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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to Astronomy Daily.

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<v Speaker 2>I'm excited to bring you another fascinating day of space

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<v Speaker 2>and astronomy news. There's quite a bit to cover today,

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<v Speaker 2>from orbital drama to seasonal changes on the Red planet.

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<v Speaker 2>We'll start with a concerning development in Earth orbit, where

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<v Speaker 2>a retired military weather satellite has broken up into dozens

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<v Speaker 2>of pieces, adding to a pattern of similar incidents with

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<v Speaker 2>these particular spacecraft. Then we'll look ahead to SpaceX's upcoming

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<v Speaker 2>Bandwagon two mission, which will carry an impressive array of

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<v Speaker 2>thirty different payloads into orbit, including an advanced.

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<v Speaker 1>Radar satellite for South Korea.

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<v Speaker 2>We'll also take a journey to Mars, where NASA's Mars

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<v Speaker 2>Reconnaissance Orbiter has been capturing some incredible seasonal phenomena. Unlike

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<v Speaker 2>Earth's gentle seasonal transitions, Mars experiences some remarkably explosive changes

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<v Speaker 2>during its spring thaw, and I can't wait to tell

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<v Speaker 2>you all about them. Plus, we've got to look at

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<v Speaker 2>a new theory about that mysterious dark energy, and we'll

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<v Speaker 2>revisit an age old debate with some new research.

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<v Speaker 1>So let's get started.

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<v Speaker 2>In a concerning development, the US Space Force has reported

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<v Speaker 2>that a defunct military weather satellite experienced what they're calling

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<v Speaker 2>a low velocity fragmentation event on December eighteenth. The incident

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<v Speaker 2>occurred at an altitude of about eight hundred and forty kilometers,

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<v Speaker 2>creating more than fifty pieces of trackable debris, according to

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<v Speaker 2>radar observations from commercial space monitoring company Leo Labs. The

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<v Speaker 2>satellite in question, known as DMSP five D two F fourteen,

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<v Speaker 2>was launched back in nineteen ninety seven as part of

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<v Speaker 2>the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. After serving its purpose for

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<v Speaker 2>over two decades, it was retired in twenty twenty, but

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<v Speaker 2>remained in its Sun synchronous orbit. Weighing about seven hundred

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<v Speaker 2>and fifty kilograms, this spacecraft is now the latest in

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<v Speaker 2>a series of similar satellites to meet this unfortunate fate.

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<v Speaker 2>What's particularly concerning is that this isn't an isolated incident.

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<v Speaker 2>Several other satellites from the same family have experienced similar

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<v Speaker 2>breaks make ups over the years. In October twenty sixteen,

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<v Speaker 2>the F twelve satellite broke apart, following the fragmentation of

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<v Speaker 2>F thirteen. In February twenty fifteen, going back even further,

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<v Speaker 2>the F eleven spacecraft created fifty six pieces of tracked

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<v Speaker 2>debris when it broke up in two thousand four. The

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<v Speaker 2>root cause appears to be a known design flaw in

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<v Speaker 2>these satellites battery assemblies that makes them vulnerable to explosion.

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<v Speaker 2>This issue isn't limited to military satellites either. Similar civilian

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<v Speaker 2>weather satellites operated by Noah have suffered the same fate,

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<v Speaker 2>with Noah sixteen breaking up in twenty fifteen and Noah

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<v Speaker 2>seventeen following suit in twenty twenty one. Most troubling is

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<v Speaker 2>that these breakups occurred despite attempts to prevent them through

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<v Speaker 2>a process called passivation, where satellites are prepared for decommissioning

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<v Speaker 2>by draining their batteries and venting fuel tanks.

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<v Speaker 1>Industry experts note.

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<v Speaker 2>That this process may not be fully effective on older

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<v Speaker 2>satellites that were designed before modern orbital debris mitigation practices

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<v Speaker 2>were established. Next up, SpaceX is gearing up for an

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<v Speaker 2>exciting ride share mission from Vandenberg Space for Space in California.

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<v Speaker 2>The Bandwagon two mission, scheduled for a three thirty four

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<v Speaker 2>am Pacific launch on December twenty first, will carry an

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<v Speaker 2>impressive array of thirty different payloads to orbit the Star

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<v Speaker 2>of this mission is a sophisticated radar satellite for South Korea,

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<v Speaker 2>capable of seeing through clouds and darkness to capture detailed

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<v Speaker 2>images of Earth. This spacecraft is part of South Korea's

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<v Speaker 2>four hundred and twenty five project, a constellation of military

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<v Speaker 2>Earth observation satellites that combines both optical and radar imaging capabilities.

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<v Speaker 2>Among the other fascinating payloads are two satellites from Ice

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<v Speaker 2>that will join their radar imaging constellation, and a trio

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<v Speaker 2>of satellites from Hawkeye three hundred and sixty that will

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<v Speaker 2>work together to pinpoint radio frequency transmissions from orbit. Two

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<v Speaker 2>compact weather satellites from tomorrow dot Io will collect valuable

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<v Speaker 2>atmospheric data, while LIZZISATI will test out new imaging and

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<v Speaker 2>computing technologies in space. The mission will use Falcon nine

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<v Speaker 2>booster B one THY seventy one, making its twenty first flight.

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<v Speaker 2>After sending its passengers on their way, the booster will

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<v Speaker 2>return to land at landing Zone four, right next to

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<v Speaker 2>its launch pad. The second stage will perform a carefully

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<v Speaker 2>choreographed series of burns to deploy the satellites at two

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<v Speaker 2>different altitudes, most at five hundred and ten kilometers and

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<v Speaker 2>the South Korean satellite at five hundred and seventy kilometers.

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<v Speaker 2>This launch represents SpaceX's one hundred thirty first Falcon mission

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<v Speaker 2>of the year, marking an incredibly busy period for the company.

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<v Speaker 2>It's also their second dedicated ride share mission to a

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<v Speaker 2>mid inclination orbit, specifically chosen to keep these satellites positioned

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<v Speaker 2>over more populated areas of our planet rather than following

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<v Speaker 2>the polar orbits typically used for Earth observation missions. After deployment,

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<v Speaker 2>these satellites will begin their diverse missions from Earth imaging

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<v Speaker 2>and weather monitoring, to testing new space technologies and providing

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<v Speaker 2>communications serve vises. Together, they represent a remarkable snapshot of

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<v Speaker 2>the increasing variety and capability of small satellites being launched today.

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<v Speaker 2>Ever thought about the concept of seasons on other planets.

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<v Speaker 2>While we're celebrating the approaching new year here on Earth,

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<v Speaker 2>Mars has already completed its journey around the Sun, marking

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<v Speaker 2>the end of its six hundred and eighty seven Earth

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<v Speaker 2>Day year this past November. But unlike Earth's northern winter

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<v Speaker 2>wonderland or southern hemispheres summer, Mars is experiencing a spectacular

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<v Speaker 2>spring awakening that's far more dramatic than anything we see

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<v Speaker 2>here at home. Instead of gentle snow melt and trickling streams,

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<v Speaker 2>Mars puts on an explosive show. The red planet's thin

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<v Speaker 2>atmosphere means ice doesn't gradually melt into liquid. It transforms

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<v Speaker 2>directly into gas in a process called sublimation. This creates

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<v Speaker 2>some truly remarkable phenomena that NASA's Mars Reconnaissance orbiter has

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<v Speaker 2>been tracking for nearly two decades. One of the most

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<v Speaker 2>dramatic events are the frost avalanche. Imagine witnessing a massive

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<v Speaker 2>chunk of carbon dioxide frost wider than a house, breaking

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<v Speaker 2>free and tumbling down Martian cliffs. The orbiter's high resolution

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<v Speaker 2>cameras actually captured one of these spectacular events, showing a

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<v Speaker 2>sixty six foot wide block of dry ice in freefall.

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<v Speaker 2>But that's just the beginning. As spring temperatures rise, pressurized

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<v Speaker 2>carbon dioxide gas builds up beneath the surface ice until

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<v Speaker 2>it literally explodes upward, creating powerful geysers that blast dark

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<v Speaker 2>fans of sand and dust into the Martian sky. These

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<v Speaker 2>explosive jets leave behind distinctive patterns in the soil that

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<v Speaker 2>when viewed from orbit, look remarkably like giant spider legs

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<v Speaker 2>etched into the surface. Perhaps most impressive is the planet's

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<v Speaker 2>northern ice cap, a structure as large as Texas that

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<v Speaker 2>features enormous spiral troughs carved by powerful seasonal winds. Some

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<v Speaker 2>of these troughs stretch as long as California, dwarfing similar

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<v Speaker 2>features found in Antarctica. As the spring thaw begins, these

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<v Speaker 2>channels become super highways for warm wind gusts that gain

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<v Speaker 2>speed and heat as they race downhill. These same winds

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<v Speaker 2>are constantly reshaping Mars's landscape, particularly its sand dunes. During winter,

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<v Speaker 2>carbon dioxide frost locks these dunes in place, but once

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<v Speaker 2>spring arrives and the frost sublimates, they begin their slow

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<v Speaker 2>migration across the Martian surface. It's a seasonal dance that's

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<v Speaker 2>been ongoing for eons, sculpting and reshaping the face of

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<v Speaker 2>our neighboring planet. What makes this even more fascinating is

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<v Speaker 2>that each Martian spring is unique, with subtle variations in

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<v Speaker 2>temperature and timing creating different patterns of sublimation and surface activity.

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<v Speaker 2>It's a reminder that Mars, despite its apparent desolation, is

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<v Speaker 2>a dynamically changing world with its own distinctive seasonal rhythm. Now,

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<v Speaker 2>let's dive into a topic that's been puzzling scientists for

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<v Speaker 2>decades dark energy. For years, the term dark energy has

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<v Speaker 2>been used to describe the mysterious force believed to drive

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<v Speaker 2>the accelerated expansion of our universe. It's thought to make

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<v Speaker 2>up about two thirds of the universe's total mass energy content. However,

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<v Speaker 2>recent research from the University of Canterbury in christ Church,

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<v Speaker 2>New Zealand challenges this long standing concept. Led by Professor

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<v Speaker 2>David Wiltshire, the team analyzed supernova light curves with enhanced precision.

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<v Speaker 2>Their findings suggest that the universe's expansion isn't uniform, but

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<v Speaker 2>rather lumpy, varying in different regions. This challenges the conventional

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<v Speaker 2>lambda cold dark matter model, which relies on dark energy

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<v Speaker 2>to explain the universe's accelerating expansion. The researchers propose an alternative,

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<v Speaker 2>the timescape model. This model considers that gravity affects time,

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<v Speaker 2>causing clocks and regions with different gravitational strengths to tick

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<v Speaker 2>at varying rates. For instance, a clock in the emptiness

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<v Speaker 2>of space would run faster than one within a galaxy.

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<v Speaker 2>These time differences could lead to the perception of an

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<v Speaker 2>accelerating universe without invoking dark energy. Professor Wiltshire explains our

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<v Speaker 2>findings show that we do not need dark energy to

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<v Speaker 2>explain why the universe appears to expand at an accelerating rate.

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<v Speaker 2>He suggests that what we've been interpreting as dark energy

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<v Speaker 2>might actually be variations in the kinetic energy of expansion

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<v Speaker 2>influenced by the universe's lumpy structure. This perspective also offers

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<v Speaker 2>insights into the Hubble tension, the discrepancy between the current

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<v Speaker 2>expansion rate of the universe and predictions based on early

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<v Speaker 2>universe observations. By accounting for regional variations and expansion, the

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<v Speaker 2>Timescape model could bridge this gap. While these findings are compelling,

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<v Speaker 2>they don't entirely dismiss the existence of dark energy. Instead,

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<v Speaker 2>they encourage a reevaluation of our cosmological models and highlight

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<v Speaker 2>the importance of considering the universe's complex structure in our calculations.

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<v Speaker 2>As we continue to explore these cosmic mysteries, each discovery

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<v Speaker 2>brings us closer to understanding the true nature of our universe.

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<v Speaker 2>It's a thrilling reminder of how much there is yet

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<v Speaker 2>to learn. Finally, today, let's revisit a classic debate, what

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<v Speaker 2>really caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. For decades, scientists

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<v Speaker 2>have pondered whether massive volcanic eruptions or a catastrophic meteorite

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<v Speaker 2>impact led to the dinosaur's demise. Recent research from utrect

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<v Speaker 2>University and the University of Manchester sheds new light on

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<v Speaker 2>this mystery. The study focuses on the Deccan Traps in India,

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<v Speaker 2>where colossal volcanic eruptions occurred around sixty six million years ago.

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<v Speaker 2>These eruptions released vast amounts of sulfur and carbon dioxide,

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<v Speaker 2>potentially altering the global climate. By analyzing fossil molecules from

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<v Speaker 2>ancient peats in the United States, scientists reconstructed air temperatures

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<v Speaker 2>during this period. They discovered that a significant volcanic eruption

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<v Speaker 2>about thirty thousand years before the meteorite impact caused a

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<v Speaker 2>global cooling of approximately five degrees celsius. However, temperatures rebounded

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<v Speaker 2>twenty thousand years before the impact, likely due to volcanic

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<v Speaker 2>CO two emissions. This timeline suggests that while these volcanic

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<v Speaker 2>events had drastic consequences, for life on Earth. Their climatic

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<v Speaker 2>effects had dissipated thousands of years before the chi Salub

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<v Speaker 2>meteorite struck. Therefore, the meteorite impact remains the primary culprit

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<v Speaker 2>behind the mass extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs.

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<v Speaker 2>Lauren O'Connor of Utrecht University notes these volcanic eruptions and

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<v Speaker 2>associated CO two and sulfur releases would have had drastic

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<v Speaker 2>consequences for life on Earth, but these events occurred millennia

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<v Speaker 2>before the meteorite impact and probably played only a small

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<v Speaker 2>part in the extinction of dinosaurs. This research underscores the

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<v Speaker 2>catastrophic impact of the Chisalub meteorite, which unleashed wildfires, earthquakes, tsunamis,

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<v Speaker 2>and an impact winter that blocked sunlight and devastated ecosystems.

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<v Speaker 2>Understanding these events helps us piece together Earth's complex history

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<v Speaker 2>and the factors that have shaped life on our planet.

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<v Speaker 2>It's a fascinating reminder of the dynamic forces at play

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<v Speaker 2>over geological timescales, and that wraps up today's fascinating journey

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<v Speaker 2>through space, from Earth orbiting satellite breakups to SpaceX's ambitious

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<v Speaker 2>ride share mission and the dramatic spring spectacle unfolding on Mars.

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<v Speaker 2>I'm Anna and I hope you've enjoyed this episode of

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<v Speaker 2>Astronomy Daily. If you're hungry for more space content, I've

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<v Speaker 2>latest space in astronomy news through our constantly updating news feed.

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<v Speaker 2>While you're there, you can also catch up on all

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<v Speaker 2>our previous episodes. Want to join our community of space enthusiasts,

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<v Speaker 2>We'd love to hear your thoughts on today's stories and

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<v Speaker 2>engage with you about all things space. Thank you for

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<v Speaker 2>spending time with us today exploring the wonders of space.

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<v Speaker 2>Until next time, keep looking up and stay curious about

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<v Speaker 2>our cosmic neighborhood.

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<v Speaker 1>Sunny Day Star is so.

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<v Speaker 2>Star is Star