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<v Speaker 1>Language development, structure, and thought process where we're talking about

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<v Speaker 1>today language develops some predictable stages and is explained. But

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<v Speaker 1>what they call nativist learning and interactionist theories is where

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<v Speaker 1>we're looking at. We're also we're looking at phrenology, morphology, syntex, semantics, pragmatics.

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<v Speaker 1>We'll talk about Brooker's area again, remember speech production and

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<v Speaker 1>Wernky's area, which supports speech comprehension. Language shapes through thought

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<v Speaker 1>through what they call linguistic relativity by suppeer Worth. Also,

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<v Speaker 1>problem solving relies on algorithms heuristics, which we've bumped into before.

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<v Speaker 1>Insight and creativity limited by certain things called functional fixedness

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<v Speaker 1>and mental set And then we'll look at language and

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<v Speaker 1>thought disruptions that appear in autism, aphasia, and schizophrenia. So

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<v Speaker 1>let's take a look. So language and thought they don't

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<v Speaker 1>run evenly. They kind of interweave. So a single phrase

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<v Speaker 1>can actually change perception. Goes back to the old phrase

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<v Speaker 1>words matter, A word can make a feeling, makes sense

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<v Speaker 1>in a lot of times. So stages of language development

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<v Speaker 1>language acquisition follows a general sequence, for instance, cooing stage

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<v Speaker 1>six to eight weeks. Now, of course, timing can vary.

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<v Speaker 1>This cooping stage is vowel like sounds, and it's exploratory

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<v Speaker 1>babbling stage four to six months. Repeated consonant vowel combinations

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<v Speaker 1>like bahbah or godda one word stage twelve months. These

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<v Speaker 1>are what they call holo phrases used to express full ideas.

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<v Speaker 1>So juice means I want juice, so they use one

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<v Speaker 1>or two words to express a lot. Eighteen to twenty

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<v Speaker 1>four months is actually when they use two word stage

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<v Speaker 1>want toy. So this is what they have what they

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<v Speaker 1>call telegraphic speech, short syntax, weird combinations, and then all

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<v Speaker 1>of a sudden, between two to six you have a

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<v Speaker 1>rapid vocabulary growth. It's really kind of explodes. Grammar rules

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<v Speaker 1>are starting to be applied off and over generalized go

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<v Speaker 1>in instead of went, But by age five most children

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<v Speaker 1>have mastered basic grammar, although more subtle linguistic nuances like

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<v Speaker 1>sarcasm continue to develop into adolescence. Theoretical approaches to language

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<v Speaker 1>acquisition natives is Chomsky's theory where humans are born with

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<v Speaker 1>a language active acquisition device and an innate ability to

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<v Speaker 1>learn language. There's some kind of universal grammar that underlies

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<v Speaker 1>all language, according to him, and he explains what This

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<v Speaker 1>explains why. According to him, children create grammatically correct sentences

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<v Speaker 1>they've never heard before. Skinner believes languages learned through reinforcement

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<v Speaker 1>and imitation. A child hears mama, repeats it and is rewarded.

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<v Speaker 1>An interactionist combines biology and environment. Children are biologically prepared

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<v Speaker 1>to learn language, but social interaction guides how and when

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<v Speaker 1>they develop it. So if a question mentions innate grammar rules,

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<v Speaker 1>it's what they call a nativist. If it emphasizes reward,

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<v Speaker 1>it's learning. And if it blends environment with biology, we're

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<v Speaker 1>talking about interactionists. Let's look at the structure of language phenomes, phonemes,

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<v Speaker 1>I'm sorry, sounds of speech. English has forty four phonemes.

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<v Speaker 1>Misperception or misproduction like a rabbit for rabbit often appears

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<v Speaker 1>in early development or disorders like speech sound disorder morphology.

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<v Speaker 1>The smallest units of meaning morphemes, for example, unhappiness. It

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<v Speaker 1>has three of them, right, the three little morphemes unhappy

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<v Speaker 1>and then ness. Syntax rules that govern sentence structure, disorders

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<v Speaker 1>like broc as aphasia that affects syntactic production, semantics, meaning

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<v Speaker 1>of words and phrases, and these are you can see

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<v Speaker 1>deficits and semantics when in dementia or wernickey ephasia. It's

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<v Speaker 1>a comprehension as well, so where fluency is preserved but

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<v Speaker 1>meaning is impaired annex to social rules of language, turn taking, tone, indirectiveness,

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<v Speaker 1>This is obviously impaired a lot of autism spectrum disorder

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<v Speaker 1>people with autism spectrum where little inter literal interpretations dominate.

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<v Speaker 1>Neurological language centers. A Broker's area comes back to play

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<v Speaker 1>from the frontal lobes supports speech production and grammar construction.

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<v Speaker 1>Member damages broke as aphasias who have slow effortful speech

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<v Speaker 1>with preserved comprehension. Wernicke's area, back on the temporal lobes,

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<v Speaker 1>supports language comprehension. Damage leads to Wernicke's aphasia fluent but

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<v Speaker 1>non semsical speech. Other areas include the arcuate fasciculus at

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<v Speaker 1>ar c u a te fasciculus as fas c I

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<v Speaker 1>c u l u s. It connects brokers and Wernickes,

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<v Speaker 1>and the damage here can have inability to repeat phrases,

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<v Speaker 1>what they call conduction aphasia. And then you have angular

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<v Speaker 1>gyrus which is involved in reading and write, you can

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<v Speaker 1>diagnose language deficits with the bosson diagnostic ephasia examination. Now

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<v Speaker 1>we head over to language and thought, and the famous

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<v Speaker 1>Supier Wharf hypothesis appears sapi R. They also call it

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<v Speaker 1>linguistic relativity, and it proposes a language shape's thought. In

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<v Speaker 1>its strong form linguistic determinism, thought is constrained by language

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<v Speaker 1>and its weaker form relativity. Language influences perception and cognitive categories.

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<v Speaker 1>Some languages of multiple words for snow or light blue.

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<v Speaker 1>Speakers of these languages may more easily distinguish shades than

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<v Speaker 1>those without the words. How our client labels emotions, for instance,

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<v Speaker 1>sad versus defeated, versus broken impacts. How they process experience

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<v Speaker 1>and culture will play a big role here and therapy.

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<v Speaker 1>One of their goals is also to expand emotional vocabulary

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<v Speaker 1>how to identify it to improve self understanding. Problem solving

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<v Speaker 1>approaches is another category you'll be thinking of. Algorithm, step

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<v Speaker 1>by step methods, methods that guarantee a solution. Some will

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<v Speaker 1>or to a math formula, but it does take time.

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<v Speaker 1>This is where you come into something that's faster but

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<v Speaker 1>prone to error, something called heuristics, which are mental shortcuts,

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<v Speaker 1>like the availability heuristic judging likelihood by easer recall. So

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<v Speaker 1>something you've been exposed to you over and over again

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<v Speaker 1>is going to be a much faster in your recall,

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<v Speaker 1>which of course can bias your thinking. Representativeness heuristic judging

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<v Speaker 1>by similarity to stereotype insight, sudden realization of a solution,

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<v Speaker 1>the aha moment. Creativity generating novel and useful solutions involves

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<v Speaker 1>divergent thinking supported by a prefuntal cortex and default mode

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<v Speaker 1>network activity. Obstacles to problem solving we mentioned earlier is

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<v Speaker 1>functional fixedness, which is seeing objects only in their usual function.

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<v Speaker 1>This is kind of where a client may not think

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<v Speaker 1>of using a book to open to prop open a

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<v Speaker 1>door if it's only associated with re so cognitive flexibility

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<v Speaker 1>is compromised. Here. Mental set is relying on past solutions

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<v Speaker 1>even when they no longer work. If therapists might keep

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<v Speaker 1>using the same intervention despite lack of lack of progress,

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<v Speaker 1>well that's the old famous saying that they used to

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<v Speaker 1>attribute to Einstein. I think it was when they used

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<v Speaker 1>to say trying the same thing over and over again

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<v Speaker 1>is a definition of insanity. But I don't think you

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<v Speaker 1>ever said it. Problem solving therapy helps clients generate alternatives

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<v Speaker 1>and break rigid thought patterns, and of course, increase cognitive flexibility.

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<v Speaker 1>Some of the ideas in regards to clinical conditions autism,

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<v Speaker 1>spectrum disorder again has language delays, impaired pragmatics and literal interpretation.

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<v Speaker 1>Schizophrenia disorganized thought can affect language, Loose associations, neologisms, creating

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<v Speaker 1>new words and clang associations reflect disrupted semantic networks major depression.

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<v Speaker 1>Thought processes become narrowed, rigid, and pestimistic. Cognitive restructuring targets

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<v Speaker 1>what they call distorted internal language. I'll always fail. CBT

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<v Speaker 1>and language therapy rewires thought by challenging verbal association patterns,

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<v Speaker 1>labeling distortions, and reframing these narratives. So we're talking about

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<v Speaker 1>schizophrenia a minute ago, I want to kind of elaborate

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<v Speaker 1>a little bit. Schizophreny offer presents again a disorganized speech,

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<v Speaker 1>so loose associations example, I need to go to the store,

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<v Speaker 1>but my feet are cold. So ideas are only loosely

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<v Speaker 1>connected or completely unrelated, leading to disjointed speech. Clang associations

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<v Speaker 1>a speech in which the sound of words rather than

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<v Speaker 1>their meaning drives language use. The boat floats on a

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<v Speaker 1>moat with a goat and a coat note that I

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<v Speaker 1>wrote it. These disturbances reflect to break down in the

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<v Speaker 1>normal control of association between ideas semantic networks. These networks

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<v Speaker 1>rely on spreading activation. Activating one concept like a cat,

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<v Speaker 1>leads to the activation of related concepts for per mouse,

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<v Speaker 1>So the semantic networks is a kind of like a

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<v Speaker 1>spider web connects to different places and scenzophrenia. This activation

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<v Speaker 1>becomes too broad or unconstrained, resulting in inappropriate connections or

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<v Speaker 1>tangential thoughts. So again, loose and clang associations reflect hyperactive

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<v Speaker 1>semantic activation, too many associations and even irrelevant ones, or

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<v Speaker 1>impaired inhibitory control difficulty filtering out irrelevant associations. The brain

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<v Speaker 1>regions affected by this left superior temporal gyrus involves auditory

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<v Speaker 1>processing and language comprehension correlates with thought disorder. Broca's area

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<v Speaker 1>again for speech production and language planning. Dysfunction here may

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<v Speaker 1>contribute to poverty of speech or word salads. Warnicky's areas

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<v Speaker 1>we mentioned earlier critical for understanding language damage. Dysfunction contributes

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<v Speaker 1>to receptive language deficits the prefonal cortex, which plays a

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<v Speaker 1>role in filtering semantic content, making sure speech stays on topic.

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<v Speaker 1>This function here can lead to tangential thoughts or disinhibited

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<v Speaker 1>words as well. Anterior singulate cortex involved in error dejection,

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<v Speaker 1>monitoring conflict, and modulating attention. A pairman here can lead

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<v Speaker 1>to poor self monitoring of speech or thought errors. Sometimes

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<v Speaker 1>in dopamine ysregulation, particularly in the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways

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<v Speaker 1>that we've talked about before. Overactivity in the mesolimbic dopamine

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<v Speaker 1>can increase salience of irrelevant associations, potentially driving clang and

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<v Speaker 1>loose associations Glutamate this function may also disrupt synaptic pruiting

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<v Speaker 1>and neural connectivity, affecting semantic processing. So I just wanted

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<v Speaker 1>to add those components to it. Next time we go

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<v Speaker 1>into the world of CBT, we're going to be talking

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<v Speaker 1>about cognitive distortions in psychopathology and some of the treatments

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<v Speaker 1>involved at CBT