WEBVTT

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<v Speaker 1>Do you know what real power is? It's knowing you're

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<v Speaker 1>Board Gosh Energy. Know your power estimated anuel bill A

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<v Speaker 2>You see Pocush Energy dot E for full ties and cs.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh hey, it's the day drunk lady who loves your perfume.

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<v Speaker 2>Ali word back with the episode. You don't want to want,

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<v Speaker 2>but you know that you need it. You're just itching

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<v Speaker 2>for it. Listen a few things I know about you,

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<v Speaker 2>all right? You hate mosquitoes. You want to try to

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<v Speaker 2>appreciate literally one thing about them if you can. Also,

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<v Speaker 2>you want to kill them. We got you, so I

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<v Speaker 2>have waited four years to have this very specific guest

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<v Speaker 2>on ever since we had her on the Black af

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<v Speaker 2>and Stem episode in the year of our Lockdown twenty twenty,

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<v Speaker 2>let's reave it in.

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<v Speaker 3>Did you know that mosquito is Spanish for little fly?

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<v Speaker 2>So despite my nudging and begging her every spring to

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<v Speaker 2>talk mosquitoes, she has been a bit tied up becoming

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<v Speaker 2>doctor Masse and is now working in a postdoc for

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<v Speaker 2>the US Centers for Disease Control. For years, I've been like,

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<v Speaker 2>whenever you're ready, I have two mics. I got a

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<v Speaker 2>million questions. That time is now, which we will get to.

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<v Speaker 2>But first, just quick thanks to everyone who sends those

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<v Speaker 2>questions in Via patreon dot com slash ologies, you can

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<v Speaker 2>become a patron for as Lola as about a month.

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<v Speaker 2>Thank you to everyone out there getting bitten in our

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<v Speaker 2>ologies merch from ologiesmerch dot com, where we have also

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<v Speaker 2>a tick shirt that boldly reads check your crevices. We

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<v Speaker 2>also have some suits you can put on your body.

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<v Speaker 2>Thank you to everyone who is listening to our spin

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<v Speaker 2>off show, Asmologies, which just a few weeks ago launched

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<v Speaker 2>as its own show in its own feed. Look for

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<v Speaker 2>this colorful new logo with a bird and a frog.

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<v Speaker 2>That show Smologies is in your podcast app or at

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<v Speaker 2>the link in the show notes. They're shorter entirely Kids

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<v Speaker 2>save classroom friendly episodes. Also thanks to everyone who leaves

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<v Speaker 2>reviews for this show, ologies, which I read all of

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<v Speaker 2>just hungrily, including this recent one from Jane and Monica,

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<v Speaker 2>who listened to the secret at the end of a

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<v Speaker 2>recent episode and said that my having at least seven

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<v Speaker 2>friendly spiders in my office has inspired them, has inspired,

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<v Speaker 2>has inspired them to inch toward getting over a fear

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<v Speaker 2>of spiders. And they were able to walk past one.

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<v Speaker 2>And this feat was so giant that it moved them

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<v Speaker 2>to tears. JANEA Monic, I bet that spider is even

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<v Speaker 2>happier than you are, or I am so well done. Okay.

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<v Speaker 2>Calciology it's a real word. It first appeared in the

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<v Speaker 2>book review of a tomb titled Mosquitoes of New York

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<v Speaker 2>in nineteen seventy nine, and the reviewer noted that Mosquitoes

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<v Speaker 2>of New York is a great contribution to Colcidology and

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<v Speaker 2>will stand as a frequently cited reference for years to come.

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<v Speaker 2>Look at that right now, forty four years later, I'm

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<v Speaker 2>citing that citation. So calcidology. It's the study of mosquitoes.

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<v Speaker 2>The word comes from the Latin for midge. Their tiny cousins.

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<v Speaker 2>And because you had so many very valid questions, this

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<v Speaker 2>episode went very long. It turned from an adybitty single

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<v Speaker 2>to a beast. So this first part in it, you'll

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<v Speaker 2>become familiar with your sworn enemy, learning how they work,

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<v Speaker 2>what they eat. You'll appreciate their beauty, trust me, their complexity,

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<v Speaker 2>their cunning, and their strategy and the history. And then

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<v Speaker 2>next week we're going to tell you how to stop

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<v Speaker 2>them from feasting on your exposed parts. So get ready

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<v Speaker 2>right now to learn about them. You're going to fill

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<v Speaker 2>your ears with facts about high pitched sexy buzzing, their

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<v Speaker 2>wings of wonder, what is happening with their hell mounts,

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<v Speaker 2>Why it's vital to study them, why they are scarier

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<v Speaker 2>than shark, where they make their babies in your yard,

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<v Speaker 2>Why this skeeter field needs bug nerds, Why these hungry

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<v Speaker 2>bitches want your blood in the first place, why you

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<v Speaker 2>get bitten more than your friends? And next week what

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<v Speaker 2>to do about all that with medical entomologists Mosquito expert

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<v Speaker 2>and appreciate and colcidologist doctor Fallon wear Gilmore.

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<v Speaker 4>Finally, I love her.

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<v Speaker 3>Him. My name is Valli ur Gilmore, and I used

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<v Speaker 3>to pronounce she her.

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<v Speaker 2>How exciting is this for me? By the way, this

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<v Speaker 2>is very exciting for me.

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<v Speaker 3>I'm excited to finally be on here. I felt like

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<v Speaker 3>we went through like a whole roller coaster of like

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<v Speaker 3>defend my PhD, move to Puerto Rico, and then completely

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<v Speaker 3>forgot about what was going on.

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<v Speaker 2>So you your doctor wear gilmore now, Yeah.

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<v Speaker 3>It's wild. Yeah. I finished up live PhD last year.

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<v Speaker 3>I just I saw a Facebook Memories post and it

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<v Speaker 3>was like me getting I had just picked up my

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<v Speaker 3>cap and gown today, which is truly wild.

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<v Speaker 2>How exciting? I mean, I have been just kind of

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<v Speaker 2>waiting in the mosquito wings for timing to be right

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<v Speaker 2>for you. And now you're working with the CDC. Can

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<v Speaker 2>you tell me a little bit about what the last

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<v Speaker 2>year has been like for you.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, So I defended my PhD in February, and then

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<v Speaker 3>that July I started in a program called the Epidemic

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<v Speaker 3>Intelligence Service And so this is a fellowship program with

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<v Speaker 3>the CDC globally recognized like was my dream position for

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<v Speaker 3>its investigative and emergency response efforts.

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<v Speaker 2>So again, eis is the United States Epidemic Intelligence Service?

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<v Speaker 2>Did you know that existed? Neither did I it's a

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<v Speaker 2>two year post doc after PhD program for people in

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<v Speaker 2>the health industry to do applied epidemiology. And if you're

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<v Speaker 2>accepted into the Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, you're training under

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<v Speaker 2>CDC mentors. You're helping protect people all over the globe

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<v Speaker 2>from some emerging and existing diseases. Also, it may involve

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<v Speaker 2>a one way plane ticket for those who love adventure

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<v Speaker 2>or hate their hometowns.

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<v Speaker 3>We're sent out where we are needed globally for healthcare

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<v Speaker 3>and public health support. So I am assigned to the

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<v Speaker 3>Puerto Rico Department of Health and it's been great. The

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<v Speaker 3>process for getting here was a little bit bumpy, but

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<v Speaker 3>being able to live in Puerto Rico and really immerse

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<v Speaker 3>myself in the culture and interact with the people has

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<v Speaker 3>been very eye opening and just a great experience overall.

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<v Speaker 2>And then do you know where you might go after

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<v Speaker 2>that or is it really kind of outbreak dependent or

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<v Speaker 2>lab dependent.

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<v Speaker 3>It's honestly dependent. You know. Ideally, some officers stay with CDC,

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<v Speaker 3>some officers stay with the Department of Health, but you

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<v Speaker 3>also have officers that go to farm, they go to

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<v Speaker 3>other industries, maybe they go back to clinical work. So

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<v Speaker 3>it really just depends on what is available at the

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<v Speaker 3>time and what might catch my interests.

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<v Speaker 2>And you mentioned something about this being a dream for you.

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<v Speaker 2>How long have you wanted to work in mosquitoes or

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<v Speaker 2>epidemiology or field work, Like, how long has this kind

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<v Speaker 2>of been like on your vision board.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, so I'm gonna be honest. I started out undergrad

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<v Speaker 3>as a marine biology major and that just wasn't for me.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh, thank you, what about it? Do you get seasick? No?

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<v Speaker 3>So we went. It was an ecology trip and we

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<v Speaker 3>were in like a salt marsh, and I just was like,

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<v Speaker 3>I don't think I can do this long term. I

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<v Speaker 3>was freaking out. I got so stuck in the mud

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<v Speaker 3>that my shoes got lost. So I continued walking on

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<v Speaker 3>the salt marsh without any shoes. And I went to

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<v Speaker 3>my supervisor the next week and I said, I think

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<v Speaker 3>I need to change my major. And so it was

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<v Speaker 3>wild because I feel like I grew up and I

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<v Speaker 3>was like, I want to work with wells and dolphins.

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<v Speaker 3>And then I was like, I think I'll do environmental science.

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<v Speaker 3>And so I took up environmental science and I had

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<v Speaker 3>the opportunity to do some internships that were entomology focused,

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<v Speaker 3>so studying insects, and many of those were agriculture focused,

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<v Speaker 3>so working on honeybees. But then I also did some

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<v Speaker 3>work with wolf spiders. Yeah, that was a fun internship.

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<v Speaker 2>I was awesome.

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<v Speaker 3>I never thought about I never thought I would work

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<v Speaker 3>with spiders or be okay with it. My mom was

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<v Speaker 3>not okay with it.

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<v Speaker 2>But are you pretty okay with spiders? Now?

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<v Speaker 3>I love them. I actually had a pet tarantula. Her

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<v Speaker 3>name was Rosie. She passed away a few years ago,

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<v Speaker 3>but she was the first spider first a racknent that

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<v Speaker 3>I got after my internship. So they're they're cued up close.

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<v Speaker 3>What was.

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<v Speaker 2>What species was she?

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<v Speaker 3>She was a rosehair tarantula.

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<v Speaker 2>That's what I figured. I was like a pink toad

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<v Speaker 2>or a rose hair.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, she was so cute.

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<v Speaker 5>Oh she's the cutest thing.

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<v Speaker 2>So you were working in entomology and you're digging spiders,

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<v Speaker 2>and then how did did you get the bug bug?

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<v Speaker 3>I did? I was like at that point, I was

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<v Speaker 3>doing environmental toxicology and science, and for me it was

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<v Speaker 3>like this was a public health service. So I was

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<v Speaker 3>looking working with aquatic microorganisms to see how they could

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<v Speaker 3>be indicators for stream and pond health, and I was like,

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<v Speaker 3>there's got to be a way that I can combine

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<v Speaker 3>my interest of public health but also of entomology. And

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<v Speaker 3>I learned at a conference that I could do that

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<v Speaker 3>through medical entomology. And so my friend Shelley.

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<v Speaker 5>White Kid, thanks again.

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<v Speaker 3>Jerlie was the one who introduced me to medical entomology

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<v Speaker 3>at the Tropical Medicine Conference ASTMH. And when I got

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<v Speaker 3>home for conference, I googled it, I looked it all up.

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<v Speaker 3>I was like, this is what I want to do,

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<v Speaker 3>and I applied for labs that had a medical entomology focus.

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<v Speaker 3>Most of them were focusing on mosquito born diseases and

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<v Speaker 3>that's how I got into it, and I fell in

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<v Speaker 3>love with it from day one. It's truly just they're

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<v Speaker 3>such small little critters, but they're so complicated and I

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<v Speaker 3>think the roles that they have in our ecosystem is

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<v Speaker 3>very interesting. And they're they're beautiful up close, like I know,

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<v Speaker 3>you know, most people would be like mosquitoes are ugly,

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<v Speaker 3>but under a microscope they're shiny, they're sparkly, like they're beautiful,

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<v Speaker 3>The scales are lovely.

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<v Speaker 2>More on mosquito glamour and miniature looks served in a moment.

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<v Speaker 2>I trust you on that. I love that you went

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<v Speaker 2>from literally whales to mosquitoes, like just kept narrowing down

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<v Speaker 2>your field until you got to like a teeny tiny

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<v Speaker 2>but very important insect. I mean, people have said that

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<v Speaker 2>when it comes to teeny tiny mosquitos, and I don't

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<v Speaker 2>know if this is flim flam or not, but that

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<v Speaker 2>they are the most dangerous animal to humans. Is that true?

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<v Speaker 2>Or are hippos? Where are they? How much impact do

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<v Speaker 2>mosquitoes have on us?

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<v Speaker 3>So I think, you know, I've also seen this paper

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<v Speaker 3>that was kind of ranking animals as most deadly, and

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<v Speaker 3>you would think, like off the cusp, that it would

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<v Speaker 3>be lions, or maybe tigers, hippos, frightening or bears, but

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<v Speaker 3>they actually are mosquitoes. And not only are they a nuisance,

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<v Speaker 3>but they've been known to be able to carry a

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<v Speaker 3>lot of these stabilitating diseases such as malaria and dingay

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<v Speaker 3>and less nile, you know, and also at the end

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<v Speaker 3>of the day, mosquitoes have killed more people than any

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<v Speaker 3>other creature in the world. Even today, almost one million

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<v Speaker 3>people die a year from some type of mosquito born disease.

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<v Speaker 3>So it is not the mosquito itself, but it is

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<v Speaker 3>the pathaging or the viruses and the parasites that they

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<v Speaker 3>can transmit that are very deadly, but you kind of

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<v Speaker 3>it's a package deal at the end of the day.

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<v Speaker 2>Unfortunately, a million people a year according to various compiled sources.

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<v Speaker 2>The roundabout figure for human mortalities by mosquitos is roughly

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<v Speaker 2>a million people a year. Now. Also high on the

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<v Speaker 2>list of animals that could kill you, you right for this,

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<v Speaker 2>freshwater snails, also sandflies. They each transmit some parasite friends

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<v Speaker 2>of their own. But yeah, first on the list by

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<v Speaker 2>a lot is mosquitos at a million a year, with

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<v Speaker 2>over two hundred million mosquito spread cases of malaria a year.

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<v Speaker 2>Most of the malaria deaths occur in little kiddos under

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<v Speaker 2>the age of five, and it's on the rise. So yes,

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<v Speaker 2>it is correct that mosquitoes kill more people on Earth

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<v Speaker 2>in one day than sharks have in the last century.

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<v Speaker 2>Sharks are like, get off my jock, leave me alone.

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<v Speaker 2>I like fish. But between the mosquitoes and the snails

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<v Speaker 2>lies the number two animal risk to human beings. What

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<v Speaker 2>animal kills us less than mosquitoes, but more than snails, Lions,

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<v Speaker 2>is it hippos, Is it raccoons with rabies? No, the

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<v Speaker 2>number two animal caused mortality on Earth coming in it

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<v Speaker 2>over half a million deaths per year. It's caused by

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<v Speaker 2>one species. It's a species of ape Homo sapiens. It's you.

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<v Speaker 2>So in terms of what animal can kill you again,

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<v Speaker 2>first mosquito. Secondly a warlord or someone who's striving and texting,

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<v Speaker 2>or maybe a person you work with who has sold

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<v Speaker 2>firearms like it was a cell phone. Well, getting back

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<v Speaker 2>to the mosquitoes themselves, who are apparently just kind of

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<v Speaker 2>wrong place, wrong time. Really, you said they were beautiful

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<v Speaker 2>and shiny and shimmery. Can you explain to me what

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<v Speaker 2>it looks like when you're looking at a mosquito through

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<v Speaker 2>a microscope, and like, what power of microscopes you need

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<v Speaker 2>to appreciate mosquitoes in that way.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, So I was spoilt during my graduate career because

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<v Speaker 3>our lab had these very nice microscopes, and I think

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<v Speaker 3>the expensive, high quality ones. So imagine we're at a

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<v Speaker 3>microscope and we have this peatrie dish and we have

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<v Speaker 3>these mosquitos that have been dried down or they've been

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<v Speaker 3>knocked down with ice to kind of keep them from moving,

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<v Speaker 3>and so at first glance, they just like look like

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<v Speaker 3>little black flies with long legs. They're kind of like gangly,

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<v Speaker 3>kind of like the jack skeleton of the flies. And

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<v Speaker 3>so when you look at them close, like mosquitos are

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<v Speaker 3>actually distinguished by their long, slender legs in this thin body,

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<v Speaker 3>but they also have these specialized piercing mouth parts that

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<v Speaker 3>allow them to feed off of invertebrates and vertebrates.

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<v Speaker 2>Tall lanky legs for days, and bloodthirsty mouths made of racers.

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<v Speaker 2>Jack Skellington meets anemic nineties supermodel meets Edward scissor Mouth

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<v Speaker 2>meets a horny vampire.

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<v Speaker 3>In addition to that, you'll see these shiny scales, and

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<v Speaker 3>so in my head, I'm thinking about eighties ejip dye

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<v Speaker 3>because that is a vector or a mosquito species eye

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<v Speaker 3>work on and you'll see scales on the wings. You'll

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<v Speaker 3>also see scales along the body in different colors like

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<v Speaker 3>white and silver, and so that banding is what really

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<v Speaker 3>stands out when you first see them under the microscope.

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<v Speaker 2>And are those scales kind of like butterfly scales.

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<v Speaker 3>So they're similar in the sense that it actually they're

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<v Speaker 3>actually very similar depending on the mosquito species, the patterns

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<v Speaker 3>are different and they might not be as shiny as

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<v Speaker 3>they are for safe for like butterflies, But for some

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<v Speaker 3>mosquito species, we do see shinier scales, which I guess

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<v Speaker 3>you could also think of them as fur as an

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<v Speaker 3>easier way to approach it.

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<v Speaker 2>Is that why some look like tiger striped and some

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<v Speaker 2>have like almost bumblebee stripes.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, that's the coloration pattern of their scales, And so

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<v Speaker 3>eighties a chift I has like those white scales that

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<v Speaker 3>banding around its body and around its leg.

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<v Speaker 2>Why are they so fancy?

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, and there's also there are fancier mosquitos like eighties

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<v Speaker 3>Egypti is just one off of the top of my head.

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<v Speaker 3>But there are like mosquito species that have blue like

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<v Speaker 3>sapphire color scales basically and paddles on their leg which

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<v Speaker 3>we think might be used for mating as a mating

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<v Speaker 3>signal to females.

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<v Speaker 2>Hello, ladies, I didn't know that there were sapphire glittery

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<v Speaker 2>ones like that.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, it's it's called Savethi cyanaces. So it's a mosquito

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<v Speaker 3>we commonly see in Central and South America. But if

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<v Speaker 3>you look it up. I personally wouldn't name it the

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<v Speaker 3>peacock mosquito, but it is a If someone had was like,

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<v Speaker 3>I don't think mosquitoes are beautiful, I think they would

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<v Speaker 3>take one look at that that mosquito and it would

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<v Speaker 3>really change their perspective.

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<v Speaker 2>So, yes, they can be stunning in metallic blues and

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<v Speaker 2>feathery legs and a tenny and these glorious shimmers. And

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<v Speaker 2>why does that even matter? Well, if you are intimately

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<v Speaker 2>bonding over blood with one, it's nice to know its name.

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<v Speaker 2>So while not all mosquitoes are transmitting diseases into your organs,

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<v Speaker 2>a few might be, so it's good to be familiar.

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<v Speaker 2>So eighties is a genus that can carry zega and

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<v Speaker 2>yellow fever, and eighties a jypdi are those beautiful striped

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<v Speaker 2>like Art Deco black and white, sparkly ones. They are

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<v Speaker 2>day snackers on your flesh. Now, the Kalex genus tends

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<v Speaker 2>to be a little bluff like all beige, kind of

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<v Speaker 2>like a hospital waiting room. They're very common. They're called

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<v Speaker 2>a house mosquito, and they prefer to eat at night.

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<v Speaker 2>Side note, they can also carry west now virus, dog heartworm,

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<v Speaker 2>and some other scaries, and if I may, they're the

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<v Speaker 2>least interesting to look at. Now, Anophlies. These buggers carry malaria,

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<v Speaker 2>and you can spot them by their four fashionable brown

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<v Speaker 2>wing spots and the way that they keep their ass

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<v Speaker 2>in the air when they're drinking. You like a mosquito

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<v Speaker 2>doing a keg stand. And just like your junior year

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<v Speaker 2>homecoming date, it might do that keg stand before absolutely

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<v Speaker 2>fucking you and giving you a disease, in this case

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<v Speaker 2>malaria anophales. They bite at night and they kill a

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<v Speaker 2>lot of people. Now, if you wish that there was

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<v Speaker 2>a Facebook for mosquitoes, the closest we might have is

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<v Speaker 2>the twenty twenty two study Participatory Approaches for Raising Awareness

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<v Speaker 2>among Subsistence Farmers in Tanzania about the spread of insecticide

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<v Speaker 2>resistance and malaria vectors and the possible link to improper

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<v Speaker 2>agricultural pesticide use, which notes that local farmers wanted to

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<v Speaker 2>know what these things look like, including learning that the

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<v Speaker 2>malaria vector Anophales floats as a larva parallel to the

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<v Speaker 2>water surface, and according to the study quote, some participants

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<v Speaker 2>referred to eighties as being the most beautiful mosquitoes, given

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<v Speaker 2>its black body and white spots. They also referred to

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<v Speaker 2>male mosquitoes as bearded, providing reference to their feathery antennae,

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<v Speaker 2>just like human males. And the study quotes one thirty

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<v Speaker 2>four year old farmer who exclaimed, oh, now I understand

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<v Speaker 2>that not every mosquito in my house is anophales and

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<v Speaker 2>can transmit malaria. There are other mosquitoes which also dominate

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<v Speaker 2>our village. We love bug appreciation, but why these morphological

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<v Speaker 2>stylistic differences. So, according to the twenty twenty three study

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<v Speaker 2>the origin of black and white coloration of the Asian

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<v Speaker 2>Tiger Mosquito, calcidologists found that it might be to communicate

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<v Speaker 2>within their species for mating and also as a predator deflection.

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<v Speaker 2>And I don't want to brag for eighties, but the

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<v Speaker 2>paper uses the exact phrase motion dazzle camouflage. Clearly, calcidologists

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<v Speaker 2>appreciate their study species. Do you have a soft spot

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<v Speaker 2>in your heart for mosquitoes having studied them?

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<v Speaker 3>I do, Unfortunately, it's very Oh great, that's great, I do.

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<v Speaker 3>And so I think they're really interesting and I think

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<v Speaker 3>it's so wild how they've kind of evolved alongside of us,

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<v Speaker 3>especially these species that are utilizing these urban habitats. But

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<v Speaker 3>anytime I was doing glab work, I slightly felt bad.

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<v Speaker 3>But at the same time I was like, mosquito eggs

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<v Speaker 3>hatch all the time. We have plentiful mosquitoes in the lab,

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<v Speaker 3>but they do have a soft spot for me. So

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<v Speaker 3>I am when people are like, should we eradicate all mosquitoes,

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<v Speaker 3>I'm like, hold on, you know, they're of the three

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<v Speaker 3>seven hundred species. We have only a certain amount of

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<v Speaker 3>them are able to transmit pathogens that are concerning for

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<v Speaker 3>human and animals, and the rest are just They're doing

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<v Speaker 3>what's basic to their biology and for the ecology.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, So how many mosquitoes are a quiet nemeses that

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<v Speaker 2>we don't understand but we feel obligated to hate. We know,

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<v Speaker 2>maybe it's rash and that is not an itchy pun,

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<v Speaker 2>but we must be a llegiant to our own skin, right,

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<v Speaker 2>So how many are enemies? I checked into the evidence

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<v Speaker 2>and the accusations aka the twenty twenty three study Robust

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<v Speaker 2>Network Stability of Mosquitoes and Human Pathogens of Medical Importance,

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<v Speaker 2>and it turns out that the majority of mosquitoes are

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<v Speaker 2>screaming from their tiny knife mops. Only two point five

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<v Speaker 2>percent of mosquito species are known disease spreaders, and the

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<v Speaker 2>jury is still out on a lot of the other species.

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<v Speaker 2>But at most it would be nine point three percent,

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<v Speaker 2>less than a tenth of mosquitoes given you parasites, So

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<v Speaker 2>that's good, right. Also, it's not their fault that they

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<v Speaker 2>have baggage in the form of pathogens. And if they

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<v Speaker 2>could quit blood and not risk being loathed and swatted

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<v Speaker 2>and flattened by your big hands, I'm sure they would do.

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<v Speaker 2>All of those species use blood as like a meal

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<v Speaker 2>or as I'm not sure why they use blood, and

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<v Speaker 2>we will get to that because it is a huge question.

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<v Speaker 2>But like, what are commonalities with mosquito? Is it just

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<v Speaker 2>a long legs? Is it the blood lust? Is it

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<v Speaker 2>the proboscis? Like what makes a mosquito mosquito?

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<v Speaker 3>So a few things. So, mosquitoes are in the order Diptera,

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<v Speaker 3>which are the order that all of our flies are

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<v Speaker 3>grouped into. So Diptera is Greek for two wings, so

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<v Speaker 3>it refers to the characteristic set of wings that they

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<v Speaker 3>have on their back. That's what gives us flies.

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<v Speaker 2>See our amazing diypterrology episode with doctor Brian Lessard, who

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<v Speaker 2>names flies after drag queens officially happy Pride.

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<v Speaker 3>By the way, now, for mosquitos, we have a few

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<v Speaker 3>distinctive features that make the mosquitoes. One, it's their mouth part.

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<v Speaker 3>So mosquitos have this elongated two like mouthpart called the proboscis,

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<v Speaker 3>which they use to pierce the skin and extract blood.

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<v Speaker 3>And this adaptation is unique to female mosquitos because it's

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<v Speaker 3>essential that they blood feed. That blood is necessary for

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<v Speaker 3>egg development. And contrasts, our common house fly have these

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<v Speaker 3>sponge like mouthparts which they use to sponge up liquids.

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<v Speaker 2>Ah. Yes, that dipterrology episode I mentioned on flies goes

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<v Speaker 2>into greater, darker, disgusting depth of barfing and lapping it

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<v Speaker 2>up after tasting with their feet. Let's take a quick

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<v Speaker 2>trip back to dipterurology with doctor Brye the fly Geye,

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<v Speaker 2>they do deserve some slack, they do. What about their feet?

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<v Speaker 2>Do they taste with their feet? Are they covered in

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<v Speaker 2>shit all the time?

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<v Speaker 5>Well, they have happy feet, because yes, they do taste

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<v Speaker 5>from their feet. They're impatient. Instead of waiting to get

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<v Speaker 5>the food in their mouth and like, you know, taste

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<v Speaker 5>it that way like we would, they like to stand

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<v Speaker 5>in whatever they're eating, and it's yes, no, do I

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<v Speaker 5>eat it? Do I not? And so what they do

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<v Speaker 5>is if it tastes good, that's when they'll drop. Their

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<v Speaker 5>probossis their mouth pot that has a sponge at the

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<v Speaker 5>end that SAPs up all the liquid. And they actually

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<v Speaker 5>do eat shit because shit is high in protein and

418
00:23:34.720 --> 00:23:36.920
<v Speaker 5>other nutrients and electrolytes as well.

419
00:23:37.559 --> 00:23:40.880
<v Speaker 2>But that's a dipterrology episode. And while mosquitos are flies,

420
00:23:40.920 --> 00:23:44.920
<v Speaker 2>we're honing in on colcidology specifically, and according to the

421
00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:50.279
<v Speaker 2>National Institutes of Health, yes, mosquitoes, like housewives, can taste

422
00:23:50.480 --> 00:23:53.400
<v Speaker 2>with their mouth but also their feet. They love you

423
00:23:53.440 --> 00:23:54.400
<v Speaker 2>before they even cut you.

424
00:23:54.799 --> 00:23:58.319
<v Speaker 3>We also know that female mosquitos, you know, outside of

425
00:23:58.359 --> 00:24:02.440
<v Speaker 3>requiring blood for egg development, they can utilize a variety

426
00:24:02.519 --> 00:24:05.720
<v Speaker 3>of different feeding hosts. And so that is a few

427
00:24:05.720 --> 00:24:08.519
<v Speaker 3>things that make mosquitoes mosquitoes.

428
00:24:08.440 --> 00:24:11.559
<v Speaker 2>Are some of them solely looking for frog blood and

429
00:24:11.720 --> 00:24:16.480
<v Speaker 2>some are looking for bird blood, and some are down

430
00:24:16.480 --> 00:24:19.039
<v Speaker 2>with humans or are they like if I can pierce

431
00:24:19.119 --> 00:24:20.480
<v Speaker 2>it and suck it, I will.

432
00:24:21.039 --> 00:24:24.039
<v Speaker 3>So you do have mosquito species that will feed on

433
00:24:24.119 --> 00:24:28.000
<v Speaker 3>reptiles and amphibians, and you have some that are sylvatic

434
00:24:28.160 --> 00:24:32.759
<v Speaker 3>and prefer forested habitats where they'll find like these woodland creatures,

435
00:24:32.799 --> 00:24:35.640
<v Speaker 3>and you have some that primarily prefer to feed off

436
00:24:35.640 --> 00:24:37.519
<v Speaker 3>of humans, so you do have a there is a

437
00:24:37.599 --> 00:24:40.440
<v Speaker 3>variety in what they will feed on in their host

438
00:24:40.519 --> 00:24:42.000
<v Speaker 3>preference at the end of the day.

439
00:24:42.440 --> 00:24:45.720
<v Speaker 2>So, according to the twenty twenty one study Differential attraction

440
00:24:45.839 --> 00:24:50.960
<v Speaker 2>in Mosquito Human Interactions and Implications for disease control, some

441
00:24:51.079 --> 00:24:55.720
<v Speaker 2>mosquitoes prefer non humans like birds and mammals. They're zoophilic,

442
00:24:56.039 --> 00:24:59.079
<v Speaker 2>and others want most of you and they're androphilic. But

443
00:24:59.279 --> 00:25:01.720
<v Speaker 2>the study also found that if their preferred meal is

444
00:25:01.759 --> 00:25:05.119
<v Speaker 2>not available, don't take their second or third option, like

445
00:25:05.279 --> 00:25:08.599
<v Speaker 2>ordering a patty melt when the diner's eighty six don rubens.

446
00:25:08.839 --> 00:25:11.680
<v Speaker 2>But sometimes it's not even a goofy bird or a

447
00:25:11.720 --> 00:25:15.440
<v Speaker 2>squirrel they want. There was this twenty eighteen study identification

448
00:25:15.599 --> 00:25:20.480
<v Speaker 2>of Uranotinea saparina as a specialist of annelids broadens known

449
00:25:20.519 --> 00:25:24.440
<v Speaker 2>mosquito host use patterns, and it explains that quote despite

450
00:25:24.480 --> 00:25:27.880
<v Speaker 2>over a century of intensive study, no mosquito species is

451
00:25:27.920 --> 00:25:32.119
<v Speaker 2>known to specialize on non vertebrate hosts. However, they continue.

452
00:25:32.279 --> 00:25:36.200
<v Speaker 2>We provide the first evidence to our knowledge that a mosquito,

453
00:25:36.319 --> 00:25:40.440
<v Speaker 2>in this case, Euritinea safarina, a gorgeously blue flecked creature

454
00:25:40.759 --> 00:25:47.400
<v Speaker 2>specializes on earthworms and leeches. I mean, I have friends

455
00:25:47.519 --> 00:25:51.200
<v Speaker 2>who only drink biodynamic natural wines. I have others who

456
00:25:51.240 --> 00:25:54.440
<v Speaker 2>would happily enjoy a room temperature gin out of a

457
00:25:54.480 --> 00:25:55.160
<v Speaker 2>solo cup.

458
00:25:55.440 --> 00:25:57.119
<v Speaker 3>I'm simply saying that life.

459
00:25:58.440 --> 00:26:03.400
<v Speaker 2>Finds a way. Wonder how the proboscis must be able

460
00:26:03.400 --> 00:26:07.079
<v Speaker 2>to pierce reptile skin. Do they go in between the scales?

461
00:26:07.119 --> 00:26:08.240
<v Speaker 2>Do they just get up in there?

462
00:26:08.400 --> 00:26:12.279
<v Speaker 3>So the pcus is strong ish, but you know, reptile

463
00:26:12.279 --> 00:26:15.880
<v Speaker 3>skin is hard. So I've seen videos where they've recorded

464
00:26:16.119 --> 00:26:19.440
<v Speaker 3>the mosquito host seeking and the mosquito found like a

465
00:26:19.519 --> 00:26:23.920
<v Speaker 3>little tiny slither of skin where a scale wasn't covering it,

466
00:26:24.440 --> 00:26:27.720
<v Speaker 3>or the softest part of the body of that animal.

467
00:26:27.759 --> 00:26:31.160
<v Speaker 3>So sometimes that's the stomach area that's easier for them

468
00:26:31.200 --> 00:26:34.839
<v Speaker 3>to bite, or maybe that might be near some other orifices.

469
00:26:35.319 --> 00:26:38.720
<v Speaker 2>You know, I think that happened to my daughter Gmy

470
00:26:39.079 --> 00:26:42.200
<v Speaker 2>a dog who has a mosquite looks like a mosquito

471
00:26:42.200 --> 00:26:44.880
<v Speaker 2>bite right on her tummy, but you know where she

472
00:26:44.960 --> 00:26:48.079
<v Speaker 2>has less fur. Is that what happens to mammals too,

473
00:26:48.160 --> 00:26:51.440
<v Speaker 2>is it easier to bite you know, under the legs

474
00:26:51.599 --> 00:26:54.319
<v Speaker 2>or somewhere where it's more vulnerable. Yeah.

475
00:26:54.519 --> 00:26:58.000
<v Speaker 3>Similarly, when we go outside, typically when we're you know,

476
00:26:58.119 --> 00:27:00.759
<v Speaker 3>hiking or doing like a lot of outdoor activities. To

477
00:27:00.759 --> 00:27:04.599
<v Speaker 3>protect ourselves from mosquitoes, we might wear long sleeve clothing

478
00:27:04.680 --> 00:27:08.680
<v Speaker 3>and socks, but mosquitoes will find those spots that are

479
00:27:08.720 --> 00:27:12.119
<v Speaker 3>not covered that are most vulnerable. And so with domestic

480
00:27:12.119 --> 00:27:14.839
<v Speaker 3>animals like cats and dogs, it's easy to go for

481
00:27:14.960 --> 00:27:16.799
<v Speaker 3>areas where there is and a lot of furs. So

482
00:27:16.839 --> 00:27:20.160
<v Speaker 3>that's going to be the facial area, maybe around the eyes,

483
00:27:20.160 --> 00:27:22.839
<v Speaker 3>but also under the tummy. And I've also seen my

484
00:27:22.960 --> 00:27:25.079
<v Speaker 3>dog used to get a lot of bug bites near

485
00:27:25.119 --> 00:27:26.559
<v Speaker 3>her ear as well.

486
00:27:27.200 --> 00:27:31.559
<v Speaker 2>Gotcha. Yeah, I'm from California, and I remember I went

487
00:27:31.640 --> 00:27:36.039
<v Speaker 2>to like Minnesota for a wedding once in the summer

488
00:27:36.079 --> 00:27:39.799
<v Speaker 2>and the air was just thick with mosquitoes. I'd never

489
00:27:39.799 --> 00:27:43.079
<v Speaker 2>seen anything like it because I'm from like more arid climate. Yeah,

490
00:27:43.079 --> 00:27:46.480
<v Speaker 2>and I had been bending over like doing something, helping

491
00:27:46.519 --> 00:27:49.039
<v Speaker 2>out or whatever, and I had like a belt of

492
00:27:49.200 --> 00:27:53.839
<v Speaker 2>mosquito bites from like where my shirt had like come up.

493
00:27:54.039 --> 00:27:56.200
<v Speaker 3>They don't care, but where.

494
00:27:56.240 --> 00:27:59.559
<v Speaker 2>Where where on your body is safe? I asked the

495
00:27:59.559 --> 00:28:02.559
<v Speaker 2>twenty two twenty two study observing the distribution of mosquito

496
00:28:02.559 --> 00:28:05.680
<v Speaker 2>bites on humans to inform personal protection measures against malaria

497
00:28:05.720 --> 00:28:11.119
<v Speaker 2>and dengey vectors, which somehow convinced four volunteers to get

498
00:28:11.160 --> 00:28:14.759
<v Speaker 2>in a room with lab reared and disease free but

499
00:28:15.119 --> 00:28:19.519
<v Speaker 2>starving mosquitoes from either six am to noon for day

500
00:28:19.519 --> 00:28:24.640
<v Speaker 2>biting eighties or six pm to midnight for night biting anophalies,

501
00:28:25.240 --> 00:28:30.119
<v Speaker 2>for twenty days. And from this blood sacrifice, we now

502
00:28:30.160 --> 00:28:33.319
<v Speaker 2>know that the anophales bites when the volunteer was standing up,

503
00:28:33.519 --> 00:28:37.039
<v Speaker 2>those were almost all below the knee. Anophalies they liked

504
00:28:37.039 --> 00:28:40.440
<v Speaker 2>below the knee. But when these generous volunteers were lying

505
00:28:40.480 --> 00:28:43.759
<v Speaker 2>down sleeping, they got bitten all over their damn body

506
00:28:43.839 --> 00:28:47.079
<v Speaker 2>by the anophalies which are night biters. Now, the day

507
00:28:47.119 --> 00:28:51.119
<v Speaker 2>biting eighties bites were only about fifty percent below the knees,

508
00:28:51.400 --> 00:28:54.359
<v Speaker 2>and then they were all over the place while sleeping.

509
00:28:54.680 --> 00:28:59.079
<v Speaker 2>So researchers concluded that wearing socks, trousers, and long sleeve

510
00:28:59.160 --> 00:29:02.759
<v Speaker 2>shirts could theoretically prevent up to eighty three percent of

511
00:29:02.799 --> 00:29:06.440
<v Speaker 2>bites during sleeping and at least ninety percent of non

512
00:29:06.480 --> 00:29:09.759
<v Speaker 2>sleeping bites. I also was like, okay, that's good. But

513
00:29:09.920 --> 00:29:13.799
<v Speaker 2>I scanned the entire paper for some explanation of how

514
00:29:13.839 --> 00:29:17.640
<v Speaker 2>they convinced people to participate in the study, and I

515
00:29:17.680 --> 00:29:19.799
<v Speaker 2>came up blank, other than the fact that these folks

516
00:29:19.839 --> 00:29:22.359
<v Speaker 2>were in Tanzania and they had a vested interests perhaps

517
00:29:22.640 --> 00:29:26.519
<v Speaker 2>and donating their fragile skin and blood to science for

518
00:29:26.720 --> 00:29:29.319
<v Speaker 2>malarial prevention. Since they didn't get paid for their service,

519
00:29:29.359 --> 00:29:31.680
<v Speaker 2>I'm going to read from the study acknowledgments, which include,

520
00:29:31.720 --> 00:29:34.559
<v Speaker 2>we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our volunteers,

521
00:29:34.799 --> 00:29:40.799
<v Speaker 2>Moses Lagani, Bonafas mcguilla, Baraka Kidwanga and Ibrahim Mizkaia from me,

522
00:29:41.279 --> 00:29:45.640
<v Speaker 2>thank you, sirs for withstanding that lion's den of tiny predators.

523
00:29:46.000 --> 00:29:48.039
<v Speaker 3>Yeah they're ruthless, they're.

524
00:29:47.920 --> 00:29:50.799
<v Speaker 2>Rutless, but they're smart and maybe I smelled delicious. We'll

525
00:29:50.799 --> 00:29:55.279
<v Speaker 2>get to that too. But do they live everywhere and

526
00:29:55.319 --> 00:30:00.160
<v Speaker 2>there's just more of them in more humid climates or

527
00:30:00.359 --> 00:30:04.119
<v Speaker 2>do we just like straight up not see them in Antarctica.

528
00:30:04.240 --> 00:30:07.839
<v Speaker 3>So mosquitoes are what makes them really interesting is that

529
00:30:07.880 --> 00:30:10.440
<v Speaker 3>they can take up a lot of these ecological niches

530
00:30:10.519 --> 00:30:13.400
<v Speaker 3>so they're ubiquitous in many parts of the world, and

531
00:30:13.440 --> 00:30:15.960
<v Speaker 3>their distribution at the end of the day is going

532
00:30:16.000 --> 00:30:20.000
<v Speaker 3>to be influenced by environmental conditions and the availability of

533
00:30:20.039 --> 00:30:21.319
<v Speaker 3>suitable breeding sites.

534
00:30:21.640 --> 00:30:24.720
<v Speaker 2>So how good is the vibe? Can you mate? Can

535
00:30:24.720 --> 00:30:25.480
<v Speaker 2>you lay eggs?

536
00:30:25.480 --> 00:30:25.839
<v Speaker 4>There?

537
00:30:26.160 --> 00:30:29.559
<v Speaker 2>For the most part, most places will do doctor where

538
00:30:29.559 --> 00:30:30.559
<v Speaker 2>Gilmour says.

539
00:30:30.559 --> 00:30:34.920
<v Speaker 3>So, we've seen mosquitoes thrive and habitats including temperate rainforest,

540
00:30:35.000 --> 00:30:39.440
<v Speaker 3>tropical rainforest, urban areas. But again, you know, we're not

541
00:30:39.519 --> 00:30:43.039
<v Speaker 3>seeing mosquitos in Antarctica, but we are seeing them in

542
00:30:43.079 --> 00:30:45.720
<v Speaker 3>a lot of different places. And when we have changes

543
00:30:45.759 --> 00:30:49.039
<v Speaker 3>in climate as well, it's creating more suitable habitat for

544
00:30:49.119 --> 00:30:51.880
<v Speaker 3>these populations to shift.

545
00:30:52.519 --> 00:30:55.119
<v Speaker 2>Oh right, Like right now, we might not be seeing

546
00:30:55.200 --> 00:30:58.960
<v Speaker 2>them in the top of a Nordic fuorn, but give

547
00:30:59.000 --> 00:31:02.400
<v Speaker 2>it a couple decades and who knows, maybe there'll be

548
00:31:02.400 --> 00:31:03.759
<v Speaker 2>a Sandals resort there.

549
00:31:03.960 --> 00:31:06.799
<v Speaker 3>Oh yeah, and their logo would be like a mosquito.

550
00:31:09.759 --> 00:31:12.960
<v Speaker 2>Everything's changing. It is what about the temperature? How much

551
00:31:13.000 --> 00:31:15.079
<v Speaker 2>does the temperature affect that? And do they all just

552
00:31:15.279 --> 00:31:17.440
<v Speaker 2>die in the winter? What happens to them?

553
00:31:17.839 --> 00:31:21.559
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, so not all species of mosquito die in the winter.

554
00:31:21.680 --> 00:31:24.839
<v Speaker 3>You have some species that will overwinter, so they'll overwinter

555
00:31:24.960 --> 00:31:28.279
<v Speaker 3>as eggs, or they might overwinter as larvae, depending on

556
00:31:28.680 --> 00:31:31.559
<v Speaker 3>where they are. So if you have a thick level

557
00:31:31.599 --> 00:31:35.720
<v Speaker 3>of ice or something that might basically be incubating them

558
00:31:35.799 --> 00:31:38.400
<v Speaker 3>or allowing them to be dormant, that might change. So

559
00:31:38.480 --> 00:31:40.799
<v Speaker 3>not all mosquito species die during the winter.

560
00:31:41.240 --> 00:31:44.799
<v Speaker 2>So yes, some of your summer skeeters survived the winter

561
00:31:44.960 --> 00:31:48.960
<v Speaker 2>without a parka mittens no six dollars latte that got

562
00:31:49.000 --> 00:31:51.559
<v Speaker 2>cold as soon as you stepped outside. They just honkered

563
00:31:51.640 --> 00:31:54.720
<v Speaker 2>down under ice, tougher than you, no offence.

564
00:31:55.119 --> 00:31:57.759
<v Speaker 3>And then as far as temperature plays a huge role

565
00:31:58.000 --> 00:32:01.759
<v Speaker 3>in mosquito physiology and bio and so temperatures need to

566
00:32:01.759 --> 00:32:04.960
<v Speaker 3>be not perfect but just right so you see the

567
00:32:05.039 --> 00:32:09.599
<v Speaker 3>emergence of the larvae into pepe and the pupe into adult.

568
00:32:10.240 --> 00:32:11.880
<v Speaker 2>I remember when I was a kid, I thought I

569
00:32:11.920 --> 00:32:13.960
<v Speaker 2>had found a new species of animal because I looked

570
00:32:13.960 --> 00:32:17.720
<v Speaker 2>into a bucket and saw all these tiny shrimp, and

571
00:32:17.759 --> 00:32:19.799
<v Speaker 2>then my dad was like, those are just misquit.

572
00:32:20.440 --> 00:32:23.680
<v Speaker 3>Oh that's okay. Now, they're very funny looking. When they're

573
00:32:23.720 --> 00:32:26.079
<v Speaker 3>at that stage, they're just like, I don't really know

574
00:32:26.119 --> 00:32:28.720
<v Speaker 3>what you are. And there are a lot of other

575
00:32:28.920 --> 00:32:33.000
<v Speaker 3>fly species that will lay their eggs and bodies of

576
00:32:33.039 --> 00:32:35.440
<v Speaker 3>water and hatch, so it can be confusing on what

577
00:32:35.480 --> 00:32:36.359
<v Speaker 3>they might actually be.

578
00:32:37.559 --> 00:32:39.200
<v Speaker 2>Can you tell me a little bit more about that

579
00:32:39.240 --> 00:32:44.599
<v Speaker 2>life cycle and why a female mosquito needs that blood meal?

580
00:32:45.119 --> 00:32:47.519
<v Speaker 2>Do they need that right before they lay eggs and

581
00:32:47.519 --> 00:32:49.480
<v Speaker 2>the rest of the time what do they mention on.

582
00:32:50.359 --> 00:32:53.000
<v Speaker 3>That's a good question. So do we want a full

583
00:32:53.079 --> 00:32:56.000
<v Speaker 3>story of the mosquito life cycle?

584
00:32:56.359 --> 00:32:57.039
<v Speaker 4>Of course?

585
00:32:57.240 --> 00:32:58.519
<v Speaker 2>Okay, dude, come.

586
00:32:58.440 --> 00:33:00.799
<v Speaker 3>On, that's fun. I love it. I wish we'd had

587
00:33:00.880 --> 00:33:04.240
<v Speaker 3>visuals because there's so many there's so many departments of

588
00:33:04.279 --> 00:33:07.799
<v Speaker 3>health and mosquito abatement groups that have beautiful visuals that

589
00:33:07.839 --> 00:33:11.519
<v Speaker 3>they use an outreach to describe the life stages of

590
00:33:11.559 --> 00:33:14.640
<v Speaker 3>the mosquito. But for this, for this, I'll try and

591
00:33:14.799 --> 00:33:17.880
<v Speaker 3>paint a picture. And so we'll start with eighties a

592
00:33:17.920 --> 00:33:21.519
<v Speaker 3>jip dye. This is a container breeding mosquito, so it

593
00:33:21.559 --> 00:33:25.359
<v Speaker 3>prefers to breed in man made containers that are left around.

594
00:33:25.480 --> 00:33:28.240
<v Speaker 2>So in the twenty fifteen study breeding sites of eighties

595
00:33:28.240 --> 00:33:32.400
<v Speaker 2>A jip dye potential denge vectors in East Ethiopia, colesidologists

596
00:33:32.559 --> 00:33:35.720
<v Speaker 2>set out to see which reservoirs of water were the

597
00:33:35.759 --> 00:33:40.079
<v Speaker 2>most attractive to expectant mosquito moms. And first off, rain

598
00:33:40.160 --> 00:33:43.720
<v Speaker 2>water only plays. Okay, they did not prefer to lay

599
00:33:43.759 --> 00:33:47.279
<v Speaker 2>eggs in tapwater. It's got to be fresh, organic from

600
00:33:47.319 --> 00:33:52.559
<v Speaker 2>the sky. Now. Some attractive places included mud pots, old sinks,

601
00:33:52.759 --> 00:33:57.200
<v Speaker 2>small puddles, and rumpled up tarps and neglected buckets and such,

602
00:33:57.319 --> 00:34:02.559
<v Speaker 2>but the top spot for Amazi nursery overwhelmingly old tires.

603
00:34:02.759 --> 00:34:04.960
<v Speaker 2>Absolutely darling love obsessed.

604
00:34:05.359 --> 00:34:08.480
<v Speaker 3>And so a female who has blood fed, who has

605
00:34:08.519 --> 00:34:11.480
<v Speaker 3>made it, will lay these eggs on the edge of

606
00:34:11.559 --> 00:34:15.000
<v Speaker 3>the water, and those eggs will hatch after a certain

607
00:34:15.000 --> 00:34:18.679
<v Speaker 3>amount of time. Once they hatch, we call those larvae.

608
00:34:19.079 --> 00:34:22.679
<v Speaker 3>The species will stay as larvae for around maybe we'll

609
00:34:22.679 --> 00:34:25.440
<v Speaker 3>say four to six days. And again this is dependent

610
00:34:25.519 --> 00:34:29.719
<v Speaker 3>on temperature conditions, because if temperature is higher, the pace

611
00:34:29.880 --> 00:34:33.039
<v Speaker 3>of them hatching and also the pace of them at

612
00:34:33.079 --> 00:34:36.159
<v Speaker 3>their larval stage might be quicker, or if it's lower,

613
00:34:36.199 --> 00:34:38.320
<v Speaker 3>you might have a slower developmental cycle.

614
00:34:38.760 --> 00:34:41.320
<v Speaker 2>Okay, different species have different parroting styles, but a lot

615
00:34:41.320 --> 00:34:44.119
<v Speaker 2>of common mosquitoes will lay a bunch of eggs like

616
00:34:44.159 --> 00:34:46.480
<v Speaker 2>in a raft style, kind of in a bundle, and

617
00:34:46.519 --> 00:34:49.599
<v Speaker 2>then when the larvae are in the water. Some will

618
00:34:49.639 --> 00:34:53.960
<v Speaker 2>be underwater using little snorkel on their face, while other species,

619
00:34:54.079 --> 00:34:58.119
<v Speaker 2>like the malaria carrying an Ophiles genus, is floating flat

620
00:34:58.239 --> 00:35:02.280
<v Speaker 2>right under the water surface. Before they emerge as adults

621
00:35:03.000 --> 00:35:06.760
<v Speaker 2>rising from the water to conquer the air, they go

622
00:35:06.840 --> 00:35:09.880
<v Speaker 2>through an awkward pupa stage where they look like shrimps

623
00:35:09.920 --> 00:35:10.920
<v Speaker 2>with big, weird heads.

624
00:35:11.239 --> 00:35:14.400
<v Speaker 3>And after larvae we have pupe. The pewpe under the

625
00:35:14.440 --> 00:35:18.239
<v Speaker 3>microscope look like little Shrek. They're like little commas with

626
00:35:18.320 --> 00:35:22.440
<v Speaker 3>struck ears. They're funny looking. And then after the pewfae,

627
00:35:22.599 --> 00:35:27.360
<v Speaker 3>we have adults. So they'll emerge from that aquatic habitat

628
00:35:27.559 --> 00:35:31.719
<v Speaker 3>into terrestrial adults, and then as adults they'll mate and

629
00:35:31.760 --> 00:35:35.320
<v Speaker 3>then continue that cycle of laying eggs, turning into larvae,

630
00:35:35.400 --> 00:35:39.079
<v Speaker 3>turning into pewpe and adults again. But during that the

631
00:35:39.199 --> 00:35:42.679
<v Speaker 3>female will need to take on a blood meal for

632
00:35:42.800 --> 00:35:47.119
<v Speaker 3>specific biological and reproductive reasons, so they need a blood

633
00:35:47.159 --> 00:35:51.159
<v Speaker 3>meal in order to obtain the necessary nutrients for egg development.

634
00:35:51.679 --> 00:35:53.840
<v Speaker 3>The blood meal provides a lot of things for them.

635
00:35:53.920 --> 00:35:58.000
<v Speaker 3>It's providing amino acids and other proteins that are essential

636
00:35:58.119 --> 00:36:01.360
<v Speaker 3>for their yolk and so mosquito eggs have a type

637
00:36:01.400 --> 00:36:05.400
<v Speaker 3>of yolk protein and additionally the iron obtained from the

638
00:36:05.440 --> 00:36:09.920
<v Speaker 3>blood aids and physiological processes needed for the overall egg development.

639
00:36:10.400 --> 00:36:13.920
<v Speaker 2>She's like a hot smoothie chocolate block with fat and

640
00:36:14.800 --> 00:36:18.920
<v Speaker 2>meat bits and protein and iron. Listen, I've never had

641
00:36:18.920 --> 00:36:21.960
<v Speaker 2>a baby out of any whole of mine, but I

642
00:36:22.039 --> 00:36:25.400
<v Speaker 2>have been essential to growing new life on planet Earth

643
00:36:25.920 --> 00:36:28.679
<v Speaker 2>in garbage tires. And then these babies grow up and

644
00:36:28.719 --> 00:36:33.599
<v Speaker 2>you hate them. Oh yeah, I mean good for them,

645
00:36:33.880 --> 00:36:35.760
<v Speaker 2>Good for them. I'm not mad at it.

646
00:36:35.840 --> 00:36:38.679
<v Speaker 3>So it's just like a tasty treat before you know.

647
00:36:38.760 --> 00:36:43.119
<v Speaker 3>She has to do the big push if if that

648
00:36:43.239 --> 00:36:45.760
<v Speaker 3>makes it any better, it.

649
00:36:45.639 --> 00:36:48.519
<v Speaker 2>Does, It does good good for her? Is she eating

650
00:36:48.920 --> 00:36:52.679
<v Speaker 2>or he eating anything else? In the interim, If she's like, Okay,

651
00:36:52.679 --> 00:36:55.039
<v Speaker 2>I'm ready to nest, I'm ready to start a family.

652
00:36:55.199 --> 00:36:57.239
<v Speaker 2>I need a blood meal. But if she's like, I'm

653
00:36:57.239 --> 00:37:00.440
<v Speaker 2>not quite ready yet, I'm still exploring the world. Is

654
00:37:00.480 --> 00:37:04.000
<v Speaker 2>she eating nectar? Is she a waterfast?

655
00:37:04.480 --> 00:37:04.719
<v Speaker 5>Yeah?

656
00:37:05.320 --> 00:37:09.519
<v Speaker 3>Water fast? Yes, so yeah, when she's not taking a

657
00:37:09.559 --> 00:37:13.360
<v Speaker 3>blood meal. Mosquitos male and female are nectar feeder, So

658
00:37:13.400 --> 00:37:17.079
<v Speaker 3>they're going to be using these flower resources as a

659
00:37:17.119 --> 00:37:19.840
<v Speaker 3>sugar resource to get them by. So at the end

660
00:37:19.880 --> 00:37:21.840
<v Speaker 3>of the day, they're actually pollinators.

661
00:37:22.280 --> 00:37:26.760
<v Speaker 2>Oh yeah, look at that. They're just pollinating, and then

662
00:37:26.760 --> 00:37:29.800
<v Speaker 2>when it's time to start a family, they just borrow

663
00:37:29.800 --> 00:37:32.280
<v Speaker 2>a little bit of iron and protein from you. Are

664
00:37:32.320 --> 00:37:35.760
<v Speaker 2>they looking also for anything hormonal? I feel like that

665
00:37:35.920 --> 00:37:38.199
<v Speaker 2>is maybe a source of flim flam.

666
00:37:38.280 --> 00:37:41.119
<v Speaker 3>That has always been a complicated one for me as well.

667
00:37:41.239 --> 00:37:44.719
<v Speaker 3>I feel like I've done a deep dive on what

668
00:37:45.039 --> 00:37:47.480
<v Speaker 3>make mosquitoes attract it to you. So we know that

669
00:37:47.480 --> 00:37:51.880
<v Speaker 3>they're picking up certain olfactory cues and visual cues from us.

670
00:37:51.920 --> 00:37:54.880
<v Speaker 3>So that's going to be carbon dioxide our CO two,

671
00:37:54.960 --> 00:37:57.280
<v Speaker 3>but they're also going to be picking up signals from

672
00:37:57.320 --> 00:38:00.239
<v Speaker 3>our sweat. So there are chemicals and our sweat that

673
00:38:00.320 --> 00:38:03.840
<v Speaker 3>they can smell that make us very attractive.

674
00:38:04.480 --> 00:38:05.440
<v Speaker 5>It's amazing.

675
00:38:06.280 --> 00:38:08.639
<v Speaker 2>Is that worse than if you're like hiking and you're

676
00:38:08.679 --> 00:38:11.880
<v Speaker 2>breathing out a lot of carbon dioxide and your respiratory

677
00:38:11.960 --> 00:38:14.480
<v Speaker 2>rates higher and you're sweatier. Is this why if you're

678
00:38:14.559 --> 00:38:18.519
<v Speaker 2>hiking like the Pacific Crust Trail or something, you're screwed.

679
00:38:19.360 --> 00:38:22.079
<v Speaker 3>Yeah. I mean, so they're picking up those indicators and

680
00:38:22.119 --> 00:38:25.000
<v Speaker 3>they're using it when they're trying to basically seek out

681
00:38:25.000 --> 00:38:28.039
<v Speaker 3>a host to feed from. So if you're breathing more

682
00:38:28.079 --> 00:38:30.639
<v Speaker 3>because you're hiking and you're letting out more co two,

683
00:38:30.880 --> 00:38:33.320
<v Speaker 3>that's just giving a better signal to the mosquito to

684
00:38:33.360 --> 00:38:36.000
<v Speaker 3>be like, oh, that might be something I could blood

685
00:38:36.039 --> 00:38:36.679
<v Speaker 3>feed from.

686
00:38:37.000 --> 00:38:39.280
<v Speaker 2>We're going to dive back into what makes you so

687
00:38:39.400 --> 00:38:42.559
<v Speaker 2>attractive to mosquitoes or potentially less attractive in a minute,

688
00:38:42.599 --> 00:38:44.480
<v Speaker 2>but first some words from sponsors of the show, who

689
00:38:44.480 --> 00:38:46.639
<v Speaker 2>make it possible to donate to a related cause each week,

690
00:38:46.679 --> 00:38:48.599
<v Speaker 2>and this week it'll be going to the Malaria No

691
00:38:48.679 --> 00:38:51.280
<v Speaker 2>More Foundation, which has worked for nearly two decades campaigning

692
00:38:51.320 --> 00:38:53.440
<v Speaker 2>to end malaria and make a world where no one

693
00:38:53.480 --> 00:38:56.280
<v Speaker 2>dies from a mosquito bite. And so far, well over

694
00:38:56.320 --> 00:38:58.719
<v Speaker 2>two billion mosquito nuts have been distributed in the area's

695
00:38:58.719 --> 00:39:02.320
<v Speaker 2>hardest hit by malarial traransmission and over seven million lives

696
00:39:02.440 --> 00:39:04.239
<v Speaker 2>have been saved and you can find out more at

697
00:39:04.360 --> 00:39:07.239
<v Speaker 2>malariaomore dot org. And thanks to sponsors of the show

698
00:39:07.239 --> 00:39:10.639
<v Speaker 2>for making that donation possible. Okay, so we were talking

699
00:39:10.639 --> 00:39:12.719
<v Speaker 2>about who gets bitten the most and if you're wondering

700
00:39:12.920 --> 00:39:16.360
<v Speaker 2>do people really study that, the answer is are you Okay?

701
00:39:16.480 --> 00:39:19.480
<v Speaker 2>Of course they do, Yes, Calcidologists are all about this

702
00:39:19.599 --> 00:39:22.800
<v Speaker 2>question and according to the twenty twenty one meta study

703
00:39:23.280 --> 00:39:27.519
<v Speaker 2>Variability and Human attractiveness to mosquitoes, mosquitoes are known to

704
00:39:27.679 --> 00:39:32.440
<v Speaker 2>find and bite humans by being attracted to carbon dioxide,

705
00:39:32.800 --> 00:39:38.280
<v Speaker 2>lactic acid, keytones, ammonia, and other volatile organic compounds through

706
00:39:38.280 --> 00:39:41.480
<v Speaker 2>our skin. Also noted in this meta study is that

707
00:39:41.679 --> 00:39:45.239
<v Speaker 2>it's possible that diet can make you more attractive and

708
00:39:45.320 --> 00:39:49.039
<v Speaker 2>the two top culprits they found beer and bananas make

709
00:39:49.119 --> 00:39:53.559
<v Speaker 2>you more delicious to mosquitoes or being pregnant. So according

710
00:39:53.559 --> 00:39:56.480
<v Speaker 2>to the twenty twenty three paper Prevalence of Malaria parasite

711
00:39:56.519 --> 00:39:59.480
<v Speaker 2>and its effects on some hematological parameters amongst pregnant women

712
00:39:59.559 --> 00:40:02.920
<v Speaker 2>in Nigeria, Yeah, pregnant people in the advanced stages of

713
00:40:03.039 --> 00:40:07.840
<v Speaker 2>pregnancy exhale twenty one percent more carbon dioxide than non

714
00:40:07.920 --> 00:40:12.039
<v Speaker 2>pregnant people, which makes them much more attractive to mosquitoes.

715
00:40:12.079 --> 00:40:14.400
<v Speaker 2>And that's obviously a risk for both the baby and

716
00:40:14.440 --> 00:40:16.760
<v Speaker 2>the parent. You do not want to get a disease

717
00:40:16.800 --> 00:40:20.320
<v Speaker 2>from hungry mosquitoes. But yeah, while garlic through the skin

718
00:40:20.960 --> 00:40:25.320
<v Speaker 2>will not repel these little vampires, your sweat, your microbes

719
00:40:25.679 --> 00:40:29.760
<v Speaker 2>and just simply breathing breathing out carbon dioxide can be

720
00:40:29.880 --> 00:40:32.000
<v Speaker 2>like a ring and dinner bill, like come and get

721
00:40:32.039 --> 00:40:34.800
<v Speaker 2>it to swarms of them. I had a boyfriend once

722
00:40:34.840 --> 00:40:37.159
<v Speaker 2>who was hiking in the Pacific Coast Trail years ago,

723
00:40:37.519 --> 00:40:39.639
<v Speaker 2>and he said that they turned around and went home

724
00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:42.599
<v Speaker 2>earlier because there were so many mosquitoes. And I was like, Oh,

725
00:40:42.639 --> 00:40:44.960
<v Speaker 2>I wonder if they're just breathing a lot, so they're

726
00:40:45.000 --> 00:40:49.400
<v Speaker 2>looking for carbon dioxide. They're looking for certain things in

727
00:40:49.440 --> 00:40:50.400
<v Speaker 2>your sweat as well.

728
00:40:51.599 --> 00:40:54.119
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, so there's like chemical cues and are sweat that

729
00:40:54.119 --> 00:40:57.119
<v Speaker 3>they're picking up. And that's why you've probably hurt this

730
00:40:57.239 --> 00:41:00.559
<v Speaker 3>that certain blood types are more attractive to miss mosquitos.

731
00:41:01.079 --> 00:41:04.440
<v Speaker 3>And this is because every blood type has a chemical signature,

732
00:41:04.840 --> 00:41:08.079
<v Speaker 3>and some based off a few papers, might be more

733
00:41:08.079 --> 00:41:10.880
<v Speaker 3>attractive to mosquitoes than others. But I think at the

734
00:41:10.960 --> 00:41:13.960
<v Speaker 3>end of the day, it really is the overall person

735
00:41:14.360 --> 00:41:18.039
<v Speaker 3>and their biology at the time that might change depending

736
00:41:18.079 --> 00:41:20.559
<v Speaker 3>on the mosquito species and the time and place.

737
00:41:21.000 --> 00:41:23.239
<v Speaker 2>I love that you have done a deep dive on this.

738
00:41:23.400 --> 00:41:26.280
<v Speaker 2>Have so many people asked to you that you're what

739
00:41:26.440 --> 00:41:28.719
<v Speaker 2>caused you to start looking to these papers?

740
00:41:29.159 --> 00:41:34.199
<v Speaker 3>I so I think early on it was like I

741
00:41:34.239 --> 00:41:37.320
<v Speaker 3>have type B blood? Does that make me more attractive?

742
00:41:37.960 --> 00:41:39.480
<v Speaker 3>But at the end of the day, I was just like,

743
00:41:39.480 --> 00:41:42.880
<v Speaker 3>but what is it about type bee blood or whatever

744
00:41:42.920 --> 00:41:46.559
<v Speaker 3>other blood types that are attractive two mosquitos? Like what

745
00:41:46.800 --> 00:41:49.840
<v Speaker 3>is the biology behind that? Why is the blood actually

746
00:41:49.840 --> 00:41:52.039
<v Speaker 3>attractive for me? I think it is like a full

747
00:41:52.079 --> 00:41:55.360
<v Speaker 3>scale picture of it's different indicators from that person beat

748
00:41:55.440 --> 00:42:00.360
<v Speaker 3>co two chemical cues from the sweat microbiota or like

749
00:42:00.400 --> 00:42:03.760
<v Speaker 3>the microbes in your speat as well. They find that attractive.

750
00:42:04.199 --> 00:42:07.280
<v Speaker 3>That is more of an indicator of if you're attractive

751
00:42:07.320 --> 00:42:08.639
<v Speaker 3>to mosquitoes or not.

752
00:42:09.440 --> 00:42:13.159
<v Speaker 2>You just got your PhD, but you're already published on

753
00:42:13.239 --> 00:42:17.480
<v Speaker 2>several papers I saw about thermal sensitivity and microbes and

754
00:42:18.119 --> 00:42:21.480
<v Speaker 2>thermal stress responses and temperature. What does temperature have to

755
00:42:21.519 --> 00:42:25.360
<v Speaker 2>do with how mosquitoes either look for a blood meal

756
00:42:25.480 --> 00:42:26.639
<v Speaker 2>or just exist?

757
00:42:27.119 --> 00:42:31.000
<v Speaker 3>Right? So I guess we'll frame this in the context

758
00:42:31.079 --> 00:42:34.800
<v Speaker 3>of climate change. So climate change is going to influence

759
00:42:34.840 --> 00:42:39.079
<v Speaker 3>mosquito population and disease transmission in several ways. And the

760
00:42:39.079 --> 00:42:41.840
<v Speaker 3>first thing we think about is the expansion of mosquito

761
00:42:41.880 --> 00:42:47.159
<v Speaker 3>habitats into new regions as temperatures rise, and also the precipitation.

762
00:42:46.639 --> 00:42:51.400
<v Speaker 2>Patterns doctor Wergilmore says that altered seasonal patterns of mosquito

763
00:42:51.440 --> 00:42:55.559
<v Speaker 2>activity can also lead to more transmission and longer transmission

764
00:42:55.639 --> 00:42:59.639
<v Speaker 2>periods also increase disease risk. So climate change isn't just

765
00:43:00.039 --> 00:43:02.639
<v Speaker 2>water levels rising on seassych cottagists.

766
00:43:02.639 --> 00:43:06.280
<v Speaker 3>But you know that at the mosquito level, temperature can

767
00:43:06.320 --> 00:43:10.039
<v Speaker 3>impact basically the growth rate and developmental rate of the mosquito,

768
00:43:10.400 --> 00:43:13.960
<v Speaker 3>but also the rate of development for the pathogen inside

769
00:43:13.960 --> 00:43:18.119
<v Speaker 3>of the mosquito. So we call this the extringic incubation

770
00:43:18.360 --> 00:43:22.639
<v Speaker 3>period or the EIP, and EIP is the amount of

771
00:43:22.679 --> 00:43:26.239
<v Speaker 3>time it takes for that pathogen to develop to traverse

772
00:43:26.280 --> 00:43:28.480
<v Speaker 3>throughout the body of the mosquito and make it to

773
00:43:28.519 --> 00:43:31.119
<v Speaker 3>the salivary glands where it then can be passed on

774
00:43:31.320 --> 00:43:34.280
<v Speaker 3>when the mosquito is taking a new blood meal from

775
00:43:34.320 --> 00:43:35.599
<v Speaker 3>an uninfected host.

776
00:43:36.039 --> 00:43:39.400
<v Speaker 2>Okay, So that extrinsic incubation period of malaria is also

777
00:43:39.440 --> 00:43:41.760
<v Speaker 2>called the period of sporogeny, and it describes the time

778
00:43:41.760 --> 00:43:44.360
<v Speaker 2>it takes four parasites to develop in the mosquito from

779
00:43:44.400 --> 00:43:47.840
<v Speaker 2>the moment they take in cometocites or sex cells via

780
00:43:47.920 --> 00:43:51.639
<v Speaker 2>a tainted blood meal and when they mate in their

781
00:43:51.679 --> 00:43:55.239
<v Speaker 2>guts and travel to the salivary glands to be splurted

782
00:43:55.280 --> 00:43:59.760
<v Speaker 2>into your bloodstream. And according to Malaria, Parasite Development and Mosquitos,

783
00:44:00.039 --> 00:44:02.400
<v Speaker 2>a nineteen ninety eight journal article in the Annual Review

784
00:44:02.440 --> 00:44:06.039
<v Speaker 2>of Entomology, Plasmodium vivax one of the five species of

785
00:44:06.079 --> 00:44:09.559
<v Speaker 2>the single celled protozoa which causes malaria in humans. It

786
00:44:09.599 --> 00:44:12.760
<v Speaker 2>takes just nine days from the ingestion to doing the

787
00:44:12.840 --> 00:44:16.440
<v Speaker 2>nasty and mating in the mosquito tummy to taking up

788
00:44:16.519 --> 00:44:19.559
<v Speaker 2>space in their salivary glands of the bug to get

789
00:44:19.559 --> 00:44:22.920
<v Speaker 2>into you. So that extrinsic incubation period is important because

790
00:44:22.920 --> 00:44:25.360
<v Speaker 2>it means you can be infected and malaria can spread

791
00:44:25.360 --> 00:44:28.199
<v Speaker 2>before you've ever even shown symptoms or gotten treated to

792
00:44:28.280 --> 00:44:33.199
<v Speaker 2>kill it. And so that pathogen lives in the salivary glands.

793
00:44:34.079 --> 00:44:36.280
<v Speaker 2>And can you tell me a little bit about how

794
00:44:36.320 --> 00:44:39.239
<v Speaker 2>the bites work. Is they're a little bit of a

795
00:44:39.280 --> 00:44:43.880
<v Speaker 2>blurf of stuff into you before they suck it back up.

796
00:44:43.960 --> 00:44:46.639
<v Speaker 2>Like are they spitting a little bit into you before

797
00:44:46.639 --> 00:44:49.679
<v Speaker 2>they start sucking it up or are there like anti inflammatories?

798
00:44:49.960 --> 00:44:51.440
<v Speaker 2>What does that needle mouth have?

799
00:44:52.320 --> 00:44:55.159
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, so I guess we can look at the mosquito

800
00:44:55.199 --> 00:44:58.440
<v Speaker 3>mouth part as like six different needles. So you have

801
00:44:58.519 --> 00:45:00.599
<v Speaker 3>two of them which are going to be holding back

802
00:45:00.639 --> 00:45:03.440
<v Speaker 3>the skin, one of them which is actually doing the

803
00:45:03.480 --> 00:45:06.920
<v Speaker 3>piercing and the sucking, and then you have actually two

804
00:45:06.960 --> 00:45:11.599
<v Speaker 3>of them that are sawing at the skin. Right ballad what.

805
00:45:12.199 --> 00:45:12.880
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, they have.

806
00:45:12.880 --> 00:45:16.639
<v Speaker 3>This very specialized mouthpart that is frightening when you look

807
00:45:16.679 --> 00:45:18.079
<v Speaker 3>at pictures up close.

808
00:45:18.840 --> 00:45:24.599
<v Speaker 2>Six they have six yea including two saws. That's amazing.

809
00:45:25.360 --> 00:45:31.920
<v Speaker 2>That makes predator or like sci Fi monsters seem like

810
00:45:32.239 --> 00:45:35.960
<v Speaker 2>so simple. Okay to hold it open like a surgeon.

811
00:45:36.320 --> 00:45:38.159
<v Speaker 3>Mm hmm, two to saw.

812
00:45:38.719 --> 00:45:41.840
<v Speaker 2>Okay, what is the sawing What are the sawing ones doing?

813
00:45:41.960 --> 00:45:42.119
<v Speaker 4>Well?

814
00:45:42.159 --> 00:45:44.199
<v Speaker 3>I guess it's helping them kind of get through the

815
00:45:44.280 --> 00:45:49.199
<v Speaker 3>skin to the capullaries, the blood vessels or the capulariesh

816
00:45:49.679 --> 00:45:52.840
<v Speaker 3>that's so cool. So we touched on some of the

817
00:45:52.880 --> 00:45:56.760
<v Speaker 3>temperature work that I did previously, and I guess when

818
00:45:56.760 --> 00:45:59.639
<v Speaker 3>we think about climate change, it's also just not risk

819
00:45:59.760 --> 00:46:03.679
<v Speaker 3>of infection or increase mosquito bites based on the habitat

820
00:46:03.719 --> 00:46:06.159
<v Speaker 3>you're in, but it's also the impact that it's going

821
00:46:06.199 --> 00:46:09.119
<v Speaker 3>to have on the mosquito at an individual level. And

822
00:46:09.159 --> 00:46:12.280
<v Speaker 3>so the work I was doing before was looking at

823
00:46:12.320 --> 00:46:16.599
<v Speaker 3>how infection with some of these pathogens alter the mosquito

824
00:46:16.760 --> 00:46:19.599
<v Speaker 3>in its ability to cope with temperature, and what that

825
00:46:19.679 --> 00:46:22.800
<v Speaker 3>might mean for how we see the expansion of some

826
00:46:22.880 --> 00:46:24.320
<v Speaker 3>of these mosquito ranges.

827
00:46:25.079 --> 00:46:28.480
<v Speaker 2>Does it look like some of their numbers will reduce

828
00:46:28.639 --> 00:46:30.360
<v Speaker 2>or are we looking at a huge increase?

829
00:46:31.199 --> 00:46:34.360
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, So it really depends on the mosquito species and

830
00:46:34.480 --> 00:46:37.679
<v Speaker 3>the habitat and their prior thermal history. So in some

831
00:46:37.880 --> 00:46:42.280
<v Speaker 3>areas we expect a contraction of mosquito species, but in

832
00:46:42.360 --> 00:46:47.199
<v Speaker 3>others we expect that to expand in their geographical range

833
00:46:47.199 --> 00:46:49.119
<v Speaker 3>to increase. But a lot of things have to fall

834
00:46:49.159 --> 00:46:52.480
<v Speaker 3>in place for disease transmission to take place, So it's

835
00:46:52.519 --> 00:46:53.880
<v Speaker 3>really species dependent.

836
00:46:54.480 --> 00:46:56.840
<v Speaker 2>When you're talking about the Salbary glands. And then I

837
00:46:56.880 --> 00:46:59.360
<v Speaker 2>absolutely lost my shit hearing that they have six different

838
00:46:59.400 --> 00:47:04.159
<v Speaker 2>needles in their Yeah, which that's like, I was really

839
00:47:04.199 --> 00:47:06.719
<v Speaker 2>blowing my mind right out. Can you tell me more

840
00:47:06.800 --> 00:47:11.239
<v Speaker 2>about that surgery that they perform. It sounds like laparoscopic surgery.

841
00:47:12.159 --> 00:47:15.239
<v Speaker 3>Yeah. So the first time I saw a mosquito mouthpart,

842
00:47:15.280 --> 00:47:17.119
<v Speaker 3>I was like, what is going on?

843
00:47:17.480 --> 00:47:22.320
<v Speaker 2>But is this? Let's get into these twinkly sawmouthed, tiny

844
00:47:22.320 --> 00:47:23.960
<v Speaker 2>little blood zombie fairies.

845
00:47:24.559 --> 00:47:28.599
<v Speaker 3>So when a female mosquito pierces the skin, she has

846
00:47:28.639 --> 00:47:33.119
<v Speaker 3>this basically this flexible lipke chief that scues up and

847
00:47:33.159 --> 00:47:37.800
<v Speaker 3>it stays outside as the insect pushes in basically six

848
00:47:37.960 --> 00:47:41.199
<v Speaker 3>needle like parts. And so two of these three needles

849
00:47:41.239 --> 00:47:44.239
<v Speaker 3>are called the maxillae, and they have these tiny teeth

850
00:47:44.320 --> 00:47:47.519
<v Speaker 3>that let the mosquito saw through human skin or through

851
00:47:47.519 --> 00:47:50.119
<v Speaker 3>skin in general. And they're kind of like little drill

852
00:47:50.199 --> 00:47:53.800
<v Speaker 3>bits and so yeah, they're so sharp we don't really

853
00:47:54.119 --> 00:47:58.719
<v Speaker 3>fill the bite, but they do enough damage. And then

854
00:47:58.760 --> 00:48:01.920
<v Speaker 3>we have another set of meat, the mandibles, that hold

855
00:48:01.960 --> 00:48:04.760
<v Speaker 3>the tissue apart while the mosquito saws into the skin.

856
00:48:05.360 --> 00:48:08.079
<v Speaker 3>And then the fifth needle is called the labrum, and

857
00:48:08.119 --> 00:48:09.599
<v Speaker 3>it pierces the blood vessel.

858
00:48:10.239 --> 00:48:14.360
<v Speaker 2>Wow, so they use some to spread it kind of

859
00:48:14.400 --> 00:48:18.280
<v Speaker 2>like like it just sounds like they're doing surgery. Yeah,

860
00:48:18.320 --> 00:48:19.719
<v Speaker 2>I mean they're surgeons.

861
00:48:20.039 --> 00:48:22.840
<v Speaker 3>Yeah. And you have that fifth needle part that's piercing

862
00:48:22.840 --> 00:48:26.119
<v Speaker 3>the blood vessel. It's looking for the blood vessel in

863
00:48:26.239 --> 00:48:28.960
<v Speaker 3>that so it's like moving around in the skin to

864
00:48:29.119 --> 00:48:30.320
<v Speaker 3>find the blood vessel.

865
00:48:30.880 --> 00:48:32.159
<v Speaker 4>Oh my gosh.

866
00:48:32.280 --> 00:48:35.079
<v Speaker 2>And then do they just do a folk into the

867
00:48:35.079 --> 00:48:37.719
<v Speaker 2>blood vessel and then is that kind of like a

868
00:48:38.119 --> 00:48:39.960
<v Speaker 2>needle or is that also kind of like a saw?

869
00:48:40.079 --> 00:48:40.159
<v Speaker 4>Like?

870
00:48:40.400 --> 00:48:43.000
<v Speaker 2>How are they piercing and sucking at the same time.

871
00:48:43.639 --> 00:48:47.360
<v Speaker 3>That is basically just piercing into the blood vessel, and

872
00:48:47.360 --> 00:48:50.199
<v Speaker 3>they're able to suck up with that appendage as well.

873
00:48:50.519 --> 00:48:54.400
<v Speaker 3>The other two appendages have done the basically the service

874
00:48:54.440 --> 00:48:57.880
<v Speaker 3>of sawing. And then that last fifth needle, the labrum,

875
00:48:58.000 --> 00:49:01.280
<v Speaker 3>is piercing but also sucking the sucking mouth part.

876
00:49:01.679 --> 00:49:04.559
<v Speaker 2>And of course some mosquitoes fill up more than others,

877
00:49:04.599 --> 00:49:08.480
<v Speaker 2>but the most common size mosquitos are around six millimeters

878
00:49:08.519 --> 00:49:12.400
<v Speaker 2>long and they weigh a few milligrams at most, although

879
00:49:12.559 --> 00:49:15.199
<v Speaker 2>they can drink two to three times their body weight

880
00:49:15.280 --> 00:49:18.480
<v Speaker 2>at a time, and according to the Coachella Valley Mosquito

881
00:49:18.519 --> 00:49:21.760
<v Speaker 2>and Vector Control District, mosquitos can take in anywhere from

882
00:49:21.800 --> 00:49:26.639
<v Speaker 2>point one to point oh one millimeters of blood, and

883
00:49:26.760 --> 00:49:29.519
<v Speaker 2>their website says for its size, that would be the

884
00:49:29.559 --> 00:49:32.719
<v Speaker 2>equivalent of a person drinking as much as is in

885
00:49:32.760 --> 00:49:37.159
<v Speaker 2>a bathtub, says the Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District.

886
00:49:37.519 --> 00:49:39.920
<v Speaker 2>Let me tell you something, Coachella knows a little something

887
00:49:39.920 --> 00:49:44.599
<v Speaker 2>about seasonal bingch drinking. When we're talking about teen mosquitos

888
00:49:44.599 --> 00:49:46.920
<v Speaker 2>and big ones do all of their mouth parts function

889
00:49:47.639 --> 00:49:48.599
<v Speaker 2>kind of the same.

890
00:49:48.920 --> 00:49:52.320
<v Speaker 3>So, yeah, that proboscis and that piercing sucking mouth part

891
00:49:52.480 --> 00:49:55.039
<v Speaker 3>is going to be the same for most of the species.

892
00:49:55.239 --> 00:49:58.800
<v Speaker 3>It will change in size and the coloration might look different,

893
00:49:59.079 --> 00:50:00.679
<v Speaker 3>but it serves the purpose.

894
00:50:01.360 --> 00:50:03.920
<v Speaker 2>And when I picture a mosquito, I picture the ones

895
00:50:03.960 --> 00:50:06.440
<v Speaker 2>that I probably grew up around and are more common

896
00:50:06.480 --> 00:50:09.239
<v Speaker 2>to the West coast of the United States. But how

897
00:50:10.000 --> 00:50:11.719
<v Speaker 2>is small and how big do they get?

898
00:50:12.320 --> 00:50:16.920
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, so our biggest species of mosquito is our elephant mosquitos,

899
00:50:16.960 --> 00:50:22.079
<v Speaker 3>so tuso runkities, and so this he is a big fella.

900
00:50:23.000 --> 00:50:26.519
<v Speaker 3>She's a big fella, but she they have these tusks

901
00:50:26.599 --> 00:50:28.840
<v Speaker 3>on them at the end of their proboscus. But they

902
00:50:29.280 --> 00:50:32.119
<v Speaker 3>are quite large mosquitoes, not as large as crane flies,

903
00:50:32.159 --> 00:50:35.519
<v Speaker 3>which people typically get confused with mosquitoes, but they are

904
00:50:35.639 --> 00:50:38.320
<v Speaker 3>some of the larger of our mosquito species that we have.

905
00:50:38.920 --> 00:50:42.719
<v Speaker 2>And crane flies they're not skeeter eaters, right, I thought

906
00:50:42.719 --> 00:50:46.199
<v Speaker 2>forever like, oh those crane flies, don't worry, they eat mosquitoes.

907
00:50:46.239 --> 00:50:49.440
<v Speaker 2>That's total horsepucky, right.

908
00:50:49.840 --> 00:50:53.880
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, you know it's okay because when I moved to

909
00:50:53.960 --> 00:50:57.800
<v Speaker 3>Georgia with my family. The names for crane flies for

910
00:50:57.920 --> 00:51:01.400
<v Speaker 3>so wild. It was like mosquito hawk, like hot killer,

911
00:51:01.480 --> 00:51:03.119
<v Speaker 3>and I was like a hot killer. I'm like, what

912
00:51:03.239 --> 00:51:08.079
<v Speaker 3>is that? But you know, crane flies don't actually live

913
00:51:08.119 --> 00:51:11.840
<v Speaker 3>that long either. They are using nectar as their main

914
00:51:11.880 --> 00:51:16.239
<v Speaker 3>resource for energy. But they are not predators to mosquitoes

915
00:51:16.599 --> 00:51:18.800
<v Speaker 3>or people, right, They're just trying to live their life

916
00:51:19.000 --> 00:51:21.760
<v Speaker 3>nope or people. You know, you kind of feel bad

917
00:51:21.800 --> 00:51:24.920
<v Speaker 3>for them, like they're not the most graceful flyers. Anytime

918
00:51:24.960 --> 00:51:27.719
<v Speaker 3>I've seen a crane fly, they're like trying to make

919
00:51:27.760 --> 00:51:30.039
<v Speaker 3>it to the door of the window. And then you

920
00:51:30.119 --> 00:51:32.599
<v Speaker 3>just like have this random man in Walmart who's just

921
00:51:32.719 --> 00:51:35.800
<v Speaker 3>like kill that mosquito, and you're like, sir, that crane

922
00:51:35.800 --> 00:51:38.199
<v Speaker 3>fly is just trying to live his best life, Like

923
00:51:38.320 --> 00:51:38.840
<v Speaker 3>let him go.

924
00:51:39.239 --> 00:51:41.559
<v Speaker 2>He just wants to go find some fresh grass.

925
00:51:41.800 --> 00:51:45.719
<v Speaker 3>He does, like their main job is to mate, like

926
00:51:45.800 --> 00:51:48.559
<v Speaker 3>they're born. They're like, let me go find some sugar

927
00:51:48.880 --> 00:51:50.760
<v Speaker 3>and then let me go mate and then die.

928
00:51:51.800 --> 00:51:53.679
<v Speaker 2>They just want to snack in a date.

929
00:51:53.800 --> 00:51:56.679
<v Speaker 3>Right, Yeah, I mean he is all of us.

930
00:51:59.000 --> 00:52:03.920
<v Speaker 2>So crane flies neither mosquitoes nor mosquito assassins. Just lonely,

931
00:52:04.039 --> 00:52:07.559
<v Speaker 2>big bumbling mosquito look and sugar lovers who might accidentally

932
00:52:07.639 --> 00:52:10.960
<v Speaker 2>saunter clumsily into a big box store to get slandered

933
00:52:11.039 --> 00:52:11.639
<v Speaker 2>and then killed.

934
00:52:12.000 --> 00:52:14.760
<v Speaker 3>So one of the big reasons I really enjoyed and

935
00:52:15.000 --> 00:52:18.079
<v Speaker 3>was drawn to studying mosquitoes is because they're so diverse

936
00:52:18.119 --> 00:52:21.599
<v Speaker 3>and so, as with most animal size does matter, And

937
00:52:21.760 --> 00:52:25.239
<v Speaker 3>like other groups, there's considerable size range of mosquito adults,

938
00:52:25.280 --> 00:52:27.679
<v Speaker 3>even though they all look the same to us. And

939
00:52:27.760 --> 00:52:31.079
<v Speaker 3>so I think the biggest difference that I've seen would

940
00:52:31.079 --> 00:52:36.679
<v Speaker 3>probably be Urana tani and then talkso run Kaiti, so

941
00:52:36.760 --> 00:52:40.840
<v Speaker 3>Talkso run Kiti's and Dali nippers are quite large mosquitoes,

942
00:52:41.199 --> 00:52:44.400
<v Speaker 3>and I think mass wise, between the smallest and the largest,

943
00:52:44.440 --> 00:52:48.639
<v Speaker 3>it's maybe like a sixty fold mass different, so quite big.

944
00:52:49.760 --> 00:52:53.440
<v Speaker 2>What about the teeny ones? How teeny teeny do they get?

945
00:52:53.760 --> 00:52:57.199
<v Speaker 3>So I will say that I'm pretty biased because I

946
00:52:57.320 --> 00:53:02.239
<v Speaker 3>work with a larger mosquito species, so eighties. Mosquitoes in

947
00:53:02.280 --> 00:53:05.039
<v Speaker 3>general are a little bit hardier, a little bit bigger

948
00:53:05.079 --> 00:53:08.599
<v Speaker 3>than a nave lines. But I will say that from

949
00:53:09.199 --> 00:53:13.639
<v Speaker 3>my perspective that anofe species of mosquitoes tend to gear

950
00:53:13.719 --> 00:53:16.760
<v Speaker 3>towards the smaller end compared to like an eighties or

951
00:53:16.760 --> 00:53:18.039
<v Speaker 3>a qlex mosquito.

952
00:53:18.719 --> 00:53:21.880
<v Speaker 2>When it comes to mating and finding a date, how

953
00:53:22.320 --> 00:53:26.159
<v Speaker 2>are mosquitoes finding each other? Is their natural selection? Or

954
00:53:26.199 --> 00:53:28.000
<v Speaker 2>is it like this world is so big, I'm small,

955
00:53:28.000 --> 00:53:29.000
<v Speaker 2>you're small. Let's do it.

956
00:53:29.400 --> 00:53:31.599
<v Speaker 3>I think you know, it would be so fun to

957
00:53:31.679 --> 00:53:34.800
<v Speaker 3>be like, is there a hinge for mosquitoes where they

958
00:53:34.840 --> 00:53:40.880
<v Speaker 3>make like a profile picture They're like, I'm from Alaska.

959
00:53:41.239 --> 00:53:45.679
<v Speaker 3>But no, in all seriousness, So that buzzing noise that

960
00:53:45.719 --> 00:53:50.719
<v Speaker 3>we find so irritating is actually emitted by mosquitos and

961
00:53:50.760 --> 00:53:54.719
<v Speaker 3>it's used for communication but also mate location, and so

962
00:53:55.440 --> 00:53:59.360
<v Speaker 3>male mosquitoes actually produce a higher frequency of sound versus

963
00:53:59.400 --> 00:54:02.760
<v Speaker 3>female and they're using that to locate and pursue a

964
00:54:02.800 --> 00:54:06.079
<v Speaker 3>mate and potentially avoid threats and other predators.

965
00:54:06.719 --> 00:54:11.519
<v Speaker 2>Is there something evolutionarily about a really annoying noise that

966
00:54:11.920 --> 00:54:15.360
<v Speaker 2>helps them mate? Or I wonder if you hear a high, high,

967
00:54:15.400 --> 00:54:17.320
<v Speaker 2>high pitched annoying one, if that means it's a mail

968
00:54:17.400 --> 00:54:18.440
<v Speaker 2>and it's not going to bite.

969
00:54:18.280 --> 00:54:21.719
<v Speaker 3>You, right, that's interesting. So for me, I think it

970
00:54:21.800 --> 00:54:24.719
<v Speaker 3>has to do more with their morphology, and I think

971
00:54:24.760 --> 00:54:28.159
<v Speaker 3>it's the way that their wings are set on their body,

972
00:54:28.639 --> 00:54:32.000
<v Speaker 3>So I think they're able to produce that higher frequency

973
00:54:32.159 --> 00:54:36.719
<v Speaker 3>sound because they are oscillating so quickly, And maybe that

974
00:54:36.880 --> 00:54:41.519
<v Speaker 3>was just like something that was used as a signal

975
00:54:41.559 --> 00:54:43.559
<v Speaker 3>for identifying potential mates.

976
00:54:44.159 --> 00:54:47.239
<v Speaker 2>So apparently mosquitoes can flap their tiny little wings up

977
00:54:47.280 --> 00:54:50.960
<v Speaker 2>to one thousand times a second at a tremendously high

978
00:54:51.039 --> 00:54:55.039
<v Speaker 2>frequency over seven hundred hearts, which is about the same

979
00:54:55.159 --> 00:54:58.599
<v Speaker 2>pitch as a police siren, although it can vary depending

980
00:54:58.599 --> 00:55:01.239
<v Speaker 2>on the mood they're trying to set. And according to

981
00:55:01.280 --> 00:55:05.039
<v Speaker 2>some researchers at Cornell, male mosquitoes usually are thrumbing a

982
00:55:05.079 --> 00:55:08.639
<v Speaker 2>buzz around six to seven hundred hertz, and ladies are

983
00:55:08.639 --> 00:55:12.440
<v Speaker 2>a bit lower of four hundred hertz, But when they

984
00:55:12.480 --> 00:55:15.800
<v Speaker 2>find each other and are about to mate, they are

985
00:55:16.280 --> 00:55:20.960
<v Speaker 2>quite literally vibing. They're raising their buzz frequency in harmonics

986
00:55:21.239 --> 00:55:24.519
<v Speaker 2>to about twelve hundred hertz, which is right at like

987
00:55:24.599 --> 00:55:28.360
<v Speaker 2>the whistletone registers like Mariah Carey's high notes. Just two

988
00:55:28.400 --> 00:55:31.840
<v Speaker 2>bugs just get it on, and the males have these

989
00:55:31.880 --> 00:55:36.719
<v Speaker 2>bushy antennay to pick up on ladies' locations. Using seven

990
00:55:36.800 --> 00:55:40.239
<v Speaker 2>thousand cents resells dedicated to hearing which is almost as

991
00:55:40.280 --> 00:55:43.480
<v Speaker 2>many as you have now. In case you're like this

992
00:55:43.639 --> 00:55:45.840
<v Speaker 2>seems like something I could get into and you need

993
00:55:45.880 --> 00:55:49.519
<v Speaker 2>a meditation playlist, get yourself some inspo with this freshest

994
00:55:49.559 --> 00:55:52.480
<v Speaker 2>hell paper from last month surveillance of mosquitos harnessing their

995
00:55:52.480 --> 00:55:56.039
<v Speaker 2>buzzing sound, which concluded that yes, mosquito sounds are species

996
00:55:56.079 --> 00:56:00.320
<v Speaker 2>specific and sex specific and important for communication, and they

997
00:56:00.320 --> 00:56:04.800
<v Speaker 2>can even relay fed or unfed status. Cornell researcher doctor

998
00:56:04.880 --> 00:56:07.480
<v Speaker 2>David hoy has said they are interacting on the fly

999
00:56:07.960 --> 00:56:12.519
<v Speaker 2>an in song. So they're kind of like hummingbirds that

1000
00:56:12.599 --> 00:56:16.800
<v Speaker 2>are surgeons a little bit, yeah maybe, but that are

1001
00:56:16.800 --> 00:56:17.639
<v Speaker 2>also sparkly.

1002
00:56:17.960 --> 00:56:22.639
<v Speaker 3>They're also sparkly, you know, hummingbirds and mosquitoes kind of

1003
00:56:23.119 --> 00:56:26.480
<v Speaker 3>they're fast, they're kind of sparkly, and they have that

1004
00:56:26.559 --> 00:56:28.239
<v Speaker 3>weird mouth art right.

1005
00:56:29.599 --> 00:56:34.880
<v Speaker 2>The tiniest hummingbirds ever. They just happen to like meat,

1006
00:56:35.199 --> 00:56:39.000
<v Speaker 2>which is you yea some of them. Yeah, but we

1007
00:56:39.119 --> 00:56:42.760
<v Speaker 2>have one bazillion questions from listeners, which we were not

1008
00:56:42.920 --> 00:56:45.320
<v Speaker 2>going to toss it you all at once, but can

1009
00:56:45.360 --> 00:56:46.480
<v Speaker 2>I ask them from listeners?

1010
00:56:47.079 --> 00:56:47.440
<v Speaker 3>Yeah?

1011
00:56:47.679 --> 00:56:51.599
<v Speaker 2>Amazing. So next week we return with all the tips

1012
00:56:51.639 --> 00:56:54.079
<v Speaker 2>on how to repel them. What you can spray on

1013
00:56:54.119 --> 00:56:57.760
<v Speaker 2>your skin, what to do in your yard? We talk Zeka, Dangay, malaria,

1014
00:56:57.920 --> 00:57:00.480
<v Speaker 2>West Nile, how much to worry about each of them,

1015
00:57:00.840 --> 00:57:03.400
<v Speaker 2>and so many more practicalities that will make you itch

1016
00:57:03.480 --> 00:57:07.239
<v Speaker 2>and scratch a little less. Meanwhile, ask Mozzi people amazing

1017
00:57:07.320 --> 00:57:09.519
<v Speaker 2>questions because it's worth the wait. Now. You can follow

1018
00:57:09.559 --> 00:57:12.360
<v Speaker 2>doctor r Gilmour on x at Mazzifowl linked in the

1019
00:57:12.360 --> 00:57:15.679
<v Speaker 2>show notes. She's on Instagram at Foxyfoul, which is also

1020
00:57:15.800 --> 00:57:20.400
<v Speaker 2>linked style and mosquito appreciation in equal measures. She's lovely.

1021
00:57:20.760 --> 00:57:23.119
<v Speaker 2>We'll be back next week with more of her wisdom

1022
00:57:23.159 --> 00:57:26.360
<v Speaker 2>and her bug facts and my personal giddiness. We're at

1023
00:57:26.400 --> 00:57:28.960
<v Speaker 2>Ologies on Instagram and Twitter. I'm at Aliward on both.

1024
00:57:29.199 --> 00:57:31.920
<v Speaker 2>Smologies is our new spin off show in its own

1025
00:57:32.159 --> 00:57:36.559
<v Speaker 2>subscribable feed, kid and Classroom safe shorter cuts of classic episodes.

1026
00:57:36.599 --> 00:57:38.320
<v Speaker 2>You can subscribe at the link in the show notes.

1027
00:57:38.360 --> 00:57:41.239
<v Speaker 2>That's Smologies. Please do tell friends with kids. Port of

1028
00:57:41.239 --> 00:57:44.440
<v Speaker 2>mouth is everything to us, so tell a friend. Ologies

1029
00:57:44.480 --> 00:57:47.159
<v Speaker 2>merch is available at ologiesmirch dot com. You can become

1030
00:57:47.199 --> 00:57:49.880
<v Speaker 2>a patron at patreon dot com. Slash Ologies. Our ologies

1031
00:57:49.960 --> 00:57:53.880
<v Speaker 2>podcast Facebook group is admined by Aaron Talbert. Professional transcripts

1032
00:57:53.960 --> 00:57:57.119
<v Speaker 2>by Aveline Mallick of The Wordery. Noel Dilworth is our

1033
00:57:57.199 --> 00:58:00.480
<v Speaker 2>scheduling producer. Susan Hale is our managing director, who recently

1034
00:58:00.519 --> 00:58:03.199
<v Speaker 2>celebrated a birthday. Even though she tends to lay low

1035
00:58:03.239 --> 00:58:05.880
<v Speaker 2>on her birthday. We love you, Susan, deal with it.

1036
00:58:06.159 --> 00:58:08.840
<v Speaker 2>This episode was edited by Jake Chafe and lead editor

1037
00:58:08.920 --> 00:58:11.599
<v Speaker 2>who has earned her scally mosquito stripes. Mercedes Maitland of

1038
00:58:11.599 --> 00:58:14.320
<v Speaker 2>Maitland Audio. Nick Thorburn wrote the theme music. And if

1039
00:58:14.360 --> 00:58:15.679
<v Speaker 2>you stick around to the end of the episode, I

1040
00:58:15.679 --> 00:58:18.199
<v Speaker 2>Tell you a secret. And this week I just realized

1041
00:58:18.199 --> 00:58:20.320
<v Speaker 2>that I said tell a friend. And there was this

1042
00:58:20.800 --> 00:58:24.000
<v Speaker 2>grocery store chain. I must have been like three, and

1043
00:58:24.079 --> 00:58:28.119
<v Speaker 2>it was called Alpha Beta and their commercials were like

1044
00:58:28.159 --> 00:58:31.920
<v Speaker 2>Alpha Beta, tell a friend. And I took that very literally.

1045
00:58:32.039 --> 00:58:34.159
<v Speaker 2>And there was a friend of mine in the neighborhood

1046
00:58:34.239 --> 00:58:38.039
<v Speaker 2>named Tom who was technically my first husband. We were three,

1047
00:58:38.119 --> 00:58:41.239
<v Speaker 2>we were set up. We had a ceremony. Actually scratch that,

1048
00:58:41.320 --> 00:58:43.360
<v Speaker 2>his name was Tad. I'm sorry about that. Tad pirs

1049
00:58:43.400 --> 00:58:46.960
<v Speaker 2>husband's always gets the shaft. But anyway, having been instructed

1050
00:58:46.960 --> 00:58:49.400
<v Speaker 2>by Alpha Beta via a commercial to please tell a friend,

1051
00:58:49.400 --> 00:58:52.239
<v Speaker 2>I was like, hey, tad alpha beta, I did it,

1052
00:58:52.320 --> 00:58:55.960
<v Speaker 2>and I hope he still remembers. But ologies tell a friend,

1053
00:58:56.440 --> 00:58:58.559
<v Speaker 2>you can just say the word. You don't have to elaborate.

1054
00:58:58.960 --> 00:59:01.639
<v Speaker 2>I think either way it's a pretreciate it. But anyway, all right,

1055
00:59:01.679 --> 00:59:05.320
<v Speaker 2>that's it. Next week, more mosquitoes. How do you repel them?

1056
00:59:05.360 --> 00:59:08.920
<v Speaker 2>What do you do? What do you do? What do

1057
00:59:08.960 --> 00:59:09.440
<v Speaker 2>you do?

1058
00:59:11.679 --> 00:59:14.320
<v Speaker 4>Why we got you? Bye bye?

1059
00:59:14.679 --> 00:59:27.840
<v Speaker 2>Pacodermatology, homology or doo zoology, lithology, technology, meteorology, no, pedatology, nanthology, seriology, selenology.

1060
00:59:34.119 --> 00:59:35.440
<v Speaker 2>It's just the mosquitoes.

1061
00:59:35.480 --> 00:59:35.960
<v Speaker 3>They love me.