Speaker 1: Language development, structure, and thought process where we're talking about
Speaker 1: today language develops some predictable stages and is explained. But
Speaker 1: what they call nativist learning and interactionist theories is where
Speaker 1: we're looking at. We're also we're looking at phrenology, morphology, syntex, semantics, pragmatics.
Speaker 1: We'll talk about Brooker's area again, remember speech production and
Speaker 1: Wernky's area, which supports speech comprehension. Language shapes through thought
Speaker 1: through what they call linguistic relativity by suppeer Worth. Also,
Speaker 1: problem solving relies on algorithms heuristics, which we've bumped into before.
Speaker 1: Insight and creativity limited by certain things called functional fixedness
Speaker 1: and mental set And then we'll look at language and
Speaker 1: thought disruptions that appear in autism, aphasia, and schizophrenia. So
Speaker 1: let's take a look. So language and thought they don't
Speaker 1: run evenly. They kind of interweave. So a single phrase
Speaker 1: can actually change perception. Goes back to the old phrase
Speaker 1: words matter, A word can make a feeling, makes sense
Speaker 1: in a lot of times. So stages of language development
Speaker 1: language acquisition follows a general sequence, for instance, cooing stage
Speaker 1: six to eight weeks. Now, of course, timing can vary.
Speaker 1: This cooping stage is vowel like sounds, and it's exploratory
Speaker 1: babbling stage four to six months. Repeated consonant vowel combinations
Speaker 1: like bahbah or godda one word stage twelve months. These
Speaker 1: are what they call holo phrases used to express full ideas.
Speaker 1: So juice means I want juice, so they use one
Speaker 1: or two words to express a lot. Eighteen to twenty
Speaker 1: four months is actually when they use two word stage
Speaker 1: want toy. So this is what they have what they
Speaker 1: call telegraphic speech, short syntax, weird combinations, and then all
Speaker 1: of a sudden, between two to six you have a
Speaker 1: rapid vocabulary growth. It's really kind of explodes. Grammar rules
Speaker 1: are starting to be applied off and over generalized go
Speaker 1: in instead of went, But by age five most children
Speaker 1: have mastered basic grammar, although more subtle linguistic nuances like
Speaker 1: sarcasm continue to develop into adolescence. Theoretical approaches to language
Speaker 1: acquisition natives is Chomsky's theory where humans are born with
Speaker 1: a language active acquisition device and an innate ability to
Speaker 1: learn language. There's some kind of universal grammar that underlies
Speaker 1: all language, according to him, and he explains what This
Speaker 1: explains why. According to him, children create grammatically correct sentences
Speaker 1: they've never heard before. Skinner believes languages learned through reinforcement
Speaker 1: and imitation. A child hears mama, repeats it and is rewarded.
Speaker 1: An interactionist combines biology and environment. Children are biologically prepared
Speaker 1: to learn language, but social interaction guides how and when
Speaker 1: they develop it. So if a question mentions innate grammar rules,
Speaker 1: it's what they call a nativist. If it emphasizes reward,
Speaker 1: it's learning. And if it blends environment with biology, we're
Speaker 1: talking about interactionists. Let's look at the structure of language phenomes, phonemes,
Speaker 1: I'm sorry, sounds of speech. English has forty four phonemes.
Speaker 1: Misperception or misproduction like a rabbit for rabbit often appears
Speaker 1: in early development or disorders like speech sound disorder morphology.
Speaker 1: The smallest units of meaning morphemes, for example, unhappiness. It
Speaker 1: has three of them, right, the three little morphemes unhappy
Speaker 1: and then ness. Syntax rules that govern sentence structure, disorders
Speaker 1: like broc as aphasia that affects syntactic production, semantics, meaning
Speaker 1: of words and phrases, and these are you can see
Speaker 1: deficits and semantics when in dementia or wernickey ephasia. It's
Speaker 1: a comprehension as well, so where fluency is preserved but
Speaker 1: meaning is impaired annex to social rules of language, turn taking, tone, indirectiveness,
Speaker 1: This is obviously impaired a lot of autism spectrum disorder
Speaker 1: people with autism spectrum where little inter literal interpretations dominate.
Speaker 1: Neurological language centers. A Broker's area comes back to play
Speaker 1: from the frontal lobes supports speech production and grammar construction.
Speaker 1: Member damages broke as aphasias who have slow effortful speech
Speaker 1: with preserved comprehension. Wernicke's area, back on the temporal lobes,
Speaker 1: supports language comprehension. Damage leads to Wernicke's aphasia fluent but
Speaker 1: non semsical speech. Other areas include the arcuate fasciculus at
Speaker 1: ar c u a te fasciculus as fas c I
Speaker 1: c u l u s. It connects brokers and Wernickes,
Speaker 1: and the damage here can have inability to repeat phrases,
Speaker 1: what they call conduction aphasia. And then you have angular
Speaker 1: gyrus which is involved in reading and write, you can
Speaker 1: diagnose language deficits with the bosson diagnostic ephasia examination. Now
Speaker 1: we head over to language and thought, and the famous
Speaker 1: Supier Wharf hypothesis appears sapi R. They also call it
Speaker 1: linguistic relativity, and it proposes a language shape's thought. In
Speaker 1: its strong form linguistic determinism, thought is constrained by language
Speaker 1: and its weaker form relativity. Language influences perception and cognitive categories.
Speaker 1: Some languages of multiple words for snow or light blue.
Speaker 1: Speakers of these languages may more easily distinguish shades than
Speaker 1: those without the words. How our client labels emotions, for instance,
Speaker 1: sad versus defeated, versus broken impacts. How they process experience
Speaker 1: and culture will play a big role here and therapy.
Speaker 1: One of their goals is also to expand emotional vocabulary
Speaker 1: how to identify it to improve self understanding. Problem solving
Speaker 1: approaches is another category you'll be thinking of. Algorithm, step
Speaker 1: by step methods, methods that guarantee a solution. Some will
Speaker 1: or to a math formula, but it does take time.
Speaker 1: This is where you come into something that's faster but
Speaker 1: prone to error, something called heuristics, which are mental shortcuts,
Speaker 1: like the availability heuristic judging likelihood by easer recall. So
Speaker 1: something you've been exposed to you over and over again
Speaker 1: is going to be a much faster in your recall,
Speaker 1: which of course can bias your thinking. Representativeness heuristic judging
Speaker 1: by similarity to stereotype insight, sudden realization of a solution,
Speaker 1: the aha moment. Creativity generating novel and useful solutions involves
Speaker 1: divergent thinking supported by a prefuntal cortex and default mode
Speaker 1: network activity. Obstacles to problem solving we mentioned earlier is
Speaker 1: functional fixedness, which is seeing objects only in their usual function.
Speaker 1: This is kind of where a client may not think
Speaker 1: of using a book to open to prop open a
Speaker 1: door if it's only associated with re so cognitive flexibility
Speaker 1: is compromised. Here. Mental set is relying on past solutions
Speaker 1: even when they no longer work. If therapists might keep
Speaker 1: using the same intervention despite lack of lack of progress,
Speaker 1: well that's the old famous saying that they used to
Speaker 1: attribute to Einstein. I think it was when they used
Speaker 1: to say trying the same thing over and over again
Speaker 1: is a definition of insanity. But I don't think you
Speaker 1: ever said it. Problem solving therapy helps clients generate alternatives
Speaker 1: and break rigid thought patterns, and of course, increase cognitive flexibility.
Speaker 1: Some of the ideas in regards to clinical conditions autism,
Speaker 1: spectrum disorder again has language delays, impaired pragmatics and literal interpretation.
Speaker 1: Schizophrenia disorganized thought can affect language, Loose associations, neologisms, creating
Speaker 1: new words and clang associations reflect disrupted semantic networks major depression.
Speaker 1: Thought processes become narrowed, rigid, and pestimistic. Cognitive restructuring targets
Speaker 1: what they call distorted internal language. I'll always fail. CBT
Speaker 1: and language therapy rewires thought by challenging verbal association patterns,
Speaker 1: labeling distortions, and reframing these narratives. So we're talking about
Speaker 1: schizophrenia a minute ago, I want to kind of elaborate
Speaker 1: a little bit. Schizophreny offer presents again a disorganized speech,
Speaker 1: so loose associations example, I need to go to the store,
Speaker 1: but my feet are cold. So ideas are only loosely
Speaker 1: connected or completely unrelated, leading to disjointed speech. Clang associations
Speaker 1: a speech in which the sound of words rather than
Speaker 1: their meaning drives language use. The boat floats on a
Speaker 1: moat with a goat and a coat note that I
Speaker 1: wrote it. These disturbances reflect to break down in the
Speaker 1: normal control of association between ideas semantic networks. These networks
Speaker 1: rely on spreading activation. Activating one concept like a cat,
Speaker 1: leads to the activation of related concepts for per mouse,
Speaker 1: So the semantic networks is a kind of like a
Speaker 1: spider web connects to different places and scenzophrenia. This activation
Speaker 1: becomes too broad or unconstrained, resulting in inappropriate connections or
Speaker 1: tangential thoughts. So again, loose and clang associations reflect hyperactive
Speaker 1: semantic activation, too many associations and even irrelevant ones, or
Speaker 1: impaired inhibitory control difficulty filtering out irrelevant associations. The brain
Speaker 1: regions affected by this left superior temporal gyrus involves auditory
Speaker 1: processing and language comprehension correlates with thought disorder. Broca's area
Speaker 1: again for speech production and language planning. Dysfunction here may
Speaker 1: contribute to poverty of speech or word salads. Warnicky's areas
Speaker 1: we mentioned earlier critical for understanding language damage. Dysfunction contributes
Speaker 1: to receptive language deficits the prefonal cortex, which plays a
Speaker 1: role in filtering semantic content, making sure speech stays on topic.
Speaker 1: This function here can lead to tangential thoughts or disinhibited
Speaker 1: words as well. Anterior singulate cortex involved in error dejection,
Speaker 1: monitoring conflict, and modulating attention. A pairman here can lead
Speaker 1: to poor self monitoring of speech or thought errors. Sometimes
Speaker 1: in dopamine ysregulation, particularly in the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways
Speaker 1: that we've talked about before. Overactivity in the mesolimbic dopamine
Speaker 1: can increase salience of irrelevant associations, potentially driving clang and
Speaker 1: loose associations Glutamate this function may also disrupt synaptic pruiting
Speaker 1: and neural connectivity, affecting semantic processing. So I just wanted
Speaker 1: to add those components to it. Next time we go
Speaker 1: into the world of CBT, we're going to be talking
Speaker 1: about cognitive distortions in psychopathology and some of the treatments
Speaker 1: involved at CBT