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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your window to the universe, where

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<v Speaker 1>we bring you the freshest discoveries and developments from across

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<v Speaker 1>the cosmos. I'm Anna and I'm thrilled to guide you

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<v Speaker 1>through today's fascinating journey through space. In today's episode, we'll

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<v Speaker 1>explore a remarkable observation of a black hole violently expelling

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<v Speaker 1>matter at incredible speeds into deep space. We'll also cover

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<v Speaker 1>SpaceX's impressive launch milestones and the global surge and space

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<v Speaker 1>activities happening around the world. Plus we'll discuss the historic

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<v Speaker 1>inauguration of the African Space Agency and what it means

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<v Speaker 1>for the continent's space ambitions. And finally, we'll venture to

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<v Speaker 1>our Moon, where a massive ancient crater may hold secrets

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<v Speaker 1>about our lunar companion's fiery birth. So settle in as

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<v Speaker 1>we blast off into another edition of astronomical wonders and

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<v Speaker 1>cosmic revelations. In a stunning discovery that challenges our understanding

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<v Speaker 1>of these cosmic monsters, scientists have captured a black hole

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<v Speaker 1>in the act of hurling matter into deep space at

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<v Speaker 1>us astonishing velocities. The culprit is located in NGC four

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<v Speaker 1>thousand nine hundred forty five, a beautiful spiral galaxy sitting

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<v Speaker 1>over twelve million light years away in the constellation Centaurus.

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<v Speaker 1>While NGC four nine hundred forty five might appear serene

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<v Speaker 1>from a distance, it harbours a ferocious secret at its core.

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<v Speaker 1>Unlike some black holes that quietly consume their cosmic meals,

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<v Speaker 1>such as the relatively calm one at the center of

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<v Speaker 1>our own Milky Way, this supermassive beast is both a

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<v Speaker 1>voracious eater and a violent expeller. Using the Advanced Meuse

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<v Speaker 1>instrument on the European Southern Observatory's very large telescope, astronomers

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<v Speaker 1>have documented this black hole not only devouring surrounding material,

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<v Speaker 1>but also generating powerful cone shaped winds of gas and

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<v Speaker 1>dust that blast outward with tremendous force. What's particularly fascinating

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<v Speaker 1>is that these outflows, visible as striking red plumes against

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<v Speaker 1>the galaxy's elegant spiral structure, are moving so rapidly that

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<v Speaker 1>scientists expect them to completely escape the galaxy's gravitational pull.

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<v Speaker 1>This matter will eventually drift into the vast emptiness of

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<v Speaker 1>intergalactic space, a cosmic ejection on a truly enormous scale.

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<v Speaker 1>This observation is reshaping our understanding of galactic dynamics. Black

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<v Speaker 1>holes have long been known to pull matter inward with

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<v Speaker 1>their immense gravity, but this dramatic example of matter ejection

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<v Speaker 1>shows how these cosmic entities play a much more complex

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<v Speaker 1>role in shaping their galactic neighborhoods. The expelled material, which

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<v Speaker 1>would otherwise be available for star formation, is essentially being

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<v Speaker 1>removed from the galaxy's inventory. This finding represents a pivotal

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<v Speaker 1>moment in our quest to understand the intricate relationship between

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<v Speaker 1>supermassive black holes and the evolution of their host galaxies

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<v Speaker 1>across cosmic time. What makes this discovery truly revolutionary is

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<v Speaker 1>that these black hole driven winds behave in ways astronomers

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<v Speaker 1>didn't anticipate. The meuse data reveals something counterintuitive. Instead of

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<v Speaker 1>gradually slowing down as they travel outward through the galaxy,

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<v Speaker 1>these powerful outflows actually accelerate as they move away from

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<v Speaker 1>the galactic center. They gain momentum on their journey toward

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<v Speaker 1>the edge of the galaxy and eventually into inner galactic space.

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<v Speaker 1>This acceleration mechanism is particularly significant for understanding galactic evolution.

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<v Speaker 1>By forcefully ejecting potential star forming material from the galaxy.

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<v Speaker 1>These black holes effectively act as cosmic regulators, controlling the

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<v Speaker 1>rate at which new stars can form within their host galaxies.

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<v Speaker 1>It's a form of self regulation that dampens stellar birth

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<v Speaker 1>rates across the entire galactic structure. Even more fascinating is

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<v Speaker 1>how this process creates a feedback loop that affects the

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<v Speaker 1>black hole itself by removing the very gas and dust

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<v Speaker 1>they feed upon, more active and powerful black holes actually

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<v Speaker 1>impede their own growth. This self limiting behavior drives the

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<v Speaker 1>whole system toward a kind of galactic equilibrium, delicate balance

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<v Speaker 1>between consumption and ejection. The new findings represent a significant

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<v Speaker 1>step forward in our understanding of how galaxies evolve over

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<v Speaker 1>cosmic time. These accelerating winds appear to be a key

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<v Speaker 1>mechanism through which black holes shape not just their immediate surroundings,

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<v Speaker 1>but the fate of entire galaxies. By regulating both star

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<v Speaker 1>formation and their own feeding processes, these cosmic behemoths play

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<v Speaker 1>a far more sophisticated role in universal dynamics than previously understood.

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<v Speaker 1>Scientists believe that by studying these acceleration patterns in detail,

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<v Speaker 1>we can better comprehend the forces that have shaped galactic

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<v Speaker 1>evolution throughout the universe's history, one of the fundamental questions

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<v Speaker 1>in modern astrophysics. Let's move on now and take a

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<v Speaker 1>look at this week's launch schedule. SpaceX continues to push

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<v Speaker 1>the boundaries of what's possible in the commercial space industry,

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<v Speaker 1>setting remarkable records that would have seemed impossible just a

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<v Speaker 1>few years ago. The company is on track to achieve

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<v Speaker 1>its two hundred and fiftieth mission launch from space Base

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<v Speaker 1>Launch Complex forty in Florida this week, a milestone that

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<v Speaker 1>highlights just how quickly SpaceX has transformed access to space.

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<v Speaker 1>The pace of launches is nothing short of extraordinary. SpaceX

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<v Speaker 1>has now surpassed two hundred and fifty dedicated Starlink launches,

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<v Speaker 1>rapidly expanding its satellite Internet constellation to provide global coverage.

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<v Speaker 1>Just last week, the company deployed a record twenty nine

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<v Speaker 1>Starlink satellites in a single mission, demonstrating their ability to

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<v Speaker 1>maximize payload capacity on their workhourse Falcon nine rocket. This

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<v Speaker 1>achievement is particularly noteworthy because it also marked SpaceX's fiftieth

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<v Speaker 1>mission of twenty twenty five, maintaining a launch cadence that

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<v Speaker 1>averages nearly three launches per week. If this pace continues,

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<v Speaker 1>the company is on track to potentially exceed one hundred

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<v Speaker 1>launches this year, a figure that the entire global launch

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<v Speaker 1>industry struggled to achieve collectively just a decade ago. Perhaps

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<v Speaker 1>equally impressive is SpaceX's growing mastery of reusability. Mission marked

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<v Speaker 1>the one hundredth consecutive successful Falcon nine landing since their

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<v Speaker 1>last landing failure. This perfect landing streak highlights the maturity

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<v Speaker 1>of SpaceX's recovery technology and operations. The booster used for

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<v Speaker 1>this mission, designated B one thousand, seventy eight, became the

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<v Speaker 1>ninth in the fleet to reach twenty flights, demonstrating the

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<v Speaker 1>durability and reliability of these vehicles that were initially designed

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<v Speaker 1>for just a handful of missions. The economics of this

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<v Speaker 1>reusability revolution cannot be overstated. By recovering and refurbishing first

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<v Speaker 1>stage boosters, SpaceX has dramatically reduced launch costs while simultaneously

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<v Speaker 1>increasing their launch capacity. What once required building dozens of

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<v Speaker 1>new rockets annually can now be accomplished with a much

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<v Speaker 1>smaller fleet of frequently flown vehicles. This unprecedented launch cadence

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<v Speaker 1>is enabling SpaceX to deploy its Starlink constellation at a

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<v Speaker 1>pace that competitors struggle to match. With each launch carrying

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<v Speaker 1>dozens of satellites, the company is rapidly approaching the point

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<v Speaker 1>where it can offer true global coverage for its Internet service,

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<v Speaker 1>including in remote and underserved regions where traditional internet infrastructure

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<v Speaker 1>is impractical. While SpaceX dominates headlines with its impressive launch schedule,

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<v Speaker 1>it's worth noting that they're not the only players in

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<v Speaker 1>this increasingly busy orbital traffic pattern. Other spacefaring nations continue

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<v Speaker 1>to maintain active launch schedules, with China being particularly noteworthy

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<v Speaker 1>among them. In fact, China attempted to launch one of

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<v Speaker 1>its Changjeng twelve A rockets earlier this week, though the

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<v Speaker 1>mission was scrubbed for reasons that haven't been officially disclosed.

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<v Speaker 1>This particular rocket was set to carry the fourth batch

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<v Speaker 1>of Shingwang satellites for the Guawang Network, one of two

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<v Speaker 1>mega constellations China is developing to compete with Starlink in

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<v Speaker 1>the global satellite internet market. April twenty twenty five has

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<v Speaker 1>now secured its place in the record books as the

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<v Speaker 1>busiest April in spaceflight history, with an impressive twenty six

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<v Speaker 1>rockets launching worldwide. This remarkable achievement reflects the growing commercialization

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<v Speaker 1>and accessibility of space launch capabilities across multiple countries and

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<v Speaker 1>private companies. Even more impressive was the flurry of activity

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<v Speaker 1>that occurred at the end of the month. Between April

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<v Speaker 1>twenty eighth and twenty ninth, a new global launch record

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<v Speaker 1>was set when six different rockets blasted off within just

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<v Speaker 1>eighteen hours of each other. This unprecedented concentration of launches

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<v Speaker 1>required careful coordination among various launch providers and space traffic

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<v Speaker 1>management authorities to ensure safe operations. This accelerating pace of

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<v Speaker 1>launches is expected to continue throughout May and beyond, with

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<v Speaker 1>additional starlink missions, crude launches to space stations, and various

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<v Speaker 1>satellite deployments already on the manifest. We're witnessing a historic

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<v Speaker 1>transformation in how frequently humanity accesses space, and the trend

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<v Speaker 1>shows no signs of slowing down. The space industry's rapid

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<v Speaker 1>growth presents both opportunities and challenge leunges. While increased launch

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<v Speaker 1>cadence means more satellites for communications, Earth observation, and scientific research,

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<v Speaker 1>it also creates concerns about orbital congestion and space debris management.

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<v Speaker 1>International cooperation on space traffic management is becoming increasingly crucial

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<v Speaker 1>as more rockets and satellites fill the skies and another

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<v Speaker 1>new player has just run onto the playing field. On

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<v Speaker 1>April twentieth, twenty twenty five, a significant milestone in African

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<v Speaker 1>space exploration was achieved with the formal inauguration of the

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<v Speaker 1>African Space Agency or AFSA, in Cairo, Egypt. This development

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<v Speaker 1>marks nearly a decade of coordinated planning since twenty sixteen,

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<v Speaker 1>when the African Union first adopted the comprehensive African Space

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<v Speaker 1>Policy and Strategy Framework. The creation of AFSA represents a

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<v Speaker 1>deliberate move to unite the continent's space ambitions under a

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<v Speaker 1>single organizational umbrella. Currently, twenty two African nations operate their

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<v Speaker 1>own space agency, with varying degrees of legislative support and

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<v Speaker 1>organizational structures. Some are fully independent agencies backed by national legislation,

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<v Speaker 1>while others function as departments within broader research institutions. This

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<v Speaker 1>new continental agency will serve as the coordinating body for

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<v Speaker 1>Africa's existing space programs, streamlining cooperation between member states and

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<v Speaker 1>creating a unified voice when engaging with international partners. Rather

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<v Speaker 1>than replacing national agencies, AFSA will amplify their collective impact

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<v Speaker 1>through strategic coordination. The agency's mandate includes establishing a centralized

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<v Speaker 1>point of contact for negotiations with private launch providers, satellite manufacturers,

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<v Speaker 1>and other space services companies. This unified approach gives African

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<v Speaker 1>nations significantly more leverage in these discussions than they would

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<v Speaker 1>have individually. Doctor tidian Ouatara, president of the AFSA Council,

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<v Speaker 1>emphasized at the launch ceremony that the agency will focus

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<v Speaker 1>on pactical applications that benefit African citizens, including improved agricultural forecasting,

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<v Speaker 1>disaster monitoring, telecommunications infrastructure, and educational opportunities. Many African space

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<v Speaker 1>agencies already specialize in earth observation missions, tracking climate patterns

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<v Speaker 1>crucial for agriculture, and providing services like navigation systems and

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<v Speaker 1>emergency response coordination. The South African National Space Agency, for example,

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<v Speaker 1>has developed a successful satellite based wildfire detection system that

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<v Speaker 1>identifies remote blazes and alerts firefighting authorities. Through AFSA, these

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<v Speaker 1>specialized capabilities can now be shared more effectively across borders,

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<v Speaker 1>creating a multiplier effect that benefits all member states while

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<v Speaker 1>avoiding costly duplication of efforts. The agency will also play

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<v Speaker 1>a crucial role in standardizing regulations, protocols, and technological systems

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<v Speaker 1>across the continent's space sector. Despite Africa's vast geographical footprint

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<v Speaker 1>covering one fifth of Earth's land surface, the continent currently

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<v Speaker 1>contributes a mere zero point five percent to the global

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<v Speaker 1>space budget. This stark disparity highlights the significant untapped potential

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<v Speaker 1>within Africa's space sector. The newly established African Space Agency

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<v Speaker 1>aims to fundamentally transform this reality, pivoting the continent from

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<v Speaker 1>being primarily a consumer of space technology and data to

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<v Speaker 1>becoming an active producer and innovator. As doctor Uatara aptly

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<v Speaker 1>described it, Africa is a sleeping giant in the space economy,

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<v Speaker 1>with ambitious projections estimating space economy revenue reaching twenty two

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<v Speaker 1>billion dollars by twenty twenty six. The agency recognizes that

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<v Speaker 1>current activities have only scratched the surface of what's possible.

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<v Speaker 1>The focus now is on leveraging Africa's abundant natural resources,

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<v Speaker 1>alongside its growing pool of engineering talent, to develop indigenous

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<v Speaker 1>space capabilities, rather than relying on imported solutions. Key pillars

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<v Speaker 1>form the foundation of AFSA's approach, recognizing the necessity of

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<v Speaker 1>space technologies for development, establishing robust structural frameworks to support growth,

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<v Speaker 1>and positioning Africa advantageously within the emerging landscapes of new

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<v Speaker 1>space and artificial intelligence. Infrastructure development stands as a critical priority,

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<v Speaker 1>with plans to both incorporate existing facilities and construct new

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<v Speaker 1>ones across member states. This doesn't solely involve physical launch

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<v Speaker 1>sites and satellite manufacturing capabilities, but also encompasses developing specialized

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<v Speaker 1>educational programs and training opportunities to build a skilled workforce.

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<v Speaker 1>The agency will emphasize educational initiatives at all levels, from

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<v Speaker 1>primary school programs that spark interest in space sciences to

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<v Speaker 1>advanced university curricula that produce the next generation of African

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<v Speaker 1>aerospace engineers, astrophysicists, and mission specialists. Creating this human capital

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<v Speaker 1>pipeline is considered essential for sustainable growth in the sector.

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<v Speaker 1>Resource coordination represents another major focus area. Given the substantial

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<v Speaker 1>investment required for space programs, AFSA will facilitate resource sharing

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<v Speaker 1>among member states, preventing costly duplication of efforts while maximizing

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<v Speaker 1>the impact of available funding. This cooperative approach extends to

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<v Speaker 1>sharing markets, technologies, and scientific outcomes. Through these coordinated efforts,

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<v Speaker 1>Africa aims to claim its rightful place in the global

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<v Speaker 1>space community, transforming from a minor player to a significant

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<v Speaker 1>contributor in international space exploration and utilization. Let's change gears now.

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<v Speaker 1>Approximately four point three billion years ago, a massive celestial

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<v Speaker 1>body slammed into the lunar surface, creating what we now

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<v Speaker 1>know as the South Pole Eightken Basin. This colossal impact crater,

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<v Speaker 1>spanning a significant portion of the Moon's far side, may

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<v Speaker 1>hold secrets that could revolutionize our understanding of lunar formation.

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<v Speaker 1>Recent recent search suggests this basin contains pristine fragments of

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<v Speaker 1>the Moon's mantle and remnants of an ancient magma ocean,

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<v Speaker 1>dating back to when our lunar companion was still cooling

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<v Speaker 1>and solidifying after its violent birth. These materials offer a

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<v Speaker 1>rare geological time capsule, preserving evidence from the final stages

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<v Speaker 1>of the Moon's formation process. What makes this discovery particularly

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<v Speaker 1>intriguing is how it challenges previous scientific assumptions. Researchers studying

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<v Speaker 1>the basin's distinctive teardrop shape have determined that the massive

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<v Speaker 1>impactor was actually moving southward when it struck the lunar surface,

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<v Speaker 1>not northward as previously thought, As planetary scientist Jeff Andrews

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<v Speaker 1>Hannah from the University of Arizona noted, we have had

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<v Speaker 1>the data we needed to measure the shape of the

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<v Speaker 1>basin for a long time. It just took a different

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<v Speaker 1>perspective to view the basin this way. The impact was

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<v Speaker 1>so powerful that it appears to have punctured through the

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<v Speaker 1>lunar crust, allowing material from the still crystallizing magma ocean

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<v Speaker 1>beneath to seep upward. This explains the presence of thorium

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<v Speaker 1>and other distinctive elements consistent with creep materials, potassium, rare

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<v Speaker 1>earth elements, and phosphorus found across the basin floor. This

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<v Speaker 1>excavation provides a unique window into the Moon's interior during

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<v Speaker 1>a critical period of its evolution. When the Moon first

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<v Speaker 1>formed from debris following a collision between Earth and a

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<v Speaker 1>Mars sized object. Both bodies were briefly liquefied. As the

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<v Speaker 1>Moon cooled, low density minerals floated upward to form the crust,

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<v Speaker 1>while denser materials sank inward, creating the distinct layers we

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<v Speaker 1>observe today. The South Pole eight con basin effectively captured

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<v Speaker 1>a snapshot of this process in action, preserving evidence of

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<v Speaker 1>the magma Ocean's composition at a specific moment in lunar history.

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<v Speaker 1>By analyzing these materials, scientists hope to refine our timeline

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<v Speaker 1>of exactly when and how Earth's companion took shape. The

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<v Speaker 1>upcoming Artemis missions represent a once in a generation opportunity

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<v Speaker 1>to answer fundamental questions about lunar formation. When astronauts return

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<v Speaker 1>to the Moon in twenty twenty six, they'll be able

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<v Speaker 1>to collect and bring back samples from the South Pole

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<v Speaker 1>eight can basin, giving scientists direct access to materials from

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<v Speaker 1>the Moon's ancient mantle. These samples are particularly valuable because

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<v Speaker 1>they can be compared with materials already in our possession.

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<v Speaker 1>During the Apollo missions of the nineteen sixties and seventies,

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<v Speaker 1>astronauts returned with rocks from the Proselarum creep terrain, another

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<v Speaker 1>region rich in those distinctive potassium, rare earth elements and

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<v Speaker 1>phosphorus materials. More recently, China's Chang of five mission in

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<v Speaker 1>twenty twenty and Chang six in twenty twenty four have

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<v Speaker 1>added to our collection of lunar samples, with the latter

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<v Speaker 1>specifically returning materials from the South Pole eight Can basin.

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<v Speaker 1>What makes this scientific opportunity so compelling is that these

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<v Speaker 1>different areas represent distinct snapshots in time. By analyzing materials

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<v Speaker 1>from both regions, scientists can observe how the lunar magma

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<v Speaker 1>ocean evolved during different periods. It's like having photographs of

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<v Speaker 1>a developing child taken years apart. The differences tell a

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<v Speaker 1>story of growth and change. Andrew's Hannah emphasized that this

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<v Speaker 1>research is about more than just understanding the Moon. The

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<v Speaker 1>magma ocean is inextricably tied to the birth of Earth.

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<v Speaker 1>He explained. While scientists have general timelines for how long

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<v Speaker 1>it took the lunar magma ocean to crystallize, precise dating

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<v Speaker 1>remains challenging. Once Artemis astronauts return with these samples, laboratory

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<v Speaker 1>analysis can determine a precise age for the South Pole

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<v Speaker 1>eight Can basin, which will provide an exact timeline for

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<v Speaker 1>the late stage magma ocean crystallization. This data will help

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<v Speaker 1>scientists refine models of how both the Moon and Earth

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<v Speaker 1>formed and evolved in their earliest days. The comparison between

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<v Speaker 1>the South Pole eight Can basin and the Procellarum creep

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<v Speaker 1>terrain holds additional significance because previous theories suggested the massive

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<v Speaker 1>impact that created the basin might have pushed magma ocean

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<v Speaker 1>material to the opposite side of the Moon, forming the

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<v Speaker 1>Prosollarum region. New evidence indicates these areas formed independently with

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<v Speaker 1>the South Pole eight can impact occurring earlier in lunar history.

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<v Speaker 1>And with that we wrap up our cosmic journey for today.

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<v Speaker 1>From black holes hurling matter into deep space to new

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<v Speaker 1>revelations about the Moon's ancient magma oceans, We've traveled across

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<v Speaker 1>our Solar system and beyond. The universe continues to reveal

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<v Speaker 1>its secrets to those patient enough to look and listen.

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<v Speaker 1>As we observe Africa taking bold new steps into the

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<v Speaker 1>space arena and anticipate what artemis astronauts might discover on

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<v Speaker 1>the lunar surface, it's clear that space exploration remains one

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<v Speaker 1>of humanity's greatest adventures. I'm Anna, and I want to

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<v Speaker 1>thank you for spending this time exploring the cosmos with me.

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<v Speaker 1>If you enjoyed today's episode. Please visit our website at

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<v Speaker 1>Astronomy Daily dot io. You can sign up for our

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<v Speaker 1>free daily newsletter and access our complete archive of past episodes.

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<v Speaker 1>Connect with us on social media too. You'll find astro

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<v Speaker 1>Daily Pod on Facebook, x YouTube, YouTube, music, Instagram, Tumblr,

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<v Speaker 1>and TikTok. Your support helps us continue bringing these fascinating

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<v Speaker 1>stories of space and astronomy to listeners around the world

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<v Speaker 1>until our next journey together through the stars. Keep looking up, Stars,