Speaker 1: Going back to ancient times, we go as we're going
to learn about the skittily scy Tha l e before
we get started, making sure to share and subscribe. Today
we're looking at before algorithms, before the binary code, before
anything we recognize.
Speaker 2: As a computer.
Speaker 1: The Spartan's built a military encryption system so elegant that
survives centuries of warfare. Today we're going to explore the
Siteles or Skittily, a wooden baton that turned a strip
of leather into the ancient world's most guardly secret, most
closely guarded secret. We go inside the Peloponnesian War to
understand what it meant to trust a piece of wood
with your army's survival. So I imagine you're a Spartan general.
You're deep in enemy territory. Athenian scouts have been spotted
on the ridge line, your supply lines are thinning, and
your next move depends entirely on a message you've just
received from Sparta. They run oer hands you a narrow
strip of leather.
Speaker 2: You look at it.
Speaker 1: It's gibberish, just letters, random, meaningless, scattered across the hide,
like someone drop the alphabet and never bothered to clean
it up.
Speaker 2: You pull a wooden baton from.
Speaker 1: Your belt, You wrap the leather strap around it in
a tight spiral, and then word by word, line by line,
a sentence emerges between the gaps. Return im mediately Athens
moves north. You've just witnessed the world's first documented transposition
cipher and the device in your hand that's the skidily.
And for a few critical centuries in ancient Greece, it
was the difference between military victory and catastrophic, blood soaked failure.
We're talking about the fifth century BC.
Speaker 2: Here. Greece is not a unified nation.
Speaker 1: It's a patchwork of city states, each with its own culture,
military and political identity. Two of the most powerful are
Athens in Sparta, and they've been locked in a cold
war that's about to go.
Speaker 2: Very very hot.
Speaker 1: The Peloponnesian War runs from four thirty one to four
h four BC, and it is the fining conflict of
the ancient Greek world. Athens has the navy, Sparta has
the army. Athens has philosophers and playwrights. Sparta has the
most discipline's psychologically hardened soldiers in recorded history, men who
are taken from their families at age seven and forged
into something closer to.
Speaker 2: Weapons than humans.
Speaker 1: And Sparta also has something else, something quieter, something that
almost nobody talks about when they talk about ancient warfare.
They have operational security. Here's how the skiddy worked. And
I wanted to tell you. I want you to really
sit with the elegance of this, because it's stunning in
its simplicity. The Spartan Military Commission a set of wooden
batons cylindrical staffs, all cut to a very specific standardized diameter.
One stays in Sparta, in the hands of the yepfors
the governing Council. Another travels with the commanding General in
the field, same diameter, same device. When Sparta needs to
send a message, ascribe takes a long, thin strip of
leather or parchment and winds it tightly around the baton
in a diagonal spiral, edge to edge. Then they write
the message lengthwise across the surface of the wrap leather,
one letter per section, tracking down the baton like a
column of text. Then they unwrapped the strip. What you're
left with looks like pure noise, letters scattered across a
long ribbon with no apparent logic. No word breaks, no
identifiable sequence to anyone who intercepts it.
Speaker 2: It's meaningless.
Speaker 1: You could read it forwards, backwards, and columns and rows
and get nothing. But the moment you wrap that strip
around a baton of the same exact diameter, the spiral realigns,
the columns of letters stack, the message surfaces like a
photograph developing in a dark room. This is transposition cryptography,
not substitution, where you wrap one letter for another, but transposition,
where you physically.
Speaker 2: Scramble the order of the letters.
Speaker 1: The information is all there, it's just geometrically hidden, and
in four hundred BC, that was enough to change the
outcome of wars. Here's where it gets interesting, and this
is the part that doesn't usually show up in the
history textbooks. Imagine you're a spartan field commander. You received
a message. You're runner made it through barely. You know
Athens has agents on the roads. You know there are
mercenaries who sell information whoever pays.
Speaker 2: You know that the.
Speaker 1: Leather strip your runner carried pass through dozens of miles
of hostile territory. And here's a question that would have
kept any rational commander awake at night. What if someone
found a baton close enough in diameter to read it.
This isn't paranoia, this is threat modeling. The sctile's entire
security rested on one physical variable, the diameter of the staff.
If an adversary could capture enough ENCRYPTID messages, could they
reverse engineer the baton size through trial and error? Could
they whittle a series of staffs of slightly varying wits
until one made the message court Here we don't have
clear historical evidence that the Athenians ever cracked Scaily this way,
but the possibility was structurally real, and any commander who
understood the system knew it. This is one of the
earliest documented examples of what intelligence professionals today called cryptographics anxiety,
the specific psychological burden of not knowing whether your communications
have been compromised.
Speaker 2: You operate on the assumption.
Speaker 1: Of security, but you could never be certain, and in warfare,
that uncertainty is its own kind of wound. Plutarch, writing
centuries later, gives us some of our best documentation on
the scittiy. He references it in his account of the
Spartan general Lysander receiving a critical message, a warning about
a conspiracy involving the Persian satrap far anabasis, wrapped in
a belt delivered by a messenger. The message, once decode,
it likely shaped one of the pivotal political maneuvers of
the late Pilidiphnesian War. That's not a footnote, that's cryptography
altering the arc of ancient geopololitics. What's remarkable is that
the skittley wasn't just a clever trick.
Speaker 2: It was institutionalized.
Speaker 1: It was baked into Spartan military protocol at the state level.
The eepers held one baton, the general held another.
Speaker 2: This was infrastructure, this was policy. This is what we
now call a.
Speaker 1: Cryptographic key management system. Standardized, distributed, operationally integrated. SPARTA was,
in a very real sense, the world's first crypto state.
Time you send an encrypted message, every time your phone
scrambles a text into your ciphertext before it leaves your hand,
you're participating in a tradition that began on a hillside
and Laconia with a wooden baton and a strip of leather.
The tools have changed, yes, quantum computing is already threatening
the encryption standards we rely on today, But the core problem,
how do you send a secret across hostile territory without
it being read. Is exactly what a Spartan scribe was solving.
Twenty five hundred years ago, the skiddily did an ingest
encrypt messages to encrypted trust had said, only someone who
already has what you have can understand what you're telling them.
In warfare and diplomacy and intelligence, that's still the whole
game