Speaker 1: Welcome. This is Marcia for Radio I, and today I
Speaker 1: will be reading National Geographic magazine dated October twenty twenty five,
Speaker 1: which is donated by the publisher. As a reminder, Radio
Speaker 1: I is a reading service intended for people who are
Speaker 1: blind or have other disabilities that make it difficult to
Speaker 1: read printed material. Please join me now for the continuation
Speaker 1: of the article I began last time, entitled how an
Speaker 1: American icon Helped Save Egypt's ancient Temples by Kate Story.
Speaker 1: Thanks in part to Jacqueline Kennedy's powerful private lobbying ramses,
Speaker 1: the second and the rest of the Abu symbol statues
Speaker 1: reign safely again in southern Egypt, ready to survive another
Speaker 1: three thousand years. In honor of the support fostered by
Speaker 1: the First Lady, Egypt offered the U s the smaller
Speaker 1: Temple of Dendur, a first century b c. Shrine also
Speaker 1: saved from the Asswan High Dam, which is now I
Speaker 1: display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Ultimately,
Speaker 1: Jfky never got to see the end result of his
Speaker 1: wife's work. He was assassinated before the relocation of Abu
Speaker 1: symbol even began. To day, Jacqueline's preservation efforts in the US,
Speaker 1: from the White House to New York's Grand Central Terminal
Speaker 1: are widely lauded, but her contributions in Egypt have been
Speaker 1: largely overlooked. However, her daughter Caroline once remarked that her
Speaker 1: mother felt that of equal importance to her White House
Speaker 1: restoration were her far less well known efforts as First
Speaker 1: Lady to save Abu Symbol. While there was little public
Speaker 1: recognition of the role she played, Jacqueline was instrumental in
Speaker 1: securing funding for a venture that helped set the stage
Speaker 1: for future conservation endeavors across the globe. The work done
Speaker 1: to save Abu Symbol was a catalyst for UNESCO's World
Speaker 1: Heritage Initiative that now safeguards thousands of notable landmarks, from
Speaker 1: the ancient ruins of Cambodia's angor Wat to the water
Speaker 1: channels of Venice. That campaign was very symbolic in many ways,
Speaker 1: says May Cheer, UNESCO's chief of the Arab States Unit
Speaker 1: for World Heritage. It established a common standard to identify
Speaker 1: and protect cultural and natural properties that are considered to
Speaker 1: be of significance for all humanity. Next article The world's
Speaker 1: tallest mountain, it might not be what you think. By
Speaker 1: Gordy McGraw's a new approach to how we measure mountains
Speaker 1: is reigniting some long simmering debates and perhaps creating a
Speaker 1: new pecking order for the planet's most impressive peaks. At
Speaker 1: eleven thirty a m. On May twenty nine, nineteen fifty three,
Speaker 1: Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay stepped onto the summit of
Speaker 1: Mount Everest. Affixed to Norgay's ice acts were four small
Speaker 1: flags of Nepal, the United Nations, Great Britain in India,
Speaker 1: and as the Sherpa mountaineer held the axe above his
Speaker 1: head under a clear blue sky, the flags flapped wildly
Speaker 1: in fierce winds. In the thirty years prior, at least
Speaker 1: seventy five others have tried to reach that summit, more
Speaker 1: than a dozen dying in the attempt, and Hillary and
Speaker 1: Norgay's successful ascent is still considered one of history's most
Speaker 1: monumental feats. The reason is obvious right because in eighteen
Speaker 1: fifty six British surveyors declared Evarice the planet's tallest peak,
Speaker 1: the roof of the world Earth's most impressive mountain, but
Speaker 1: What if it's none of those things. What if our
Speaker 1: understanding of a mountain's scale, what height itself means, and
Speaker 1: how much it matters, is more arbitrary than we realize.
Speaker 1: For one, it might change travelers, sight seeing plants, or
Speaker 1: point peak baggers in whole new directions. Then there's the
Speaker 1: matter of reallocating bragging rights. How to measure mountains, it
Speaker 1: turns out, has been subject to challenges and alternative ways
Speaker 1: of thinking for about as long as humans have been
Speaker 1: climbing them. And the latest comes from a young mathematician
Speaker 1: with a whole new metric that can once again alter
Speaker 1: our way of looking at the roof of the world.
Speaker 1: It's called jut its inventor Kai Zou was a nineteen
Speaker 1: year old on a trip to California's Eastern Sierra when
Speaker 1: it dawned on him that the height a mountain rises
Speaker 1: above sea level isn't the most interesting thing about it.
Speaker 1: The Sierras wowed him with how abruptly they seemed to
Speaker 1: rise from the valley floor, and Chu, then, a math
Speaker 1: and computer science major at Yale University, thought there must
Speaker 1: be a way to quantify that sort of grandeur. The
Speaker 1: trip inspired him to do two things. First, he worked
Speaker 1: out an equation that, roughly speaking, takes the height of
Speaker 1: a summit above any given point and reduces that number
Speaker 1: based on the angle of view. Then he used Google
Speaker 1: Earth Engine to pinpoint the one spot for any given
Speaker 1: mountain where that value is greatest. He called that maximized
Speaker 1: value a mountain's JUT, and it took Google's platform less
Speaker 1: than a week to compute it for some two hundred
Speaker 1: thousand mountains. Chu learned it, launched a website to share
Speaker 1: his new system, and JUT has since earned fans and
Speaker 1: sparked debate over what it is that makes a mountain matter. Everest,
Speaker 1: at twenty nine thousand, thirty two feet above sea level,
Speaker 1: has a meager seven thousand, two hundred ninety feet of JUT.
Speaker 1: Ju's system ranks it only the world's forty sixth most
Speaker 1: impressive peak. Meanwhile, on Apurna Phong, also in the Himalaya,
Speaker 1: tops out at nearly four thousand feet above Everest, but
Speaker 1: with eleven thousand, one hundred ninety four feet of JUT,
Speaker 1: it's ostensibly Earth's most impressive mountain face. Chu is only
Speaker 1: the latest in a long line of scientists and adventures
Speaker 1: to challenge conventional wisdom about orometry, the science of mountain measurement.
Speaker 1: In the fourth century BC, the Greek thinger thinker Diacercus
Speaker 1: is said to have used a crude surveying instrument called
Speaker 1: a dioptra to measure the Hellenic peaks. The eleventh century
Speaker 1: Persian scholar l Biruni used trigonometry to measure mountains more accurately.
Speaker 1: That was still the method when European explorers started poking
Speaker 1: around the Andes hundreds of years later. At twenty thousand,
Speaker 1: five hundred sixty one feet above sea level, Ecuador's Chimborazo
Speaker 1: was thought to be Earth's highest mountain when German naturalist
Speaker 1: Alexander von Humboldt climbed it in eighteen o two. Later,
Speaker 1: Sejama in Bolivia took the title, then Aconcagua in Argentina.
Speaker 1: It was also in eighteen o two that the British
Speaker 1: launched the seventy year Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, which
Speaker 1: revealed to surveyors that the Himalaya loomed larger than any
Speaker 1: other mountain. Range crews hacked through jungles toting massive angle
Speaker 1: measuring instruments called theod theodolites, some weighing more than one
Speaker 1: thousand pounds, and established a network of survey stations that
Speaker 1: stretched sixteen hundred miles. Their labors lay the gas work
Speaker 1: for modern methods of measuring Earth's surface. George Everest, who
Speaker 1: led the effort for twenty years, probably never saw the
Speaker 1: peak later named for him, but he did higher. Radanaf
Speaker 1: Sik sikh Dar, the Indian mathematician, is credited with calculating
Speaker 1: Mount Ephras height, putting it above kanan Chenjuga, one of
Speaker 1: several Himalayan peaks briefly thought to be the world's highest.
Speaker 1: Everett's claim is held, but as mountaineering grew more popular
Speaker 1: and competitive in the twentieth century, debates flared up over
Speaker 1: what truly defines a mountain's greatness. Terrace Moore, a well
Speaker 1: known mountaineer, made a case in the nineteen sixties that
Speaker 1: because of the planet's equatorial bulge, a mountain might better
Speaker 1: be measured from the center of the Earth than from
Speaker 1: sea level. Chimborazo, he noted, would take back the title,
Speaker 1: rising higher than Everest does above the Earth's main radius.
Speaker 1: Beginning in the nineteen eighties, some took to privileging the
Speaker 1: concept of prominence, a measure of a peak's height relative
Speaker 1: to surrounding terrain. Alaska's Mount mc kinley and Tanzania's Mount Kilimanjaro,
Speaker 1: rising dramatically above their surroundings, are among the most prominent peaks,
Speaker 1: But don't crack the top one hundred for elevation above
Speaker 1: sea level. Jew took inspiration fri jut from another esoteric
Speaker 1: metric known as omni directional relief and steepness, devised in
Speaker 1: two thousand two by a mathematician and climber duo. It's
Speaker 1: a complex formula for quantifying how visually imposing a peak
Speaker 1: is mostly useful full for those looking to bag impressive ascents.
Speaker 1: Here's a look at how these measures and others reshuffle
Speaker 1: the deck of Earth's mightiest mountains. Think you know the
Speaker 1: roof of the world. You might be surprised. Have we
Speaker 1: been measuring mountains all wrong? The process isn't as simple
Speaker 1: as it might seem. Sure, the summit of Everest is
Speaker 1: indisputably Earth's highest point above sea level, But what's so
Speaker 1: special about sea level measure a mountain? In other ways?
Speaker 1: There are plenty to choose from, including the newly devised
Speaker 1: metric of jut and you'll find a whole range of
Speaker 1: candidates for the title of lo D's peak. Turns out
Speaker 1: there's room at the top. The crux of the dispute.
Speaker 1: We tend to agree where the summits are, but we
Speaker 1: are to measure up from Does sea level make sense
Speaker 1: when a peak is far from the coast measure from
Speaker 1: the base, some might say, Except that most mountains are
Speaker 1: surrounded by complex terrain with differing reliefs on all sides,
Speaker 1: and there is no agreed upon method for determining a
Speaker 1: mountain's base. To gauge a mountain's stature, geographers and mountaineers
Speaker 1: might use one of a several system. How the giants
Speaker 1: stack up. Each of these mountains shown to scale with
Speaker 1: one another with respect to elevation above sea level might
Speaker 1: make a plausible claim to being the world's tallest. It
Speaker 1: all depends on what your measuring and where you begin methods.
Speaker 1: Rakaposchi largest continuously sloping face. Other mountains rise higher than
Speaker 1: Pakistan's Rakaposchi in the Karakorum range, but over longer distances
Speaker 1: and more gradually, its claim to the largest base to
Speaker 1: peak rise owes to its sheer north base, which looms
Speaker 1: some nineteen thousand feet over the Hunza Valley. Mount Everest
Speaker 1: highest above sea level. The summit of Everest occupies the
Speaker 1: so called death zone, where oxygen is too scarce to
Speaker 1: sustain human life, but since the mountain rises from the
Speaker 1: already sky high Tibetan Plateau, its height above its base
Speaker 1: may seem less impressive. Chimborozo farthest from Earth's center, this
Speaker 1: dormant Ecuadorian volcano sits nearly on top of the planet's
Speaker 1: equatorial bulge, Earth's widest point, but while distant from the core,
Speaker 1: it doesn't even crack the top thirty in the Andes
Speaker 1: for elevation above sea level. Sera akha Acancagua most prominent,
Speaker 1: with nothing higher for comparison, Everest winds prominence on a technicality,
Speaker 1: but really it's this peak in Argentina's Andes, isolated in
Speaker 1: its grandeur, since the closest higher peak is more than
Speaker 1: ten thousand miles away, Mount McKinley Dinali, highest off a
Speaker 1: flat base. Admirers of North America's highest peak above sea
Speaker 1: level have argued for it as a highest base to
Speaker 1: peak contender on the strength of its seemingly well defined base.
Speaker 1: The mountain rises roughly seventeen thousand, two hundred feet from
Speaker 1: low level Tundra Nanga Parbat. Most omnidirectional relief and steepness.
Speaker 1: Many consider this mountain in Pakistan the hardest to climb
Speaker 1: among the world's fourteen peaks that crest eight thousand meters
Speaker 1: above sea level. Nicknamed Killer Mountain, it tops the list
Speaker 1: for o rs because it rises so high and so
Speaker 1: steeply on every side on a most Jut, the Nepalese
Speaker 1: Massif's unclimbed southwest face rises from the Kali Gandaki River
Speaker 1: valley to a peak known as Annapurna Fong or Veraja
Speaker 1: Sea car. Its vertical rise and breathtaking steepness make it,
Speaker 1: by the measure of Jut, the world's most impressive mountain face.
Speaker 1: Five ways to measure a mountain elevation above sea level.
Speaker 1: Mean sea level is one base, but if you're gazing
Speaker 1: at a summit from any place other than the coast,
Speaker 1: it likely means that much of a peak's height is
Speaker 1: measured beneath your feet and not above you. Advantages mountains
Speaker 1: atop plateaus, disadvantages coastal ranges. Two distance from the center
Speaker 1: of the Earth. Our planet is in a perfect sphere
Speaker 1: Centrifugal force from its rotation causes a bulge at the equator.
Speaker 1: A mountain rising from this bulge sits up to thirteen
Speaker 1: miles farther from Earth's center than a peak near the
Speaker 1: poles with a similar elevation above sea level Advantage equatorial
Speaker 1: peaks disadvantage summits nearer the poles. Three topographic prominence, popular
Speaker 1: with mountaineers. Prominence measures a mountain's relative height above its surroundings.
Speaker 1: How much elevation must you lose while descending a peak
Speaker 1: before you can begin climbing a taller one. That's prominence
Speaker 1: with a low point between them, known as the key's saddle.
Speaker 1: Advantage Isolated mountains high points on massifs disadvantage peaks not
Speaker 1: far from higher ones. Four. Omnidirectional relief and steepness o
Speaker 1: R S, most easily understood as measuring the impressiveness of
Speaker 1: the view from the top of a mountain. O RS
Speaker 1: relies on a complex formula that averages slope angles and
Speaker 1: height values between a summit and all points in all
Speaker 1: directions surrounding it. The formula gives more weight Two topography
Speaker 1: nearest to the peak advantage. Mountains with high steep faces
Speaker 1: on all sides disadvantages more gradually rising terrain mountains with
Speaker 1: inconsistent relief. Five jut a measure of how dramatically a
Speaker 1: mountain's most impressive face rises up for every point surrounding
Speaker 1: a summit. A mathematical equation assigns a score based on
Speaker 1: both the vertical rise and the steepness of the angle
Speaker 1: between them. The one spot where that angle reduced height
Speaker 1: is greatest becomes the base. The high score itself is
Speaker 1: the jut advantage. Mountains at least one high steep face
Speaker 1: disadvantage more gradually rising terrain. Y on A Purna rises
Speaker 1: above the high point of the multi peaked Annapurna Massif
Speaker 1: in the Himalaya of Nepal. Is the summit known as
Speaker 1: on Apurna one the world's tenth tallest above sea level,
Speaker 1: but the sub peak known as Anapura Pong has the
Speaker 1: planet's highest JUT, a number that factors in both height
Speaker 1: and steepness to gage how impressively a mountain rises above
Speaker 1: its surroundings. A few key points to help explain the
Speaker 1: newly invented metric a mountain's base isn't necessarily a valley floor.
Speaker 1: For every point surrounding a peak, JUT uses a formula
Speaker 1: to determine a value called angle reduced height, the vertical
Speaker 1: rise between point and peak diminished proportionately to the gradualness
Speaker 1: of the slope. The point that maximizes that value is
Speaker 1: designated as the base. It can be thought of as
Speaker 1: the most impressive viewpoint. On a porna one is higher
Speaker 1: but still has lower jut. The summit shares a base
Speaker 1: with on aporna fang, meaning the same point maximizes the
Speaker 1: angle reduced height for both, but since the angle down
Speaker 1: to its gentler on a porna one's jut is lower.
Speaker 1: No other faces matter since not measures. Since JUT measures
Speaker 1: only the most impressive one, steepness and height both matter.
Speaker 1: JUT aims to measure a peak's height and the abruptness
Speaker 1: of its rise. An observer farther down the valley would
Speaker 1: look toward these peaks at a somewhat flatter, less dramatic angle.
Speaker 1: If a mountain has a jut of ten thousand feet,
Speaker 1: that's meant to suggest that its face rises as impressively
Speaker 1: as a vertical cliff ten thousand feet high. Next, ice
Speaker 1: hockey is flourishing in Nairobi by Neha Wadakar. There's only
Speaker 1: one rink in the country and it's tiny, but the
Speaker 1: Kenyan Kenya Ice Lions have their sights set on the Olympics.
Speaker 1: Nairobi's Penari Hotel sits alongside a highway between the city
Speaker 1: center and Jomo Kanyata International Airport. On the second floor,
Speaker 1: across from a Chinese restaurant and next to a movie theater,
Speaker 1: is a small skating rink that serves as the home
Speaker 1: base for the Kenya Ice Lions, the only ice hockey
Speaker 1: team in Equatorial Africa. On a recent Wednesday, the arena
Speaker 1: echoed with the thud of hockey sticks and bodies colliding
Speaker 1: with the boards. From the bench, players shouted at their
Speaker 1: teammates in Swakili as they faced off in a five
Speaker 1: a side scrimmage on a rink just a quarter of
Speaker 1: the size of a regulation National Hockey League rink. A
Speaker 1: vast divide exists in Kenya between the rich and poor,
Speaker 1: but here in Nairobi, ice hockey is helping to bridge
Speaker 1: the gap. The team is made up of people from
Speaker 1: very humble backgrounds and people from the worldlier side of life,
Speaker 1: says thirty year old Ice Lions captain Benjamin Mimboro, who
Speaker 1: works as an architect and construction manager. Many of the
Speaker 1: team members are still students, some are unemployed. The sport
Speaker 1: has also been a lifeline for players like the twenty
Speaker 1: one year old Chumbana Mikiza Muja Sini, who grew up
Speaker 1: in one of the city's harsh harshest slums. None of
Speaker 1: that matters on the ice, No one cares about who
Speaker 1: came from where, Mimburro says. Last year, Kenya became the
Speaker 1: fifth African nation and just the second Sub Saharan nation
Speaker 1: to join the International Ice Hockey Federation i i h F,
Speaker 1: the global professional body for the sport. It took nearly
Speaker 1: a decade for the Ice Lions to achieve that recognition.
Speaker 1: The team began informerly in twenty sixteen when a few
Speaker 1: young Kenyons working at the rink as skating instructors grew
Speaker 1: tired of just watching Western expats play hockey and decided
Speaker 1: to give it a go themselves. Soon they were recruiting
Speaker 1: players from Nairobi's rollerblading community, sourcing jerseys another apparel from
Speaker 1: the city's secondhand markets and donning a patchwork of donated gear.
Speaker 1: It was super cold and I couldn't control my skates
Speaker 1: in Burroughs says, as an African, the closest I ever
Speaker 1: came to ice hockey was mostly Christmas movies on TV.
Speaker 1: It wasn't long before the field good story of hockey
Speaker 1: on the Equators started to spread. In twenty eighteen, an
Speaker 1: executive at the Chinese multinational company Ali Baba learned about
Speaker 1: the team through Facebook and flew some of the players
Speaker 1: to South Africa to film a television at ad featuring
Speaker 1: the tagline ice Hockey and Kenya, No Dream is Too Big.
Speaker 1: The TV spot raised the team's profile, but the Ice
Speaker 1: Lions still had no one to play against until later
Speaker 1: that same year. Canadian restaurant chain Tim Hortons flew the
Speaker 1: squad to Canada for training and filmed a documentary in
Speaker 1: which the players received full sets of gear and Kenyon jerseys,
Speaker 1: met ice met met hockey legends Sidney Crosby and Nathan McKinnon,
Speaker 1: and competed against a Canadian team. For some of the Kenyans,
Speaker 1: it was their first time leaving Africa. The players came
Speaker 1: home determined to build up Kenya's hockey ecosystem. Today, retired
Speaker 1: Canadian pro Sarroya Tinker is helping the Ice Lions launch
Speaker 1: a women's league, and the team has begun a Saturday
Speaker 1: youth clinic to develop a pipeline of talent for future generations. Currently,
Speaker 1: as many as seventy kids show up for weekend practices.
Speaker 1: The squad is coached by Canadian Tim Colby, who spent
Speaker 1: ten years at the helm of minor league hockey teams
Speaker 1: in Ottawa before he moved to Kenya. Unsurprisingly, Colby says
Speaker 1: the group's greatest hurdle comes down to the cost of
Speaker 1: ice time in Nairobi. At one hundred dollars an hour,
Speaker 1: it's too expensive and the rank is too small. On
Speaker 1: top of that, the Ice Lions, both players and staff
Speaker 1: are all volunteers and it's tough to run a full
Speaker 1: time professional sports team on a volunteer basis. Colby says.
Speaker 1: Despite these challenges, the Ice Lions hope to take part
Speaker 1: in the first ever African Nations Cup, tentatively scheduled for
Speaker 1: next June in Cape Town, South Africa, and they plan
Speaker 1: to work their way up through the many tiered IIHF
Speaker 1: World championship divisions with the goal of eventually qualifying for
Speaker 1: the Olympics. Nothing is impossible, says Boro. Next, what we
Speaker 1: get wrong about the world's most maligned map. The Mercader
Speaker 1: projection wildly distorts the globe, but that's what makes it useful.
Speaker 1: Maps based on it are used daily by millions of people.
Speaker 1: Close your eyes and picture a map of the world.
Speaker 1: You've likely brought to mind a distorted vision of the
Speaker 1: Earth based on the work of sixteenth century geographer Gerardis Mercador,
Speaker 1: the Flemish cartographer devised a projection the technique for representing
Speaker 1: the three dimensional Earth and two dimensions that underpins the
Speaker 1: most ubiquitous map of the modern era. Nearly five hundred
Speaker 1: years after its creation, the chart still adorns classroom walls,
Speaker 1: and a digital version called web Mercador is used in
Speaker 1: almost all the navigation applications in our smartphones. But the
Speaker 1: Mercadi projection also has its critics, who bemoaned the way
Speaker 1: it distorts reality. Greenland is not that big, Russia isn't
Speaker 1: larger than Africa. Here's the thing. The geographer wasn't trying
Speaker 1: to create the perfect map, just a useful one for sailors.
Speaker 1: Until Mercader, many world maps had lines of longitude that
Speaker 1: curved like parentheses. These maps featured relatively precise depictions of
Speaker 1: land masses as geographers knew them, but made navigation a nightmare.
Speaker 1: Because the maps showed a flat representation of the Earth
Speaker 1: and didn't accurately account for direction, mariners had to constantly
Speaker 1: check their bearing. To remedy this, Mercader portrayed the globe
Speaker 1: as a flattened cylinder, drawing lines of latitude and longitude
Speaker 1: that intersected at ninety degree angles. The result, according to
Speaker 1: Marc Monmonier, a professor emeritus of geography at Syracuse University,
Speaker 1: was as simple as it was revolutionary. You could find
Speaker 1: where you were, where you wanted to go, and draw
Speaker 1: state straight line connecting those two points. These room lines
Speaker 1: acted as a kind of set in and forget it
Speaker 1: course for sailors. Mercader was well aware that the right
Speaker 1: angles that made his map useful for navigation also made
Speaker 1: it somewhat inaccurate, distorting the relative size of the land masses.
Speaker 1: In the past few decades, critics of the Mercader projection
Speaker 1: have asserted that these distortions fueled colonially and ethnocentric attitudes.
Speaker 1: Geographers have long proposed alternative projections that address its flaws.
Speaker 1: For example, National Geographic often uses the Eckert for projection,
Speaker 1: which distorts the shape of land masses as well as
Speaker 1: the angles between latitude and longitude, but accurately represents the
Speaker 1: relative area of the continents. All maps have things they
Speaker 1: do well and other things they might not do as well,
Speaker 1: says Monmnier. You can't have a map that does everything
Speaker 1: well unless you have a globe, and a globe doesn't
Speaker 1: fit in your pocket the way your smartphone does. The
Speaker 1: Web Mercader map on your phone takes the best qualities
Speaker 1: of its predecessor, but the software charts a course for you.
Speaker 1: While our operating systems and modes of transportation have received
Speaker 1: significant upgrades since Mercado's time, our maps remain purposely antiquated.
Speaker 1: This article by Ashley Stimpson Mercado's masterpiece. This map revolutionized
Speaker 1: house sailors, charted courses, and made long distance navigation easier.
Speaker 1: Mercader used a copperplate engraving process and a printing press
Speaker 1: for the map's eighteen panels, which together measure seventy eight
Speaker 1: by fifty one inches. Only three originals have survived getting
Speaker 1: a new standard. Before Mercado's game changing map, navigators typically
Speaker 1: hugged the coastline or used Portelan charts graphic representations of
Speaker 1: written instructions that showed an estimated direction when crossing the
Speaker 1: high seas. This new system provided a reliable tool for
Speaker 1: plotting direction over great distances. Pal Mercader combined accurate coordinates
Speaker 1: with precise direction to maintain features, shapes, and accurately depict
Speaker 1: the angles between latitude and longitude. Mercader proportionally stretched the
Speaker 1: distance between lines of latitude, but kept the spacing among
Speaker 1: lines of longitude. The same straight lines, so called room lines,
Speaker 1: emanate from these cunure of compass arcs in the left corners.
Speaker 1: Navigators would use a compass to find their direction, trace
Speaker 1: the easily measurable room lines, and then maintain a set heading.
Speaker 1: To get from Lisbon, Portugal to Purunambuco Busil, mariners would
Speaker 1: plot a straight line between waypoints and use a compass
Speaker 1: to find the heading they would need to follow. This process,
Speaker 1: combined with rudimentary time measurement, speed tracking, and observation of
Speaker 1: the suns and sun and stars, would help them navigate
Speaker 1: more efficiently. Next television, the plane, a Cesna Succeeder, went
Speaker 1: down in a stretch of Colombian rainforests that might have
Speaker 1: challenged even the most prepared jungle trekkers. The crash killed
Speaker 1: the pilot and two passengers, including Magdalena makutney be a
Speaker 1: member of the hi Tooto community who was relocating to
Speaker 1: Bogata from her home on indigenous reserve land in the
Speaker 1: Colombian Amazon. The only survivors mukutis eleven month old baby
Speaker 1: and three other children age thirteen, nine and five. What
Speaker 1: followed is an incredible story of resilience and hope told
Speaker 1: by National Geographic explorer Chai Vasarheli and Jimmy Chin, along
Speaker 1: with Juan Camillo Cruz in the new documentary Lost in
Speaker 1: the Jungle. Just as inspiring as the mccoutney's children's courage
Speaker 1: is the unprecedented rescue effort coordinated by the Columbian military
Speaker 1: and searchers from indigenous communities groups long at odds briefly
Speaker 1: united in Common Purpose, coming to the National Geographic and
Speaker 1: Disney Plus starting September twelfth Czech local listings. Next, the
Speaker 1: Sanctuary of l Carumbolo. Recent excavations in the place where
Speaker 1: the l Carumbolo Treasure was found in nineteen fifty eight
Speaker 1: have brought to light the remains of a sanctuary that
Speaker 1: combined activities related to both religion and commercial exchange. First
Speaker 1: erected by the Phoenicians at the end of the ninth century,
Speaker 1: DC was laid, enlarged, and remodeled several times. The walls
Speaker 1: were made of plastered adobe and the floors were made
Speaker 1: of red clay. It is believed that one of the
Speaker 1: rooms was dedicated to the cult of a start and
Speaker 1: another two balls. In the latter, an altar in the
Speaker 1: shape of a stretched out bullhide was found, a feature
Speaker 1: common to all Tartisian places of worship horse Hakatoumbe. In
Speaker 1: twenty sixteen, archaeologists excavating the Casas del Turanyellow site in Glariga, Spain,
Speaker 1: uncovered a stairway leading to a courtyard where they found
Speaker 1: the skeletal remains of more than fifty animals, mostly horses, mules,
Speaker 1: and donkeys. Early theories speculated that the animals had all
Speaker 1: been killed at once in a dramatic sacrifice before Tartisians
Speaker 1: abandoned the site, but a twenty twenty three study revealed
Speaker 1: that the yard was regularly used for mass animal sacrifice
Speaker 1: for several years. This concludes readings from National Geographic Magazine
Speaker 1: for today. Your reader has been Marsha. Thank you for listening,
Speaker 1: keep found listening, and have a great day.