WEBVTT

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<v Speaker 1>Welcome stargazers and space enthusiasts to another episode of Astronomy Daily.

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<v Speaker 1>I'm your host, Anna, and I'm thrilled to bring you

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<v Speaker 1>the latest and greatest news from the cosmos. Today. We've

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<v Speaker 1>got a stellar lineup of stories that will take us

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<v Speaker 1>from the cutting edge of space defense to the mysteries

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<v Speaker 1>of lunar exploration. We'll be diving into the growing militarization

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<v Speaker 1>of space, checking in on some groundbreaking deep space missions,

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<v Speaker 1>and even exploring potential landing sites for humanity's returned to

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<v Speaker 1>the Moon. So strap in and prepare for liftoff as

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<v Speaker 1>we embark on this cosmic journey through the most exciting

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<v Speaker 1>developments in space and astronomy. Whether you're a seasoned astronomer

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<v Speaker 1>or just curious about the wonders beyond our atmosphere, there's

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<v Speaker 1>something for everyone in today's episode. Let's get started. Let's

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<v Speaker 1>start today with news that we don't want to hear,

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<v Speaker 1>but is becoming an increasing reality. Space has long been

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<v Speaker 1>called the final frontier, but it's increasingly becoming a potential

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<v Speaker 1>battleground as well. Countries around the world are ramping up

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<v Speaker 1>their investments in space defense and exploring the military possibilities

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<v Speaker 1>of low Earth orbit. Experts say governments are recognizing space

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<v Speaker 1>as an important warfighting domain. There's a growing focus on

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<v Speaker 1>both protecting existing space assets and developing new offensive capabilities.

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<v Speaker 1>Some of the weapons being explored for space combat include

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<v Speaker 1>kinetic weapons like missiles, as well as non kinetic options

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<v Speaker 1>such as electromagnetic pulses, microwaves, and lasers. While lasers face

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<v Speaker 1>challenges with power supply and stability in space, they could

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<v Speaker 1>potentially target satellites or ground based targets. Earth based anti

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<v Speaker 1>satellite weapons also pose a major threat. Countries like China

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<v Speaker 1>and Russia have already demonstrated the ability to destroy satellites

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<v Speaker 1>in orbit. As our reliance on space based systems for

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<v Speaker 1>communication and navigation grows, the ability to take out in

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<v Speaker 1>adversary satellites becomes an increasingly concerning capability. The militarization of

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<v Speaker 1>space is raising widespread concerns among experts. While the Outer

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<v Speaker 1>Space Treaty prohibits placing nuclear weapons or other weapons of

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<v Speaker 1>mass destruction in orbit, it doesn't adequately address newer military

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<v Speaker 1>technologies and capabilities. Some worry that the increasing military focus

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<v Speaker 1>in space could lead to an arms race. There are

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<v Speaker 1>calls to update international laws and treaties to better regulate

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<v Speaker 1>military activities in space. However, enforcement remains a challenge. As

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<v Speaker 1>space becomes more congested with military and dual use technologies,

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<v Speaker 1>the risks of conflict are growing. For now, space remains

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<v Speaker 1>a vital domain for Earth based military operations, but many

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<v Speaker 1>see actual space to space combat as an eventual inevitability

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<v Speaker 1>as more countries develop counter space capabilities. Now for some

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<v Speaker 1>exciting news from the European Space Agencies Haramission. In a

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<v Speaker 1>groundbreaking achievement, Hara's two cube sat companions have successfully signaled

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<v Speaker 1>from deep space, marking essays first use of these miniature

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<v Speaker 1>satellites beyond Earth orbit. The cube SATs, named Juventus and Milani,

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<v Speaker 1>each about the size of a shoe box, were activated

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<v Speaker 1>and tested while still secured in their deployers aboard the

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<v Speaker 1>main Hair spacecraft. This initial check in occurred at distances

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<v Speaker 1>of four million and seven point nine million kilometers from Earth, respectively.

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<v Speaker 1>During their brief activation periods, the CubeSats verified critical onboard systems,

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<v Speaker 1>including avionics, instruments and intersatellite links. They even tested their

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<v Speaker 1>reaction wheels, which will be crucial for controlling their attitude

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<v Speaker 1>during flight. This success is more than just a technical achievement.

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<v Speaker 1>It validates the entire ground command infrastructure and paves the

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<v Speaker 1>way for using cube SATs in future deep space missions.

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<v Speaker 1>The ability to deploy these small, relatively inexpensive satellites alongside

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<v Speaker 1>larger spacecraft could revolutionize how we explore our Solar system.

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<v Speaker 1>HARA is currently en route to the asteroid de MorphOS,

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<v Speaker 1>where it will study the effects of NASA's Dart mission,

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<v Speaker 1>which successfully altered the asteroid's orbit last year. Once Hara

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<v Speaker 1>arrives in late twenty twenty six, the cube SATs will

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<v Speaker 1>be released to conduct close up observations, taking risks that

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<v Speaker 1>the main spacecraft cannot. This pioneering use of CubeSats in

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<v Speaker 1>deep space opens up new possibilities for Planet Tis Harry exploration,

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<v Speaker 1>potentially allowing for more frequent and cost effective missions to

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<v Speaker 1>distant targets. It's an exciting step forward in our ongoing

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<v Speaker 1>journey to understand the Cosmos. Now, let's take a look

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<v Speaker 1>at this week's launch schedule. This week promises to be

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<v Speaker 1>another busy one in the world of space launches. Let's

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<v Speaker 1>start with China's highly anticipated Shenzo nineteen mission, set to

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<v Speaker 1>launch later today at twenty twenty seven UTC. This mission

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<v Speaker 1>will send three taikanats to the Tiangong Space Station. The

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<v Speaker 1>crew will lift off aboard a long March two F

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<v Speaker 1>rocket from the Jukwan Satellite Launch Center. This marks the

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<v Speaker 1>fourteenth crude flight of China's Shenzo program and will continue

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<v Speaker 1>the country's ongoing presence in low Earth orbit. We'll have

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<v Speaker 1>more about this launch in our next story. Meanwhile, SpaceX

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<v Speaker 1>is also keeping up its rapid launch cadence, with multiple

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<v Speaker 1>Starlink missions planned. The first is scheduled for today at

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<v Speaker 1>eleven forty four UTC from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California.

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<v Speaker 1>This Starlink Group nine nine mission will deploy twenty vs

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<v Speaker 1>to mini satellites to further expand the global Internet constellation.

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<v Speaker 1>Not to be outdone, SpaceX has three more Starlink launches

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<v Speaker 1>on the docket. Look for additional missions lifting off from

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<v Speaker 1>both coasts throughout the week, including launches from Cape Canaveral

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<v Speaker 1>in Florida. These missions highlight SpaceX's commitment to rapidly building

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<v Speaker 1>out its satellite network. In other launch news, Russia is

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<v Speaker 1>planning a secretive mission using a Soyuz two Dot one

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<v Speaker 1>B rocket, while details are scarce. This launch is expected

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<v Speaker 1>to carry a military payload to Polar Orbit from the

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<v Speaker 1>Placet's Cosmodrome on Thursday, October thirty first. Rounding out the week,

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<v Speaker 1>keep an eye out for Rocket labs next Electron launch

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<v Speaker 1>from New Zealand, scheduled for Monday, November fourth. This mission,

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<v Speaker 1>playfully named Changes in Latitudes Changes in Attitudes, will carry

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<v Speaker 1>a confidential payload for an unnamed customer. With multiple nations

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<v Speaker 1>and private companies contributing to this packed launch schedule, it's

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<v Speaker 1>clear that access to space continues to expand and evolve.

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<v Speaker 1>Each of these missions, whether delivering satellites, crew members, or

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<v Speaker 1>classified payloads, represents another step forward in our ongoing exploration

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<v Speaker 1>and utilization of the Final Frontier. Now some more on

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<v Speaker 1>the Chinese launch. China is making history once again with

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<v Speaker 1>its space program as the country prepares to send its

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<v Speaker 1>only female space flight engineer to the Tiangong Space Station.

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<v Speaker 1>Wanghause will be part of the three person crew launching

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<v Speaker 1>aboard the Shenzho nineteen mission, marking another milestone for China's

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<v Speaker 1>space exploration efforts. This mission is significant not only for

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<v Speaker 1>Wang's participation, but also for what it represents in China's

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<v Speaker 1>ongoing commitment to space exploration. Wang will become just the

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<v Speaker 1>third Chinese woman to take part in a crude mission,

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<v Speaker 1>highlighting the country's efforts to diversify its astronaut core. The

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<v Speaker 1>Shenzo nineteen crew, led by experienced astronaut Kai Shuja, is

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<v Speaker 1>scheduled to blast off early Wednesday morning from the Juquan

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<v Speaker 1>Satellite Launch Center. They'll spend about six months aboard Tiangong,

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<v Speaker 1>conducting scientific experiments and maintaining the space station. China's space

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<v Speaker 1>program has been advancing rapidly in recent years. The Tiangong

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<v Speaker 1>space station, completed just last year, is a testament to

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<v Speaker 1>China's growing capabilities in space. With plans for crude missions

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<v Speaker 1>to the Moon by twenty thirty and aspirations for a

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<v Speaker 1>lunar base, China is positioning itself as a major player

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<v Speaker 1>in the new space race. This mission underscores China's commitment

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<v Speaker 1>to its space stream and its determination to become a

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<v Speaker 1>leading space power alongside the United States in Russia. Okay,

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<v Speaker 1>how about some news from the USA. NASA has taken

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<v Speaker 1>another exciting step towards returning humans to the Moon by

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<v Speaker 1>refining its list of potential landing sites for the Artemis

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<v Speaker 1>three mission. The Space Agency has identified nine candidate landing

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<v Speaker 1>regions near the moon south Pole, each chosen for its

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<v Speaker 1>scientific value, engineering feasibility, and potential to support sustainable lunar exploration.

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<v Speaker 1>These regions include intriguing areas such as the peak near KBSB, Haworth,

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<v Speaker 1>Malapurt Massif, and several sites around the Noble and De

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<v Speaker 1>Girloche craters. What makes these South Pole regions particularly fascinating

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<v Speaker 1>is their geological diversity. Some feature permanently shadowed areas that

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<v Speaker 1>may preserve water and other valuable resources, offering a stark

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<v Speaker 1>contrast to the landing locations of the Apollo era. NASA's

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<v Speaker 1>selection process involved a multidisciplinary team of scientists and engineers

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<v Speaker 1>who analyze data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and other

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<v Speaker 1>lunar studies. They considered factors like scientific potential, terrain characteristics,

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<v Speaker 1>and lighting conditions to ensure the chosen sites can support

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<v Speaker 1>the needs of the Space Launch System, Rocket Orion spacecraft,

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<v Speaker 1>and the Starship human landing system. The Artemis three geology

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<v Speaker 1>team has highlighted the potential of these sites to deepen

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<v Speaker 1>our understanding of rocky planets. Lunar resources and the broader

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<v Speaker 1>history of our Solar System. This mission will mark the

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<v Speaker 1>first time astronauts land in the Moon's south polar region,

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<v Speaker 1>offering unprecedented opportunities for scientific discovery and NTS exploration. As

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<v Speaker 1>NASA continues to refine these potential landing sites, they're setting

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<v Speaker 1>the stage for long term lunar exploration and paving the

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<v Speaker 1>way for future human missions to Mars. The Artemis program

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<v Speaker 1>aims to land the first woman in person of color

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<v Speaker 1>on the Moon, making this a truly historic endeavor in

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<v Speaker 1>space exploration. Our final story today takes us to our

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<v Speaker 1>nearest planetary neighbor, Venus. New research has uncovered what could

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<v Speaker 1>be a long hidden record of ancient impact craters on

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<v Speaker 1>the planet's surface, potentially rewriting what we know about Venus's

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<v Speaker 1>geological history. Unlike Earth, where wind, water and tectonic activity

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<v Speaker 1>have erased most traces of ancient impacts, Venus has experienced

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<v Speaker 1>far less surface change over time. This has left some

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<v Speaker 1>of the Solar System's most pristine craters intact. However, Venus

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<v Speaker 1>has always been conspicuously lacking in the giant impact basins

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<v Speaker 1>we see on places like the Moon or Mars. A

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<v Speaker 1>team led by Vicki Hansen from the Planetary Science Institute

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<v Speaker 1>has been studying an area on Venus called the Haste

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<v Speaker 1>to Sarah. This massive geological feature, spanning over nine hundred miles,

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<v Speaker 1>shows unusual concentric rings that the researchers believe could mark

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<v Speaker 1>the sites of two consecutive massive impacts billions of years ago.

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<v Speaker 1>If confirmed, this would be Venus's oldest and largest impact structure,

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<v Speaker 1>offering a rare glimpse into the planet's distant past. It

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<v Speaker 1>also suggests that not all impact structures look alike, with

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<v Speaker 1>Venus's unique conditions creating formations very different from what we

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<v Speaker 1>see elsewhere. The key difference lies in Venus's early planetary structure.

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<v Speaker 1>When these impacts occurred, Venus likely had a hotter, thinner

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<v Speaker 1>outer layer than Earth does today. This allowed the impacts

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<v Speaker 1>to break through and expose molten material from below, which

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<v Speaker 1>then solidified into the complex, wrinkled terrain we see today.

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<v Speaker 1>This discovery not only sheds light on Venus' history, but

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<v Speaker 1>also gives us new insight into how planets evolve differently

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<v Speaker 1>under various conditions. It's a reminder that in space exploration,

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<v Speaker 1>we often need to look beyond our expectations to uncover

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<v Speaker 1>the truth, and that brings us to the end of

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<v Speaker 1>today's fascinating journey through the cosmos, from the militarization of

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<v Speaker 1>space to groundbreaking discoveries on Venus. It's been another eventful

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<v Speaker 1>episode in astronomy and space Exploration. I hope you've enjoyed

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<v Speaker 1>this cosmic update as much as I've enjoyed bringing it

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<v Speaker 1>to you. If you're hungry for more space news, remember

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<v Speaker 1>to visit our website at Astronomy Daily dot io. There

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<v Speaker 1>you'll find our constantly updating news feed, keeping you at

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<v Speaker 1>the forefront of astronomical discoveries and space mission updates. While

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<v Speaker 1>you're there, why not sign up for our free daily newsletter.

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<v Speaker 1>It's the perfect way to start your day with a

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<v Speaker 1>dose of space science. And don't forget to check out

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<v Speaker 1>you're looking to dive deeper into the world of space exploration,

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<v Speaker 1>all our back episodes are available on the website too.

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<v Speaker 1>It's like a time machine, letting you revisit past astronomical

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<v Speaker 1>events and discoveries. Finally, join our growing community of space

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<v Speaker 1>Daily on Facebook, x YouTube, Tumblr, and TikTok. Share your thoughts,

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<v Speaker 1>This is Anna signing off from Astronomy Daily. Keep looking

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<v Speaker 1>up and I'll see you next time. For more Out

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<v Speaker 1>of This World Newsday Stars, The Star is the All Star.