Speaker 1: Here is a question that sounds simple.
Speaker 2: What is a moon something that goes around.
Speaker 1: The planet, right, and what is a planet.
Speaker 2: Something that goes around the star?
Speaker 1: So what do you call a Jupiter sized world that
orbits an object that is not quite a star and
not quite a planet, which is itself orbiting a star
seventy light years away?
Speaker 2: I am going to need a minute.
Speaker 1: So it is the International Astronomical Union.
Speaker 2: We'll get back to that.
Speaker 1: Hello, and welcome to Astronomy Daily.
Speaker 2: I'm anna and I'm avery. It is Friday, the twenty
fourth of July twenty twenty six, and this is episode
one hundred and forty nine.
Speaker 1: Coming up. Astronomers confirm the first moonlike object outside our
Solar system and immediately break the vocabulary trying to describe it.
We have found the most powerful particle accelerator in the galaxy,
and it has been sitting next to one of the
brightest stars in your sky. A black hole is starving
a galaxy. It doesn't even live in.
Speaker 2: Tina flies the world's biggest solid rocket from the open
ocean for the first time. Starship gets another shot at
flight thirteen tonight for some of you, and the moon
has a date with the heart of the scorpion.
Speaker 1: Let's get into it. We have found thousands of planets
around other stars, nearly six thousand confirmed, with candidates stacked
up behind them, but there has always been a conspicuous
gap in the catalog. No moons, not one confirmed. We
know moons must be out there. Our own Solar system
has close to three hundred of them, but they are small,
they are faint, and they are parked right next to
something far brighter. Finding one has been one of the
great frustrations of exoplanet science, and now now a team
publishing in Nature has confirmed the first one sort of,
and the sort of is the whole story. This system
is a star called C D minus thirty five twenty
seven twenty two. It is a red dwarf roughly seventy
light years from US, and for our listeners in Australia
and New Zealand, it sits in your southern sky. Astronomers
have known for years that this star has a companion
because the star wobbles. That companion is called C D
minus thirty five twenty seven twenty two B, and it
is heavy, somewhere between twenty nine and thirty eight times
the mass of Jupiter.
Speaker 2: That's well pass planet territory.
Speaker 1: It is above about thirteen to fifteen jupiter masses, an
object confuse deuterium in its core. It's not doing what
the Sun does. You need around ninety jupiter masses to
fuse ordinary hydrogen. But it's doing something that in between
category is a brown dwarf, too big to be a
planet and too small to be a.
Speaker 2: Star, the thing astronomy call a failed star, which always
struck me as unkind.
Speaker 1: Deeply unkind. And this particular brown dwarf is bright enough
and far enough from its star that the very large
telescope in Chile can photograph it directly. So the team
took spectra of the brown dwarf itself and found that
it wobbles too. Something is orbiting the brown dwarf. Best
estimate of its mass about one jupiter.
Speaker 2: So we have a Jupiter going around the brown dwarf
going around the red.
Speaker 1: Dwarf, a three tiered system, and nobody can agree on
what to call the object at the.
Speaker 3: Bottom, because if the brown dwarf counts as a planet,
then this thing is a moon, an exo moon, the
first one confirmed. But if the brown dwarf counts as
a star. Then this thing is a planet and it's
not a.
Speaker 1: Moon at all, and the brown dwarf is genuinely physically
both and neither. The paper hedges by calling it an
exo satellite, which is honest and also a bit of
a shrug.
Speaker 2: We've been here before, though. This is the Pluto argument
in a fresh outfit.
Speaker 1: It really is. Pluto is not a planet because it
has not cleared its orbital neighborhood. Fine, but Pluto has Sharon,
and Sharon is so large relative to Pluto that the
two of them orbit a point in empty space between them.
So is Sharon a moon of a non planet? Are
they a double dwarf planet? And our own moon is
bigger than Pluto? Should it be a dwarf planet that
happens to be captured?
Speaker 2: Nature does not care about our filing system.
Speaker 1: Nature does not care at all. And here's the part
I find genuinely exciting. Brown dwarfs are common. If this
one has a Jupiter mass companion, plenty of others probably
do too. Some of those could sit in the habitable
zone of the parent star. You could have a warm,
temperate world with liquid water orbiting a failed star orbiting
a real one.
Speaker 2: And we would not have a word for it.
Speaker 1: The team says, this is the first of its kind,
not the last. I suspect the IAU is going to
have a long decade.
Speaker 2: Now. If you go outside tonight and look up, one
of the first bright stars you will find is Altaire.
Northern listeners. It is high overhead in the evening, the
southern corner of the Summer Triangle. Southern listeners, look north,
it's lower down, but it's unmistakable one.
Speaker 1: Of the closest bright stars to us sixteen and a.
Speaker 2: Half light years sixteen point seven now roughly in that
same direction, but nowhere near it in actual space. Sits
an object that has just been confirmed as the most
powerful particle accelerator in the Milky Way. By the way,
I should stress the nowhere near it as the key
point here.
Speaker 1: Worth being precise about that same patch of sky, wildly
different distance.
Speaker 2: Wildly Altare is sixteen light years away. This thing is
closer to fourteen thousand. It just happens to line up.
It's called lhaa aso J nineteen twelve plus ten fourteen U,
which I'm going to say exactly once. And it was
picked up in twenty twenty four by a Chinese observatory
high on the Tibetan Plateau.
Speaker 1: And what makes it special.
Speaker 2: It's throwing protons out at more than one thousand trillion
electron volts one pev Astronomers call an object that can
do that a pevotron, and it's worth pausing on what
that number means. The Large Hadron Collider is twenty seven
kilometers of superconducting magnets buried under the French Swiss border,
and it's the most powerful machine humanity has ever built
for this purpose. This object beats it by a factor
of well over one hundred.
Speaker 1: With no magnets and no budget.
Speaker 2: With no magnets and no budget. Now, we've known about
pevetron candidates for a while. There are dozens of them.
The problem has always been proving what's actually being accelerated.
Because when you detect very high energy gamma rays coming
from one of these sources, there are two ways to
make them. Protons smashing into gas or electrons scattering off light.
Both produce gamma rays. The observatories that found these sources
can't tell the two apart because their images are too
blurry to see the difference.
Speaker 1: So how do you settle it, you.
Speaker 2: Stop relying on one telescope. A team led by Tsunafumi
Mizuno at Hiroshima University pulled together three completely different instruments
looking at three completely different kinds of light. NASA's Fermi
Space Telescope for gamma rays at lower energies, a Japanese
radio survey from the forty five meter dish at Nobayama,
which maps the cold gas clouds in that region, and
NASA's Chandra Observatory for X rays.
Speaker 1: Three views of the same patch of sky.
Speaker 2: And the pattern only works one way. Fermi found an
excess of gamma rays at exactly the energies you'd expect
if protons were slamming into gas, and the radio data
showed the gas was right there for them to slam into.
The electron explanation doesn't fit the shape of the signal,
So this is a proton accelerator, confirmed in the Astrophysical Journal.
Speaker 1: What was it? Originally thought to be.
Speaker 2: A super nova remnant the expanding wreckage of a dead star,
perfectly reasonable until it started putting out gamma rays above
one hundred trillion electron volts and stopped being ordinary. And
it is big on the sky. It spans more than
one degree twice the width of the full moon.
Speaker 1: Which matters because cosmic rays are not just an abstraction.
They're hating us constantly, constantly.
Speaker 2: They are a genuine hazard for astronauts and for spacecraft electronics,
and they play into the chemistry of the interstellar medium.
Knowing where the most energetic ones actually come from is
not a trivia question. The team says, there are dozens
more candidates to work through, and now they have a
method that works. Expect more of these. Next up story three,
The starved Red Potato.
Speaker 1: Every imagine a desert right on the coastline, stretching to
the horizon on one side, and almost no rainfall for
years at a time.
Speaker 2: The Atacama or the namebe.
Speaker 1: Exactly those All that water is sitting there, right there,
and none of it arriving. That image is what got
an astronomer in Milan thinking about a galaxy.
Speaker 2: Go on.
Speaker 1: Back in January, we got word of a galaxy nicknamed
the Red Potato, named with real scientific rigor for looking
like a red potato in the JWST image. It's more
than eleven billion light years away. We're seeing it as
it was when the universe was under two billion years old,
and it sits in the southern sky at a declination
of about minus forty nine.
Speaker 2: And the problem with it.
Speaker 1: The problem is that it's sitting in the middle of
an enormous reservoir of cold gas, a node in the
cosmic web, exactly the kind of place where galaxies are
supposed to gorge themselves and blaze with new stars, and
it's making almost none. It's quiet, red, old, and quiet
at an age of the universe that it has no
business being any of those things.
Speaker 2: Coastal desert, coastal desert.
Speaker 1: Now, the usual suspect for shutting down star formation is
the galaxy's own central black hole. It fires up, blows
the gas out, and the galaxy starves textbook, but the
observations showed no sign of an active black hole in
the Red Potato and no sign of any strong outflows.
There was nothing there to blame.
Speaker 2: So what changed? This week?
Speaker 1: Tandra, the team led by Waychen Wang at the University
of Milano Bikacoa, took deep X ray observations and found
a long jet of particles. And it's not coming from
the Red Potato. It's coming from a black hole in
a neighboring galaxy, and it's pointed straight at the Red
Potatoes gas cloud.
Speaker 2: What it's being starved by someone else's black hole.
Speaker 1: That's the finding. The jet doesn't appear to be doing
much to its own host galaxy. It's narrow near home,
and it widens out as it travels. By the time
it reaches the Red Potato's neighborhood, it's wide enough to
stir up that whole gas reservoir. One turbulent gas is
turbulent gas. Turbulent gas will not settle down and fall in.
The galaxy is surrounded by fuel. It cannot collect.
Speaker 2: What's the measured evidence for the turbulence.
Speaker 1: The gas motions are elevated. They can read that off
the shape of the emission lines. It's not proof of causation,
and the team is careful about that. They can't fully
rule out that the Red Potato had some earlier violent
episode that evtied it out, but there's no evidence for one,
and there is a very obvious jet pointing at it.
Speaker 2: And this is the interesting bit for the wider picture,
because Web keeps finding these quiet early galaxies.
Speaker 1: It does, and they're a genuine problem for our models.
If a galaxy can be shut down by a neighbor
rather than by itself, then galaxy evolution is not something
a galaxy does on its own. It's something done to
it by whatever happens to be nearby. That's a considerably
messier universe than the one we had drawn.
Speaker 2: Let's move on to story four. Gravity one at open
On Wednesday morning, Beijing time, a rocket lifted off from
the deck of a ship one hundred and seventy kilometers
out in the East China Sea, east of Shanghai, and
put nine satellites into orbit.
Speaker 1: Fee launch is not new, but that distance is unusual.
Speaker 2: That is the story. The rocket is Gravity one, built
by a commercial company called Orient Space, based in Shandong Province.
This was its third flight and its third success, and
its first genuine open ocean launch. The previous two went
up from waters just off the coast. This time the
ship sailed properly out to sea. Why does that matter conditions?
The chief designer, Su Gul Kwang made the point that
open sea is a different problem, different swell, different weather,
no easy shore support. If you can launch out there,
you can launch from almost anywhere, which means you can
pick your orbit rather than being stuck with whatever your
fixed past that allows. It also happens to be China's
first commercial sea launch in the Yanksee River.
Speaker 1: Delta, and the rocket itself is unusual.
Speaker 2: Very Gravity one is about thirty meters tall, STUW squat
four strap on boosters, around three core stages, and every
single one of those motors is solid fuel, no cryogenic propellant,
no complex plumbing. You build it, you ship it, you
light it. That makes it the most powerful all solid
fueled orbital rocket in the world, at six and a
half tons to low Earth orbit.
Speaker 1: Which sounds enormous until you compare it, and we should.
Speaker 2: Falcon nine does about twenty two point eight tons, so
Gravity one is roughly a third of that. The record
it holds is specifically for solid fueled rockets, and that
is a meaningful category. Solids are simple, storable, and quick
to prepare, which is exactly what you want if your
business is putting up batches of satellites on a schedule.
But went up nine payloads, including six satellite for a
constellation called Hwantian, two optical satellites carrying artificial intelligence hardware
to do image recognition on board rather than beaming everything
down first and four radar satellites designed to fly in formation.
Speaker 1: And orient space is not stopping at solids.
Speaker 2: No Gravity two is the next vehicle, liquid fueled, recoverable
twenty one and a half tons to low Earth orbit
MAIDE in flight, targeted for the final quarter of this year,
which is ambitious and the wider context is worth noting.
That launch was China's forty ninth orbital attempt of twenty
twenty six. The national record is ninety two set last year.
They're on pace to clear one hundred.
Speaker 1: One more from the Chinese program worth having on your radar.
Speaker 2: The big one, the long March five that will send
Changa seven to the lunar South Pole, arrived in wen
Chong on the thirteenth of July. Navigation warnings point to
a launch window opening around the twenty fourth of August.
That is a landing mission to the most contested real
estate on the Moon, and it's now about a month out.
In our next story, we visit an old friend for
an update our Starship Flight thirteen watch guide.
Speaker 1: Quick update on a story we've been following all week,
and this one is a watch guide rather than a
result because as we record. It hasn't happened yet.
Speaker 2: Light thirteen has had a fortnight.
Speaker 1: It has back On the sixteenth, the countdown reached zero
and the flight software called an aubort because four of
the thirty three Raptor engines on the booster failed to
reach acceptable starting conditions. The limit is three, so the
vehicle stood itself down, which is the system working exactly
as designed.
Speaker 2: Two raptors were swapped out after that.
Speaker 1: Two raptors replaced a leak check on the twenty second
Ship forty stacked back on Booster twenty that evening, and
SpaceX went for it yesterday and then waved off at
ten past four in the afternoon Central time. Not a
vehicle problem.
Speaker 2: Weather, which is a slightly unusual reason to scrub.
Speaker 1: It is, and the explanation is interesting. One of the
key objectives this flight is getting clean camera footage from
the ground of the heat shield while the vehicle is
punching through maximum aerodynamic pressure on the way up. Cloud
cover means no footage, and no footage means a lost objective.
Though they waited for a clear day.
Speaker 2: So here are the times.
Speaker 1: The window opens Tonight, Friday the twenty fourth, at six
forty five in the evening Eastern time. That's five forty
five Central, four forty five Mountain, three forty five Pacific.
The stream starts about half an hour before and.
Speaker 2: For those of us on this side of the world,
that is Saturday morning, eight forty five am Eastern Australian time,
ten forty five am in New Zealand. Coffee in hand,
entirely civilized for once.
Speaker 1: The payload is the headline twenty Starlink V three satellites,
the first time real functional V three spacecraft have gone
up on Starship rather than the mass simulators of earlier flights.
Six of them carry cameras aimed back at Starship's own
heat shield, so the vehicle gets to inspect itself on
the way through.
Speaker 2: Also raptor relay in space, a booster splashed down in
the Gulf and the ship coming down in the Indian Ocean.
Speaker 1: That is the flight. We will have the result for
you in tomorrow's weekend wrap, whatever it turns out to be.
And finally, today let's turn our eyes skywards with our
daily SkyWatch.
Speaker 2: We're talking about the sky over your head.
Speaker 1: Tonight, the moon has a close encounter with Antari's the
Red Super giant at the heart of Scorpius, the star
whose name literally means rival of Mars, and.
Speaker 2: This one favors the north, which is a nice change.
Speaker 1: It genuinely does, so let us be straight about it.
The closest approach happens at six in the evening Eastern
Time on Friday, when the moon passes about six tenths
of a degree south of Antaris. For North American observer,
that's right around your evening. By the time the sky
is properly dark, the moon will have drifted a little,
but you're still looking at a waxing gibbous moon and
a bright orange red star sitting within a degree or
two of each other. Bring binoculars if you have them.
The color contrast is lovely.
Speaker 2: And for us in Australia and New Zealand, the exact
moment falls in daylight on Saturday morning, so we get
the pairing on either side of it Friday evening and
Saturday evening, with the moon and ataris several degrees apart,
rather than snuggled up, but.
Speaker 1: With an enormous compensation.
Speaker 2: An enormous one. In late July, Scorpius is not scraping
the southern horizon for us, it's close to overhead the
whole constellation, the claws, the curve of the body. The
sting is laid out near the zenith in a way
northern observer simply never gets a see. So take the
wider pairing and enjoy the best view of Scorpius on
the planet.
Speaker 1: And while you're out there, find all tear again our
particle accelerator. From earlier listeners, it's high in the east
to southeast in the evening, the bottom point of the
summer triangle with Vega and DANEB. Southern listeners look north
and about a third of the way up somewhere in
that direction fourteen thousand light years past it something is
flinging protons at energies. Our best machines cannot touch.
Speaker 2: Good thing to think about while you're standing in the cold.
Speaker 1: A few more for the diary. Full moon on Wednesday,
the twenty ninth, the buck moon peeking at half past
two in the afternoon utc over in Capricornice, which does
mean the sky is brightening all.
Speaker 2: Week, though if you're chasing the delta acarids, do it
now rather than waiting for the peak. We've said that
all week, and it still holds.
Speaker 1: And in the pre dawn east Mars and Saturn are
both up. Saturn is the brighter and easier of the two,
and the rings are tilted about nine degrees at the moment,
far better than the near edge on view we had
at the end of last year. Worth a telescope if
you are up early.
Speaker 2: And keep the twelfth of August circled total solar eclipse
across Iceland and Spain, and a moonless Percy had peaked
the same night. We will have plenty on both closer
to the time.
Speaker 1: That is Astronomy Daily for Friday, the twenty fourth of July.
Speaker 2: You can find us at Astronomy Daily dot io and
on your social platform of choice at astro Daily Pod.
Astronomy Daily is part of the bites dot com podcast network.
Speaker 1: We're back tomorrow with the weekend wrap and with whatever
Starship has done overnight until then from both of us
Clear Skies.
Speaker 2: Sunday stars start