1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,839 Speaker 1: Welcome back, everybody. We're diving deep today into the world 2 00:00:02,839 --> 00:00:04,160 of codes and ciphers. 3 00:00:04,280 --> 00:00:05,839 Speaker 2: Whooh, sounds intriguing. 4 00:00:06,120 --> 00:00:09,919 Speaker 1: I've got this stack of stories here, all about some 5 00:00:10,000 --> 00:00:14,119 pretty clever encryption methodism and the people who managed to 6 00:00:14,160 --> 00:00:14,640 break them. 7 00:00:14,880 --> 00:00:16,079 Speaker 2: I love that kind of stuff. 8 00:00:16,280 --> 00:00:19,719 Speaker 1: It always amazes me how something can be considered unbreakable 9 00:00:19,719 --> 00:00:22,760 one minute and then boom the next all the secrets 10 00:00:22,800 --> 00:00:23,079 are out. 11 00:00:23,160 --> 00:00:26,519 Speaker 2: Oh yeah. It really speaks to human ingenuity totally, and 12 00:00:26,640 --> 00:00:30,000 persistence to just keep trying until something gives. 13 00:00:30,359 --> 00:00:32,520 Speaker 1: So we're gonna look at some famous codes from all 14 00:00:32,560 --> 00:00:35,240 across history, okay, and try to figure out how they 15 00:00:35,280 --> 00:00:37,240 work and why they were made in the first place. 16 00:00:37,439 --> 00:00:40,000 Speaker 2: Sounds good. Where should we start. 17 00:00:40,119 --> 00:00:43,280 Speaker 1: Let's start with the Voyage Manuscript. Ooh, I mean this 18 00:00:43,320 --> 00:00:45,560 book has puzzled people for centuries. 19 00:00:45,719 --> 00:00:48,399 Speaker 2: Yeah, it's like the ultimate code breaking challenge. 20 00:00:48,479 --> 00:00:51,560 Speaker 1: It's filled with these strange pictures and writing that no 21 00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:52,560 one could understand. 22 00:00:52,759 --> 00:00:55,320 Speaker 2: Yeah, and for the longest time, right, people thought it 23 00:00:55,359 --> 00:00:58,119 was some mystical text exactly, maybe even written in an 24 00:00:58,159 --> 00:00:59,159 alien language. 25 00:00:59,200 --> 00:01:03,439 Speaker 1: But then in twenty seventeen, a researcher named Nicholas Gibbs 26 00:01:03,600 --> 00:01:04,879 finally crack the code. 27 00:01:05,000 --> 00:01:06,680 Speaker 2: Whoa, No way, what was it? 28 00:01:06,760 --> 00:01:11,840 Speaker 1: I guess what? It's a guide to women's health. Wow, 29 00:01:12,319 --> 00:01:13,079 can you believe it? 30 00:01:13,319 --> 00:01:15,040 Speaker 2: So it wasn't a mystical text at all. 31 00:01:15,280 --> 00:01:18,400 Speaker 1: Nope, seems like it was just a bunch of medical knowledge. Interesting, 32 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:23,040 probably copied from other sources and personalized for a specific person. 33 00:01:23,200 --> 00:01:26,079 Speaker 2: That makes you wonder who that person was, Yeah, I know, right, 34 00:01:26,120 --> 00:01:27,920 And why they needed a health guiden code. 35 00:01:28,280 --> 00:01:30,159 Speaker 1: Maybe they wanted to keep their health issues private. 36 00:01:30,560 --> 00:01:31,879 Speaker 2: Yeah, that's possible. 37 00:01:32,040 --> 00:01:33,840 Speaker 1: Or maybe they just thought it would make the information 38 00:01:33,920 --> 00:01:34,879 seem more valuable. 39 00:01:35,040 --> 00:01:38,480 Speaker 2: It's like a fifteenth century version of a luxury brand. 40 00:01:38,920 --> 00:01:42,599 Speaker 1: We're really interesting glimpse into the culture of that time. 41 00:01:42,719 --> 00:01:44,640 Speaker 2: It makes you wonder what else is out there? 42 00:01:44,760 --> 00:01:47,079 Speaker 1: Yeah? What other secrets are just waiting to be discovered? 43 00:01:48,560 --> 00:01:50,680 Speaker 2: Okay, so what's next on our list? 44 00:01:50,920 --> 00:01:53,920 Speaker 1: Let's fast forward a few centuries to the court of 45 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:54,959 King Charles. 46 00:01:54,599 --> 00:01:56,680 Speaker 2: The Fifth, a powerful ruler. 47 00:01:57,000 --> 00:02:00,879 Speaker 1: Right, this guy was always worried about conspiracies that he 48 00:02:00,920 --> 00:02:03,319 was always afraid someone was going to try to overthrow. 49 00:02:03,040 --> 00:02:03,799 Speaker 2: So what did he do? 50 00:02:04,000 --> 00:02:06,920 Speaker 1: He decided to use a secret code to communicate with 51 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:08,159 his ambassadors. 52 00:02:08,199 --> 00:02:08,840 Speaker 2: Smart move. 53 00:02:09,360 --> 00:02:12,800 Speaker 1: For centuries, no one could figure out what those messages. 54 00:02:12,400 --> 00:02:13,599 Speaker 2: Said oh wow. 55 00:02:13,759 --> 00:02:17,560 Speaker 1: But in twenty twenty two, a team of cryptographers led 56 00:02:17,599 --> 00:02:20,599 by Cecil Pierrot. Okay, they finally cracked it. 57 00:02:20,879 --> 00:02:21,919 Speaker 2: What did they find out? 58 00:02:22,080 --> 00:02:25,439 Speaker 1: With letters hinted at a plot to assassinate the king? 59 00:02:25,719 --> 00:02:28,000 Speaker 2: Whoa a real life conspiracy? 60 00:02:28,039 --> 00:02:31,240 Speaker 1: It seems like even the most powerful people can't escape betrayal. 61 00:02:31,360 --> 00:02:33,719 Speaker 2: That's true. So are there more of those letters out there? 62 00:02:33,960 --> 00:02:34,360 Speaker 1: There are? 63 00:02:34,960 --> 00:02:37,120 Speaker 2: Wow? Imagine what else we might find out about King 64 00:02:37,199 --> 00:02:37,960 Charles's court? 65 00:02:38,240 --> 00:02:41,000 Speaker 1: Right, it's like a historical thriller just waiting to be written. 66 00:02:41,159 --> 00:02:42,199 Speaker 2: All Right, what else we got? 67 00:02:42,199 --> 00:02:44,680 Speaker 1: Okay, let's move on to something a little different. Okay, 68 00:02:44,719 --> 00:02:49,479 the Kochyl Cipher. What the Kochyl Cipher. It's this document 69 00:02:49,520 --> 00:02:51,960 from the eighteenth century. Uh huh, filled with a mix 70 00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:54,120 of regular letters and weird symbols. 71 00:02:54,280 --> 00:02:55,240 Speaker 2: Sounds mysterious. 72 00:02:55,479 --> 00:02:58,080 Speaker 1: Took a whole team of researchers to figure it out. Okay, 73 00:02:58,199 --> 00:03:01,080 And it turns out it's the initiate ritual for a 74 00:03:01,120 --> 00:03:03,280 secret society called the Oculist Order. 75 00:03:03,439 --> 00:03:05,520 Speaker 2: The Oculist Order never heard of them. 76 00:03:05,439 --> 00:03:08,719 Speaker 1: Huh me neither. They were fascinated by eyes. 77 00:03:08,680 --> 00:03:10,080 Speaker 2: Like eye surgery and stuff. 78 00:03:10,280 --> 00:03:12,759 Speaker 1: Yeah, and their ceremonies were pretty strange. 79 00:03:13,039 --> 00:03:14,240 Speaker 2: Hmmm interesting. 80 00:03:14,439 --> 00:03:16,520 Speaker 1: It's like they were obsessed with the idea of vision 81 00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:17,319 and enlightenment. 82 00:03:17,520 --> 00:03:20,639 Speaker 2: It's kind of a weird mix of science and rituals. 83 00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:21,960 Speaker 1: It's pretty wild, you know. 84 00:03:22,039 --> 00:03:24,520 Speaker 2: I think it just goes to show how ye codes 85 00:03:24,560 --> 00:03:28,680 can preserve these little pieces of history in such unexpected ways. 86 00:03:28,759 --> 00:03:29,479 Speaker 1: I totally agree. 87 00:03:29,599 --> 00:03:31,639 Speaker 2: It's like opening a window into a hidden world. 88 00:03:31,800 --> 00:03:33,719 Speaker 1: That's a great way to put it, a world. 89 00:03:33,400 --> 00:03:35,759 Speaker 2: That we might never have known about if it wasn't 90 00:03:35,759 --> 00:03:36,360 for the code. 91 00:03:37,199 --> 00:03:38,800 Speaker 1: So all right, what's next. 92 00:03:39,039 --> 00:03:40,800 Speaker 2: Let's talk about Edgar Allen. 93 00:03:40,599 --> 00:03:44,360 Speaker 1: Poe Oh Po. He loved a good mystery, and. 94 00:03:44,319 --> 00:03:46,680 Speaker 2: He was really into codes and ciphers. 95 00:03:46,879 --> 00:03:49,960 Speaker 1: He would even challenge his readers with puzzles in his stories. 96 00:03:50,080 --> 00:03:54,360 Speaker 2: Back in eighteen thirty nine, he published two ciphers. Okay 97 00:03:54,520 --> 00:03:56,520 said they were sent to him by this guy named 98 00:03:56,560 --> 00:03:57,520 mister W. B. 99 00:03:57,680 --> 00:03:59,319 Speaker 1: Tyler, very mysterious. 100 00:03:59,439 --> 00:04:01,560 Speaker 2: People decades trying to solve them. 101 00:04:01,639 --> 00:04:04,039 Speaker 1: Seriously, did anyone succeed? Well? 102 00:04:04,080 --> 00:04:06,599 Speaker 2: The first one was finally cracked in nineteen ninety two. 103 00:04:06,840 --> 00:04:08,520 Speaker 1: Wow, that's a long time. 104 00:04:08,400 --> 00:04:10,240 Speaker 2: By a professor named Terence Waylin. 105 00:04:10,599 --> 00:04:13,560 Speaker 1: And get this, the key was hidden in a play 106 00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:18,279 called Cato clever. Then in two thousand, a guy named 107 00:04:18,279 --> 00:04:21,160 gil Brosa. Okay, he solved the second one. 108 00:04:21,519 --> 00:04:24,959 Speaker 2: So both ciphers were solved. Yeah, so what did they say? 109 00:04:25,120 --> 00:04:29,160 Speaker 1: Well, the decipher text wasn't that interesting. What a let down? 110 00:04:29,279 --> 00:04:31,639 Doesn't really tell us much about who sent them or why. 111 00:04:31,959 --> 00:04:33,519 Speaker 2: Huh. So the mystery continues. 112 00:04:33,639 --> 00:04:35,319 Speaker 1: Yeah, some secrets just stay hidden. 113 00:04:35,600 --> 00:04:37,240 Speaker 2: So what's next on our agenda? 114 00:04:37,399 --> 00:04:39,920 Speaker 1: How about we shift gears a bit. Okay, let's talk 115 00:04:39,920 --> 00:04:45,319 about a case that his fascinated and frustrated people for decades. Well, 116 00:04:45,319 --> 00:04:47,040 i've said that, the Zodiac Killer. 117 00:04:47,199 --> 00:04:48,759 Speaker 2: Oh yeah, I've heard of that one. 118 00:04:48,800 --> 00:04:52,439 Speaker 1: This guy terrorized California in the late nineteen sixties. 119 00:04:52,480 --> 00:04:53,519 Speaker 2: I remember reading about it. 120 00:04:53,560 --> 00:04:56,839 Speaker 1: He left a trail of victims and these cryptic messages 121 00:04:56,839 --> 00:04:57,480 for the police. 122 00:04:57,600 --> 00:04:59,360 Speaker 2: Yeah, it was like he wanted to taunt them. 123 00:04:59,600 --> 00:05:02,600 Speaker 1: One of the messages a three hundred and forty character 124 00:05:02,720 --> 00:05:05,839 cryptogram okay, sent to the San Francisco Chronicle. 125 00:05:05,959 --> 00:05:06,120 Speaker 2: Right. 126 00:05:06,519 --> 00:05:08,639 Speaker 1: It remained unsolved for over fifty years. 127 00:05:08,759 --> 00:05:09,800 Speaker 2: Wow, that's crazy. 128 00:05:09,839 --> 00:05:12,639 Speaker 1: But then in twenty twenty, Yeah, a team of code 129 00:05:12,639 --> 00:05:15,199 breakers from all over the world they finally cracked it. 130 00:05:15,360 --> 00:05:17,360 Speaker 2: Finally, So did they catch the killer? 131 00:05:18,199 --> 00:05:21,759 Speaker 1: Well, the FBI confirmed that the message was authentic. Hum, 132 00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:26,319 but the content was pretty bizarre really. It didn't reveal 133 00:05:26,360 --> 00:05:28,399 the killer's identity or anything useful like that. 134 00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:30,680 Speaker 2: Ah, that's disappointing, I know. 135 00:05:30,800 --> 00:05:33,920 Speaker 1: Right, another mystery that refuses to be solved. 136 00:05:33,920 --> 00:05:35,759 Speaker 2: It's like the Zodiac killer wins again. 137 00:05:35,920 --> 00:05:38,000 Speaker 1: It's really frustrating. But it also kind of makes the 138 00:05:38,040 --> 00:05:39,920 story even more intriguing, I guess. 139 00:05:39,920 --> 00:05:41,839 Speaker 2: So it makes you wonder if those codes will ever 140 00:05:41,920 --> 00:05:43,079 be fully understood. 141 00:05:43,560 --> 00:05:45,360 Speaker 1: All right, let's move on to another code that was 142 00:05:45,399 --> 00:05:47,839 considered unbreakable for a really long time. 143 00:05:47,959 --> 00:05:48,759 Speaker 2: Okay, what is it? 144 00:05:49,160 --> 00:05:50,480 Speaker 1: The Vijionier cipher. 145 00:05:50,680 --> 00:05:52,720 Speaker 2: Oh yeah, I've heard of that one. Wasn't supposed to 146 00:05:52,720 --> 00:05:53,680 be impossible to crack. 147 00:05:53,879 --> 00:05:57,240 Speaker 1: Well, for nearly three hundred years people thought it was unbreakable. 148 00:05:57,279 --> 00:05:58,160 Speaker 2: So how did it work. 149 00:05:58,439 --> 00:06:02,040 Speaker 1: It used not just one, but twenty six different cipher alphabets. 150 00:06:02,600 --> 00:06:04,959 Speaker 2: Twenty six that's a lot. 151 00:06:04,720 --> 00:06:07,839 Speaker 1: I know, right, And they would shift these alphabets based on. 152 00:06:07,800 --> 00:06:10,360 Speaker 2: A keyword, so you'd need to know the keyword to 153 00:06:10,439 --> 00:06:12,040 decode the message exactly. 154 00:06:12,040 --> 00:06:13,800 Speaker 1: Without the keyword, you'd be totally lost. 155 00:06:13,879 --> 00:06:15,360 Speaker 2: Sounds pretty complex it was. 156 00:06:16,079 --> 00:06:19,199 Speaker 1: But in eighteen fifty four, a guy named Charles Babbage 157 00:06:19,240 --> 00:06:20,279 figured out how to break it. 158 00:06:20,439 --> 00:06:24,199 Speaker 2: Charles Babbage wasn't he the one who designed that early computer. 159 00:06:24,079 --> 00:06:26,720 Speaker 1: Yeah, the analytical Engine. He was a super smart guy. 160 00:06:26,839 --> 00:06:28,519 Speaker 2: So how did he crack the code? 161 00:06:29,040 --> 00:06:32,399 Speaker 1: He realized that even with all those different alphabets, yeah, 162 00:06:32,439 --> 00:06:35,480 there were still patterns in the ciphertext that he could exploit. 163 00:06:36,480 --> 00:06:37,920 Speaker 2: So it wasn't completely right now. No. 164 00:06:38,639 --> 00:06:41,920 Speaker 1: By finding these repeating sequences of letters, h huh, he 165 00:06:41,959 --> 00:06:44,199 could figure out the link of the keyword and then 166 00:06:44,279 --> 00:06:47,959 test different letter combinations until he found the right one. 167 00:06:48,040 --> 00:06:50,240 Speaker 2: That's really impressive, it is, isn't it? 168 00:06:50,800 --> 00:06:53,800 Speaker 1: But get this what Babbage never published his findings. 169 00:06:53,839 --> 00:06:54,680 Speaker 2: What? Why not? 170 00:06:55,319 --> 00:06:58,319 Speaker 1: No one knows for sure. Some people think the government 171 00:06:58,319 --> 00:06:59,480 made him keep it secret. 172 00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:02,600 Speaker 2: Hmmm. Maybe they wanted to use the self for themselves. 173 00:07:03,120 --> 00:07:06,279 Speaker 1: It's possible. But whatever the reason, it meant that the 174 00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:09,800 visioning cipher remained a mystery for another fifty years. 175 00:07:10,199 --> 00:07:12,839 Speaker 2: So all that work and no one knew about. 176 00:07:12,600 --> 00:07:17,360 Speaker 1: It until a Preussian officer named Friedrich Kasiski okay independently 177 00:07:17,399 --> 00:07:19,680 discovered the same method for breaking the code. 178 00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:20,759 Speaker 2: Talk about bad timing. 179 00:07:20,920 --> 00:07:23,160 Speaker 1: It just goes to show that sometimes it's not enough 180 00:07:23,160 --> 00:07:25,800 to have a great idea. Right, you have to share 181 00:07:25,839 --> 00:07:27,120 it with the world if you want to make a 182 00:07:27,120 --> 00:07:27,800 real impact. 183 00:07:27,879 --> 00:07:31,040 Speaker 2: Absolutely, knowledge is meant to be shared. And speaking of 184 00:07:31,120 --> 00:07:34,639 unsung heroes, oooh, I sense another story coming. 185 00:07:35,199 --> 00:07:36,839 Speaker 1: Let's talk about Genevieve Grudgen. 186 00:07:36,920 --> 00:07:38,000 Speaker 2: Genevieve Grotsche. 187 00:07:38,319 --> 00:07:41,279 Speaker 1: She played a crucial role in breaking the Japanese Purple 188 00:07:41,319 --> 00:07:44,000 Code during World War Two. I've never heard of her, 189 00:07:44,600 --> 00:07:47,319 not many people have. She was a mathematician working for 190 00:07:47,360 --> 00:07:48,160 the US government. 191 00:07:48,439 --> 00:07:49,839 Speaker 2: So what did she do well? 192 00:07:49,879 --> 00:07:53,839 Speaker 1: The Purple Code was this incredibly complex cipher machine the 193 00:07:53,920 --> 00:07:54,680 Japanese used. 194 00:07:54,759 --> 00:07:55,199 Speaker 2: Uh huh. 195 00:07:55,360 --> 00:07:59,879 Speaker 1: Even the British couldn't crack it. Put Genevieve hi. She 196 00:08:00,079 --> 00:08:03,279 had this incredible eye for detail, like what she was 197 00:08:03,279 --> 00:08:06,639 pouring over these encrypted messages, and she noticed these tiny 198 00:08:06,759 --> 00:08:09,600 repetitions and cycles in the code, stuff. 199 00:08:09,319 --> 00:08:11,920 Speaker 2: That other people had missed exactly. 200 00:08:12,079 --> 00:08:14,879 Speaker 1: And these patterns gave her a clue about how the 201 00:08:14,920 --> 00:08:15,759 machine worked. 202 00:08:15,959 --> 00:08:17,759 Speaker 2: So it was her observation that made the. 203 00:08:17,720 --> 00:08:22,279 Speaker 1: Breakthrough it was, and because of her discovery, the team 204 00:08:22,360 --> 00:08:25,680 was able to decipher the Purple Code and gain valuable 205 00:08:25,720 --> 00:08:27,079 intelligence during the war. 206 00:08:27,319 --> 00:08:30,360 Speaker 2: Wow, that's an amazing story, it is, isn't it. 207 00:08:30,279 --> 00:08:33,039 Speaker 1: It just goes to show that sometimes the simplest observations 208 00:08:33,279 --> 00:08:34,799 can lead to the biggest breakthroughs. 209 00:08:34,919 --> 00:08:37,600 Speaker 2: And it's a reminder that there are so many unsung 210 00:08:37,679 --> 00:08:38,919 heroes out there. 211 00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:43,360 Speaker 1: Absolutely people who made incredible contributions but never got the 212 00:08:43,559 --> 00:08:44,679 recognition they deserved. 213 00:08:45,080 --> 00:08:47,799 Speaker 2: So what other code breaking adventures await us? 214 00:08:48,240 --> 00:08:49,720 Speaker 1: Let's take a trip back in time. 215 00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:51,000 Speaker 2: Ooh, where are we going? 216 00:08:51,120 --> 00:08:54,600 Speaker 1: To ancient Greece? Remember that mysterious script we talked about earlier, 217 00:08:54,840 --> 00:08:58,240 You mean linear B That's the one. For years scholars 218 00:08:58,279 --> 00:08:59,320 were baffled by it. 219 00:08:59,320 --> 00:09:03,320 Speaker 2: It's like they had found a message from a lost civilization. 220 00:09:02,840 --> 00:09:04,799 Speaker 1: But they couldn't figure out how to read it. Then 221 00:09:04,799 --> 00:09:08,399 along comes this guy named Michael Ventris. Okay, and guess 222 00:09:08,399 --> 00:09:10,279 what he was an architect. 223 00:09:10,360 --> 00:09:13,200 Speaker 2: An architect, what did he know about ancient scripts? 224 00:09:13,360 --> 00:09:16,080 Speaker 1: Well, he had this hunch that linear Bee might actually 225 00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:18,759 be in an early form of Greek. Really, he spent 226 00:09:18,919 --> 00:09:22,480 years studying the tablets, comparing them to other ancient scripts, 227 00:09:22,720 --> 00:09:26,440 using statistics and linguistics and a lot of guesswork. Wow, 228 00:09:26,639 --> 00:09:28,080 and finally he cracked the code. 229 00:09:28,399 --> 00:09:30,559 Speaker 2: What an amazing discovery it was. 230 00:09:31,240 --> 00:09:35,279 Speaker 1: Ventres's work completely changed our understanding of ancient Greek history. 231 00:09:35,720 --> 00:09:38,559 Speaker 2: So linear b was Greek after all, it. 232 00:09:38,559 --> 00:09:41,919 Speaker 1: Was, and it pushed back the timeline of Greek literacy 233 00:09:42,039 --> 00:09:43,679 by hundreds of years. 234 00:09:43,799 --> 00:09:45,120 Speaker 2: Wow, that's a big. 235 00:09:44,960 --> 00:09:48,519 Speaker 1: Deal, it is. It shows us that the Mycenian civilization 236 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:50,360 was much more advanced than we thought. 237 00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:54,799 Speaker 2: Incredible. It's amazing how one person's passion can unlock so 238 00:09:55,039 --> 00:09:55,840 much knowledge. 239 00:09:55,919 --> 00:09:58,480 Speaker 1: It really is. Now, let's talk about another codebreaker who 240 00:09:58,600 --> 00:09:59,960 changed the course of history. 241 00:10:00,039 --> 00:10:00,679 Speaker 2: Okay, who's this? 242 00:10:01,240 --> 00:10:01,919 Speaker 1: Alan Turing? 243 00:10:02,159 --> 00:10:04,600 Speaker 2: Alan Turing the Enigma code breaker. 244 00:10:04,440 --> 00:10:08,080 Speaker 1: That's right. Turing was a brilliant mathematician who played a 245 00:10:08,080 --> 00:10:10,799 crucial role in the Allied victory in World War Two. 246 00:10:10,960 --> 00:10:13,080 Speaker 2: The Enigma machine was supposed to be unbreakable. 247 00:10:13,120 --> 00:10:14,279 Speaker 1: It was a real challenge. 248 00:10:14,320 --> 00:10:16,679 Speaker 2: So how did Turing cracket. 249 00:10:16,240 --> 00:10:18,759 Speaker 1: Well, he worked at a top secret code breaking center 250 00:10:18,840 --> 00:10:22,960 called Bletchley Park, Okay, and realized that the Enigma machine, 251 00:10:23,399 --> 00:10:26,759 even though it was super complex, had some mathematical weaknesses. 252 00:10:26,960 --> 00:10:30,480 So he developed these machines called bombs bombs. 253 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:31,399 Speaker 2: What were those? 254 00:10:31,519 --> 00:10:35,519 Speaker 1: They were basically early computers designed to test different Enigma 255 00:10:35,639 --> 00:10:39,159 settings until they found a match for the German messages. 256 00:10:39,519 --> 00:10:41,679 Speaker 2: So it was like a brute force attack. 257 00:10:41,840 --> 00:10:45,200 Speaker 1: Kind of and it worked Turing and his team at 258 00:10:45,200 --> 00:10:50,240 Bletchley Park. Yeah, they deciphered countless German messages. Wow, giving 259 00:10:50,279 --> 00:10:52,360 the Allies a huge advantage during the war. 260 00:10:52,759 --> 00:10:55,679 Speaker 2: His work must have saved so many lives. 261 00:10:55,799 --> 00:10:59,879 Speaker 1: It's estimated that his contributions shortened the war by years. 262 00:11:00,080 --> 00:11:01,440 Speaker 2: Shame how he was treated after. 263 00:11:01,240 --> 00:11:03,120 Speaker 1: The war though, Yeah, it's dark chapter in history. 264 00:11:03,200 --> 00:11:06,679 Speaker 2: His story highlights the importance of tolerance and acceptance. 265 00:11:06,799 --> 00:11:09,639 Speaker 1: Absolutely, no one should be persecuted for who they are. 266 00:11:09,960 --> 00:11:13,080 Speaker 2: So what else can we explore in the world of codes. 267 00:11:13,679 --> 00:11:16,360 Speaker 1: Let's dive into some codes that weren't designed for war 268 00:11:16,559 --> 00:11:20,159 or secret societies. Okay, let's talk about those created for 269 00:11:20,240 --> 00:11:21,759 fun and entertainment. 270 00:11:21,360 --> 00:11:22,480 Speaker 2: Like puzzles and games. 271 00:11:22,919 --> 00:11:23,399 Speaker 1: Exactly. 272 00:11:23,559 --> 00:11:24,480 Speaker 2: I love a good puzzle. 273 00:11:24,600 --> 00:11:26,440 Speaker 1: Well, you mentioned Edgar Allan Poe earlier. 274 00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:30,080 Speaker 2: Oh yeah, po He was all about puzzles and hidden meanings. 275 00:11:30,039 --> 00:11:32,440 Speaker 1: And he loved to use codes and ciphers in his writing. 276 00:11:32,600 --> 00:11:34,519 Speaker 2: He would challenge his readers to figure them out. 277 00:11:34,759 --> 00:11:38,120 Speaker 1: Remember those two ciphers he published back in eighteen thirty nine. 278 00:11:38,240 --> 00:11:40,639 Speaker 2: The ones that took over one hundred years to solve. 279 00:11:41,279 --> 00:11:44,039 Speaker 1: Those are a great example of how codes can be used. 280 00:11:43,840 --> 00:11:47,279 Speaker 2: For entertainment, and they add this extra layer of intrigue 281 00:11:47,320 --> 00:11:48,120 to Poe's work. 282 00:11:48,240 --> 00:11:50,240 Speaker 1: It's like he's inviting us to play a game with him. 283 00:11:50,279 --> 00:11:50,840 Speaker 2: I love that. 284 00:11:51,080 --> 00:11:53,879 Speaker 1: It's a shame that the deciphered messages weren't more exciting. 285 00:11:54,159 --> 00:11:57,200 Speaker 2: I know, right, I was hoping for some juicy secrets, 286 00:11:57,240 --> 00:11:59,519 but hey, even without those, the process of cracking the 287 00:11:59,519 --> 00:12:02,200 codes was still pretty cool. Yeah, it's the journey, not 288 00:12:02,480 --> 00:12:03,399 just the destination. 289 00:12:04,399 --> 00:12:06,399 Speaker 1: Okay, So we've talked about codes from the past. 290 00:12:06,519 --> 00:12:07,559 Speaker 2: Yeah, lots of history. 291 00:12:07,639 --> 00:12:09,919 Speaker 1: But what about the codes that are all around us today? 292 00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:13,360 What do you mean the codes that protect our online information? 293 00:12:13,840 --> 00:12:16,080 Are financial transactions, our privacy? 294 00:12:16,240 --> 00:12:18,799 Speaker 2: Oh yeah, modern cryptography exactly. 295 00:12:19,159 --> 00:12:21,679 Speaker 1: We use codes every day without even realizing it. 296 00:12:21,679 --> 00:12:25,240 Speaker 2: It's like an invisible shield protecting our digital lives. 297 00:12:25,600 --> 00:12:30,320 Speaker 1: And as technology advances, these codes become even more important. 298 00:12:30,080 --> 00:12:32,360 Speaker 2: Because the threats become more sophisticated too. 299 00:12:32,559 --> 00:12:35,240 Speaker 1: It's like a constant arms race between the code makers 300 00:12:35,240 --> 00:12:36,480 and the code breakers. 301 00:12:36,519 --> 00:12:38,399 Speaker 2: Always trying to stay one step ahead. 302 00:12:39,120 --> 00:12:40,480 Speaker 1: But that's what makes it so exciting. 303 00:12:40,559 --> 00:12:43,480 Speaker 2: It's a fascinating field that's constantly evolving. 304 00:12:44,080 --> 00:12:46,919 Speaker 1: Yeah, we've just scratched the surface of this amazing world 305 00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:49,080 of codes and ciphers. 306 00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:51,480 Speaker 2: There's so much more to explore. 307 00:12:51,240 --> 00:12:53,559 Speaker 1: But for now, we're going to take a quick break. 308 00:12:53,600 --> 00:12:54,720 Speaker 2: All right, sounds good. 309 00:12:55,120 --> 00:12:56,639 Speaker 1: We'll be back soon to wrap things up. 310 00:12:59,440 --> 00:13:03,039 Speaker 2: I'm ready for more code breaking adventures me too, Stay tuned, 311 00:13:03,159 --> 00:13:06,120 can't wait. You know, it's really amazing how code breaking 312 00:13:06,159 --> 00:13:09,240 has changed over time in what way. Well you think 313 00:13:09,240 --> 00:13:11,720 about those early code breakers like Charles Babbage. 314 00:13:11,840 --> 00:13:14,240 Speaker 1: Yeah, they had to do everything by hand, right with 315 00:13:14,320 --> 00:13:14,919 pen and paper. 316 00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:17,200 Speaker 2: It was a slow and painstaking. 317 00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:20,080 Speaker 1: Process, but they figured out some pretty amazing stuff they did. 318 00:13:20,639 --> 00:13:24,559 Speaker 2: But as technology advanced, code breaking became more of a team. 319 00:13:24,360 --> 00:13:26,720 Speaker 1: Effort, like during World War Two exactly. 320 00:13:26,799 --> 00:13:28,960 Speaker 2: Think about Alan Turing and the Enigma code. 321 00:13:29,080 --> 00:13:31,159 Speaker 1: Right. Breaking that code was a massive undertaking. 322 00:13:31,480 --> 00:13:35,679 Speaker 2: It required mathematicians, linguists, engineers, all working together. 323 00:13:36,039 --> 00:13:38,639 Speaker 1: And let's not forget those unsung heroes. 324 00:13:38,799 --> 00:13:40,159 Speaker 2: Yeah, like Genevieve grotch On. 325 00:13:40,440 --> 00:13:42,639 Speaker 1: Her story is just incredible, really is. 326 00:13:42,720 --> 00:13:45,960 Speaker 2: She was a mathematician working on the Japanese Purple code. 327 00:13:46,120 --> 00:13:47,879 Speaker 1: That code was supposed to be unbreakable. 328 00:13:47,919 --> 00:13:50,879 Speaker 2: Even the best British code breakers couldn't crack it. 329 00:13:50,879 --> 00:13:53,840 Speaker 1: It's amazing that Genevieve noted those patterns. 330 00:13:53,360 --> 00:13:55,960 Speaker 2: The subtle repetitions and cycles in the code. 331 00:13:56,080 --> 00:13:58,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, things that everyone else had missed. 332 00:13:58,039 --> 00:14:00,720 Speaker 2: Her observation was the key allowed. 333 00:14:00,360 --> 00:14:03,440 Speaker 1: Her team to figure out how the Purple machine worked. 334 00:14:03,200 --> 00:14:04,879 Speaker 2: And to decipher those messages. 335 00:14:05,320 --> 00:14:08,840 Speaker 1: It's a reminder that sometimes the smallest details can make 336 00:14:08,879 --> 00:14:10,399 the biggest difference, and. 337 00:14:10,279 --> 00:14:14,240 Speaker 2: That we need diverse perspectives to solve complex problems. 338 00:14:14,320 --> 00:14:16,639 Speaker 1: Absolutely, we need people who can see things differently. 339 00:14:16,919 --> 00:14:19,120 Speaker 2: Yeah, where do we go from here? 340 00:14:19,559 --> 00:14:22,360 Speaker 1: How about we delve into the world of secret societies. 341 00:14:22,919 --> 00:14:26,759 Speaker 2: Ooh, secret societies. That sounds intriguing. 342 00:14:26,919 --> 00:14:29,480 Speaker 1: They've always had this aura of mystery around them. 343 00:14:29,639 --> 00:14:32,000 Speaker 2: Yeah, all those rituals and secret codes. 344 00:14:32,080 --> 00:14:33,960 Speaker 1: They're like a hidden world within our own. 345 00:14:34,080 --> 00:14:36,159 Speaker 2: So which society are we going to explore? 346 00:14:37,039 --> 00:14:39,480 Speaker 1: Let's start with the one connected to the Kochl cipher. 347 00:14:39,679 --> 00:14:41,200 Speaker 2: Remind me what that one was about. 348 00:14:41,360 --> 00:14:43,519 Speaker 1: It was that document from the eighteenth century with all 349 00:14:43,559 --> 00:14:47,279 the weird symbols. Well, it turns out it was the 350 00:14:47,320 --> 00:14:50,559 initiation ritual for a group called the Oculist Order. 351 00:14:50,840 --> 00:14:53,879 Speaker 2: The Oculist Order never heard of them, me neither. 352 00:14:53,759 --> 00:14:55,799 Speaker 1: Before I read about this. They're obsessed with eyes. 353 00:14:56,159 --> 00:14:58,480 Speaker 2: Eyes like eyesight. 354 00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:02,799 Speaker 1: Yeah, and eye surgery ceremonies involved glasses and blank pages. 355 00:15:02,919 --> 00:15:04,399 Speaker 2: That's kind of creepy, I know. 356 00:15:04,519 --> 00:15:07,799 Speaker 1: Right, It's like a mix of science and strange rituals. 357 00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:09,879 Speaker 2: So what were they trying to achieve with all this. 358 00:15:10,679 --> 00:15:14,519 Speaker 1: It's hard to say for sure, but their writings suggest 359 00:15:14,799 --> 00:15:17,600 they were interested in the idea of vision and enlightenment. 360 00:15:18,720 --> 00:15:21,679 Speaker 2: It's fascinating how these codes can give us these glimpses 361 00:15:21,759 --> 00:15:23,320 into these secret worlds. 362 00:15:23,559 --> 00:15:25,879 Speaker 1: It's like we're time travelers peeking into the past. 363 00:15:26,080 --> 00:15:28,799 Speaker 2: Yeah, and it makes you wonder what other secret societies 364 00:15:28,840 --> 00:15:30,080 existed throughout. 365 00:15:29,799 --> 00:15:31,840 Speaker 1: History and what secrets they were trying to protect. 366 00:15:33,440 --> 00:15:35,840 Speaker 2: So are all secret societies this weird? 367 00:15:36,080 --> 00:15:38,000 Speaker 1: I don't know about all of them, but some of 368 00:15:38,039 --> 00:15:42,600 them definitely had some strange beliefs and practices, like what 369 00:15:43,039 --> 00:15:47,159 well somewhere into alchemy and astrology. Others were more focused 370 00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:49,000 on political or religious goals. 371 00:15:49,039 --> 00:15:52,320 Speaker 2: It's like a whole hidden network operating beneath the surface 372 00:15:52,360 --> 00:15:53,120 of society. 373 00:15:53,559 --> 00:15:55,759 Speaker 1: It's kind of fascinating a little bit scary at the 374 00:15:55,759 --> 00:15:56,320 same time. 375 00:15:56,559 --> 00:15:59,120 Speaker 2: I agree. It's like there's this whole other world out 376 00:15:59,120 --> 00:16:00,759 there that we know nothing about. 377 00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:03,440 Speaker 1: It makes you wonder what secrets are still hidden. 378 00:16:03,240 --> 00:16:05,240 Speaker 2: And what impact they might have had on history. 379 00:16:05,399 --> 00:16:09,039 Speaker 1: Speaking of secrets, ooh, another one we can't forget about 380 00:16:09,039 --> 00:16:09,919 the Zodiac Killer. 381 00:16:10,120 --> 00:16:12,320 Speaker 2: Oh yeah, that case is still unsolved. 382 00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:15,399 Speaker 1: This guy was a master of creating fear and confusion. 383 00:16:15,480 --> 00:16:18,200 Speaker 2: He loved to taunt the police with his coded messages. 384 00:16:18,440 --> 00:16:22,200 Speaker 1: And remember that three hundred and forty character cryptogram. 385 00:16:22,039 --> 00:16:24,519 Speaker 2: The one that took over fifty years to solve. 386 00:16:24,639 --> 00:16:26,480 Speaker 1: That one was a real head scratcher. 387 00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:28,879 Speaker 2: What did it say when they finally decoded it. 388 00:16:29,039 --> 00:16:31,120 Speaker 1: Well, it was kind of a letdown. It didn't reveal 389 00:16:31,159 --> 00:16:32,519 his identity or anything. 390 00:16:32,320 --> 00:16:34,519 Speaker 2: Useful like that, really, so what was the point? 391 00:16:34,639 --> 00:16:36,879 Speaker 1: It was mostly just rambling and nonsensical stuff. 392 00:16:37,080 --> 00:16:39,919 Speaker 2: Huh. So even in his coded messages, he managed to 393 00:16:39,919 --> 00:16:44,120 stay one step ahead. It's both fascinating and frustrating, like 394 00:16:44,279 --> 00:16:47,159 he's still out there somewhere laughing at us maybe. 395 00:16:47,840 --> 00:16:49,960 Speaker 1: But you know what I find really interesting about this case? 396 00:16:50,039 --> 00:16:52,720 What's that It shows how code can be used to 397 00:16:52,840 --> 00:16:54,799 manipulate and control. 398 00:16:54,480 --> 00:16:58,240 Speaker 2: To instill fear and create this sense of mystery. 399 00:16:58,080 --> 00:17:02,879 Speaker 1: Exactly the Zodiac Killer used codes to create his own legend. 400 00:17:03,000 --> 00:17:04,839 Speaker 2: Makes you think about the power of codes. 401 00:17:05,119 --> 00:17:08,480 Speaker 1: It does. They're not just about protecting information. He can 402 00:17:08,519 --> 00:17:11,000 also be used to influence and manipulate people. 403 00:17:11,279 --> 00:17:13,480 Speaker 2: It's a reminder that codes can be used for good 404 00:17:13,599 --> 00:17:14,240 or for evil. 405 00:17:14,440 --> 00:17:17,319 Speaker 1: So yeah, let's shift gears again and talk about a 406 00:17:17,359 --> 00:17:20,680 code that was famous for its ingenious design. 407 00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:21,640 Speaker 2: Okay, which one? 408 00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:23,000 Speaker 1: The Visioneer cipher? 409 00:17:23,160 --> 00:17:27,039 Speaker 2: Ah, the one that was considered unbreakable for centuries. 410 00:17:26,599 --> 00:17:28,759 Speaker 1: That's the one. Remember how he used twenty six different 411 00:17:28,799 --> 00:17:29,839 cipher alphabets. 412 00:17:29,920 --> 00:17:32,279 Speaker 2: Vaguely? Remind me how it worked again? 413 00:17:32,359 --> 00:17:35,039 Speaker 1: Well, basically, you use a keyword to determine which alphabet 414 00:17:35,119 --> 00:17:37,000 to use for each letter of your message. 415 00:17:37,079 --> 00:17:39,920 Speaker 2: So the keyword was like a secret key exactly. 416 00:17:39,960 --> 00:17:41,960 Speaker 1: Without it, you'd have no idea how to he code 417 00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:42,400 the message. 418 00:17:42,480 --> 00:17:45,400 Speaker 2: Sounds pretty secure it was, but like. 419 00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:48,000 Speaker 1: All codes, yeah, it eventually met its match. 420 00:17:48,079 --> 00:17:49,160 Speaker 2: Who figured it out? 421 00:17:49,440 --> 00:17:52,440 Speaker 1: Charles Babbage, the computer guy. Yeah, he was a genius. 422 00:17:52,720 --> 00:17:56,319 He realized that even with all those different alphabets, Yeah, 423 00:17:56,319 --> 00:17:59,039 there were still patterns that could be exploited. Like what 424 00:18:00,079 --> 00:18:02,880 he noticed that repeating sequences of letters in the ciphertext 425 00:18:03,279 --> 00:18:05,839 often meant that the same part of the keyword had 426 00:18:05,839 --> 00:18:07,920 been used to encrypt different parts of the message. 427 00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:10,119 Speaker 2: So he was looking for those little hints of order 428 00:18:10,240 --> 00:18:12,240 within the chaos exactly. 429 00:18:12,400 --> 00:18:15,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, and by finding those patterns, Yeah, he could figure 430 00:18:15,039 --> 00:18:15,640 out the length of the. 431 00:18:15,640 --> 00:18:17,559 Speaker 2: Keyword and then crack the code. 432 00:18:18,079 --> 00:18:20,640 Speaker 1: It's amazing how he was able to see those patterns 433 00:18:20,640 --> 00:18:21,720 that everyone else had missed. 434 00:18:21,839 --> 00:18:24,200 Speaker 2: It really is. But didn't you say he never published 435 00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:24,920 his findings. 436 00:18:25,119 --> 00:18:27,279 Speaker 1: I did. It's one of the strangest parts of the story. 437 00:18:27,480 --> 00:18:28,880 Speaker 2: Why would he keep it a secret? 438 00:18:29,480 --> 00:18:30,799 Speaker 1: We may never know for sure? 439 00:18:31,119 --> 00:18:33,079 Speaker 2: Hmmm, frustrating. 440 00:18:33,160 --> 00:18:35,799 Speaker 1: But what of the reason. It meant that the Vigionier 441 00:18:35,960 --> 00:18:38,160 cipher remained a mystery for another. 442 00:18:37,880 --> 00:18:40,279 Speaker 2: Fifty years until Friedrich Kosiski came. 443 00:18:40,200 --> 00:18:43,119 Speaker 1: Along and independently discovered the same method. 444 00:18:43,319 --> 00:18:45,559 Speaker 2: It's funny how that happens sometimes. 445 00:18:45,440 --> 00:18:48,200 Speaker 1: It is. It makes you realize that scientific discoveries aren't 446 00:18:48,240 --> 00:18:48,960 always linear. 447 00:18:49,279 --> 00:18:51,799 Speaker 2: Sometimes multiple people are working on the same problem at 448 00:18:51,799 --> 00:18:52,720 the same time. 449 00:18:52,640 --> 00:18:56,119 Speaker 1: And sometimes those breakthroughs happen in the most unexpected places. 450 00:18:56,279 --> 00:18:58,920 Speaker 2: Speaking of unexpected breakthroughs. 451 00:18:58,359 --> 00:19:00,279 Speaker 1: Should we talk about Genevieve Gratschin. 452 00:19:00,359 --> 00:19:02,319 Speaker 2: Oh, yeah, she's a great example of that. 453 00:19:02,480 --> 00:19:05,240 Speaker 1: This woman was a code breaking superstar. 454 00:19:04,920 --> 00:19:06,559 Speaker 2: And yet most people have never heard of her. 455 00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:10,160 Speaker 1: I know, right. Her work on the Japanese Purple Code 456 00:19:10,279 --> 00:19:12,680 was absolutely crucial during World War Two. 457 00:19:12,920 --> 00:19:16,279 Speaker 2: Remind me again, what made that code so difficult to break. 458 00:19:16,759 --> 00:19:20,680 Speaker 1: Well, it was this sophisticated cipher machine that the Japanese 459 00:19:20,839 --> 00:19:24,279 used for their most sensitive communications. Okay, they thought it 460 00:19:24,319 --> 00:19:26,200 was completely unbreakable. 461 00:19:25,680 --> 00:19:27,440 Speaker 2: And for a while, it seems like it was. 462 00:19:27,519 --> 00:19:29,440 Speaker 1: Even the best code breakers in the world. 463 00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:31,759 Speaker 2: Were stumped until Genevieve came along. 464 00:19:31,920 --> 00:19:35,440 Speaker 1: Exactly, she had this amazing ability to see patterns that 465 00:19:35,519 --> 00:19:36,279 others missed. 466 00:19:36,559 --> 00:19:39,720 Speaker 2: She was looking at these encrypted messages and noticed these 467 00:19:39,799 --> 00:19:44,440 subtle repetitions, tiny cycles within the code, and that gave her. 468 00:19:44,359 --> 00:19:46,119 Speaker 1: A clue about how the machine worked. 469 00:19:46,359 --> 00:19:48,160 Speaker 2: It was a brilliant insight that. 470 00:19:48,119 --> 00:19:51,880 Speaker 1: Led to the decipherment of countless Japanese messages. 471 00:19:51,440 --> 00:19:53,640 Speaker 2: Giving the Allies a huge advantage in the war. 472 00:19:53,759 --> 00:19:57,599 Speaker 1: It's incredible to think that one person's observation skills could 473 00:19:57,599 --> 00:19:59,599 have such a profound impact on history. 474 00:20:00,960 --> 00:20:04,079 Speaker 2: Genevieve Grauchen's story is a testament to the power of 475 00:20:04,160 --> 00:20:05,599 human ingenuity. 476 00:20:05,240 --> 00:20:07,519 Speaker 1: And the importance of having a fresh perspective. 477 00:20:07,640 --> 00:20:10,519 Speaker 2: It's also a reminder that we should never underestimate the 478 00:20:10,559 --> 00:20:12,559 contributions of women in stem fields. 479 00:20:12,640 --> 00:20:16,000 Speaker 1: Absolutely, they've played a vital role in shaping our world. 480 00:20:16,319 --> 00:20:18,480 Speaker 2: Okay, let's take another trip back in time. All right, 481 00:20:18,519 --> 00:20:21,559 all right, this time, we're going to ancient Greece, to. 482 00:20:21,519 --> 00:20:23,240 Speaker 1: The land of myths and legends. 483 00:20:23,519 --> 00:20:26,240 Speaker 2: Remember that mysterious script we talked about earlier, You. 484 00:20:26,200 --> 00:20:28,440 Speaker 1: Mean Linear B, the one that was found on those 485 00:20:28,440 --> 00:20:29,200 play tablets. 486 00:20:29,279 --> 00:20:30,880 Speaker 2: That's the one. It was like a message from a 487 00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:32,160 lost civilization. 488 00:20:32,480 --> 00:20:34,880 Speaker 1: For decades, no one could figure out what it said. 489 00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:38,279 Speaker 2: They could see the symbols, but they couldn't understand their meaning. 490 00:20:38,440 --> 00:20:41,599 Speaker 1: Right, it was like a puzzle with missing pieces, right, It. 491 00:20:41,559 --> 00:20:43,480 Speaker 2: Was like a puzzle with missing pieces. 492 00:20:43,880 --> 00:20:47,279 Speaker 1: But then along came this architect, an architect, Yeah, his 493 00:20:47,359 --> 00:20:50,440 name was Michael Ventris, okay, and he had this hunch 494 00:20:50,720 --> 00:20:54,359 that Lennier B might actually be an early form of Greek. 495 00:20:54,640 --> 00:20:56,960 Speaker 2: Really that's a bold claim. 496 00:20:56,880 --> 00:20:59,519 Speaker 1: It was, but he was determined to prove it. 497 00:21:00,079 --> 00:21:00,759 Speaker 2: So what did he do. 498 00:21:01,079 --> 00:21:04,960 Speaker 1: He spent years studying the tablets, comparing them to other 499 00:21:05,039 --> 00:21:08,079 ancient scripts, using all sorts of techniques to try and 500 00:21:08,119 --> 00:21:08,720 decipher them. 501 00:21:08,759 --> 00:21:09,480 Speaker 2: And did it work. 502 00:21:10,119 --> 00:21:12,039 Speaker 1: It did. He finally cracked the code. 503 00:21:12,160 --> 00:21:14,119 Speaker 2: Amazing. So what did the tablets say? 504 00:21:14,559 --> 00:21:18,960 Speaker 1: They revealed a wealth of information about the Mycenaean civilization. 505 00:21:19,160 --> 00:21:19,759 Speaker 2: Who were they? 506 00:21:19,960 --> 00:21:22,759 Speaker 1: They were a Bronze Age civilization that flourished in Greece 507 00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:25,000 centuries before the classical period. 508 00:21:25,119 --> 00:21:27,240 Speaker 2: So this was like a whole new chapter of Greek 509 00:21:27,319 --> 00:21:28,279 history exactly. 510 00:21:28,920 --> 00:21:32,039 Speaker 1: Venturece's work completely changed our understanding of ancient Greece. 511 00:21:32,200 --> 00:21:36,440 Speaker 2: It's incredible how one person's dedication can unlock so much knowledge. 512 00:21:36,519 --> 00:21:38,640 Speaker 1: It is and it shows us that there's still so 513 00:21:38,759 --> 00:21:40,200 much we don't know about the past. 514 00:21:40,440 --> 00:21:44,519 Speaker 2: It's like we're constantly rewriting history as we uncover new discoveries. 515 00:21:44,799 --> 00:21:46,960 Speaker 1: Now, let's jump to another pivotal moment in history. 516 00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:47,880 Speaker 2: Okay, where are we going? 517 00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:48,920 Speaker 1: World War Two? 518 00:21:49,799 --> 00:21:53,480 Speaker 2: Remember Alan Turing, the Enigma codebreaker, the. 519 00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:56,960 Speaker 1: One and only. His work at Bletchley Park played a 520 00:21:56,960 --> 00:21:59,000 crucial role in the Allied victory. 521 00:21:59,200 --> 00:22:01,880 Speaker 2: It's hard to overstate the importance of his contributions. 522 00:22:02,160 --> 00:22:05,839 Speaker 1: They were truly groundbreaking. He realized that the Enigma. 523 00:22:05,519 --> 00:22:07,279 Speaker 2: Machine, the German cutting device. 524 00:22:07,119 --> 00:22:10,920 Speaker 1: Right, had certain mathematical weaknesses. Okay, so he designed these 525 00:22:10,960 --> 00:22:14,680 machines called bombs to exploit those weaknesses, and. 526 00:22:14,640 --> 00:22:17,079 Speaker 2: They were able to decipher the German messages. 527 00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:20,799 Speaker 1: They did, and that intelligence proved invaluable during the war. 528 00:22:21,039 --> 00:22:23,279 Speaker 2: His work must have saved countless lives. 529 00:22:23,480 --> 00:22:25,759 Speaker 1: It's estimated that it shortened the war by years. 530 00:22:25,920 --> 00:22:28,519 Speaker 2: It's just tragic how he was treated after the war. 531 00:22:28,599 --> 00:22:30,200 Speaker 1: It's a dark stain on history. 532 00:22:30,319 --> 00:22:34,559 Speaker 2: His story highlights the importance of fighting for equality and justice. 533 00:22:34,279 --> 00:22:37,880 Speaker 1: And of recognizing the contributions of all individuals. 534 00:22:37,359 --> 00:22:40,559 Speaker 2: Regardless of their sexual orientation or any other characteristic. 535 00:22:40,680 --> 00:22:44,279 Speaker 1: So we've talked about codes for war and secret societies. 536 00:22:44,359 --> 00:22:45,440 Speaker 2: Yeah, lots of secrets. 537 00:22:45,480 --> 00:22:49,119 Speaker 1: But codes can also be used for something much lighter, entertainment. 538 00:22:49,759 --> 00:22:51,559 Remember Edgar Allen Poe. 539 00:22:51,319 --> 00:22:52,519 Speaker 2: The Master of Mystery. 540 00:22:52,599 --> 00:22:55,960 Speaker 1: He loved to embed codes and ciphers in his stories. 541 00:22:56,119 --> 00:22:57,799 Speaker 2: It was like he was playing a game with his 542 00:22:57,839 --> 00:22:58,839 readers exactly. 543 00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:01,519 Speaker 1: He wanted to challenge to them to think outside the box. 544 00:23:01,720 --> 00:23:04,559 Speaker 2: It's a shame though ciphers didn't reveal anything more exciting. 545 00:23:04,720 --> 00:23:08,680 Speaker 1: I know, right, we were hoping for some juicy secrets. 546 00:23:08,160 --> 00:23:10,359 Speaker 2: But hey, the process of cracking the codes was still 547 00:23:10,359 --> 00:23:10,960 pretty cool. 548 00:23:11,160 --> 00:23:13,839 Speaker 1: It is. It shows how codes can be used to 549 00:23:13,960 --> 00:23:16,960 engage our minds and spark our imaginations. 550 00:23:17,119 --> 00:23:19,440 Speaker 2: I love that. It's like a mental workout. 551 00:23:19,720 --> 00:23:22,960 Speaker 1: And speaking of engaging our minds, okay, let's talk about 552 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:25,960 the codes that are all around us in the digital world. 553 00:23:26,160 --> 00:23:29,400 Speaker 2: You mean the ones that protect our online information Exactly. 554 00:23:29,799 --> 00:23:32,160 Speaker 1: We use codes every day without even realizing it. 555 00:23:32,240 --> 00:23:35,079 Speaker 2: When we shop online, check our bank accounts, send email. 556 00:23:35,279 --> 00:23:36,880 Speaker 1: It's all happening behind the scenes. 557 00:23:36,960 --> 00:23:39,759 Speaker 2: It's like an invisible shield protecting our digital lives. 558 00:23:40,000 --> 00:23:42,319 Speaker 1: And these codes are constantly evolving. 559 00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:45,000 Speaker 2: As hackers and cyber criminals become more sophisticated. 560 00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:47,680 Speaker 1: It's like a constant battle between good and evil. 561 00:23:47,440 --> 00:23:49,519 Speaker 2: A digital arms race, but it's. 562 00:23:49,400 --> 00:23:51,720 Speaker 1: A battle that's essential for our safety and security in 563 00:23:51,759 --> 00:23:52,480 the digital age. 564 00:23:52,880 --> 00:23:56,200 Speaker 2: It's amazing to think about how far cryptography has come. 565 00:23:56,160 --> 00:24:00,480 Speaker 1: From simple substitution ciphers to complex Algeori rhythms. 566 00:24:00,559 --> 00:24:03,160 Speaker 2: It's a testament to human ingenuity and to. 567 00:24:03,119 --> 00:24:05,720 Speaker 1: Our constant desire to stay one step ahead. 568 00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:07,599 Speaker 2: So what's the biggest takeaway from. 569 00:24:07,480 --> 00:24:10,319 Speaker 1: All this, Well, I think it's important to remember that 570 00:24:10,519 --> 00:24:13,880 codes are more than just about secrecy. Okay. They're a 571 00:24:13,880 --> 00:24:17,720 reflection of human creativity and our desire to communicate. 572 00:24:17,240 --> 00:24:18,440 Speaker 2: And to protect information. 573 00:24:18,720 --> 00:24:21,279 Speaker 1: They can be used for good or for evil. 574 00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:22,400 Speaker 2: And they're constantly evolving. 575 00:24:22,519 --> 00:24:25,319 Speaker 1: It's a fascinating field that's full of surprises. 576 00:24:25,440 --> 00:24:26,839 Speaker 2: Yeah, So where do we go from here? 577 00:24:27,240 --> 00:24:29,119 Speaker 1: Well, we've covered a lot of ground today, we. 578 00:24:29,160 --> 00:24:32,759 Speaker 2: Have from ancient scripts to modern cryptography. 579 00:24:32,920 --> 00:24:35,240 Speaker 1: But there's still so much more to explore. I'm ready 580 00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:38,480 for more me too, So stay tuned for the final 581 00:24:38,519 --> 00:24:40,759 part of our deep dive into the world of codes 582 00:24:40,799 --> 00:24:41,440 and ciphers. 583 00:24:41,839 --> 00:24:45,519 Speaker 2: It's really fascinating to consider the human element in all 584 00:24:45,559 --> 00:24:48,119 these stories about codes and ciphers, right. 585 00:24:48,079 --> 00:24:50,839 Speaker 1: Like, beyond just the technical stuff, there's this whole layer 586 00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:51,880 of drama and. 587 00:24:51,960 --> 00:24:57,160 Speaker 2: Intrigue totally, like Charles Babbage cracking the Visionaire cipher but 588 00:24:57,200 --> 00:24:58,519 then keeping it a secret. 589 00:24:58,759 --> 00:24:59,839 Speaker 1: I still can't get over that. 590 00:24:59,799 --> 00:25:01,480 Speaker 2: One, right, what was he thinking? 591 00:25:01,960 --> 00:25:05,359 Speaker 1: And then you have those unsung heroes like Genevieve Grotchin. 592 00:25:05,680 --> 00:25:07,640 Speaker 2: Oh yeah, she's a great example. 593 00:25:07,880 --> 00:25:10,559 Speaker 1: Her work on the Japanese Purple Code was so important. 594 00:25:10,640 --> 00:25:12,880 Speaker 2: It makes you wonder how many other people made these 595 00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:15,880 huge contributions to history, right, but. 596 00:25:15,799 --> 00:25:17,559 Speaker 1: Their stories are hidden or forgotten. 597 00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:20,160 Speaker 2: We need to do a better job of recognizing those 598 00:25:20,240 --> 00:25:21,039 hidden figures. 599 00:25:21,119 --> 00:25:24,000 Speaker 1: I agree. And it's not just about individual people either, 600 00:25:24,240 --> 00:25:28,519 What do you mean, It's about understanding how codes reflect 601 00:25:28,559 --> 00:25:31,000 the time and the society they were created in. 602 00:25:31,079 --> 00:25:32,039 Speaker 2: Oh, I see what you're saying. 603 00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:35,319 Speaker 1: Like those secret societies we talked about, Yeah, those were interesting. 604 00:25:35,400 --> 00:25:38,160 Their codes and rituals tell us so much about their 605 00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:39,599 beliefs and their goals. 606 00:25:40,039 --> 00:25:42,599 Speaker 2: Some of them were pretty strange, though they were. 607 00:25:42,720 --> 00:25:45,000 Speaker 1: But even the strange ones can teach us something about 608 00:25:45,039 --> 00:25:45,480 the past. 609 00:25:45,759 --> 00:25:48,240 Speaker 2: It's like a hidden world that we're only just beginning 610 00:25:48,279 --> 00:25:49,160 to understand. 611 00:25:49,680 --> 00:25:51,640 Speaker 1: But you know, codes aren't just a thing of the past. 612 00:25:52,039 --> 00:25:54,119 They're all around us in the digital. 613 00:25:53,799 --> 00:25:55,880 Speaker 2: World, protecting our information. 614 00:25:55,599 --> 00:25:56,960 Speaker 1: Keeping us safe online. 615 00:25:57,200 --> 00:25:59,920 Speaker 2: It's amazing how far cryptography has come. 616 00:25:59,759 --> 00:26:02,640 Speaker 1: From Caesar ciphers to complex algorithms. 617 00:26:02,720 --> 00:26:04,839 Speaker 2: It's a testament to human ingenuity. 618 00:26:05,559 --> 00:26:07,720 Speaker 1: So as we wrap up our deep dive into the 619 00:26:07,720 --> 00:26:11,480 world of codes and ciphers, Yeah, what's the one big 620 00:26:11,519 --> 00:26:13,400 idea you want our listeners to take away? 621 00:26:13,640 --> 00:26:17,519 Speaker 2: I think it's this. Codes and ciphers are more than 622 00:26:17,759 --> 00:26:21,599 just about secrecy, okay. They're a reflection of who we 623 00:26:21,680 --> 00:26:22,319 are as. 624 00:26:22,240 --> 00:26:26,359 Speaker 1: Humans, our desire to communicate, to protect, to challenge ourselves 625 00:26:26,359 --> 00:26:27,000 with puzzles. 626 00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:29,079 Speaker 2: They're a thread that connects us to the past and 627 00:26:29,119 --> 00:26:29,759 to the future. 628 00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:31,039 Speaker 1: That's a great way to put it. 629 00:26:31,079 --> 00:26:33,880 Speaker 2: And for anyone listening out there, Yeah, keep your eyes 630 00:26:33,920 --> 00:26:35,480 open for the codes around you. 631 00:26:35,640 --> 00:26:37,119 Speaker 1: There are secrets hidden everywhere. 632 00:26:37,279 --> 00:26:39,160 Speaker 2: You never know what you might discover. 633 00:26:39,480 --> 00:26:41,680 Speaker 1: Thanks for joining us on this journey into the world 634 00:26:41,680 --> 00:26:42,799 of codes and ciphers. 635 00:26:42,880 --> 00:26:43,640 Speaker 2: It's been a pleasure. 636 00:26:43,720 --> 00:26:45,759 Speaker 1: Until next time, Happy code breaking.