1 00:00:00,120 --> 00:00:04,160 Speaker 1: Imagine stepping back from everything you know. I mean everything, 2 00:00:04,240 --> 00:00:07,080 every city, every mountain, every single star you've ever seen, 3 00:00:07,200 --> 00:00:10,599 the whole thing, the whole thing. Now, imagine taking all 4 00:00:10,640 --> 00:00:14,000 of cosmic history, that entire thirteen point seven billion years 5 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:17,679 we've so carefully mapped out, and just shrinking it all down, 6 00:00:18,079 --> 00:00:22,199 reducing every particle, every photon down to a single, tiny, 7 00:00:22,320 --> 00:00:26,280 insignificant point. What if that point, our entire universe is 8 00:00:26,399 --> 00:00:29,359 just a sub atomic particle in a system that we 9 00:00:29,440 --> 00:00:31,640 can't even begin to grasp. 10 00:00:31,760 --> 00:00:34,759 Speaker 2: It's the ultimate exercise in humility, isn't it the idea 11 00:00:34,840 --> 00:00:37,759 that our vast, mysterious cosmos, the very thing we think 12 00:00:37,799 --> 00:00:41,079 of as infinity, might actually be contained inside something else, 13 00:00:41,200 --> 00:00:44,600 something even bigger, an unimaginable, larger structure. It's a concept 14 00:00:44,640 --> 00:00:47,240 that basically demands we throw out our most fundamental assumptions 15 00:00:47,280 --> 00:00:49,000 about well about reality itself. 16 00:00:49,240 --> 00:00:51,840 Speaker 1: Welcome back to the deep dive Today. We're diving into 17 00:00:51,920 --> 00:00:56,159 a frontier of theoretical physics that, and I'm not exaggerating here, 18 00:00:56,640 --> 00:01:01,399 genuinely challenges the most basic principles of modern cosmology. We 19 00:01:01,439 --> 00:01:06,120 are exploring the stunning, pretty radical possibility that our entire 20 00:01:06,239 --> 00:01:11,760 observable universe is encapsulated within an unimaginably gigantic black hole. 21 00:01:11,879 --> 00:01:14,040 Speaker 2: And this isn't just you know, some thought experiment. This 22 00:01:14,120 --> 00:01:17,239 is a hypothesis that's actually gaining traction because of some 23 00:01:17,359 --> 00:01:21,519 very curious, very hard to explain astronomical observations. 24 00:01:21,599 --> 00:01:24,480 Speaker 1: Right, But we have to tackle the central contradiction right away. 25 00:01:24,920 --> 00:01:27,760 Speaker 2: We have to on one hand, every measurement we have, 26 00:01:28,159 --> 00:01:31,439 from the red shift of distant galaxies to cosmic microwave background, 27 00:01:31,760 --> 00:01:33,200 it all defines our universe. 28 00:01:33,239 --> 00:01:35,480 Speaker 1: By expansion, everything is moving away from. 29 00:01:35,319 --> 00:01:39,079 Speaker 2: Everything else exactly, everything is charging outward. Space itself is stretching. 30 00:01:39,400 --> 00:01:42,239 But a black hole, by its very definition, is all 31 00:01:42,280 --> 00:01:46,799 about relentless crushing compression gravity pulling everything inward to a 32 00:01:46,840 --> 00:01:47,560 single point. 33 00:01:47,680 --> 00:01:50,959 Speaker 1: So that's the tension. How can something be expanding at 34 00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:54,760 these incredible speeds while also being held captive inside a 35 00:01:54,799 --> 00:01:58,599 system defined by inescapable inward gravitational collapse. 36 00:01:58,760 --> 00:02:01,840 Speaker 2: For this to be true, these two completely opposing forces 37 00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:06,239 expansion and containment, have to somehow coexist, And we're going. 38 00:02:06,200 --> 00:02:09,879 Speaker 1: To dive into the clues that suggests this impossible harmony 39 00:02:10,240 --> 00:02:11,879 might actually be our reality. 40 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:15,680 Speaker 2: Okay, so let's start with the official story the Standard. 41 00:02:15,240 --> 00:02:18,240 Speaker 1: Model, right the Big Bang. It's the clinerstone of all 42 00:02:18,280 --> 00:02:21,319 of cosmology. It's the model that governs everything from how 43 00:02:21,360 --> 00:02:25,319 atoms formed to the ultimate fate of reality. 44 00:02:25,439 --> 00:02:28,039 Speaker 2: And the Standard Model requires us to go back thirteen 45 00:02:28,039 --> 00:02:32,520 point seven billion years, when all matter, all energy, space 46 00:02:32,560 --> 00:02:37,400 and time, we're all compressed into this infinitely small, infinitely 47 00:02:37,479 --> 00:02:40,000 hot point the singularity, the singularity, which is a state 48 00:02:40,039 --> 00:02:42,639 of infinite density that right off the bat breaks all 49 00:02:42,719 --> 00:02:43,759 the known laws. 50 00:02:43,479 --> 00:02:46,759 Speaker 1: Of physics, and then suddenly came the Bang, or more accurately, 51 00:02:47,080 --> 00:02:50,919 this cataclysmic process of expansion. I think people hear explosion 52 00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:51,960 and get the wrong idea. 53 00:02:52,039 --> 00:02:55,280 Speaker 2: Oh. Absolutely, an explosion sends stuff flying through space that's 54 00:02:55,319 --> 00:02:55,879 already there. 55 00:02:56,039 --> 00:02:59,639 Speaker 1: Okay. The Big Bang, and especially that first moment called 56 00:02:59,719 --> 00:03:04,439 cosm inflation, was the expansion of space time itself. In 57 00:03:04,479 --> 00:03:08,120 a tiny, tiny fraction of a second, the universe inflated 58 00:03:08,159 --> 00:03:09,479 faster than the speed of light. 59 00:03:09,800 --> 00:03:12,240 Speaker 2: And that's not matter moving, that's the ruler of space 60 00:03:12,280 --> 00:03:14,039 itself stretching out exactly. 61 00:03:14,280 --> 00:03:18,759 Speaker 1: It's why the universe seems so uniformly flat and homogeneous 62 00:03:18,800 --> 00:03:19,360 to us today. 63 00:03:19,439 --> 00:03:23,960 Speaker 2: The scale of that is just it's impossible to visualize. 64 00:03:24,000 --> 00:03:26,960 We're talking about the volume of the universe increasing by 65 00:03:26,960 --> 00:03:29,479 a factor of ten to the seventy eighth power in 66 00:03:29,560 --> 00:03:30,800 a sliver of a second. 67 00:03:30,919 --> 00:03:33,240 Speaker 1: It's just short circuits your brain trying to imagine it. 68 00:03:33,240 --> 00:03:36,280 Speaker 2: It does. My go to analogy is it's not like 69 00:03:36,319 --> 00:03:38,879 blowing up a balloon where air goes into it. It's 70 00:03:38,919 --> 00:03:40,879 like having lines drawn on the balloon, and then you 71 00:03:40,919 --> 00:03:43,719 stretch the rubber itself. The lines just get further apart. 72 00:03:44,039 --> 00:03:45,759 Speaker 1: That's a much better way to think about it. Yeah, 73 00:03:45,759 --> 00:03:48,000 and the Big Bang relies very heavily on something we 74 00:03:48,080 --> 00:03:51,039 have to talk about, the cosmological principle. It's sort of 75 00:03:51,080 --> 00:03:54,199 the non negotiable assumption that lets us do cosmology in 76 00:03:54,199 --> 00:03:54,800 the first place. 77 00:03:54,960 --> 00:03:56,919 Speaker 2: Okay, so define that for us again, because this is 78 00:03:56,960 --> 00:04:00,680 the specific idea that the black hole hypothesis just just shatters. 79 00:04:00,960 --> 00:04:04,400 The principle basically states that on very large scales, the 80 00:04:04,520 --> 00:04:07,360 universe is both isotropic and homogenous. 81 00:04:07,560 --> 00:04:08,639 Speaker 1: Okay, what do those mean. 82 00:04:08,879 --> 00:04:11,719 Speaker 2: Isotropic means it looks the same in all directions from 83 00:04:11,759 --> 00:04:14,520 any point. There's no up or down in the cosmos. 84 00:04:15,360 --> 00:04:18,360 Homogeneous means it looks the same everywhere no matter where 85 00:04:18,399 --> 00:04:22,959 you go. The density and distribution of galaxies are roughly uniform. 86 00:04:23,240 --> 00:04:26,199 Speaker 1: So if the universe is truly uniform, the matter should 87 00:04:26,199 --> 00:04:29,639 be spread out like a well mixed soup. And more 88 00:04:29,639 --> 00:04:33,240 importantly for today, things like the spin of galaxies should 89 00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:35,199 be totally random. 90 00:04:34,720 --> 00:04:37,600 Speaker 2: Completely random. You should see just as many galaxies spinning 91 00:04:37,600 --> 00:04:41,360 clockwise as you do counterclockwise, a perfect fifty to fifty. 92 00:04:41,120 --> 00:04:43,600 Speaker 1: Split, because the initial chaos of the bang should lead 93 00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:44,920 to random orientations. 94 00:04:45,519 --> 00:04:49,240 Speaker 2: Exactly. But here's the fundamental clash. If we are contained 95 00:04:49,240 --> 00:04:52,639 within a black hole, a structure defined by gravity, rotation, 96 00:04:52,759 --> 00:04:57,160 and compression, that cosmological principle is immediately violated. 97 00:04:56,720 --> 00:04:58,879 Speaker 1: Because a black hole is the opposite of uniform. It's 98 00:04:58,920 --> 00:05:02,199 a single central eye structure, it has a boundary the 99 00:05:02,240 --> 00:05:05,199 event horizon center, and probably a dominant rotation. 100 00:05:05,639 --> 00:05:10,399 Speaker 2: Precisely, black holes compress things inward. The gravity is relentless. 101 00:05:10,519 --> 00:05:12,920 So if we accept that we're contained, we have to 102 00:05:13,040 --> 00:05:17,480 challenge this idea of uniform expansion, and the challenge is huge. 103 00:05:18,079 --> 00:05:22,079 How can this rapid, faster than light expansion happen against 104 00:05:22,079 --> 00:05:23,720 the crushing gravity of the container. 105 00:05:23,839 --> 00:05:26,959 Speaker 1: We're looking for a loophole, a way for expansion to 106 00:05:27,000 --> 00:05:29,759 be possible, maybe even caused by the physics of the 107 00:05:29,759 --> 00:05:31,279 black hole we're supposedly in. 108 00:05:31,560 --> 00:05:33,560 Speaker 2: And the exciting part is that this isn't just the 109 00:05:33,600 --> 00:05:38,199 thought experiment. It's being driven by actual astronomical observations that 110 00:05:38,240 --> 00:05:40,639 are starting to show these little cracks in the idea 111 00:05:40,680 --> 00:05:41,360 of uniformity. 112 00:05:41,399 --> 00:05:43,879 Speaker 1: Okay, let's get into that. Let's talk about the specific 113 00:05:43,959 --> 00:05:46,839 observation that really shook things up recently. It came from 114 00:05:46,920 --> 00:05:49,920 a pretty fascinating science paper using the James Webs based 115 00:05:49,959 --> 00:05:52,160 telescope the GWST right. 116 00:05:52,240 --> 00:05:55,639 Speaker 2: A researcher used its deep field capabilities to zero in 117 00:05:55,720 --> 00:05:58,079 on a huge patch of the sky and they were 118 00:05:58,120 --> 00:06:02,000 looking specifically at the rotational dynamics of spiral galaxies, the 119 00:06:02,040 --> 00:06:05,240 beautiful cosmic pinwheels the very same and if the universe 120 00:06:05,240 --> 00:06:08,600 were perfectly uniform, like the cosmological principles says it should be, 121 00:06:08,839 --> 00:06:11,759 the spins of these galaxies should be completely random. But 122 00:06:11,800 --> 00:06:14,439 that's not what they found, not even close. They found 123 00:06:14,519 --> 00:06:19,639 a definitive, statistically significant bias. In that huge region. They 124 00:06:19,680 --> 00:06:24,319 observed roughly two thirds of the spiral galaxies appeared to 125 00:06:24,319 --> 00:06:27,680 be rotating clockwise and the other third counterclockwise. 126 00:06:27,759 --> 00:06:31,480 Speaker 1: Wait a two to one preference for clockwise rotation. That is, 127 00:06:31,600 --> 00:06:33,639 that's not random at all, not in the slightest. That 128 00:06:33,680 --> 00:06:37,079 means there's a preferred directionality, a cosmic axis or spin 129 00:06:37,439 --> 00:06:42,160 that's influencing matter across these immense distances. That observation alone, 130 00:06:42,199 --> 00:06:45,759 if it holds up, fundamentally challenges the idea that the 131 00:06:45,839 --> 00:06:47,319 universe is the same everywhere. 132 00:06:47,480 --> 00:06:51,560 Speaker 2: It creates what physicists sometimes call an access of evil problem. 133 00:06:51,920 --> 00:06:54,759 It's a kind of a dramatic term for any finding 134 00:06:54,800 --> 00:06:57,079 that suggests the universe has a preferred. 135 00:06:56,680 --> 00:06:58,160 Speaker 1: Direction, the axis of evil. 136 00:06:58,160 --> 00:07:00,560 Speaker 2: I like that, and if it is real, it implies 137 00:07:00,600 --> 00:07:04,360 that some massive external structure as imposing its own rotation, 138 00:07:04,519 --> 00:07:06,879 its own spin, onto the stuff inside it. 139 00:07:06,920 --> 00:07:11,079 Speaker 1: Here's the connection. What massive singular structures are defined by 140 00:07:11,079 --> 00:07:13,680 immense gravity and crucially rotation. 141 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:16,959 Speaker 2: Black holes. A large rotating black hole has this property 142 00:07:17,000 --> 00:07:19,600 called frame dragging, the lens thiring effect. 143 00:07:19,720 --> 00:07:22,360 Speaker 1: All right, It literally drags space time around of it. 144 00:07:22,360 --> 00:07:24,680 Speaker 2: It does. And while we usually think of that effect 145 00:07:24,720 --> 00:07:28,360 as being really strong close to the event horizon, if 146 00:07:28,399 --> 00:07:31,319 our container is a black hole of stupendous scale, its 147 00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:36,240 sheer mass and rotation could introduce this this subtle long 148 00:07:36,319 --> 00:07:38,720 range alignment effect on the galaxies inside. 149 00:07:38,720 --> 00:07:41,519 Speaker 1: It is like we're inside a cosmic washing machine, and 150 00:07:41,639 --> 00:07:44,560 all the clothes the galaxies are eventually going to start 151 00:07:44,560 --> 00:07:45,680 swirling in the same direction. 152 00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:47,199 Speaker 2: That's a great analogy for it. 153 00:07:47,319 --> 00:07:49,720 Speaker 1: Okay, but let me play skeptic for a second. The 154 00:07:49,720 --> 00:07:53,040 paper itself notes that this observation hasn't been confirmed yet 155 00:07:53,079 --> 00:07:56,279 by larger surveys. Why is that so hard to do? 156 00:07:56,319 --> 00:07:58,439 Why can't we just point more telescopes in check? 157 00:07:58,839 --> 00:08:01,879 Speaker 2: It's a vital question. Confirmation is tricky for a couple 158 00:08:01,920 --> 00:08:05,680 of reasons. First, there's observational bias. When you're looking at 159 00:08:05,759 --> 00:08:09,240 galaxies billions of light years away, you have to account 160 00:08:09,240 --> 00:08:12,120 for how they're tilted relative to you. Dust getting in 161 00:08:12,120 --> 00:08:14,079 the way, lots of things. 162 00:08:13,800 --> 00:08:15,720 Speaker 1: So it's a messy signal to clean up. 163 00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:20,000 Speaker 2: Very messy. And second, the cosmological principle is a really 164 00:08:20,040 --> 00:08:24,439 deeply ingrained assumption. Scientists often design surveys that kind of 165 00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:27,839 average out these anomalies by default because they expect them 166 00:08:27,839 --> 00:08:30,040 to disappear with a large enough sample size. 167 00:08:30,079 --> 00:08:33,480 Speaker 1: So we need new surveys that are specifically designed to 168 00:08:33,639 --> 00:08:36,919 look for this asymmetry instead of just assuming it away precisely. 169 00:08:37,159 --> 00:08:41,080 Speaker 2: So until then, this anomaly. Is this crucial, tantalizing piece 170 00:08:41,080 --> 00:08:44,159 of evidence, and it leads us to the second truly 171 00:08:44,240 --> 00:08:48,919 mind bending clue, the mathematical alignment known as the radius coincidence. 172 00:08:49,200 --> 00:08:52,320 Speaker 1: I still find this one staggering. Explain how this mathematical 173 00:08:52,360 --> 00:08:53,320 coincidence works? 174 00:08:53,519 --> 00:08:56,759 Speaker 2: Okay, So we use the short shelled radius formula to 175 00:08:56,840 --> 00:09:00,320 calculate the size of a black hole's event horizon. Is 176 00:09:00,320 --> 00:09:04,159 actually quite simple. The radius is directly proportional to the mass. 177 00:09:04,320 --> 00:09:06,679 Speaker 1: More mass, bigger event horizon exactly. 178 00:09:07,039 --> 00:09:09,039 Speaker 2: So, to figure out the size of the black hole 179 00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:12,240 that could contain our universe, we take the total estimated 180 00:09:12,279 --> 00:09:15,480 mass and energy of the observable universe everything we can see, 181 00:09:15,759 --> 00:09:18,879 detect or measure, and we plug that number into the formula. 182 00:09:18,919 --> 00:09:19,840 Speaker 1: And what is it spit up? 183 00:09:20,159 --> 00:09:24,840 Speaker 2: It spits out a radius that is mathematically incredibly close 184 00:09:24,919 --> 00:09:28,000 to the actual measured size of our observable universe. 185 00:09:28,279 --> 00:09:30,480 Speaker 1: How close is incredibly close? 186 00:09:30,559 --> 00:09:33,799 Speaker 2: A calculated radius matches the observable size to within about 187 00:09:33,840 --> 00:09:38,039 ten to fifteen percent. In cosmology, that is an unnervingly 188 00:09:38,120 --> 00:09:39,120 small discrepancy. 189 00:09:39,240 --> 00:09:42,000 Speaker 1: Hold on, let me pause there. When I think about 190 00:09:42,000 --> 00:09:46,240 cosmic math, the uncertainty margins can be huge. We argue 191 00:09:46,279 --> 00:09:50,919 over the hubble constant dark energy measurements. Sometimes the air bars. 192 00:09:50,720 --> 00:09:52,399 Speaker 2: Are massive, they can be yes. 193 00:09:52,399 --> 00:09:55,440 Speaker 1: But here you're telling me that a theoretical calculation for 194 00:09:55,480 --> 00:09:58,840 a black hole containing all of our universe's mass matches 195 00:09:58,879 --> 00:10:01,240 the actual distance to the edge of what we can 196 00:10:01,279 --> 00:10:02,919 see within fifteen percent. 197 00:10:03,080 --> 00:10:05,480 Speaker 2: That's why it's such an aha moment for this theory. 198 00:10:05,519 --> 00:10:07,879 It's really hard to dismiss a coincidence when you're dealing 199 00:10:07,879 --> 00:10:09,399 with numbers of this magnitude. 200 00:10:09,519 --> 00:10:11,399 Speaker 1: So what does that mean for the age of our universe. 201 00:10:11,799 --> 00:10:13,879 We've always been taught that the edge is just defined 202 00:10:13,919 --> 00:10:15,919 by how far light has had time to travel to 203 00:10:16,000 --> 00:10:17,440 us since the Big Bang. 204 00:10:17,240 --> 00:10:20,320 Speaker 2: Right about forty six billion light years away when you 205 00:10:20,360 --> 00:10:24,120 account for expansion. But if this mathematical alignment is a 206 00:10:24,120 --> 00:10:27,960 physical reality, then the edge of our observable universe isn't 207 00:10:28,000 --> 00:10:28,840 just a time limit. 208 00:10:29,080 --> 00:10:30,200 Speaker 1: It's the event horizon. 209 00:10:30,440 --> 00:10:33,000 Speaker 2: It's the event horizon of the massive black hole we 210 00:10:33,039 --> 00:10:33,720 are inside. 211 00:10:33,799 --> 00:10:36,559 Speaker 1: That's why we can't see beyond it. The event horizon 212 00:10:36,639 --> 00:10:40,639 is the ultimate firewall, the boundary where nothing, not even light, 213 00:10:41,120 --> 00:10:42,519 can escape Exactly. 214 00:10:42,840 --> 00:10:45,919 Speaker 2: The universe looks finite to us because we're locked inside 215 00:10:45,960 --> 00:10:49,879 its boundary. It's a clean, elegant explanation for why our 216 00:10:49,919 --> 00:10:53,279 cosmic vision has a hard stop. We aren't just looking 217 00:10:53,320 --> 00:10:55,279 out into space. We're looking right up to the point 218 00:10:55,279 --> 00:10:57,480 of no return of our cosmic prison. 219 00:10:57,559 --> 00:11:01,200 Speaker 1: Okay, that sounds existentially terrifying, but you said earlier that 220 00:11:01,240 --> 00:11:03,879 our day to day lives wouldn't change. We don't feel 221 00:11:03,919 --> 00:11:06,480 like we're being crushed or spaghettified. Why not. 222 00:11:06,759 --> 00:11:09,279 Speaker 2: It all comes down to scale. The tidal forces, the 223 00:11:09,320 --> 00:11:12,279 things that stretch you apart. They only become destructive when 224 00:11:12,279 --> 00:11:14,639 there's a huge difference in gravity over a small. 225 00:11:14,399 --> 00:11:17,200 Speaker 1: Distance, like near a small stellar mass black hole. 226 00:11:17,480 --> 00:11:21,240 Speaker 2: Right, It's gravity changes dramatically over just a few meters, 227 00:11:21,279 --> 00:11:24,200 so it would tear you apart. But if the black 228 00:11:24,240 --> 00:11:28,600 hole containing us is stupendously large, the radius of curvature 229 00:11:28,720 --> 00:11:29,879 is immense. 230 00:11:29,559 --> 00:11:33,080 Speaker 1: So the gravitational field is almost uniform over say the 231 00:11:33,120 --> 00:11:33,799 size of our. 232 00:11:33,639 --> 00:11:35,960 Speaker 2: Solar system, the difference in the pole on your head 233 00:11:36,039 --> 00:11:38,000 versus your feet would be so small it would be 234 00:11:38,120 --> 00:11:41,879 completely negligible. We're safe because our container is just too 235 00:11:41,879 --> 00:11:43,600 big for us to feel the squeeze. 236 00:11:43,639 --> 00:11:45,720 Speaker 1: So if this is true, the black hole we're in 237 00:11:45,879 --> 00:11:48,360 isn't just big. It's got to be a whole new 238 00:11:48,480 --> 00:11:49,519 class of object. 239 00:11:49,679 --> 00:11:52,519 Speaker 2: It does. We need to talk about the scale required. 240 00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:55,840 The black hole containing our universe would have to be 241 00:11:56,240 --> 00:12:00,519 what theoretical physicists have called, quite bluntly, a stupid hendously 242 00:12:00,639 --> 00:12:03,759 large black hole. A slab, A slab. 243 00:12:03,919 --> 00:12:06,240 Speaker 1: I love it. It's a fitting name, it is. Let's 244 00:12:06,279 --> 00:12:08,559 really appreciate the scale here by doing a quick tour 245 00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:10,919 of black hole sizes, just to show how far off 246 00:12:10,919 --> 00:12:13,159 the charts this thing would be. Let's start small. 247 00:12:13,480 --> 00:12:16,120 Speaker 2: Okay, we can start with primordial black holes. These are 248 00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:18,399 hypothetical objects formed in the first few moments after the 249 00:12:18,440 --> 00:12:21,080 Big Bang from collapsing pockets of super dense plasma. No 250 00:12:21,159 --> 00:12:23,279 bigger they They could range from the mass of an 251 00:12:23,320 --> 00:12:27,000 asteroid to maybe tens of thousands of times the mass 252 00:12:27,000 --> 00:12:30,080 of the Sun. They're fascinating, but obviously way too small 253 00:12:30,120 --> 00:12:30,840 to hold the universe. 254 00:12:30,879 --> 00:12:34,799 Speaker 1: Okay, next up the common ones, stellar mass black holes. 255 00:12:35,799 --> 00:12:39,840 These form when a single massive star collapses. 256 00:12:39,559 --> 00:12:42,440 Speaker 2: And the key here is always density. If you took 257 00:12:42,440 --> 00:12:45,399 our entire planet Earth and somehow compressed it down into. 258 00:12:45,240 --> 00:12:46,720 Speaker 1: A black hole, how big would be. 259 00:12:46,840 --> 00:12:50,039 Speaker 2: Its Schwitz Child radius would be about one centimeter. The 260 00:12:50,080 --> 00:12:50,559 size of. 261 00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:53,320 Speaker 1: A marble one centimeter. When I try to picture the 262 00:12:53,480 --> 00:12:56,120 entire mass of the Earth, the oceans, the mountains, the 263 00:12:56,159 --> 00:12:59,200 molten core all crush into a marble. My brain just 264 00:13:00,279 --> 00:13:03,720 it starts to fizz. The density is incomprehensible. 265 00:13:03,759 --> 00:13:06,960 Speaker 2: And if that one centimeter object holds all of Earth, 266 00:13:07,240 --> 00:13:09,480 a stellar black hole is clearly not going to hold 267 00:13:09,480 --> 00:13:09,960 the universe. 268 00:13:10,039 --> 00:13:11,360 Speaker 1: Laughably too small, okay. 269 00:13:11,360 --> 00:13:14,919 Speaker 2: Moving up next are the intermediate mass black holes or imbhs, 270 00:13:15,240 --> 00:13:18,559 the elusive middle children, ranging from one hundred to maybe 271 00:13:18,600 --> 00:13:23,320 a million solar masses, still just mediocre by cosmic standards, which. 272 00:13:23,080 --> 00:13:25,919 Speaker 1: Brings us to the giants. We actually see super massive 273 00:13:25,919 --> 00:13:28,519 black holes. The SMBH is at the center of nearly 274 00:13:28,519 --> 00:13:29,799 every galaxy. 275 00:13:29,519 --> 00:13:33,799 Speaker 2: Right, weighing in at millions or even billions of times 276 00:13:33,840 --> 00:13:36,720 the mass of our Sun. A lot of people hear 277 00:13:36,759 --> 00:13:38,919 this theory and they immediately think, oh, so we're inside 278 00:13:38,919 --> 00:13:39,440 one of those. 279 00:13:39,679 --> 00:13:41,399 Speaker 1: But even they aren't big enough. 280 00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:43,080 Speaker 2: Not even close. Let's take one of the biggest ones 281 00:13:43,120 --> 00:13:47,919 we've ever measured, something truly terrifying, maybe ten billion times 282 00:13:47,919 --> 00:13:50,399 the mass of our sun. Okay, if you calculate the 283 00:13:50,399 --> 00:13:53,120 size of its event horizon, its diameter is only about 284 00:13:53,159 --> 00:13:57,480 two hundred astronomical units across two hundred AUG. 285 00:13:57,759 --> 00:14:00,480 Speaker 1: For context, that's roughly the diameter of our soul system, 286 00:14:00,480 --> 00:14:03,879 including the Orc Cloud. It's enormous, but it's still just 287 00:14:03,919 --> 00:14:05,919 our little stellar neighborhood exactly. 288 00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:10,200 Speaker 2: It's astronomically large, but it's not cosmologically large. The relationship 289 00:14:10,200 --> 00:14:12,679 between mass and radius is linear, so to get a 290 00:14:12,759 --> 00:14:15,440 radius of forty six billion light years, you need a 291 00:14:15,440 --> 00:14:18,000 correspondingly gigantic increase in mass. 292 00:14:18,039 --> 00:14:20,840 Speaker 1: So we have to go way beyond the billions of 293 00:14:20,919 --> 00:14:24,240 solar masses of an SMBH. We need a stell ab 294 00:14:24,360 --> 00:14:28,559 whose mass is precisely the mass of the entire observable universe. 295 00:14:28,639 --> 00:14:31,159 That's the only thing that works for the radius coincidence. 296 00:14:30,960 --> 00:14:33,720 Speaker 2: And that raises another huge question. Where would something like 297 00:14:33,759 --> 00:14:37,039 that even come from. We think SMBHs grow by eating 298 00:14:37,159 --> 00:14:40,840 gas and stars or merging with other black holes, but 299 00:14:40,919 --> 00:14:43,600 a slab am that would have to have been born 300 00:14:43,639 --> 00:14:46,799 in an even older, even more massive parent universe. 301 00:14:46,879 --> 00:14:49,320 Speaker 1: It feels like every answer we find just opens up 302 00:14:49,360 --> 00:14:51,440 three more, even bigger questions. 303 00:14:51,480 --> 00:14:52,679 Speaker 2: That's cosmology for you. 304 00:14:52,919 --> 00:14:56,440 Speaker 1: Okay, So let's tackle the biggest conceptual headache again, expansion 305 00:14:56,519 --> 00:15:00,159 versus compression. If our universe is inside a cell, abb 306 00:15:00,519 --> 00:15:03,360 how does the Big Bang, the expansion even happen. 307 00:15:03,519 --> 00:15:05,600 Speaker 2: We have to redefine what the big Bang is. Instead 308 00:15:05,600 --> 00:15:08,799 of the absolute beginning of everything, it becomes a sub event. 309 00:15:08,639 --> 00:15:10,840 Speaker 1: A chapter, and a bigger story exactly. 310 00:15:11,039 --> 00:15:13,720 Speaker 2: The big Bang model still works perfectly to describe the 311 00:15:13,720 --> 00:15:17,039 physics inside our space time, the rapid expansion, the cooling, 312 00:15:17,080 --> 00:15:19,840 the formation of elements. But the event that create our 313 00:15:19,879 --> 00:15:22,240 singularity happened outside. 314 00:15:22,320 --> 00:15:25,120 Speaker 1: So it's the moment a black hole and apparent universe collapsed, 315 00:15:25,120 --> 00:15:29,200 and that singularity somehow birth the whole new, sealed off 316 00:15:29,240 --> 00:15:31,639 bubble of space time, and that bubble is us. 317 00:15:32,080 --> 00:15:35,559 Speaker 2: This is a concept in quantum gravity called ficcun universes 318 00:15:35,720 --> 00:15:40,039 or baby universes. The idea is that when matter collapses 319 00:15:40,080 --> 00:15:44,399 into a singularity, the extreme conditions could effectively create a new, 320 00:15:44,559 --> 00:15:48,440 separate volume of space. Our big Bang is just the 321 00:15:48,519 --> 00:15:53,399 moment that new singularity began its own rapid inflationary expansion. 322 00:15:53,600 --> 00:15:56,759 Speaker 1: So we are expanding, but only within the sealed off 323 00:15:56,799 --> 00:16:00,000 boundaries of our container. The container itself is an exit. 324 00:16:00,559 --> 00:16:03,320 It's just doing what black holes do in the parent universe. 325 00:16:03,480 --> 00:16:06,840 Speaker 2: Right it connects our universe to this potentially infinite chain 326 00:16:06,879 --> 00:16:09,720 of creation where black holes are basically the portals for 327 00:16:09,799 --> 00:16:13,600 new space times. But this idea immediately competes with other 328 00:16:13,639 --> 00:16:15,879 alternative theories to the standard Big. 329 00:16:15,679 --> 00:16:17,000 Speaker 1: Bang, like the Big Bounce. 330 00:16:17,159 --> 00:16:19,120 Speaker 2: Like the Big Bounce, which is a really popular one, 331 00:16:19,320 --> 00:16:21,720 it suggests that our universe didn't start from nothing, but 332 00:16:21,759 --> 00:16:22,519 that it's cyclical. 333 00:16:22,639 --> 00:16:25,360 Speaker 1: Our current expansion is just the rebound from the collapse 334 00:16:25,399 --> 00:16:26,440 of a previous universe. 335 00:16:26,519 --> 00:16:29,879 Speaker 2: Yes, so the universe could be infinitely old, just expanding 336 00:16:29,960 --> 00:16:33,759 and contracting, rebooting itself over and over. It's an elegant 337 00:16:33,759 --> 00:16:35,960 way to get rid of that pesky beginning problem. 338 00:16:36,279 --> 00:16:39,000 Speaker 1: But the Big Bounce runs into huge trouble if we're 339 00:16:39,039 --> 00:16:39,919 inside a black hole. 340 00:16:40,159 --> 00:16:43,240 Speaker 2: Huge trouble because a black hole acts like a giant 341 00:16:43,240 --> 00:16:45,799 pit of quicksand not a trampoline. It's not going to 342 00:16:45,840 --> 00:16:49,440 bounce back, not easily. The analogy is powerful because it 343 00:16:49,480 --> 00:16:53,840 captures the immense gravitational resistance. A black hole's gravity is 344 00:16:53,879 --> 00:16:57,720 an inward pulling force. The Big Bounce needs some kind 345 00:16:57,759 --> 00:17:02,240 of immense, organized out what word rebound force to overcome 346 00:17:02,360 --> 00:17:03,440 the final collapse. 347 00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:06,680 Speaker 1: And if that collapse happened inside a cess lab its 348 00:17:06,759 --> 00:17:09,440 own gravity is now fighting against the gravity of the 349 00:17:09,640 --> 00:17:10,480 entire container. 350 00:17:10,599 --> 00:17:13,519 Speaker 2: It's a double ammy. The big bounced theories often rely 351 00:17:13,599 --> 00:17:16,720 on some kind of quantum mechanical repulsive force that only 352 00:17:16,839 --> 00:17:19,960 kicks in at extreme densities. For that to work inside 353 00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:22,160 a cess lab, that quantum force would have to be 354 00:17:22,240 --> 00:17:25,400 strong enough to overcome both the internal gravity and the 355 00:17:25,440 --> 00:17:27,599 external compressive force of the container. 356 00:17:27,880 --> 00:17:29,960 Speaker 1: That's a huge hurdle to clear. It seems like you'd 357 00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:32,720 need some kind of new physics, maybe something about gravity 358 00:17:32,759 --> 00:17:36,039 leaking into other dimensions, to allow that initial inflation to 359 00:17:36,039 --> 00:17:38,519 punch out against the containment pressure you would. 360 00:17:39,319 --> 00:17:42,160 Speaker 2: One idea that gets discussed is the role of negative pressure. 361 00:17:42,759 --> 00:17:45,960 We already know our universe has dark energy, which acts 362 00:17:45,960 --> 00:17:48,400 as a kind of negative pressure to drive. 363 00:17:48,160 --> 00:17:50,319 Speaker 1: Expansion, pushing things apart right. 364 00:17:50,640 --> 00:17:53,480 Speaker 2: So one wild idea is that if the parent universe 365 00:17:53,519 --> 00:17:56,920 is somehow leaking high energy exotic matter across the event 366 00:17:56,960 --> 00:18:00,559 horizon into our universe, that could provide the case continuous 367 00:18:00,680 --> 00:18:04,480 negative pressure we need to keep inflating even while we're contained. 368 00:18:04,880 --> 00:18:07,839 Speaker 1: There's a huge leap of faith assuming physics from outside 369 00:18:07,839 --> 00:18:08,240 our own. 370 00:18:08,200 --> 00:18:10,839 Speaker 2: Reality it is, but it shows the kind of radical 371 00:18:10,839 --> 00:18:15,519 thinking you need to reconcile these two massive observations. We're expanding, 372 00:18:15,559 --> 00:18:17,160 but we might also be contained. 373 00:18:17,359 --> 00:18:19,319 Speaker 1: Okay, so regardless of how we got here, if we 374 00:18:19,359 --> 00:18:23,000 are inside asl lab, that container has to influence our 375 00:18:23,079 --> 00:18:26,599 ultimate fate. So what are the possibilities for the end 376 00:18:26,640 --> 00:18:27,240 of the universe. 377 00:18:27,279 --> 00:18:32,079 Speaker 2: Well, we've got four major cosmological endgame scenarios, and being 378 00:18:32,079 --> 00:18:34,039 inside a black hole makes some of them much more 379 00:18:34,160 --> 00:18:37,240 likely and others well nearly impossible. 380 00:18:37,319 --> 00:18:39,480 Speaker 1: Let's start with the one that feels most natural for 381 00:18:39,519 --> 00:18:41,480 being stuck inside a gravitational prison. 382 00:18:41,640 --> 00:18:43,920 Speaker 2: That would be scenario one, The Big Crunch. 383 00:18:43,920 --> 00:18:48,119 Speaker 1: The Great Collapse. The universe stops expanding, gravity takes over, 384 00:18:48,440 --> 00:18:50,720 and everything comes crashing back together. 385 00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:55,880 Speaker 2: In this scenario, matter starts accelerating inward again, Galaxies collide, 386 00:18:55,920 --> 00:18:59,839 black holes merge, and everything culminates in this violent, insanely 387 00:19:00,240 --> 00:19:02,240 collapse back into a singularity. 388 00:19:02,440 --> 00:19:05,759 Speaker 1: And being inside a cell lab would just accelerate that process, right. 389 00:19:06,039 --> 00:19:09,200 The container's gravity would be amplifying our own universe as 390 00:19:09,240 --> 00:19:12,200 gravity just speeding up the collapse almost certainly. 391 00:19:12,279 --> 00:19:14,640 Speaker 2: Yes. The good news, if you can call it that, 392 00:19:14,759 --> 00:19:17,079 is that the contraction would take billions of years, just 393 00:19:17,119 --> 00:19:19,839 like the expansion did, but the end state is this 394 00:19:20,039 --> 00:19:23,720 single monsterized black hole swallowing everything. 395 00:19:23,799 --> 00:19:25,880 Speaker 1: Okay, now, let's go to the opposite end of the spectrum, 396 00:19:25,880 --> 00:19:27,720 the one that seems like the biggest challenge for this. 397 00:19:27,720 --> 00:19:31,799 Speaker 2: Hypothesis, Scenario two, the big freeze or heat death. 398 00:19:31,960 --> 00:19:33,839 Speaker 1: This is the quiet cold ending. 399 00:19:33,839 --> 00:19:38,119 Speaker 2: Right, driven by maximum entropy, The universe expands forever, energy 400 00:19:38,119 --> 00:19:41,759 spreads out perfectly evenly, the temperature drops toward absolute zero, 401 00:19:41,960 --> 00:19:45,559 and all organized structures dissolve. It just becomes dark, cold 402 00:19:45,640 --> 00:19:46,160 and empty. 403 00:19:46,440 --> 00:19:49,319 Speaker 1: But the problem, as we've said, yeah, is that requires 404 00:19:49,440 --> 00:19:52,559 endless expansion that just seems impossible. 405 00:19:52,559 --> 00:19:55,519 Speaker 2: If you're inside a black hole, it's fundamentally opposed. The 406 00:19:55,519 --> 00:19:58,640 big freeze relies on stuff being able to spread out forever, 407 00:19:59,160 --> 00:20:02,880 But if we're the cess lab's gravity is constantly trying 408 00:20:02,920 --> 00:20:06,160 to pull all that dispersed energy back in. To achieve 409 00:20:06,240 --> 00:20:09,359 heat death, the outward energy of every particle would have 410 00:20:09,440 --> 00:20:13,039 to overcome the total gravitational pull of the entire sl ab, 411 00:20:13,160 --> 00:20:18,039 which seems unlikely, mathematically, very unlikely. So the s Lab 412 00:20:18,119 --> 00:20:22,079 hypothesis pretty much rules out the quiet cold death in 413 00:20:22,160 --> 00:20:23,759 favor of a more violent end. 414 00:20:23,880 --> 00:20:26,759 Speaker 1: Okay, let's get violent scenario three, the Big Rip. 415 00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:29,759 Speaker 2: This is where expansion goes completely off the rails. It's 416 00:20:29,839 --> 00:20:34,000 driven by dark energy, that mysterious force that's already accelerating 417 00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:35,359 the expansion of our universe. 418 00:20:35,480 --> 00:20:38,319 Speaker 1: It's like a negative pressure pushing space time itself apart. 419 00:20:38,359 --> 00:20:40,279 Speaker 2: And in the big Rip scenario, the strength of that 420 00:20:40,359 --> 00:20:42,839 expansionary force keeps increasing over time. 421 00:20:42,680 --> 00:20:45,160 Speaker 1: And eventually it gets so strong it overcomes everything else. 422 00:20:45,119 --> 00:20:49,960 Speaker 2: Everything First it tears galaxies apart, then solar systems, then planets, 423 00:20:50,319 --> 00:20:53,839 and finally the expansion force becomes stronger than the fundamental 424 00:20:53,880 --> 00:20:55,559 forces holding atoms together. 425 00:20:55,480 --> 00:20:59,400 Speaker 1: So it literally rips apart matter itself. Instant vaporization it does. 426 00:20:59,599 --> 00:21:01,920 Speaker 2: And if if the Big Rip is possible inside a 427 00:21:01,960 --> 00:21:04,839 CIS lab, it means that dark energy is strong enough 428 00:21:04,839 --> 00:21:08,160 to completely overwhelm the colossal gravity of the container. 429 00:21:08,359 --> 00:21:11,119 Speaker 1: So dark energy would have to be this intrinsic property 430 00:21:11,160 --> 00:21:14,279 of our space time bubble, powerful enough to just ignore 431 00:21:14,319 --> 00:21:16,720 the external gravity and destroy us from within. 432 00:21:17,119 --> 00:21:20,440 Speaker 2: That's the idea, so it remains a viable, terrifying, and 433 00:21:20,599 --> 00:21:23,519 extremely violent option even from the inside. 434 00:21:23,559 --> 00:21:28,480 Speaker 1: And finally, the weirdest one scenario four, the big slurf. 435 00:21:28,759 --> 00:21:32,160 Speaker 2: Scientifically, this is called vacuum decay. It comes from quantum 436 00:21:32,200 --> 00:21:35,039 field theory, and it suggests that the vacuum of space 437 00:21:35,079 --> 00:21:37,480 we live in might only be a false vacuum, like a. 438 00:21:37,440 --> 00:21:39,960 Speaker 1: Ball resting on a high shelf but not on the floor. 439 00:21:40,359 --> 00:21:43,079 It's stable, but it could fall to a more stable state. 440 00:21:43,279 --> 00:21:46,640 Speaker 2: Perfect analogy and a random quantum event could cause a 441 00:21:46,680 --> 00:21:49,720 small region of space to collapse into a true vacuum, 442 00:21:49,920 --> 00:21:53,079 a state of even lower energy. This creates a bubble 443 00:21:53,079 --> 00:21:53,960 that expands at. 444 00:21:53,839 --> 00:21:56,119 Speaker 1: The speed of light, and it changes the laws of 445 00:21:56,160 --> 00:21:58,440 physics as it goes. If that bubble. 446 00:21:58,200 --> 00:22:01,039 Speaker 2: Hits us, all existing matter and forces would just cease 447 00:22:01,079 --> 00:22:05,839 to exist. But the big SLURP is probably the least 448 00:22:05,920 --> 00:22:08,599 likely scenario if we're in a black hole. Why is 449 00:22:08,640 --> 00:22:12,319 that black holes are the opposite of a vacuum. They're 450 00:22:12,319 --> 00:22:16,799 defined by extreme density. A constant influx of matter and energy. 451 00:22:17,400 --> 00:22:20,759 That high energy, densely packed environment would make an expanding 452 00:22:20,799 --> 00:22:23,519 bubble of true vacuum incredibly. 453 00:22:23,039 --> 00:22:26,279 Speaker 1: Unstable, so the conditions inside the s lab would probably 454 00:22:26,319 --> 00:22:28,680 pop the bubble before it could even get started, or. 455 00:22:28,680 --> 00:22:31,079 Speaker 2: Prevent it from forming in the first place. So, in 456 00:22:31,119 --> 00:22:33,599 a weird way, being inside a black hole might actually 457 00:22:33,640 --> 00:22:36,200 be protecting us from the threat of vacuum decay. 458 00:22:36,599 --> 00:22:40,160 Speaker 1: It's fascinating how our potential prison dictates our potential doom. 459 00:22:40,759 --> 00:22:43,000 It seems to favor the crunch or the rip while 460 00:22:43,039 --> 00:22:44,720 shielding us from the slurp in the freeze. 461 00:22:44,759 --> 00:22:46,440 Speaker 2: It really narrows down the possibilities. 462 00:22:46,519 --> 00:22:49,559 Speaker 1: So we've talked about the container this s lab. But 463 00:22:49,599 --> 00:22:52,480 if our universe is inside a black hole, that black 464 00:22:52,519 --> 00:22:56,720 hole must be part of another bigger parent universe. 465 00:22:56,440 --> 00:22:59,079 Speaker 2: Right, And that parent universe must have its own black holes, 466 00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:02,160 which could contain other universes, and. 467 00:23:02,079 --> 00:23:05,559 Speaker 1: On and on. It's the ultimate infinite cosmic nesting doll. 468 00:23:05,880 --> 00:23:09,279 Speaker 2: This is the concept of a fractal universe, a multiverse 469 00:23:09,319 --> 00:23:13,119 system born directly out of black hole physics. Every time 470 00:23:13,160 --> 00:23:16,160 a massive star collapses in one universe, it could seed 471 00:23:16,359 --> 00:23:20,599 a new separate space time bubble. Our universe, as vast 472 00:23:20,599 --> 00:23:22,279 as it is, might just be a seed for the 473 00:23:22,319 --> 00:23:22,960 next generation. 474 00:23:23,240 --> 00:23:28,039 Speaker 1: The implications for parallel realities are just they're dizzying. If 475 00:23:28,039 --> 00:23:31,559 there are infinite nested universes, each one could have been 476 00:23:31,599 --> 00:23:34,559 born from a different type of singularity, meaning each could 477 00:23:34,559 --> 00:23:36,279 have completely different laws of physics. 478 00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:39,279 Speaker 2: Think about the fundamental constants that rule our reality. The 479 00:23:39,279 --> 00:23:42,720 speed of light, the strength of gravity, planks constant. They 480 00:23:42,759 --> 00:23:45,160 could all be different in an adjacent universe. You could 481 00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:47,480 have a universe where gravity is a repulsive force, not 482 00:23:47,519 --> 00:23:48,519 an attractive one. 483 00:23:48,640 --> 00:23:52,519 Speaker 1: The variation is literally endless, you know. I sometimes try 484 00:23:52,559 --> 00:23:55,920 to ground these huge ideas in a personal way. When 485 00:23:56,359 --> 00:23:58,519 I look up at the stars, I think about how 486 00:23:58,519 --> 00:24:03,160 those photons travel for millions of years just to reach 487 00:24:03,240 --> 00:24:06,200 my eye. To think that all of that staggering depth, 488 00:24:06,359 --> 00:24:10,319 all those galaxies are contained within something else, and that 489 00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:13,880 something else is contained again, it just breaks my sense 490 00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:18,480 of objective reality. It moves from science into philosophy. It 491 00:24:18,519 --> 00:24:20,720 makes me wonder if there's an exact copy of me 492 00:24:20,799 --> 00:24:24,200 in an adjacent universe, having this exact same conversation right now. 493 00:24:24,440 --> 00:24:27,319 Speaker 2: Well, if the nesting is truly infinite, then probability says 494 00:24:27,359 --> 00:24:29,440 there must be. There's a version of you who became 495 00:24:29,440 --> 00:24:32,279 a concert pianist, a version who took that dream job 496 00:24:32,319 --> 00:24:33,039 you passed up in. 497 00:24:33,039 --> 00:24:35,240 Speaker 1: A version who married their high school crush. 498 00:24:35,279 --> 00:24:38,119 Speaker 2: And the sobering flip side is that for every success, 499 00:24:38,279 --> 00:24:41,119 there are millions of versions of us facing failure or 500 00:24:41,160 --> 00:24:43,240 living in a universe where the laws of physics are 501 00:24:43,279 --> 00:24:46,359 so hostile that complex life never even had a chance 502 00:24:46,400 --> 00:24:46,799 to form. 503 00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:50,640 Speaker 1: It's the ultimate reflection of cosmic possibility and absurdity all 504 00:24:50,680 --> 00:24:51,079 at once. 505 00:24:51,480 --> 00:24:54,680 Speaker 2: It gives you perspective. It reminds you that the specific 506 00:24:54,799 --> 00:24:58,279 fine tune conditions that led to our existence are probably 507 00:24:58,519 --> 00:25:01,559 just one luck key roll of the dice in an 508 00:25:01,599 --> 00:25:03,079 immense cosmic casino. 509 00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:05,759 Speaker 1: But let's bring it back to the hard evidence, to 510 00:25:05,799 --> 00:25:09,160 that rotational anomaly that started all this. Where does the 511 00:25:09,400 --> 00:25:11,319 hypothesis actually stand right now? 512 00:25:11,480 --> 00:25:16,400 Speaker 2: It remains a crucial but unconfirmed hypothesis. That JWST observation 513 00:25:16,599 --> 00:25:20,960 is incredibly tantalizing, but large scale cosmological surveys have not 514 00:25:21,079 --> 00:25:26,480 yet definitively confirmed that global rotational pattern. The cosmological principle, 515 00:25:26,559 --> 00:25:29,599 though it has some cracks, is still the dominant framework. 516 00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:33,119 Speaker 1: So we're left with these compelling clues, the spin bias 517 00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:36,400 and that uncanny mathematical alignment of the radius, but no 518 00:25:36,519 --> 00:25:37,920 smoking gun just yet. 519 00:25:37,960 --> 00:25:40,039 Speaker 2: That's the nature of this kind of science. We still 520 00:25:40,039 --> 00:25:42,160 have so much to learn, especially about things like dark 521 00:25:42,279 --> 00:25:45,200 energy and what really happens inside of singularity. But the 522 00:25:45,279 --> 00:25:48,079 knowledge regaining whether it proves this s lab theory or 523 00:25:48,160 --> 00:25:50,960 refutes it. It forces us to ask these profound questions. 524 00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:53,200 We're learning how to even search for the impossible. 525 00:25:53,519 --> 00:25:57,039 Speaker 1: This has been an incredibly deep exploration into something truly 526 00:25:57,119 --> 00:26:01,240 mind bending. We've wrestled with that fundamental tension between expansion 527 00:26:01,240 --> 00:26:04,119 and compression, realizing that for us to be inside a 528 00:26:04,119 --> 00:26:07,000 black hole, the Big Bang has to be redefined as 529 00:26:07,119 --> 00:26:09,559 just one event in a much larger story. 530 00:26:09,839 --> 00:26:13,039 Speaker 2: We looked at the key pieces of evidence that jwst 531 00:26:13,279 --> 00:26:16,880 observation of a weird rotational preference in galaxies, and that 532 00:26:17,039 --> 00:26:20,839 uncanny mathematical alignment of our universe's size with the theoretical 533 00:26:20,880 --> 00:26:23,880 event horizon of a stupendously large black hole, the s LAB. 534 00:26:24,240 --> 00:26:27,599 Speaker 1: We toured the cosmic scales and realized that this hypothetical 535 00:26:27,680 --> 00:26:30,559 s LAB would be exponentially larger than any supermassive black 536 00:26:30,559 --> 00:26:32,920 hole we've ever seen, and we mapped out our potential 537 00:26:32,960 --> 00:26:36,640 cosmic endings, finding that being contained likely steers us toward 538 00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:39,119 a violent big crunch or an extreme big rip. 539 00:26:39,279 --> 00:26:42,200 Speaker 2: So if the universe really is a nesting doll and 540 00:26:42,359 --> 00:26:44,880 black holes are the portals creating new space times, what 541 00:26:44,920 --> 00:26:47,319 does that really imply about the limits of scale? If 542 00:26:47,319 --> 00:26:49,759 the event horizon is the absolute limit of what we 543 00:26:49,839 --> 00:26:53,039 can see, what entirely new kind of physics must apply 544 00:26:53,160 --> 00:26:56,599 to the parent universe just beyond our boundary, And that 545 00:26:56,680 --> 00:26:59,599 leaves us with the ultimate question. Is there a true 546 00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:02,119 limit scale a biggest thing and the smallest thing, or 547 00:27:02,160 --> 00:27:05,440 is reality truly fractal and infinite in both directions. That's 548 00:27:05,480 --> 00:27:07,319 the challenge we'll leave you to contemplate.