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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to Bedtime Astronomy. Explore the wonders of the cosmos

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<v Speaker 1>with our soothing Bedtime Astronomy podcast. Each episode offers a

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<v Speaker 1>gentle journey through the stars, planets, and beyond, perfect for

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<v Speaker 1>unwinding after a long day. Let's travel through the mysteries

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<v Speaker 1>of the universe as you drift off into a peaceful

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<v Speaker 1>slumber under the night sky. This week in Astronomy, simulating

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<v Speaker 1>the Universe's first light through cosmic lenses in ancient water

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<v Speaker 1>around Young Star. Simulating the Universe's first light with SKLOW.

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<v Speaker 1>Scientists have developed a highly detailed computer simulation that replicates

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<v Speaker 1>what the score kilometer array low frequency telescope known as

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<v Speaker 1>SKALOW we'll be able to observe when it begins searching

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<v Speaker 1>for some of the faintest and most ancient signals in

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<v Speaker 1>the universe. This simulation marks a major advancement in the

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<v Speaker 1>effort to directly study a period of cosmic history known

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<v Speaker 1>as the cosmic Dawn, as well as the subsequent epoch

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<v Speaker 1>of reionization, two defining eras in the evolution of the universe.

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<v Speaker 1>These periods represent the transition from a dark, lightless universe

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<v Speaker 1>to one filled with the first stars and galaxies. Specifically,

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<v Speaker 1>the cosmic dawn refers to the era about two hundred

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<v Speaker 1>to six hundred million years after the Big Bang, when

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<v Speaker 1>the first stars ignited and began to radiate light into

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<v Speaker 1>the cold, neutral, hydrogen filled cosmos. Before this, the universe

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<v Speaker 1>had experienced a prolonged dark age, devoid of any luminous sources.

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<v Speaker 1>As those early stars began to shine, they triggered the

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<v Speaker 1>release of a unique signal from the neutral hydrogen gas,

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<v Speaker 1>a faint radio emission at a wavelength of twenty one centimeters.

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<v Speaker 1>Because the universe has been expanding ever since, this signal

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<v Speaker 1>has been redshifted to lower frequencies that can now be

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<v Speaker 1>picked up by sensitive radio telescopes operating today. Following the

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<v Speaker 1>cosmic Dawn, the epic of reonization began. During this phase,

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<v Speaker 1>intense ultraviolet radiation from the first generations of stars and

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<v Speaker 1>galaxies ionized the surrounding hydrogen gas. This ionization broke the

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<v Speaker 1>atoms apart and created expanding bubbles of charged particles throughout space.

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<v Speaker 1>Over time, these bubbles grew emerged, leading to a dramatic

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<v Speaker 1>transformation of the universe's structure and effectively ending the cosmic

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<v Speaker 1>dark ages. Capturing and studying these ancient signals is a

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<v Speaker 1>dawning challenge due to how extraordinarily faint they are. In fact,

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<v Speaker 1>they are thousands of times weaker than all the foreground

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<v Speaker 1>noise generated by our own galaxy, other galaxies, and various

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<v Speaker 1>natural and artificial sources. To properly detect them, telescopes must

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<v Speaker 1>collect massive amounts of data over long periods, often within

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<v Speaker 1>specific frequency ranges, such as one hundred and six to

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<v Speaker 1>one hundred and nine ninety six megahertz. The simulation created

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<v Speaker 1>by Anna Bonaldi in her team at the SKA Observatory

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<v Speaker 1>in Jadrell Bank, UK addresses these challenges by including every

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<v Speaker 1>major factor that SKA LOW will face in real observations.

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<v Speaker 1>The simulated environment contains not only the actual signal from

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<v Speaker 1>the cosmic dawn, but also emissions from powerful radio sources

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<v Speaker 1>inside and outside the telescope's field of view, complex foreground

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<v Speaker 1>interference from the Milky Way, and the influence of technical

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<v Speaker 1>limitations such as instrumental calibration issues and atmospheric distortions. All

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<v Speaker 1>of this is necessary to create a realistic setting in

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<v Speaker 1>which scientists can develop, test, and refine methods for isolating

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<v Speaker 1>the genuine cosmological signal from overwhelming foreground contamination. This level

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<v Speaker 1>of simulation is vital as it will help astronomers prepare

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<v Speaker 1>to extract the desired signal from a background filled with brighter,

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<v Speaker 1>overlapping emissions. The SKLO telescope, once completed, will be the

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<v Speaker 1>most sensitive low frequency radio telescope ever built. Its extraordinary

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<v Speaker 1>capabilities will allow researchers to probe the cosmic dawn and

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<v Speaker 1>epic of reionization in weighs never before possible, offering both

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<v Speaker 1>high spectral and spatial resolution. The team behind the simulation

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<v Speaker 1>even included sources with brightness ranging from over five djanskis

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<v Speaker 1>at one hundred and fifty megahertz, which represents very strong

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<v Speaker 1>radio galaxies, to those a million times fainder just one microjanski,

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<v Speaker 1>alongside detailed representations of our galaxies, diffuse radio glow and

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<v Speaker 1>the small structures scattered across interstellar space. The unit jansky

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<v Speaker 1>is a standard measure of radio source brightness. When SKLO

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<v Speaker 1>comes online, it is expected to deliver the most accurate

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<v Speaker 1>and detailed measurements of the first sources of light in

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<v Speaker 1>the cosmos. In addition to detecting the twenty one centimeter

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<v Speaker 1>hydrogen signal during the early universe. It will also be

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<v Speaker 1>able to map how hydrogen emissions changed before, during, and

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<v Speaker 1>after the reionization process. This will provide unprecedented insight into

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<v Speaker 1>the Universe's transition from darkness to light, revealing how the

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<v Speaker 1>earliest cosmic structures formed and evolved through cosmic lenses, unlocking

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<v Speaker 1>the universe with light and gravity. By combining the way

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<v Speaker 1>massive galaxies in galaxy clusters, warp space and magnified distant

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<v Speaker 1>regions of the cosmos with cutting edge instruments capable of

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<v Speaker 1>detecting both gravitational waves and electromagnetic radiation, scientists are entering

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<v Speaker 1>a new era of discovery in fundamental physics, cosmology, and astrophysics.

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<v Speaker 1>A recent study underscores how this approach, known as multi

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<v Speaker 1>messenger gravitational lensing, can unlock answers to some of the

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<v Speaker 1>biggest questions about the Universe's structure, history and underlying loss.

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<v Speaker 1>Gravitationally lensed explosions, when observed through multiple types of signals,

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<v Speaker 1>provide an opportunity to see the same cosmic events from

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<v Speaker 1>different angles, deepening our understanding of phenomena like the formation

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<v Speaker 1>of compact objects, the nature of dark matter, and the

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<v Speaker 1>behavior of gravity itself across enormous distances. The research, published

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<v Speaker 1>in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, comes

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<v Speaker 1>from an international collaboration led by the University of Birmingham.

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<v Speaker 1>The team acknowledges the technical and logistical hurdles involved, including

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<v Speaker 1>the difficulty of locating the exact positions of these distant

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<v Speaker 1>lensed events and coordinating observations across a wide range of disciplines.

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<v Speaker 1>They argue that overcoming these challenges will require deeper collaboration

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<v Speaker 1>between scientific fields, more open data sharing practices, and the

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<v Speaker 1>development of advanced simulation and analysis tools. According to Professor

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<v Speaker 1>Graham Smith of the University of b Irmingham, recent technological

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<v Speaker 1>advances have made it possible to observe these cosmic phenomena

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<v Speaker 1>in unprecedented detail across the full spectrum of energy, from

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<v Speaker 1>radio waves invisible light to gamma rays and gravitational waves.

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<v Speaker 1>These improvements set the stage for what could be transformative

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<v Speaker 1>breakthroughs over the next decade. With these tools, researchers hope

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<v Speaker 1>to refine our understanding of how quickly the universe is expanding,

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<v Speaker 1>probe the elusive properties of dark matter, and reveal how

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<v Speaker 1>extraordinary cosmic events like neutron star collisions and black hole

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<v Speaker 1>mergers come to be the core of this new strategy

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<v Speaker 1>lies in the technique of multi messenger gravitational lensing, which

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<v Speaker 1>leverages signals that span an immense range of energies, from

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<v Speaker 1>high energy neutrinos to the subtle ripples of space time

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<v Speaker 1>known as gravitational waves. By using massive celestial objects as

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<v Speaker 1>natural lenses, this technique can amplify and even duplicate signals

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<v Speaker 1>from faraway events, offering rare opportunities to test gravitational theories

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<v Speaker 1>and gain sharper insights into the early universe. It also

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<v Speaker 1>provides an innovative way to connect seemingly unrelated phenomena like

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<v Speaker 1>fast radio bursts and gamma ray bursts to common origins,

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<v Speaker 1>giving scientists multiple viewpoints on the same underlying events. Looking ahead,

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<v Speaker 1>the focus is on what can realistically be achieved in

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<v Speaker 1>the next ten years with instruments either currently operating or

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<v Speaker 1>on the verge of coming online. Key facilities in this

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<v Speaker 1>effort include the Ligoverbocagri network of gravitational wave detectors, which

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<v Speaker 1>are already capturing space time disturbances from cosmic collisions, along

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<v Speaker 1>with advanced satellite observatories monitoring the universe in gamma and

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<v Speaker 1>X ray wavelengths, and cutting edge radio surveys. Central to

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<v Speaker 1>this effort is the Veris Reuben Observatory, whose legacy Survey

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<v Speaker 1>of Space and Time LSST is set to launch at

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<v Speaker 1>the end of twenty two twenty five. Anticipation is building

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<v Speaker 1>around the observatory's first public demonstration this summer, when the

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<v Speaker 1>team will unveil initial images captured by the powerful Simoni

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<v Speaker 1>Survey telescope, an event expected to mark a major milestone

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<v Speaker 1>in observational astronomy. Professor Smith emphasized that multi messenger gravitational

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<v Speaker 1>lensing represents not just a technological advance, but a turning

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<v Speaker 1>point for the global scientific community. The progress made so

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<v Speaker 1>far as the result of collaborative efforts across borders and disciplines,

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<v Speaker 1>with early career researchers playing a key role in shaping

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<v Speaker 1>this field. This international cooperation is creating fertile ground for

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<v Speaker 1>the next wave of transformative discoveries. Doctor Gavin Lamb of

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<v Speaker 1>Liverpool John Moore's University noted how ideas that were considered

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<v Speaker 1>fringe or speculative just five or ten years ago are

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<v Speaker 1>now forming the basis of next generation scientific inquiry. Helena U,

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<v Speaker 1>a postgraduate researcher at the University of Barcelona's Institute of

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<v Speaker 1>Cosmos Sciences, expressed her enthusiasm at being involved in such

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<v Speaker 1>a dynamic and emerging area and her excitement about the

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<v Speaker 1>discoveries that are likely to unfold in the near future

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<v Speaker 1>as this field rapidly evolves. Ancient water ice found around

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<v Speaker 1>young star suggests pre solar origins. Astronomers from Leiden University

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<v Speaker 1>in the Netherlands and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in

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<v Speaker 1>the US have made a major discovery. For the first time,

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<v Speaker 1>they've clearly and reliably detected semi heavy water ice water

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<v Speaker 1>that contains deuterium instead of one of its hydrogen atoms,

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<v Speaker 1>around a young Sun like star. This is important because

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<v Speaker 1>it strongly supports the idea that some of the water

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<v Speaker 1>found in our solar system actually formed long before the

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<v Speaker 1>Sun or the planets even existed. The team's findings, published

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<v Speaker 1>in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, revolve around a key methodistronomers

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<v Speaker 1>used to trace the origins of water by measuring something

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<v Speaker 1>called the duduration ratio. This ratio tells them how much

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<v Speaker 1>of the water contains deuterium, a heavy version of hydrogen

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<v Speaker 1>instead of regular hydrogen. When water contains one deuterium atom,

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<v Speaker 1>it becomes hdo instead of H two oh, and we

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<v Speaker 1>call it semi heavy water. A high concentration of this

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<v Speaker 1>kind of water usually means it formed in extremely cold environments,

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<v Speaker 1>like the dark icy clouds of gas and dust that

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<v Speaker 1>stars are borne from. Interestingly, in places like Earth's oceans, comets,

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<v Speaker 1>and icy moons, about one out of every few thousand

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<v Speaker 1>water molecules is semi heavy. That's much more than what

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<v Speaker 1>you'd expect based on the composition of our sun. So

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<v Speaker 1>scientists have theorized that this water must have come from

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<v Speaker 1>those ancient dark clouds and survived all the way through

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<v Speaker 1>the birth of our solar system. But to prove that,

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<v Speaker 1>they needed to measure the deutero ration ratio in the

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<v Speaker 1>solid water ice of young star systems, which until now

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<v Speaker 1>wasn't possible with enough precision. That changed thanks to the

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<v Speaker 1>James Webb Space Telescope. Using its powerful instruments, the researchers

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<v Speaker 1>examined a young protostar called L fifteen twenty seven IRS,

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<v Speaker 1>located about four hundred and sixty light years away in

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<v Speaker 1>the Taurus constellation. This star is thought to resemble what

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<v Speaker 1>our own Sun may have looked like in its infancy.

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<v Speaker 1>For the first time, they were able to directly observe

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<v Speaker 1>a clear signature of semi heavy water ice surrounding this

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<v Speaker 1>baby star. What they found is that the ratio of

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<v Speaker 1>semi heavy to normal water ice around L fifteen twenty

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<v Speaker 1>seven is quite similar to what we see in some

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<v Speaker 1>comets and in other young star systems. This suggests that

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<v Speaker 1>the water in all of these different places may have

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<v Speaker 1>a shared origin, one that goes all the way back

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<v Speaker 1>to the cold dark clouds from which stars form. According

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<v Speaker 1>to a wine Vein and Hoke, a senior astronomer at

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<v Speaker 1>Leiden University, this adds to the growing body of evidence

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<v Speaker 1>that most of the water ice in space travels through

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<v Speaker 1>the entire star formation process without being significantly changed. Still,

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<v Speaker 1>there were some small differences in the water ratios. For instance,

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<v Speaker 1>the semi heavy water ratio in L fifteen twenty seven

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<v Speaker 1>is a little higher than what's been measured in comets

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<v Speaker 1>and on Earth. That could be due to a number

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<v Speaker 1>of reasons. Maybe some of the water in our solar

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<v Speaker 1>system was chemically altered as it moved through the protoplanetary

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<v Speaker 1>disc or maybe the dark cloud that formed our sun

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<v Speaker 1>had slightly different conditions than the one around L fifteen

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<v Speaker 1>twenty seven. To better understand this, the team plans to

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<v Speaker 1>continue their observations. They're now preparing to look for semi

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<v Speaker 1>heavy water, ice and thirty other young stars and dark

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<v Speaker 1>clouds using the James Web Telescope. Meanwhile, additional observations will

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<v Speaker 1>be done using the Atacoma Large Millimeter SLASH Submillimeter Array ALMA,

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<v Speaker 1>this time focusing on semi heavy water and gas form. Together,

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<v Speaker 1>these studies could help scientists learn even more about how

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<v Speaker 1>water forms survives and moves through space to eventually end

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<v Speaker 1>up on planets like Earth. To get a