<v Speaker 1>fine and crisp, for it had a great many veins

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<v Speaker 1>to hold it out. One in the middle was the

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<v Speaker 1>mid rib, and there were several to each side. Did

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<v Speaker 1>you know that these veins bring me water from the ground.

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<v Speaker 1>I use the water and make starch and sugar. Then

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<v Speaker 1>I send some of the sugar back to the roots

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<v Speaker 1>in return for the water they send me. They are

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<v Speaker 1>always in the ground and never get out to look

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<v Speaker 1>at the sun or feel the wind. If the leaves

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<v Speaker 1>did not send them food, they would starve. We make

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<v Speaker 1>the food in the apple too. The wind is very

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<v Speaker 1>cold when I first come out, so the under side

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<v Speaker 1>of my blade is covered with yellow wool that keeps

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<v Speaker 1>the cold air from entering at my breathing holes. Leaves

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<v Speaker 1>need air just as you do, and they take it

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<v Speaker 1>in through tiny holes on the underside of the leaf.

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<v Speaker 1>After the pollen falls upon the sticky stigmas, the round

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<v Speaker 1>part below the flower begins to grow, and it grows

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<v Speaker 1>into an apple. But you know apples so well that

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<v Speaker 1>you will be able to tell me all about them.

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<v Speaker 1>They have a smooth skin and are sunk at both ends.

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<v Speaker 1>The stem is at one end and the remains of

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<v Speaker 1>the calyx at the other. Fig. Six. There are still

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<v Speaker 1>five rooms in the center with the seed. The walls

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<v Speaker 1>of the rooms are tough, and the mother tree has

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<v Speaker 1>stored away a lot of food. Between these walls and

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<v Speaker 1>the skin, you see, the apple is intended to be

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<v Speaker 1>a winter home for the seed. When spring comes, the

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<v Speaker 1>apples have become soft and the seed have a nice

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<v Speaker 1>place to begin to grow. Wild apples do not have

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<v Speaker 1>so much food stored in the wall. The food also

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<v Speaker 1>attracts birds so that they carry the seed away. Each

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<v Speaker 1>seed contains a baby apple tree and has a brown

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<v Speaker 1>and shiny coat. You do not find the tree. The

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<v Speaker 1>hard white kernel is the young tree. How do we

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<v Speaker 1>know by the fact that the kernel swells up and

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<v Speaker 1>grows into a little tree. The coat cracks and the

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<v Speaker 1>two leaves are pushed out, while the short stem is

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<v Speaker 1>lengthened into a root. The young plant packed away in

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<v Speaker 1>the sea is called an embryo. Shall I tell you

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<v Speaker 1>the story of some wonderful apples, the apples of the

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<v Speaker 1>garden of Eden. There was once a beautiful garden. It

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<v Speaker 1>was away to the east, All sorts of fruits and

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<v Speaker 1>flowers grew in this garden, and there lived in it

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<v Speaker 1>a man, Adam and his wife. There was one tree

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<v Speaker 1>of the fruit, of which they were forbidden to eat.

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<v Speaker 1>If they did, they would surely die. It stood in

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<v Speaker 1>the middle of the garden. There was also in the

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<v Speaker 1>garden a beautiful but an evil serpent. It told Eve

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<v Speaker 1>that if she ate, she would not die, but would

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<v Speaker 1>be as the gods were, knowing good from evil. Then

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<v Speaker 1>Eve ate of the fruit, and Adam also ate, and

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<v Speaker 1>they knew good from evil. But the one who had

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<v Speaker 1>placed them in the garden was angry and drove them forth.

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<v Speaker 1>And he placed at the east of the garden of

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<v Speaker 1>Eden cherubim and flaming sword, which turned every way to

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<v Speaker 1>keep the way of the Tree of life up. In

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<v Speaker 1>Norway and Iceland, Theirs told the story of Iduna and

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<v Speaker 1>her golden apples. Duna was a beautiful goddess who had

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<v Speaker 1>charge of some wonderful apples, apples that made all who

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<v Speaker 1>ate of them young and happy. The gods ate of

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<v Speaker 1>these apples and remained young, and the earth was always green.

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<v Speaker 1>But there was one, the evil god Loki, who thought

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<v Speaker 1>he would like to see the world grow cold and old.

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<v Speaker 1>He persuaded Iduna to go with him to see some

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<v Speaker 1>wonderful apples that grew outside the city gate. There she

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<v Speaker 1>was stolen way by a giant from Jodenheim. Then the

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<v Speaker 1>world grew cold and the gods grew gray. They mourned

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<v Speaker 1>for Iduna. If you do not bring her back, we

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<v Speaker 1>will kill you, said they to Loki. So he went

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<v Speaker 1>to the home of the giant and rescued her. When

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<v Speaker 1>Adunah came back, winter was driven away. The gods ate

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<v Speaker 1>once more of the golden apples and grew young. The

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<v Speaker 1>earth was fair, and the flowers bloomed again. When the

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<v Speaker 1>children of Greece lay in the shade, resting from their games,

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<v Speaker 1>they were told the story of the golden apples of Hesperites. Hercules,

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<v Speaker 1>the strong son of Jupiter, was commanded to bring them

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<v Speaker 1>to his cousin, whom he served. The apples had been

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<v Speaker 1>given to Hera, the Queen of Heaven, at the time

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<v Speaker 1>of her marriage to Zeus. They were guarded by the

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<v Speaker 1>daughters of Atlas, he who bore the weight of the

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<v Speaker 1>heavens on his shoulders. Hercules sought them far and wide.

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<v Speaker 1>At last he came to Atlas in a Africa. He

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<v Speaker 1>thought that Atlas must know where they were. If anyone

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<v Speaker 1>did so, he sent him to seek the apples, and

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<v Speaker 1>took upon his own shoulders the burden. This was one

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<v Speaker 1>of the seven labors of Hercules. You observe that the

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<v Speaker 1>apple is a fleshy fruit with the seed in horny cavities.

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<v Speaker 1>Such a fruit is called a poem. There are other

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<v Speaker 1>fleshy fruits which have a single bony stone in the center,

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<v Speaker 1>like the peach and cherry. They are then called droops.

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<v Speaker 1>The nearest relatives of the apple bare poems. Many of

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<v Speaker 1>the others bear droops. In this way we can divide

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<v Speaker 1>them into two groups. Those which bear poems are the pear,

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<v Speaker 1>quince and crab apple. The wild crab apple tree is

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<v Speaker 1>small and has beautiful pink blossoms. The fruit is small

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<v Speaker 1>and sour. It is sunken at both ends and is

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<v Speaker 1>about an inch in diameter. The pear tree differs from

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<v Speaker 1>the apple tree in not being flat topped, and in

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<v Speaker 1>being taller than broad. The flowers are white with purple

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<v Speaker 1>anthers and are without scent. The pears are sunken at

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<v Speaker 1>one end only, and the stem end is smaller. The

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<v Speaker 1>trees are often thorny. The quint's tree has broader leaves.

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<v Speaker 1>The flowers are not in clusters, but solitary and of

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<v Speaker 1>a white or rose color. The large yellow fruit is

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<v Speaker 1>hard and sour and is sunken at the flower end

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<v Speaker 1>Figure eight. There are many seeds in each cavity, and

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<v Speaker 1>these become covered with jelly when soaked in water. The

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<v Speaker 1>tree has a crooked stem with rambling branches. The trees

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<v Speaker 1>which bear droops are the peach, plum and cherry. Peach

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<v Speaker 1>trees are thought to have been derived from almond trees

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<v Speaker 1>and to have been changed by cultivation. They bloom early,

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<v Speaker 1>ere ever the first bee, hummoth or woodland wild flower blows.

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<v Speaker 1>They have large pink flowers, long narrow leaves, a downy fruit,

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<v Speaker 1>and a ring stone. The plum trees usually have smaller flowers,

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<v Speaker 1>and the fruit has a bloom that is a thin

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<v Speaker 1>wax coat which can be rubbed off. The stone is flattened.

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<v Speaker 1>The trees are often thorny. The pistol is single, with

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<v Speaker 1>a single room in the lower part. This is also

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<v Speaker 1>the case with the cherry and plum Fig. Nine. Cherry

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<v Speaker 1>trees have smooth fruits without bloom and with a roundish stone.

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<v Speaker 1>The cherries are born in umbuls or in racemes, that is,

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<v Speaker 1>on an elongated axis. For cherry blossoms, Japan surpasses all

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<v Speaker 1>other places. The cherry trees are cultivated for the flowers,

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<v Speaker 1>and when the trees are in bloom, people go long

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<v Speaker 1>distances to see the finest groves. It is called the

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<v Speaker 1>Festival of the cherry blossoms. Both the apple and the

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<v Speaker 1>cherry have many cousins, one which you know well. The

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<v Speaker 1>wild rose, has given its name to the whole family.

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<v Speaker 1>Look at this figure and see if you can tell

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<v Speaker 1>why the apple belongs to the rose family. Fig. Ten.

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<v Speaker 1>It is because it has broad petals and many stamens,

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<v Speaker 1>all of which are born in a circle upon the

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<v Speaker 1>green outer cup or calyx. Do you know of any

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<v Speaker 1>family to which we owe more than to the rose family?

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<v Speaker 1>References the wild apples, the row peach blossoms, Bayard Taylor

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<v Speaker 1>apple blossoms, Lucy larcom planting of the apple tree, Bryant,

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<v Speaker 1>the little red apple tree, Riley apple blossoms, Alice E. Allen,

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<v Speaker 1>Primary Education, May eighteen ninety nine. Three trees, Charles crandall

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<v Speaker 1>Primary Education, April eighteen ninety eight, end of chapter three,