WEBVTT

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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to Bedtime Astronomy. Explore the wonders of the cosmos

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<v Speaker 1>with our soothing Bedtime Astronomy podcast. Each episode offers a

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<v Speaker 1>gentle journey through the stars, planets, and beyond, perfect for

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<v Speaker 1>unwinding after a long day. Let's travel through the mysteries

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<v Speaker 1>of the universe as you drift off into a peaceful

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<v Speaker 1>slumber under the night sky. This week in Astronomy, Blue

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<v Speaker 1>Ghost Mission, Mars helicopter exploration and unveiling Kuiper Belt. Blue

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<v Speaker 1>Ghost's mission ends, but its legacy lives on. The first

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<v Speaker 1>private lunar lander to complete a fully successful mission has

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<v Speaker 1>fallen Silent Firefly Aerospaces. Blue Ghost landers ceased operations over

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<v Speaker 1>the weekend after spending two weeks conducting scientific experiments for NASA.

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<v Speaker 1>Its mission came to an end as the sunset on

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<v Speaker 1>the lunar surface, cutting off the energy supply to its

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<v Speaker 1>solar panels. Firefly CEO Jason Kim confirmed the mission's conclusion

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<v Speaker 1>in a post on X late Sunday night, emphasizing that

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<v Speaker 1>while the lander had completed its task, its legacy would

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<v Speaker 1>live on in the minds of those who followed its journey.

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<v Speaker 1>The lander continued to function for five hours into the

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<v Speaker 1>lunar night as planned, before finally shutting down. Firefly announced

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<v Speaker 1>that images of the lunar sunset and glow captured by

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<v Speaker 1>Blue Ghost would be released on Tuesday. Blue Ghost was

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<v Speaker 1>launched from Cape Canaveral in January as part of NASA's

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<v Speaker 1>Commercial Lunar Paload Delivery program, and successfully touched down on

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<v Speaker 1>March second at the far northeastern edge of the Moon.

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<v Speaker 1>It carried multiple scientific and technological instruments for NASA, including

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<v Speaker 1>a drill and a vacuum, among others. Firefly confirmed on

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<v Speaker 1>Monday that all ten experiments aboard the lander had functioned

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<v Speaker 1>as intended, marking a complete success for the mission. One

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<v Speaker 1>of the lander's notable achievements occurred late last week when

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<v Speaker 1>it observed a total solar eclipse from the Moon's perspective,

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<v Speaker 1>which corresponds to a total lunar eclipse as seen from Earth.

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<v Speaker 1>With this mission, Firefly Aerospace, a Texas based company, became

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<v Speaker 1>the first private entity to land on the Moon without

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<v Speaker 1>tipping over or crashing, a significant milestone after several unsuccessful

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<v Speaker 1>attempts by other private ventures in recent years. Before this achievement,

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<v Speaker 1>successful lunar landings had only been accomplished by five nations,

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<v Speaker 1>the United States, Russia, China, India and Japan. Firefly's success

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<v Speaker 1>stood in contrast to the fate of another private mission

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<v Speaker 1>that shared the same space section, Rocket Ride. A Japanese company,

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<v Speaker 1>A Space, launched its own lunar lander on the same mission,

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<v Speaker 1>but it is taking a much longer route to the Moon,

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<v Speaker 1>with a planned touchdown in early June. Meanwhile, another Texas

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<v Speaker 1>based company, Intuitive Machines, recently faced difficulties with its own

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<v Speaker 1>lunar lander. Earlier this month. Its lander ended up lying

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<v Speaker 1>sideways in a crater near the Moon's south pole, effectively

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<v Speaker 1>dooming the mission. This marked the second incomplete attempt for

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<v Speaker 1>Intuitive Machines. Although its first lander did successfully put the

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<v Speaker 1>United States back on the Moon for the first time

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<v Speaker 1>since the Apollo era, the landing was less than perfect

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<v Speaker 1>and caused communication issues. With its first mission, now complete,

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<v Speaker 1>Firefly Aerospace is already looking ahead. The company is actively

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<v Speaker 1>developing its next lunar lander and aims to achieve at

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<v Speaker 1>least one moon landing per year in the future. Nighthawk

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<v Speaker 1>the next step in Mars helicopter exploration ingenuity, the small

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<v Speaker 1>helicopter that demonstrated the feasibility of flying on another planet.

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<v Speaker 1>Achieved a significant milestone by completing seventy two flights, sparking

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<v Speaker 1>the imagination of space enthusiasts worldwide. However, it faced certain limitations,

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<v Speaker 1>and NASA researchers believe they can create a better version.

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<v Speaker 1>Two recent papers presented at the Lunar and Planetary Science

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<v Speaker 1>Conference LPSC twent five outlined a new design for a

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<v Speaker 1>more advanced helicopter named Nighthawk, which is still under development.

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<v Speaker 1>This project is being led by Pascal Lee from NASA

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<v Speaker 1>AMES and Derek Loya from the Seti Institute and Colorado

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<v Speaker 1>Mesa Universe. Their work explores the potential use of this

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<v Speaker 1>new helicopter on Mars, particularly in regions that are difficult

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<v Speaker 1>to navigate with existing technology. Among the many fascinating locations

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<v Speaker 1>on Mars, one area has garnered particular interest from explorers.

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<v Speaker 1>Nocdys Labyrinthus, or the Labyrinth of the Night. This region

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<v Speaker 1>stands out not only because of its geological features, but

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<v Speaker 1>also due to its strategic position. It is nestled between

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<v Speaker 1>the massive vas Marineris Canyon to the east and the

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<v Speaker 1>Tharsus volcanic Plateau to the west. One location within this region,

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<v Speaker 1>nocdis Landing, has often been suggested as a possible landing

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<v Speaker 1>site for future man missions. Doctor Blee, a prominent figure

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<v Speaker 1>in Mars exploration and the founder of the Mars Institute,

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<v Speaker 1>is a strong advocate for studying misintriguing area Noctus Labyrinthus

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<v Speaker 1>offers much to explore, especially in terms of potential resources. Fraser,

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<v Speaker 1>a researcher, discusses how this region might harbour valuable materials

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<v Speaker 1>that could be useful for future missions, but it also

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<v Speaker 1>presents significant challenges. The terrain here is rugged, consisting of

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<v Speaker 1>vast dim fields, ancient lava flows, enormous boulders, and deep canyons.

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<v Speaker 1>Such conditions would make it extremely difficult for a rover

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<v Speaker 1>to operate effectively in the area. This is where a

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<v Speaker 1>helicopter like Nighthawk could prove invaluable. While landing in such

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<v Speaker 1>a challenging environment would be difficult, a helicopter could easily

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<v Speaker 1>fly over the terrain, avoiding obstacles and landing only in

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<v Speaker 1>safe areas. It could also capture stunning aerial imagery of

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<v Speaker 1>the region, offering a person perspective that a rover could

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<v Speaker 1>never achieve. However, there are several reasons why Ingenuity or

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<v Speaker 1>similar helicopters wouldn't be suitable for this kind of mission.

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<v Speaker 1>The first issue is that Ingenuity relies on a rover

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<v Speaker 1>perseverance to relay communications back to Earth. In the rugged

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<v Speaker 1>Noctus Labyrinthus, where rovers would struggle, this setup would not

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<v Speaker 1>be practical. Another limitation of Ingenuity is its maximum altitude

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<v Speaker 1>of about twenty five meters, which is insufficient to navigate

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<v Speaker 1>the towering obstacles in Octus Labyrinthus, but team behind Nighthawk

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<v Speaker 1>estimates that a minimum altitude of one hundred meters would

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<v Speaker 1>be necessary to safely bypass the region's challenges. Additionally, the

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<v Speaker 1>Martian atmosphere is thin, an Ingenuity lacks the thrust to

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<v Speaker 1>fly effectively in such conditions for most of the year.

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<v Speaker 1>It also wouldn't be able to carry a scientific payload

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<v Speaker 1>weighing three kilograms, which is the desired weight for the

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<v Speaker 1>Nighthawk mission. In contrast, the new Marsh Chopper being developed

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<v Speaker 1>by NASA is designed to overcome these challenges. This standalone,

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<v Speaker 1>SUV sized drone will be capable of carrying up to

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<v Speaker 1>five kilograms of scientific instruments, flying up to three kilometers

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<v Speaker 1>per day. This capability is far more suited to the

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<v Speaker 1>needs of the Nighthawk mission. The primary goal of Nighthawk

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<v Speaker 1>is to carry a three kilogram payload, which will include

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<v Speaker 1>a color camera, a near infrared camera, and a neutron

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<v Speaker 1>counter for detecting water. The Nighthawk helicopter is expected to

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<v Speaker 1>travel a distance of about three hundred kilometers during its

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<v Speaker 1>primary mission, conducting studies on potential water deposits and exploring

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<v Speaker 1>the evolution of this area of Mars. Of particular interest

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<v Speaker 1>is a light tone deposit or LTD near the Reliic Glacier,

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<v Speaker 1>which may contain significant amounts of water, potentially much closer

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<v Speaker 1>to the equator than the known deposits near the poles.

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<v Speaker 1>Many missions are already planned to make use of the

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<v Speaker 1>Mars Chopper, but Nighthawk stands out due to its thoughtful

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<v Speaker 1>design and strong backing from NASA's top Mars scientists. Although

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<v Speaker 1>there is no set date yet for the competition to

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<v Speaker 1>select the new Mars Chopper, mission planners are likely to

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<v Speaker 1>consider the Nighthawk architecture as they determine where this new

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<v Speaker 1>drone will first be deployed. As the development of Nighthawk continues,

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<v Speaker 1>it represents a major step forward in the exploration of Mars,

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<v Speaker 1>offering exciting possibilities for future missions to the Red planet

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<v Speaker 1>unveiling the Kuiper Belt. With Verirubin, the exploration of the

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<v Speaker 1>outer Solar System is set to gain a major advantage

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<v Speaker 1>with the upcoming operations of the Verorubin Observatory. When this

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<v Speaker 1>powerful telescope begins its mission in late twenty twenty five,

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<v Speaker 1>it will launch a ten year survey of the sky,

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<v Speaker 1>capturing its continuous changes and unveiling new cosmic discoveries. Among

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<v Speaker 1>its most intriguing and challenging targets will be objects in

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<v Speaker 1>the distant Kuiper Belt, a region beyond Neptune filled with

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<v Speaker 1>icy remnants from the early Solar System. A team of

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<v Speaker 1>planetary scientists led by J. J. Kavilars from Canada's Herzberg

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<v Speaker 1>Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Center has proposed an ambitious plan

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<v Speaker 1>to use the observatory for an intensive survey focused on

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<v Speaker 1>tracking objects along the trajectory of the New Horizon. Spacecraft,

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<v Speaker 1>currently located approximately sixty one astronomical units from Earth. New

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<v Speaker 1>Horizons remains the only spacecraft traversing the Kuiper Belt, providing

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<v Speaker 1>a unique opportunity for coordinated observations. The proposed survey, referred

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<v Speaker 1>to as a deep drilling microsurvey, will dedicate about thirty

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<v Speaker 1>hours of observation time at Verirubin across six separate five

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<v Speaker 1>hour visits over the course of a year beginning in

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<v Speaker 1>twenty twenty six. The goal is to determine the orbits

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<v Speaker 1>of approximately seven hundred Kuiper Belt objects, significantly expanding the

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<v Speaker 1>known catalog of these distant worlds. To achieve this, the

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<v Speaker 1>team requires at least five hours of observation per night

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<v Speaker 1>on two separate nights to construct reliable orbital arcs of

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<v Speaker 1>the detected objects. Kavilars emphasizes that obtaining repeated observations of

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<v Speaker 1>the same field is more valuable than simply extending the

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<v Speaker 1>depth of a single observation, as the ability to track

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<v Speaker 1>the movement of these distant bodies is crucial. The team's

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<v Speaker 1>findings have been detailed in a paper available on the

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<v Speaker 1>AR fourteen pre print server. Their proposal builds upon prior

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<v Speaker 1>discoveries of Kuiper Belt objects, including a survey led by

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<v Speaker 1>Wesley Fraser in twenty twenty four that identified two hundred

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<v Speaker 1>and thirty nine trans Neptunian objects. Using data from the

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<v Speaker 1>hyper suprimecam on the Subaru telescope, Fraser's team uncovered a

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<v Speaker 1>surprising abundance of very faint objects beyond seventy astronomical units

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<v Speaker 1>from the Sun. The detection of these objects may help

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<v Speaker 1>explain previously recorded stellar occultations and data collected by the

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<v Speaker 1>student dust counter aboard new horizons. If successful, the deep

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<v Speaker 1>survey conducted with Verrubin will likely reveal many more such bodies,

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<v Speaker 1>expanding our understanding of the Kuiper Belt's population. One of

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<v Speaker 1>the key hopes for the survey is that it will

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<v Speaker 1>identify new targets for New Horizons to study from a distance.

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<v Speaker 1>While finding an object close enough for a near fly

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<v Speaker 1>by encounter is unlikely, this survey will at the very

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<v Speaker 1>least provide a valuable sample of Kuiper Belt objects that

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<v Speaker 1>can be observed from afar. The prospect of discovering another

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<v Speaker 1>intriguing object like Aricoth, which New Horizons flew past in

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<v Speaker 1>twenty nineteen, is particularly exciting. Many of the approximately seven

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<v Speaker 1>hundred objects detected in the survey are expected to be

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<v Speaker 1>binaries or contact binaries, offering valuable insight into the structure

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<v Speaker 1>and formation of these distant worlds, even if they are

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<v Speaker 1>not within range for direct observation by the spacecraft, their

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<v Speaker 1>mere presence provides evidence that the Kuiper Belt is more

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<v Speaker 1>densely populated than current models suggest. A major benefit of

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<v Speaker 1>the Verirubin Observatory's capabilities lies in its legacy survey of

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<v Speaker 1>space and time, which will capture repeated images of vast

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<v Speaker 1>sections of the sky over the course of a decade.

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<v Speaker 1>Using its powerful lsstcam mounted on the eight point three

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<v Speaker 1>six meter Simoni Survey telescope, the observatory will collect a

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<v Speaker 1>series of thirty second images covering nine point six square

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<v Speaker 1>degrees at a time. By alternating between different filter bands,

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<v Speaker 1>these observations will provide detailed and deep views of the cosmos,

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<v Speaker 1>effectively creating the most extensive astronomical time lapse ever recorded.

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<v Speaker 1>The sheer scale of this survey presents an opportunity for

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<v Speaker 1>other missions, such as the Kuiper Belt Microsurvey, to take

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<v Speaker 1>advantage of its vast data collection. The team's proposal notes

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<v Speaker 1>that the plant cadence of LSST will lead to the

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<v Speaker 1>discovery of an unprecedented number of small Solar system bodies,

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<v Speaker 1>including trans Neptunian opt The ability to determine precise orbits

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<v Speaker 1>and physical properties for these distant worlds will represent a

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<v Speaker 1>transformative leap in our knowledge of the Solar System. The

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<v Speaker 1>thirty hour observation window allocated to the micro survey should

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<v Speaker 1>be sufficient to accurately determine the positions and orbits of

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<v Speaker 1>Kuiper Belt objects. This will not only aid potential future

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<v Speaker 1>observations by new horizons, but also provide valuable targets for

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<v Speaker 1>upcoming spacecraft missions. Kavilar's and envisions an exciting possibility in

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<v Speaker 1>which the deep survey conducted by ver Reubin will confirm

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<v Speaker 1>and refine the population distribution of Kuiper Belt objects reported

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<v Speaker 1>by Fraser. If no suitable fly by target is found

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<v Speaker 1>within the Ruben data, the refined information could then be

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<v Speaker 1>used to design a more precise search using the Nancy

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<v Speaker 1>Grace Roman Space Telescope once it launches. This collaboration between

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<v Speaker 1>different observatories and spacecraft underscores the growing ability of modern

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<v Speaker 1>astronomy to explore even the most remote regions of the

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<v Speaker 1>Solar System, piecing together the complex history of its formation

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<v Speaker 1>and evolutions to get them