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<v Speaker 1>Hello, and welcome to Western sev Episode four hundred and

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<v Speaker 1>seventy nine. Storm on the Horizon. The mid eighteenth century

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<v Speaker 1>was a world poised on the edge of conflagration. Beneath

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<v Speaker 1>the veneer of enlightenment, of Rousseau and Voltaire, of optimism

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<v Speaker 1>and empire building admission, there was a storm that was gathering,

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<v Speaker 1>a storm that will erupt into the Seven Years' War,

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<v Speaker 1>a global conflict at the time of unprecedented scale. But

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<v Speaker 1>to understand the causes of that war, I want us

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<v Speaker 1>to look back a little bit, a few decades earlier,

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<v Speaker 1>to a time when great empires jockeyed for influence, ideologies

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<v Speaker 1>were colliding, and the climate itself seemed to conspire against stability.

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<v Speaker 1>This is the story of the world between seventeen twenty

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<v Speaker 1>and seventeen fifty, a world in motion, with battle drums

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<v Speaker 1>echoing from Persia to the Caribbean, and sermons thundering from

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<v Speaker 1>New England, Pulpits to the palaces of Europe, all the

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<v Speaker 1>way across the American colonies. These are the years that

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<v Speaker 1>will lay the scaffolding for World War We begin our

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<v Speaker 1>story in Russia again in seventeen twenty two. Czar Peter

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<v Speaker 1>the Great Launch who have become known as the Russo

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<v Speaker 1>Persian War, a swift and brutal campaign to seize Persian

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<v Speaker 1>territory in the Caucaus Mountains and across the Caspian Sea.

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<v Speaker 1>Persia from recent Afghan invasions and internal collapse, offered almost

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<v Speaker 1>no resistance. Russian forces seized the critical cities of Bayerbant

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<v Speaker 1>and Baku, and the Treaty of Constantinople in seventeen twenty

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<v Speaker 1>four Russia and the Ottoman Empire essentially agreed to divide

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<v Speaker 1>Persia between the two of them. Now, the war itself

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<v Speaker 1>might seem a little peripheral to the great European rivalries

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<v Speaker 1>of the era, but it was part of a bigger transformation.

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<v Speaker 1>The Treaty of Constantinople really signaled the arrival of Russia

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<v Speaker 1>as a diplomatic player, a major actor in the Eastern

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<v Speaker 1>Mediterranean and the Islamic world beyond. More importantly, it drew

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<v Speaker 1>the Ottomans and the Russians into a shared orbit of competition,

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<v Speaker 1>one that would soon echo in Austrian and French concerns

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<v Speaker 1>about bulk and hegemony. Russia's new imperial posture demanded domestic

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<v Speaker 1>consolidation in the seventeen thirties and seventeen forties, under the

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<v Speaker 1>reign of Empress Anna and Empress Elizabeth, Peter's reforms reached

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<v Speaker 1>their crescendo. Serfdom expanded in law and brutality, but one

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<v Speaker 1>significant deviation occurred in the region of Livonia and parts

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<v Speaker 1>of Ukraine, where in a series of edicts in the

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<v Speaker 1>seventeen forties, a partial manumission of certain state owned serfs,

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<v Speaker 1>particularly those employed in mining in frontier military service, took place. Wow,

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<v Speaker 1>this was huge. This is usually in history books called

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<v Speaker 1>the freeing of the serfs. Now it's a lot more

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<v Speaker 1>limited than that, but in true it was important. The

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<v Speaker 1>limiting of serfs, though, was not a humanitarian gesture, it

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<v Speaker 1>was a strategic one, an effort to stimulate economic productivity

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<v Speaker 1>and military colonization. It also foreshadowed a broader imperial trend

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<v Speaker 1>that the Empires of Europe, in their race for dominance,

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<v Speaker 1>would begin experimenting with their domestic institutions, sometimes liberalizing, sometimes

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<v Speaker 1>tightening control, all in the service though, of global expansion

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<v Speaker 1>global warfare. So what we're seeing now is foreign needs

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<v Speaker 1>dictating domestic concerns, and honestly, to a large extent, that

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<v Speaker 1>is going to be the driving force behind European politics

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<v Speaker 1>all the way through the Great War that will erupt

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<v Speaker 1>in nineteen fourteen, and some would argue beyond certainly in

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<v Speaker 1>my opinion, through the French Revolution, in the Napoleonic Wars

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<v Speaker 1>to come. But regardless, in Russia, what we can say

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<v Speaker 1>is the military state was expanding both in scope and ambition. Now. Meanwhile,

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<v Speaker 1>the natural world itself was turning hostile. Between seventeen twenty

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<v Speaker 1>five and seventeen forty, Europe and North America endured what

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<v Speaker 1>many climatologists regards the coldest decades of the Little Ice Age.

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<v Speaker 1>Crop yields across France, England, the Holy Roman Empire fell

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<v Speaker 1>dramatically in the seventeen thirties. In Sweden and Norway, glaciers

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<v Speaker 1>advanced all the way into relatively save farmland. The Sene

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<v Speaker 1>River froze in Paris in seventeen thirty nine. In Ireland,

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<v Speaker 1>the famine of seventeen forty to seventeen forty one, triggered

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<v Speaker 1>by brutal winters and summer floods, killed hundreds of thousands.

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<v Speaker 1>And this is well before the Potato Famine. Cold Weather

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<v Speaker 1>wasn't just a pure inconvenience. Then it destabilized economies, Its

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<v Speaker 1>spurred peasant revolts. It hardened governments resolve to assert tighter

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<v Speaker 1>controls over food prices and grain storage, and France in

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<v Speaker 1>particular saw its rural unrest simmering. One Frenchman wrote in

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<v Speaker 1>seventeen forty quotes the people grow more discontented than hungry,

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<v Speaker 1>for they no longer believe that their misery is natural.

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<v Speaker 1>In colonial New England, harsh winters and short growing seasons

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<v Speaker 1>contributed to migration Inland, particularly amongst dissenting Protestant sects. This

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<v Speaker 1>dispersal would feed directly into another movement, a spiritual rebellion

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<v Speaker 1>already shaking the British Atlantic world. While kings were forging

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<v Speaker 1>treaties and armies were shivering in snow, a different kind

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<v Speaker 1>of fire caught hearts of men and women across the

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<v Speaker 1>Protestant Atlantic. This is the first Great Awakening. A wave

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<v Speaker 1>of evangelical revivals that began in the seventeen thirties tore

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<v Speaker 1>through New England and spread into the Middle Colonies and beyond.

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<v Speaker 1>Jonathan Edwards, in his famous seventeen forty one sermon, Sinners

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<v Speaker 1>in the hands of an angry God thundered that quote,

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<v Speaker 1>there is nothing that keeps wicked men, at any one

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<v Speaker 1>moment out of hell but the mere pleasure of God.

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<v Speaker 1>George Whitefield, a charismatic preacher from England, drew tens of

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<v Speaker 1>thousands to open air revivals from Boston to Georgia. The

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<v Speaker 1>crowd's wep, they shook, they fainted when Field wrote in

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<v Speaker 1>seventeen forty, the world is in flames. Wherever I go,

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<v Speaker 1>God is at work. Revival breaks out. The political ramifications

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<v Speaker 1>of this religious fervor were profound. Colonists who had once

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<v Speaker 1>submitted quietly to both church and crowns started to question

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<v Speaker 1>their allegiance to both. Young Men, particularly those in the

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<v Speaker 1>back country, started to defy their elders and reject hierarchical control.

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<v Speaker 1>This spirit of dissent did not directly cause the war

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<v Speaker 1>with France, but it did prime the Anglo American colonies

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<v Speaker 1>for later resistance to British authority. Eight religious rivalry with

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<v Speaker 1>Catholic France all the more urgent. Indeed, Protestant revivals in

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<v Speaker 1>England and Germany took on a nationalist hue, identifying Catholic

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<v Speaker 1>monarchs as enemies of God's word and framing global power

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<v Speaker 1>struggle as spiritual warfare. In seventeen forty four, one English

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<v Speaker 1>pamphlet cautioned, quote popery creeps where our armies falter. This

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<v Speaker 1>was an age of conflict, no single conflict, though better

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<v Speaker 1>exemplified the bizarre intersection of economics, imperial rivalry, and farce

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<v Speaker 1>than the stupid war of Jenkins's ear. This Israel, by

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<v Speaker 1>the way. In seventeen thirty one, a Spanish patrol boarded

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<v Speaker 1>a British smuggling vessel in the Caribbean and allegedly, as

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<v Speaker 1>a result of a scuffle, sliced off the ear of

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<v Speaker 1>the captain of the ship, Robert Jenkins. So this guy,

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<v Speaker 1>Robert Jenkins, throughout the seventeen thirties just kept showing up

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<v Speaker 1>in British Parliament with in a jar his preserved ear.

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<v Speaker 1>By seventeen thirty eight, it had gotten to be too much,

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<v Speaker 1>and in the following year Parliament and Britain declared war

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<v Speaker 1>on Spain. Yeah to an act revenge for some dude

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<v Speaker 1>who was definitely smuggling his ear. Though it began as

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<v Speaker 1>limited maritime skirmish in the Caribbean and along the Georgia

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<v Speaker 1>Florida border, the war as wars do quickly escalated out

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<v Speaker 1>of control. The British targeted Spanish ports in the Caribbean,

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<v Speaker 1>the Spanish rated British plantations and encouraged slave revolts. In

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<v Speaker 1>seventeen forty one, a massive British expedition against Cartagenia in

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<v Speaker 1>modern day Columbia beautiful place. I've been there ended in disaster,

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<v Speaker 1>with over nine thousand British troops dying of disease. More importantly,

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<v Speaker 1>the War of Jenkins's Ear did not remain confined to

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<v Speaker 1>the Atlantic. By seventeen forty two, Britain and Spain's European

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<v Speaker 1>allies began sliding into a wider conflict, the War of

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<v Speaker 1>Austrian Succession. Thus, a colonial ear severed by Spanish sailors

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<v Speaker 1>helped spark apan European war, and by the way, it's

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<v Speaker 1>not going to get any better. The war also underscored

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<v Speaker 1>a growing truth Britain and France, along with their allies,

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<v Speaker 1>could no longer fight a war in isolation. Colonial and

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<v Speaker 1>European theaters were inseparable. It was only a matter of

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<v Speaker 1>time before War in India, War in Canada, War in Silasia,

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<v Speaker 1>and War on the Rhine would all be seen as

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<v Speaker 1>fronts in one single global conflict, and that brings us

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<v Speaker 1>to the War of Austrian Succession, also a dress rehearsal

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<v Speaker 1>for the battles to come. When the Holy Roman Emperor

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<v Speaker 1>Charles the sixth that died in seventeen forty, the fragile

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<v Speaker 1>balance of power in Europe shattered. Despite the Pragmatic Sanction,

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<v Speaker 1>which was Charles's painstaking diplomatic effort to ensure his daughter

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<v Speaker 1>Marre Teresa could inherit Habsburg lands, Prussia, France, Bavaria and

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<v Speaker 1>Saxony all challenged her claim because she was spiler alert

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<v Speaker 1>a female. The result was the War of Austrian Succession.

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<v Speaker 1>At its heart, this was a war about legitimacy, power

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<v Speaker 1>and access to land. Prussia under Frederick the Second, later

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<v Speaker 1>the Great, who I'm going to talk about in the

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<v Speaker 1>next episode in great detail see is the rich province

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<v Speaker 1>of Silatia, setting the stage for the Austrio Prussian rivalry

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<v Speaker 1>that would come to dominate Central Europe really until the

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<v Speaker 1>rise of Germany under Bismarck. France, eager to weeke in

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<v Speaker 1>the Habsburgs, supported anti Habsburg claimants and launched campaigns in

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<v Speaker 1>the Austrian Netherlands Britain, seeking to check France and protect

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<v Speaker 1>Hanoverian interest, you know, sided with Maria Teresa. I'm gonna

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<v Speaker 1>hope because she had a legitimate claim, but probably just

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<v Speaker 1>to seek out their own interest. And so for eight

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<v Speaker 1>years Europe fruitlessly fought back and forth. Battles ranged from

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<v Speaker 1>deton g to fonten Roy. In India, British and French

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<v Speaker 1>East India companies fought alongside local rival princes in a

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<v Speaker 1>proxy war for dominance in North America. This played itself

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<v Speaker 1>out too as King George's war with New Englanders, famously

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<v Speaker 1>capturing the French fortress of Louisbourg in seventeen forty five.

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<v Speaker 1>In the end, the Treaty of ike Stay Chappelle in

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<v Speaker 1>seventeen forty eight, I definitely they didn't pronounce that right

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<v Speaker 1>ended the war, but resolved absolutely nothing. Sialatia remained in

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<v Speaker 1>Prussian hands, which was a humiliation for Austria. France regained

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<v Speaker 1>louis Berg in exchange for his gains in the Austrian Netherlands,

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<v Speaker 1>in raging New Englands, who had fought and died for

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<v Speaker 1>it and ended up getting land in the Netherlands. Most importantly,

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<v Speaker 1>the war exposed a new reality, but I hate to

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<v Speaker 1>say it. It was a reality that Europeans didn't get yet.

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<v Speaker 1>They were a little slow to study this. The reality

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<v Speaker 1>was global conflict was here to stay. The major powers

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<v Speaker 1>were no longer fighting for dynastic prestige. Now they were

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<v Speaker 1>fighting for trade routes, for colonies, the spheres of influence

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<v Speaker 1>that could cross oceans and cover multiple consonants. The cost

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<v Speaker 1>of war sure had been staggering, but the peace in

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<v Speaker 1>this case would prove more precarious. In the aftermath of

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<v Speaker 1>the War of Austrian Succession, the traditional alliances of Europe

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<v Speaker 1>began to dissolve and recombine. Austria, long allied with Britain,

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<v Speaker 1>began drifting toward its old enemy France. Britain, increasingly wary

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<v Speaker 1>of French naval ambitions, moved towards Prussia. The diplomatic realignment,

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<v Speaker 1>known historically as the Diplomatic Revolution of the seventeen fifties.

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<v Speaker 1>It was not merely the product of courtly negotiations. It

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<v Speaker 1>reflected deep frustrations with the outcome of the previous war.

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<v Speaker 1>Austria wanted revenge on Prussia. France was eager to counter

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<v Speaker 1>British commercial power. Britain worried about renewed conflict in North

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<v Speaker 1>America and India, sought a land ally in Central Europe

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<v Speaker 1>to offset French pressure elsewhere. These shifting alliances would culminate

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<v Speaker 1>in the Treaty of Versailles in seventeen fifty six between

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<v Speaker 1>France and Austria and the Treaty of Westminster same year

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<v Speaker 1>between Britain and Prussia. Honestly, within mere months of those

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<v Speaker 1>treaties being signed, war would erupt. But it's important to

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<v Speaker 1>point out how the seeds of that coming war have

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<v Speaker 1>been sown decades earlier in Silasia, in the burning pulpits

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<v Speaker 1>of New England, and in the jungles of Cartagenia. By

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<v Speaker 1>the year seventeen fifty the world was a tinderbox. European

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<v Speaker 1>armies were larger and better equipped. Frankly, probably okay, I'm

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<v Speaker 1>going to be honest here, probably with if you think

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<v Speaker 1>about supply chain. We haven't seen Europe this effectively mobilized.

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<v Speaker 1>Since the Roman Empire and Mercantile Empires now spanned the globe,

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<v Speaker 1>backed by fleets and fortified outposts. Colonists both in India

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<v Speaker 1>and the Americas chafed under distant control and were armed

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<v Speaker 1>with new ideologies of liberty, with a new religious zeal

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<v Speaker 1>and a new national pride. The environment too had a

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<v Speaker 1>role to plan all this. The Little Ice Age continued

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<v Speaker 1>to strain agriculture and provoke famine in certain regions, environmental hardship,

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<v Speaker 1>bread desperation, desperation bread revolt in Canada and New England.

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<v Speaker 1>In Bengal and throughout the Rhineland, people saw signs of

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<v Speaker 1>divine judgment or maybe opportunity. Most ominously, none of these

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<v Speaker 1>old rivalries had been settled. The war over Silasia wasn't done.

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<v Speaker 1>The War for North America had only been paused. The

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<v Speaker 1>Anglo French competition for India was accelerating, and the world's

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<v Speaker 1>great powers had begun to view their imperial rivalries not

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<v Speaker 1>merely as foes on a chessboard, but now as existential threats.

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<v Speaker 1>In seventeen fifty four, the war would begin again, first

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<v Speaker 1>on the frontier of Pennsylvania, then then the jungles of Bengal,

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<v Speaker 1>and then eventually across the plains of Saxony. The Seven

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<v Speaker 1>Years War is going to last until seventeen sixty three,

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<v Speaker 1>but its origins were deep and tangled, and we need

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<v Speaker 1>to remember that now Next time before we jump into

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<v Speaker 1>that war, I want to back up, and I do

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<v Speaker 1>want to talk about Frederick the Great because it's important

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<v Speaker 1>to recognize his contributions to European history and Western history

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<v Speaker 1>as a whole, because the rise of Germany has a

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<v Speaker 1>lot to do with the rise of Prussia, and he's

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<v Speaker 1>going to play a major force in the events to come.

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<v Speaker 1>So next time we want to talk about Frederick the Great,

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<v Speaker 1>and then we're going to launch into the Seven Years War.

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<v Speaker 1>Ha