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Speaker 1: Hello, and welcome to Astronomy Daily, your gateway to the cosmos.

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I'm Anna, and today we're exploring some fascinating developments across

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our universe, from our neighboring planets to distant galaxies. Coming

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up on today's episode, we'll venture to Mars, where the

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Perseverance Rover has discovered diverse, rocky outcrops on the rim

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of Jesuo Crater, providing new insights into the red planet's

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ancient history. We'll also dive into some celestial mathematics to

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explain why Easter will come unusually late this year despite

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the timing of the full moon. It's a fascinating intersection

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of astronomy and tradition. Then we'll explore research suggesting that

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millions of interstellar objects from Alpha Centauri might be hiding

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in our own solar system, creating connections between star systems

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we never imagine. April is Citizen Science Month, and I'll

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tell you how you can join NASA's ambitious goal of

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achieving one million acts of science and become part of

16
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real astronomical discoveries. Finally, we'll witness the dramatic awakening of

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a super massive black hole erupting with the most powerful

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X ray blasts ever recorded, challenging scientists understanding of these

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cosmic behemoths. So buckle up for a journey across the

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cosmos as we explore the latest discoveries and wonders of

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our universe. Let's get started with our favorite red planet.

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NASA's Perseverance rover has made a remarkable discovery on the

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rim of Mars's Jazero Crater, stumbling upon a treasure trove

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of diverse, rocky outcrops that have scientists buzzing with excitement.

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Since January, this plucky little rover has been analyzing what

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scientists describe as a hodgepodge of rocks on the crater rim,

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and the findings are proving more valuable than anticipated. Perseverance

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has been working at an impressive pace, couring five rocks

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and successfully sealing samples from three of them in collection tubes.

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It has conducted detailed close up analysis of seven rocks

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while assessing another eighty three from a distance using its

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laser technology. While this might not sound like a substantial

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workload over several months, NASA reports this has actually been

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the rover's fastest science mission since landing on the red planet.

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In twenty twenty one. The rover reached the crater rim

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in December twenty twenty four and has been exploring a

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one hundred and thirty five meter tall slope that scientists

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have nicknamed which Hazel Hill. What makes this location so

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special is the remarkable variety of rock types found in

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close proximity to each other. Project's scientist Katie stack Morgan

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from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, explains the significance. During previous

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science campaigns in Jezero, it could take several months to

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find a rock that was significantly different from the last

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rock we sampled and scientifically unique enough for sampling. But

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up here on the crater rim there are new and

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intriguing rocks. Everywhere the rover turns. It has been all

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we had hoped for and more. The western rim of

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ja Zero Crater features numerous fragmented rocks that were once molten.

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Scientists bel leave these rocks were brought to the surface

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by meteor impacts billions of years ago, possibly including the

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very impact that created Jesero Crater itself. One particularly exciting

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sample was collected on January twenty eighth from a rock

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dubbed Shallow Bay. This rock likely formed around three point

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nine billion years ago, potentially making it the oldest sample

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collected by the rover so far. About one hundred and

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ten meters away from Shallow Bay, another intriguing rock caught

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scientists attention because it contains minerals that crystallized from magma

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deep within the Martian crust. These diverse mineral compositions are

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crucial for scientists attempting to piece together Mars' geological history.

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By analyzing these rocks, researchers hope to better understand how

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the planet formed and evolved over billions of years, including

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weather conditions were ever suitable for life to exist. The

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abundance and diversity of these rocks will help scientists determine

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if Mars was once habitable and if it might still

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harbor environments that could support life today. Each sample provides

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a window into different periods of Martian history and different

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environmental conditions. As Stack Morgan enthusiastically puts it, the last

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four months have been a whirlwind for the science team,

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and we still feel that which Hazel Hill has more

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to tell us. We'll use all the rover data gathered

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recently to decide if and where to collect the next

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sample from the Crater rim Crater rims. You gotta love them.

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If you've ever wondered why the date of Easter seems

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to jump around the calendar from year to year, you're

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not alone. Easter twenty twenty five is coming particularly late,

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falling on April twentieth, and there's a fascinating astronomical reason

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behind this mobile holiday. Easter's date is determined by what's

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known as the paschal moon, the first full moon that

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occurs on or after the spring equinox. In theory, Easter

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should fall on the Sunday immediately following this full moon.

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This connection between Easter and lunar cycles has ancient ord origins,

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linking the Christian celebration to the Hebrew calendar and Passover.

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In twenty twenty five, the April full moon, traditionally known

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as the pink full moon, will occur on April twelfth.

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Despite its name, this moon won't actually appear pink. The

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name comes from the blooming of moss pink flocks, flowers

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that typically coincide with this lunar event. Since this full

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moon happens after the spring equinox, it's also the paschal

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moon for twenty twenty five. Given this timing, you might

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expect Easter to fall on April thirteenth, the Sunday immediately

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following the Paschal moon. However, Easter twenty twenty five will

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actually be celebrated a full week later, on April twentieth.

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This discrepancy highlights the complex relationship between astronomical observations and

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ecclesiastical rules. The explanation involves the difference between astronomical reality

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and church tradition. While astronomers calculate the exact moment of

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a full moon based on the moon's position relative to

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Earth and the Sun, the Church follows ecclesiastical tables that

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don't always align perfectly with astronomical events. Additionally, there's a

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geographical factor at play. In North America, the Paschal full

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moon occurs on Saturday, April twelfth, but in European longitudes,

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including the Vatican, this same full moon happens after midnight,

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technically placing it on Sunday April thirteenth. Since the first

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Sunday after the Paschal Moon in the Old World would

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be April twentieth, that's when Easter will be celebrated globally.

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The rules for determining Easter's date have other interesting quirks.

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For instance, the Church fixes the vernal equinox on March

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twenty first, even though astronomically it now falls no later

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than March twentieth. This can lead to some peculiar situations.

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In twenty thirty eight, for example, the equinox will fall

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on March twentieth, with a full moon the very next day,

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but Easter won't be celebrated until April twenty fifth, the

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latest possible date it can occur. Easter can fall as

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early as March twenty second, which last happened to eighteen

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eighteen and won't happen again until twenty two eighty five,

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and as late as April twenty fifth. Interestingly, when Easter

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occurs in March, it's always preceded and followed by April Easters.

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In adjacent years. Between two thousand and seven thousand, nine

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hundred and ninety nine, Easter will fall most frequently on

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April nineteenth, occurring on that date two hundred and thirty

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one times. However, if we narrow our focus to just

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this millennium, April sixteenth becomes the most common Easter date.

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So when you mark Easter twenty twenty five on your

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calendar for April twentieth. Remember you're participating in a tradition

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that blends ancient astronomical observations with ecclesiastical calculations, a fascinating

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intersection of science and faith that continues to evolve through

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the centuries. Next up today, have you ever wondered if

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objects from other star systems might be passing through our

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cosmic neighborhood. A fascinating new study from Western University suggests

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that our Solar System could be home to millions of

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interstellar visitors, primarily from our nearest stellar neighbor, Alpha Centauri.

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Astrophysicists Cole Greg and Paul Wiegert have developed a groundbreaking

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computer model that simulates interstellar activity between our Solar System

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and Alpha Centauri. Their research, published in the Planetary Science

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Journal this March, points to Alpha Centauri as a likely

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source of interstellar material found within our Solar system. Alpha

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Centauri is particularly interesting because it's a triple star system,

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unlike our single Sun arrangement. Yet the researchers believe it

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might behave similarly to our own Solar system when it

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comes to ejecting material into space. As Greg explains giant

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planets introduce a degree of chaos, perturbing orbits and giving

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objects the velocity boost they need to escape their star's

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gravitational pull. The model suggests something truly remarkable. Approximately one

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million interstellar objects larger than one hundred meters in diameter

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originating from Alpha Centauri may currently be within our solar

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systems or at cloud, that vast shell of icy objects

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surrounding our planetary neighborhood, and this number is expected to

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increase as Alpha Centauri moves closer to us, with its

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closest approach predicted in about twenty eight thousand years. Assuming

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Alpha Centauri is ejecting material, which it should be, there

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are plenty of reasons to expect some of that material

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is making its way to us, notes Professor Wigert, who

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has discovered more than eighty minor planets during his career.

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This research builds on our understanding of interstellar objects that

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began with the twenty seventeen discovery of um Wahmua, the

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first confirmed interstellar visitor spotted by Western scientist Robert Warrick. Umwahmua,

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a reddish object estimated to be between one hundred and

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one thousand meters long was just the first glimpse of

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what could be a much larger population of interstellar wanderers.

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Before you worry about interstellar impacts, the researchers offer reassurance.

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Their model projects that while as many as ten met

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years from Alpha Centauri might enter Earth's atmosphere annually, these

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would be microscopic, no larger than one hundred micrometers in size.

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In fact, only about one in a trillion meteor striking

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Earth might originate from Alpha centaury. The real significance of

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this research lies in how it transforms our understanding of

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cosmic systems. As Greg eloquently puts it, throughout the history

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of astronomy, every time we look at a system, we

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think of it as a closed system. The galaxy isn't

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a collection of all these individual star systems. Rather, they

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should be studied as an interconnected system, one that shares

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all of this interstellar material among the stars. This interconnected

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view of our galaxy challenges the traditional notion of star

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systems as isolated entities. Instead, it suggests a cosmic ecosystem

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where matter regularly travels between neighboring stars, creating a complex

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web of interstellar exchange that has been ongoing for billions

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of years. Next something you may like to take part in.

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April marks a special time for science enthusiasts around the world.

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It's Citizen Science Month, and NASA is embarking on an

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ambitious mission they're calling one million Acts of Science. This

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initiative aims to harness the collective power of volunteers everywhere

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to help solve some of astronomy's greatest mysteries. Citizen Science

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represents a beautiful intersection of professional research and public participation.

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Through these programs, ordinary people like you and me can

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contribute meaningfully to scientific discovery without specialized degrees or equipment.

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NASA's citizen Science projects are designed to address real world problems,

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protect our planet, and unravel the secrets of the universe.

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The concept is simple yet powerful. By distributing scientific tasks

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across thousands of volunteers, researchers can accomplish what would be

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impossible for even the largest professional teams. Your contribution, combined

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with others around the globe, creates a formidable force for

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scientific advancement. So what exactly counts as an act of science?

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It could be as straightforward as categorizing galaxies based on

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their shapes, identifying features on Mars, tracking changes in cloud patterns,

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or monitoring light pollution in your local area. Many projects

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require nothing more than a smartphone and a curious mind.

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What makes these initiatives particularly valuable is that they're not

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just busy work. The data collected through citizen science efforts

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has led to genuine discoveries and appears in peer reviewed

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scientific publications. Your contributions help NASA scientists understand our changing planet,

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identify new asteroids, study distant galaxies, and monitor space weather.

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The beauty of citizen science is its accessibility. Projects are

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designed to accommodate various interests, time commitments, and skill levels.

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Whether you have five minutes while waiting for your coffee

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or want to dedicate several hours each week, there's a

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project perfectly suited to your availability. If you're in interested

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in participating, NASA's Citizen Science website offers a comprehensive directory

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of active projects, from helping classify exoplanets to tracking wildlife

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responses to solar eclipses. The diversity of opportunities means you're

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bound to find something that captures your imagination by joining

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this worldwide community of citizen scientists, you become part of

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something much larger than yourself, a global effort to expand

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human knowledge and address some of our most pressing challenges.

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And during this special month celebrating citizen Science, your participation

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helps NASA reach that ambitious goal of one million scientific contributions. Remember,

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science isn't just for professional researchers in labs. It belongs

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to all of us, and through citizen science, we all

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have the opportunity to push the boundaries of human understanding

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just a little bit further. If you're interested in finding

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out more, I'll leave a link in the show notes

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for you. We've all experienced grumpy mornings, but nothing compares

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to the cosm tantrum recently thrown by a supermassive black

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hole in a galaxy far far away. Astronomers have observed

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something truly extraordinary, a monster black hole, unleashing the longest

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and most powerful X ray eruptions ever recorded from such

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an object. The black hole in question sits at the

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center of galaxy sdss on Thy three hundred thirty five

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plus zero seven two eight, approximately three hundred million light

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years from Earth. After decades of inactivity, this cosmic giant

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has suddenly awakened with a vengeance, beginning to devour surrounding

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matter and producing what scientists call quasi periodic eruptions or qpease.

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This active region at the galaxy's heart, nicknamed Anski by researchers,

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first showed signs of awakening in late twenty nineteen. By

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February of this year, astronomers using NASA's Swift X ray

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space telescope observed the black hole erupting with flares at

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surprisingly regular intervals, providing a rare opportunity to monitor a

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feeding black hole in real time. What makes these observations

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particularly remarkable is their unprecedented scale. As MIT researcher Joheen

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Chakraborti explains, the bursts of X rays from Anski are

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ten times longer and ten times more luminous than what

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we see from a typical QPE. Each eruption releases one

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hundred times more energy than previously observed elsewhere, with eruptions

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occurring roughly every four and a half days, the longest

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interval ever seen. These extreme behaviors are challenging existing scientific

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models and forcing astronomers to reconsider their understanding of such events. Typically,

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qpes have been associated with super massive black holes capturing

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and shredding stars, then consuming the stellar remnants. However, this

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doesn't appear to be happening with Anski, leaving scientists puzzled

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about what's triggering these massive outbursts. The observations were made

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possible through an international collaborative effort utilizing multiple space telescopes,

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the European space agencies XMMM, Newton, NASA's NISS and Chandra missions,

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and archived data from Arisida. These repetitive bursts may also

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be generating gravitational waves, ripples, and space time that could

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potentially be detected by future missions like the Laser Interferometer

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Space Antenna, a joint ESA NASA space based detector scheduled

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for launch in twenty thirty seven. Having complementary X ray

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observations alongside gravitational wave data could prove crucial in solving

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the mysteries of massive black hole behavior. The research on

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this extraordinary cosmic event was published in the journal Nature

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Astronomy just last month, marking an important step forward in

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our understanding of black hole dynamics. As astronomers continue monitoring

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Anski's volatile behavior, we may gain valuable insights into the

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extreme physics governing these cosmic behemoths that lurk at the

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centers of most galaxies, including our own Milky Way, and

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that brings us to the end of another fastening journey

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through the cosmos. Today, we've explored everything from Martian geology

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to the mysteries of black holes, with some interesting astronomical

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calendar facts and citizen science opportunities along the way. We've

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seen how Perseverance is uncovering Mars's geological history through diverse

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rock samples on the Jesuo Crater, rim potentially revealing clues

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about the planet's habitability. We've demystified why Easter will arrive

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later than expected this year thanks to the complex interplay

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between astronomical events and ecclesiastical rules. We've learned that millions

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of interstellar visitors from Alpha Centauri might be hiding in

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our Solar system, challenging our view of star systems as

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isolated entities. We've discovered how you can participate in NASA's

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Citizen Science Month and contribute to their ambitious goal of

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one million acts of science. And finally, we've witnessed the

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dramatic awakening of a monster black hole, producing unprecedented X

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ray eruptions that are forcing scientists to rethink their understanding

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of these cosmic giants. I'm Anna, your host for Astronomy Daily,

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and I hope you've enjoyed today's cosmic exploration. If you'd

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like to stay updated on all things astronomy, please visit

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our website at Astronomy Daily dot io, where you can

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sign up for our free daily newsletter and access all

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our previous episodes. If you're enjoying the podcast, we'd be

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thrilled if you'd share it with your family, friends, or

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anyone else who gazes up at the night sky with wonder.

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Until next time, keep looking up and stay curious about

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our magnificent universe. Sunday Stars Star