WEBVTT 1 00:00:01.320 --> 00:00:10.199 Chapter ten, Part two of History of Egypt. This is 2 00:00:10.240 --> 00:00:15.839 a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. 3 00:00:16.719 --> 00:00:22.839 For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. 4 00:00:24.039 --> 00:00:33.719 Recording by Rick VENA History of Egypt by F. C. H. Wendel, 5 00:00:33.880 --> 00:00:40.359 Section four The Thirtieth Dynasty three eighty six through three 6 00:00:40.600 --> 00:00:49.159 forty nine BC nect Hoorhab Nectinabus the first three eighty 7 00:00:49.280 --> 00:00:56.159 six through three sixty eight BC. The Egyptian monuments teach 8 00:00:56.280 --> 00:01:02.039 us nothing of this king's reign. Diodorus has, however, luckily 9 00:01:02.119 --> 00:01:06.000 preserved an account of him which proves that he was 10 00:01:06.040 --> 00:01:11.560 the most important Egyptian king of this entire period. In 11 00:01:11.640 --> 00:01:16.719 his reign, Egypt again took an influential place among the 12 00:01:16.799 --> 00:01:21.159 nations of the world. It could defy Persia and could 13 00:01:21.239 --> 00:01:26.760 dare to assert its influence in Asia. In this reign 14 00:01:26.920 --> 00:01:31.359 falls the Cypriote War that began shortly before the death 15 00:01:31.400 --> 00:01:35.840 of Hacre. The war had dragged along for several years 16 00:01:36.519 --> 00:01:41.920 before Arta Xerxes saw the need of specially exerting himself 17 00:01:42.359 --> 00:01:45.719 to put an end to it. He now raised an 18 00:01:45.840 --> 00:01:50.359 army of three hundred thousand men, which was put under 19 00:01:50.359 --> 00:01:54.920 command of his son in law or Rants, and fitted 20 00:01:54.959 --> 00:01:59.920 out a fleet of three hundred trirenes, the command of Wi, 21 00:02:00.000 --> 00:02:06.640 which was given to Terebasis. These combined forces proceeded to 22 00:02:06.719 --> 00:02:12.479 Cyprus and at once began to push the war. Euagorus 23 00:02:12.759 --> 00:02:19.759 had also made extensive preparations. Nectorheb sent him a goodly army. 24 00:02:20.759 --> 00:02:27.840 Hecatambos of Kia sent money. Several Phoenician cities, among them 25 00:02:28.120 --> 00:02:33.680 Tire joined him. The king of Arabia and other rulers 26 00:02:34.080 --> 00:02:39.960 hostile to Persia sent troops. Thus he managed to get 27 00:02:40.000 --> 00:02:46.400 together ninety ships and six thousand native troops besides the 28 00:02:46.479 --> 00:02:52.560 contingents of his allies. His privateers succeeded in cutting off 29 00:02:52.599 --> 00:02:56.960 the grain transport for the Persian army, and a mutiny 30 00:02:57.159 --> 00:03:03.919 broke out among the troops. Gluse, the newly appointed Persian admiral, 31 00:03:04.599 --> 00:03:10.560 consequently had to go to Silicia for grain Before undertaking anything. 32 00:03:11.919 --> 00:03:16.639 Eu Agoras received his provisions and large amounts of money 33 00:03:16.639 --> 00:03:21.159 from Egypt. He was now enabled to increase his fleet 34 00:03:21.479 --> 00:03:26.120 to two hundred sail fifty ships, having been sent him 35 00:03:26.159 --> 00:03:32.639 from Egypt. With this fleet, he attacked the Persian ships, and, 36 00:03:32.759 --> 00:03:37.560 though at first successful, was in the end. Defeated after 37 00:03:37.639 --> 00:03:43.000 a hotly contested battle, the Persians now began the siege 38 00:03:43.080 --> 00:03:47.840 of his capital, Salamis. Though he had won a victory 39 00:03:47.879 --> 00:03:53.080 on land shortly before his defeat at sea, eu Agoras 40 00:03:53.199 --> 00:03:59.439 lost courage, and, after appointing his son Pythagoras commander in Salamis, 41 00:04:00.120 --> 00:04:05.080 fled from the island, escorted by ten men of war. 42 00:04:05.759 --> 00:04:10.879 He went to Egypt to solicit further aid. Nect hoorhb 43 00:04:11.400 --> 00:04:14.680 gave him a sum of money, somewhat less than he 44 00:04:14.759 --> 00:04:19.759 had expected, but sufficient for his present purpose, and so 45 00:04:19.879 --> 00:04:25.000 he returned home three eighty three b c. He found 46 00:04:25.000 --> 00:04:29.360 a siege of Salamis still going on, and as his 47 00:04:29.480 --> 00:04:33.959 allies were beginning to desert him, he offered his submission. 48 00:04:35.199 --> 00:04:39.600 After a long delay, the decision came that he should 49 00:04:39.680 --> 00:04:44.519 remain king of Cyprus as a Persian vassal, and must 50 00:04:44.560 --> 00:04:51.480 pay an annual tribute. The war with Egypt continued. Glus 51 00:04:51.720 --> 00:04:57.319 the Persian admiral, revolted shortly after the surrender of Salamis 52 00:04:57.360 --> 00:05:01.600 and allying himself with Egypt, and so Sparta began a 53 00:05:01.639 --> 00:05:07.680 new war against Persia. He was, however, assassinated soon after, 54 00:05:08.480 --> 00:05:12.959 and thus his plans came to naught. Now that he 55 00:05:13.040 --> 00:05:16.600 had brought the war in Cyprus to a successful close, 56 00:05:17.519 --> 00:05:22.720 the Persian king determined to punish his inveterate enemy, The 57 00:05:22.839 --> 00:05:28.319 king of Egypt, nect Horheb knew what was coming and 58 00:05:28.480 --> 00:05:35.160 made his preparations accordingly. He began hiring mercenaries, and as 59 00:05:35.199 --> 00:05:40.040 he offered high pay and costly presents, he soon had 60 00:05:40.079 --> 00:05:46.040 collected a fine army. As general, he called Chabrius of Athens, 61 00:05:46.639 --> 00:05:50.560 who accepted the call without first asking the permission of 62 00:05:50.600 --> 00:05:55.560 his government, and going to Egypt, conducted the preparations for 63 00:05:55.639 --> 00:06:02.279 the war with great energy. Farnabassu, the Persian commander in chief, 64 00:06:02.879 --> 00:06:08.160 was also very busy with his preparations. He sent envoys 65 00:06:08.240 --> 00:06:13.680 to Athens to accuse Chabrius of alienating the good feelings 66 00:06:13.680 --> 00:06:18.040 of Persia from Athens, and to ask the Athenians to 67 00:06:18.079 --> 00:06:24.639 send him Efficrates as general. Chabrius was accordingly recalled and 68 00:06:24.720 --> 00:06:30.560 Efficrates sent to Persia between three seventy six and three 69 00:06:30.680 --> 00:06:38.439 seventy four BC. At length three seventy four BC, Pharnabasos 70 00:06:38.639 --> 00:06:42.560 was ready. He had collected an army of two hundred 71 00:06:42.720 --> 00:06:49.519 thousand native troops and twenty thousand Greek mercenaries, three hundred 72 00:06:49.560 --> 00:06:54.279 men of war and a large fleet of smaller craft. 73 00:06:54.600 --> 00:06:59.680 This force mustered at Akka and thence proceeded along the 74 00:06:59.720 --> 00:07:04.920 coast toward Egypt. Early in the summer, they reached the 75 00:07:05.000 --> 00:07:09.120 border after several attempts to betray the army had been 76 00:07:09.120 --> 00:07:16.120 detected and prevented by efficratees necked or Heb had regular 77 00:07:16.240 --> 00:07:21.160 reports concerning the strength and movements of the enemy. His 78 00:07:21.319 --> 00:07:26.120 plan of operations was very simple. He relied on the 79 00:07:26.240 --> 00:07:31.439 natural bulwarks of the land. All the border forts were 80 00:07:31.480 --> 00:07:36.639 greatly strengthened, and the mouths of the Nile were strongly fortified, 81 00:07:37.399 --> 00:07:43.160 the strongest fortifications being erected on the Pallusian branch, the 82 00:07:43.199 --> 00:07:48.600 one nearest to Asia. When the Persians approached this branch, 83 00:07:49.120 --> 00:07:52.920 they found it too strong and determined to attempt some 84 00:07:53.240 --> 00:07:59.319 less strongly fortified branch of the river. Consequently, they put 85 00:07:59.480 --> 00:08:03.920 to sea, and soon after appeared on the Mendesian branch, 86 00:08:04.560 --> 00:08:08.879 where they landed three thousand men who advanced on the fort. 87 00:08:10.000 --> 00:08:13.839 An equal number of Egyptians sallied from the fort to 88 00:08:13.920 --> 00:08:19.399 meet them, but the enemy being constantly reinforced from their ships, 89 00:08:20.040 --> 00:08:25.160 the Egyptians were almost cut to pieces. A small remnant 90 00:08:25.240 --> 00:08:30.240 of their force escaped to the fort, closely pursued by 91 00:08:30.279 --> 00:08:36.279 epocratices men, who entered the fort together with them. It fell, 92 00:08:36.840 --> 00:08:43.919 Its walls were raised, and the inhabitants were sold into slavery. Efficrates, 93 00:08:44.360 --> 00:08:47.600 who had found out from one of the prisoners that 94 00:08:47.720 --> 00:08:53.000 Memphis was unprotected, advised an immediate advance on that city. 95 00:08:54.320 --> 00:08:59.080 Pharnabasos replied that they had better await the remainder of 96 00:08:59.159 --> 00:09:05.159 their army so as to be sure of taking the town. Efficrates, 97 00:09:05.720 --> 00:09:09.519 now proposed to go down with his Greeks and take 98 00:09:09.639 --> 00:09:16.039 the city, dismayed the Persian suspicious, and he refused him permission. 99 00:09:17.440 --> 00:09:23.399 This quarrel between the Persian leaders gave nect Hoorheb time 100 00:09:24.000 --> 00:09:27.759 to collect an army at Memphis and to move with 101 00:09:27.919 --> 00:09:33.480 all his force against the Persians in the Delta. Several 102 00:09:33.559 --> 00:09:38.120 combats took place, in which the Egyptians were mostly successful, 103 00:09:39.000 --> 00:09:44.720 but no decisive battle was fought. Meanwhile, the Nile rose, 104 00:09:45.519 --> 00:09:52.200 and soon the entire Delta was converted into a vast lake. Hereupon, 105 00:09:52.600 --> 00:09:59.320 the Persians, despairing of success, returned to Asia. Efficrates, who 106 00:09:59.399 --> 00:10:03.320 feared vio vilence on account of his quarrel with Farnabasos 107 00:10:03.879 --> 00:10:09.120 went straight to Athens. For several years, the army lay 108 00:10:09.240 --> 00:10:13.039 in Asia, ready to renew the war at any time, 109 00:10:13.639 --> 00:10:18.840 and in three seventy two b C. Timotheus went to 110 00:10:18.919 --> 00:10:24.559 Asia to offer his services to the Persian king. Nothing 111 00:10:24.679 --> 00:10:29.039 was done, however, and the great campaign against Egypt so 112 00:10:29.240 --> 00:10:36.279 pompously begun proved in the end a dismal failure. Despite 113 00:10:36.320 --> 00:10:39.799 the fact that he was almost constantly at war, this 114 00:10:40.000 --> 00:10:53.480 pharaoh carefully kept the temples in repair. He built at Edfu, Karnak, Medinet, Habu, Abidos, Bubastis, Memphis, 115 00:10:53.519 --> 00:10:58.399 and other places. After a busy and eventful reign of 116 00:10:58.440 --> 00:11:06.960 eighteen years, he died Tahr Greek Tachos three sixty eight 117 00:11:07.320 --> 00:11:11.399 through three sixty one b C. It would seem that 118 00:11:11.519 --> 00:11:16.000 after the death of nect Horheb troubles regarding the succession 119 00:11:16.080 --> 00:11:21.240 broke out. The list of Manetho gives Tachos that is 120 00:11:21.600 --> 00:11:28.159 Tahr only two years and Nectinibus the second nect Nebef 121 00:11:28.799 --> 00:11:33.000 eighteen years, while the accounts given by the Greek authors 122 00:11:33.639 --> 00:11:38.279 go to prove that Tachos still reigned in three sixty 123 00:11:38.360 --> 00:11:42.679 one b C. It would seem then that Tehr had 124 00:11:42.720 --> 00:11:47.840 appointed nect Nebev co regent in three sixty seven b C, 125 00:11:48.639 --> 00:11:52.559 and that this latter monarch had, in imitation of the 126 00:11:52.600 --> 00:11:57.399 older pharaohs, dated his accession to the throne from the 127 00:11:57.480 --> 00:12:03.039 time he was made co regent. According to the Demodic Chronicles, 128 00:12:03.720 --> 00:12:08.120 Tahar was the son of nect Hoorheb. According to the 129 00:12:08.159 --> 00:12:14.000 Greek authors, he was that monarch's cousin. The Egyptian inscriptions 130 00:12:14.039 --> 00:12:17.399 tell us nothing of this king, and from the Greek 131 00:12:17.559 --> 00:12:21.799 historians we know only the events of the closing year 132 00:12:21.879 --> 00:12:27.200 of his reign. In three sixty one BC, a great 133 00:12:27.279 --> 00:12:32.799 revolt against Persia broke out in Asia, and Tahar naturally 134 00:12:32.840 --> 00:12:38.039 assisted the rebels. He collected a large army and fitted 135 00:12:38.080 --> 00:12:42.440 out a strong fleet. He also hired great numbers of 136 00:12:42.559 --> 00:12:47.200 mercenaries in Greece and made a treaty of alliance with Sparta. 137 00:12:48.320 --> 00:12:53.120 The strength of the coalition thus formed against Persia would 138 00:12:53.159 --> 00:12:56.720 have been sufficient for its purpose had it not been 139 00:12:56.799 --> 00:13:02.240 weakened by treachery. Orontes, the commander in chief of the 140 00:13:02.279 --> 00:13:07.000 Asiatic rebels, was the first to prove a traitor, and 141 00:13:07.120 --> 00:13:12.039 soon after Riomythras, who had received the aid furnished by 142 00:13:12.080 --> 00:13:18.600 Tahr five hundred talents, twenty eight thousand, five hundred pounds 143 00:13:18.639 --> 00:13:23.480 of silver, and fifty men of war followed his example. 144 00:13:24.799 --> 00:13:28.799 Notwithstanding this defection, the forces at the command of the 145 00:13:28.879 --> 00:13:34.559 pharaoh were quite strong, consisting of two hundred splendidly equipped 146 00:13:34.720 --> 00:13:40.200 men of war, eighty thousand native troops, and ten thousand 147 00:13:40.519 --> 00:13:46.679 choice Greek mercenaries. The command of the mercenaries devolved on 148 00:13:46.919 --> 00:13:51.080 King Agisilaus of Sparta, who had come over with one 149 00:13:51.240 --> 00:13:56.759 thousand hoplights. The Athenian Cabrius was given command of the fleet, 150 00:13:57.360 --> 00:14:01.279 while Tahor himself retained command and of the native troops. 151 00:14:02.360 --> 00:14:06.080 Cabrius was the special favorite of the pharaoh, who is 152 00:14:06.120 --> 00:14:09.519 said even to have gone so far at his advice 153 00:14:10.039 --> 00:14:13.759 as to levy attacks on the temple estates, and on 154 00:14:13.840 --> 00:14:18.320 the exports and imports of the country. While the war lasted, 155 00:14:19.399 --> 00:14:24.320 Agesilaus was less regarded. His coming had been looked forward 156 00:14:24.360 --> 00:14:30.039 to with considerable expectation. Preparations had been made for a 157 00:14:30.080 --> 00:14:35.480 grand reception, and valuable presence had been ordered. When he 158 00:14:35.559 --> 00:14:41.080 did come, he proved quite a disappointment. His small stature 159 00:14:41.559 --> 00:14:46.879 an extreme plainness awakened the scorn of the Egyptians, and 160 00:14:46.960 --> 00:14:51.519 a number of jokes were circulated at his expense. This 161 00:14:51.840 --> 00:14:55.879 naturally enraged him, and though he did his full duty 162 00:14:56.120 --> 00:15:00.440 by Tayor, there was a coolness between the two kings, 163 00:15:01.039 --> 00:15:05.600 which was still further augmented by the fact that Tehr, 164 00:15:06.279 --> 00:15:10.559 disregarding the advice of the Spartan, proceeded to conduct the 165 00:15:10.639 --> 00:15:16.879 war on his own plan. Agaisilaeus had advised Tahr to 166 00:15:16.960 --> 00:15:21.399 await the Persians in Egypt, but the pharaoh was determined 167 00:15:21.519 --> 00:15:26.840 to take the offensive and invade Syria. Phoonisia fell an 168 00:15:26.919 --> 00:15:30.480 easy prey to his attack, and the king sent his 169 00:15:30.639 --> 00:15:35.519 cousin and co regent, necked Nebev, to take the cities 170 00:15:35.519 --> 00:15:41.440 of Syria. These movements were successful, and matters were assuming 171 00:15:41.600 --> 00:15:46.240 the most hopeful aspect when Tahr, the general whom the 172 00:15:46.360 --> 00:15:50.039 pharaoh had appointed regent of Egypt for the time of 173 00:15:50.080 --> 00:15:55.480 his absence, revolted and offered the crown to nect Nebeth. 174 00:15:56.519 --> 00:16:00.759 The latter assented and soon had won over the army 175 00:16:00.960 --> 00:16:05.799 and its officers and all the people of Egypt. All 176 00:16:05.840 --> 00:16:11.039 he needed now was the support of the Greek mercenaries. Accordingly, 177 00:16:11.559 --> 00:16:17.279 he sent envoys to Agasilaos and Cabrius, soliciting their support. 178 00:16:18.559 --> 00:16:24.320 Agasilaus despatched messengers to Sparta, asking how he should act, 179 00:16:24.600 --> 00:16:27.639 and receiving the reply that he should do what he 180 00:16:27.759 --> 00:16:35.840 deemed most advantageous for Sparta, he declared for nect Nebev. Cabrius, 181 00:16:36.320 --> 00:16:39.440 who had at first determined to remain loyal to Tehr, 182 00:16:40.279 --> 00:16:44.519 seeing his colleague desert that monarch and being unable to 183 00:16:44.600 --> 00:16:51.519 help him alone, followed Agasilaus's example. He left Egypt, however, 184 00:16:51.960 --> 00:16:58.000 soon after, never to return. Tehor fled first to Sidon 185 00:16:58.879 --> 00:17:02.639 and thence to our Exerxes, who not only forgave him 186 00:17:02.679 --> 00:17:07.200 his former enmity, but even made him commander in chief 187 00:17:07.759 --> 00:17:13.079 of the army that was preparing to invade Egypt. For 188 00:17:13.160 --> 00:17:16.400 a while he lived at the Persian court, where he 189 00:17:16.480 --> 00:17:20.759 spent his time in wild orgies, until he finally died 190 00:17:20.839 --> 00:17:25.319 of dysentery. The command of the Persian army he never 191 00:17:25.440 --> 00:17:31.480 actually took. This Pharaoh reigned two years alone and six 192 00:17:31.599 --> 00:17:40.200 years in conjunction with nect Nebef nect Nebev Greek Nectanebus 193 00:17:40.799 --> 00:17:45.680 the second three sixty one through three forty nine BC. 194 00:17:47.640 --> 00:17:52.319 In three sixty one b C the last native pharaoh, 195 00:17:52.519 --> 00:17:56.960 ascended the Egyptian throne. The first act of his reign 196 00:17:57.680 --> 00:18:01.319 was to give up the conquests in Poetia and Syria 197 00:18:02.000 --> 00:18:06.279 and to withdraw within the boundaries of Egypt. The reason 198 00:18:06.400 --> 00:18:11.400 for this step was most probably that the internal dissensions 199 00:18:11.440 --> 00:18:16.039 had not yet come to a close. A Mendition had 200 00:18:16.079 --> 00:18:20.000 appeared as a pretender to the crown and had succeeded 201 00:18:20.200 --> 00:18:24.960 in gaining a large following and raising an army. He 202 00:18:25.039 --> 00:18:30.039 even attempted to gain over King Agasilaeus, but he remained 203 00:18:30.039 --> 00:18:35.799 loyal to his ally necked Nebev. Carefully avoiding a battle, 204 00:18:36.440 --> 00:18:43.000 retired to a fortified town where his rival beleaguered him. Already, 205 00:18:43.480 --> 00:18:47.400 the besieged were beginning to lose heart as their provisions 206 00:18:47.440 --> 00:18:53.000 gave out, when Agasilaeus saved them. Sallying from the town, 207 00:18:53.599 --> 00:18:57.279 he broke the ranks of the besiegers and drew up 208 00:18:57.319 --> 00:19:00.759 his troops in the plain, so that both both flanks 209 00:19:01.000 --> 00:19:06.240 rested on canals. In the battle that ensued, the bravery 210 00:19:06.279 --> 00:19:12.119 of the Greeks prevailed over the superior numbers of the Egyptians. 211 00:19:12.200 --> 00:19:15.799 The latter were completely routed. The greater part of their 212 00:19:15.880 --> 00:19:20.160 number being slain and the rest flying from the field 213 00:19:20.559 --> 00:19:27.200 in wild disorder. Nec nebef was now undisputed ruler of Egypt. 214 00:19:28.440 --> 00:19:34.680 Shortly after this victory, Agisilaeus determined to return home. The 215 00:19:34.759 --> 00:19:39.920 grateful king loaded him with presents. According to some authorities, 216 00:19:40.359 --> 00:19:44.400 he gave him two hundred and thirty talents or about 217 00:19:44.559 --> 00:19:49.839 two hundred and seventy one thousand, four hundred dollars, which 218 00:19:49.839 --> 00:19:54.319 he distributed among his troops. On his way to Syennae, 219 00:19:54.559 --> 00:19:59.559 he died. His body was embalmed and sent to Sparta, 220 00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:07.279 where it was buried with royal honors three sixty b C. Meanwhile, 221 00:20:07.880 --> 00:20:12.559 the Persians had completed their preparations and Arta Xerxes had 222 00:20:12.559 --> 00:20:18.759 appointed his son Ochus co regent. Ochus set out for Egypt, 223 00:20:19.279 --> 00:20:22.440 but on hearing the news of his father's death in 224 00:20:22.559 --> 00:20:27.279 three point fifty nine b C, he returned home. Some 225 00:20:27.480 --> 00:20:32.880 time later, Ochus attempted the subjugation of Egypt, but was 226 00:20:32.920 --> 00:20:38.640 defeated by nect Nebev, who was assisted by two excellent generals, 227 00:20:39.759 --> 00:20:46.039 the Ephantes of Athens and Lamias of Sparta. This success 228 00:20:46.200 --> 00:20:50.160 of the Egyptians encouraged the Phonetis and the king of 229 00:20:50.240 --> 00:20:56.079 Cyprus to strike a blow for independence. They concluded treaties 230 00:20:56.079 --> 00:21:02.240 with nect Nebev, and at once began extensive preparations. At 231 00:21:02.279 --> 00:21:06.680 the head of the Phoenician towns stood Saidon, which soon 232 00:21:06.759 --> 00:21:11.319 succeeded in collecting a large army and vast amounts of 233 00:21:11.519 --> 00:21:17.799 military stores. Ochus had however, not been idle. He had 234 00:21:17.839 --> 00:21:22.480 collected an army of three hundred thousand infantry and thirty 235 00:21:22.559 --> 00:21:27.880 thousand cavalry, and had fitted out three hundred triremes and 236 00:21:28.000 --> 00:21:34.920 five hundred transports. Then he started from Babylon. Before his arrival, 237 00:21:35.559 --> 00:21:41.559 two of his satraps Bellasis of Syria and Mazaeos of Silicia, 238 00:21:42.240 --> 00:21:47.599 had in vain attempted the reconquest of Phoenicia. They were 239 00:21:47.599 --> 00:21:51.599 defeated and driven out of the country by Tennis, the 240 00:21:51.720 --> 00:21:57.200 king of Saidon, assisted by four thousand Greeks under Mentor, 241 00:21:57.839 --> 00:22:02.519 who had been sent him by neckt Nebeth. Now came 242 00:22:02.599 --> 00:22:08.119 the news that Ochus was approaching, and Tennis lost courage. 243 00:22:08.160 --> 00:22:12.400 He sent a trusty messenger to Ochus, asking pardon for 244 00:22:12.480 --> 00:22:17.160 his revolt and offering to aid the king against Egypt. 245 00:22:18.359 --> 00:22:23.759 Ogus gladly promised full pardon, even giving him costly presents, 246 00:22:24.559 --> 00:22:29.880 and after some hesitation, pledged himself to this course. We 247 00:22:29.920 --> 00:22:34.720 shall presently see how he kept his word. Ochus had, 248 00:22:35.200 --> 00:22:40.440 while advancing on side On, despatched envoys to Greece asking 249 00:22:40.559 --> 00:22:44.559 the larger states to join in the campaign against Egypt. 250 00:22:45.359 --> 00:22:51.960 Athens and Sparta remained neutral. Thebes sent one thousand hoplites 251 00:22:52.480 --> 00:22:59.200 under Lacrites and Argos three thousand men under Nicostratus, whom 252 00:22:59.279 --> 00:23:03.839 Ochus had asked them to send him. The Greek cities 253 00:23:03.880 --> 00:23:09.440 of Asia Minor furnished in all six thousand men, making 254 00:23:09.480 --> 00:23:13.279 the total number of Greeks in the Persian army aggregate 255 00:23:13.519 --> 00:23:19.400 ten thousand men. Ogus now laid siege to Sidon, which 256 00:23:19.480 --> 00:23:24.039 was very strongly fortified and would never have yielded had 257 00:23:24.039 --> 00:23:28.319 it not been for the treachery of its king. Tennis 258 00:23:28.400 --> 00:23:32.920 persuaded Mentor to join him, and together they succeeded in 259 00:23:33.000 --> 00:23:37.599 admitting the Persians into the city. When the Sidonians saw 260 00:23:37.720 --> 00:23:42.400 they were lost, they destroyed their fleet, locked themselves up 261 00:23:42.480 --> 00:23:47.240 in their houses, and set fire to the city. Over 262 00:23:47.400 --> 00:23:51.000 forty thousand people are said to have perished in the flames. 263 00:23:52.240 --> 00:23:56.640 This so enraged Okus that he had Tennis put to death. 264 00:23:57.839 --> 00:24:03.000 Mentor and his four thousand joined the Persian army. The 265 00:24:03.039 --> 00:24:07.759 fall of Saidon was disastrous to the allies, for all 266 00:24:07.880 --> 00:24:11.880 of the Phoenician cities, on hearing of the dire news, 267 00:24:12.440 --> 00:24:18.920 surrendered at discretion. About the same time, Cyprus again fell 268 00:24:19.279 --> 00:24:23.160 into the hands of the Persians. A detachment of eight 269 00:24:23.319 --> 00:24:28.839 thousand Greeks, supported by forty trirems under command of the 270 00:24:28.880 --> 00:24:35.480 Athenian Phocian and ex king Euegoras of Cyprus, succeeded in 271 00:24:35.559 --> 00:24:42.480 subduing the island very quickly. Salamis alone held out. Euagorus 272 00:24:42.519 --> 00:24:46.279 strained every nerve to capture the city, as he hoped 273 00:24:46.400 --> 00:24:52.160 to be made king again. Charges were, however, preferred against him, 274 00:24:53.039 --> 00:24:58.119 and consequently Pythagoras was allowed to keep the city as 275 00:24:58.160 --> 00:25:04.519 a vassal of Persia. The Persians now attacked Egypt. After 276 00:25:04.599 --> 00:25:08.559 having suffered severe losses in the desert, they at length 277 00:25:08.839 --> 00:25:12.960 reached Pelusium. The Persian troops were drawn up at some 278 00:25:13.079 --> 00:25:18.759 distance from the strongly fortified town, while the Greeks camped 279 00:25:18.799 --> 00:25:23.839 almost under its walls. The city was garrisoned by five 280 00:25:23.960 --> 00:25:29.119 thousand men under Philoffrn. The first attack was made by 281 00:25:29.119 --> 00:25:33.640 the Thebans who waded the narrow canal that separated them 282 00:25:33.680 --> 00:25:37.720 from the town, and began a battle which lasted far 283 00:25:38.000 --> 00:25:43.079 into the night, but was indecisive. The forces of neck 284 00:25:43.240 --> 00:25:48.480 Nebev were much inferior to those of the Persians, consisting 285 00:25:48.599 --> 00:25:55.119 of twenty thousand Greeks, twenty thousand Libyans, and sixty thousand Egyptians, 286 00:25:55.960 --> 00:25:59.680 but he possessed large numbers of river boats, which could 287 00:25:59.720 --> 00:26:03.319 be used used to great advantage in any combat on 288 00:26:03.440 --> 00:26:07.920 the Nile. And moreover, he had erected a string of 289 00:26:08.079 --> 00:26:12.519 strong forts along the eastern bank of the Peluzic branch. 290 00:26:13.680 --> 00:26:18.480 He lacked, however, a good general. Proud of his previous 291 00:26:18.559 --> 00:26:22.480 victories over the Persians, he had neglected the send to 292 00:26:22.559 --> 00:26:28.119 Greece for a general. This mistake proved fatal. He had 293 00:26:28.119 --> 00:26:31.640 posted half his force in the forts, and with the 294 00:26:31.720 --> 00:26:36.599 rest he opposed the advance of the enemy. Before a 295 00:26:36.640 --> 00:26:42.119 decisive battle was fought. Nicostratus succeeded in moving his men 296 00:26:42.359 --> 00:26:46.160 to a point of vantage betrayed to him by an Egyptian, 297 00:26:46.759 --> 00:26:53.839 and strongly entrenched himself. Seeing this, Clineus of cass who 298 00:26:53.920 --> 00:26:58.680 was posted near by with seven thousand men, attempted to 299 00:26:58.720 --> 00:27:04.960 dislodge him. The attack was repulsed Clineus and five thousand 300 00:27:05.039 --> 00:27:09.839 of his men fell. This battle was by no means decisive, 301 00:27:10.599 --> 00:27:14.759 but now the want of a good general showed itself 302 00:27:14.880 --> 00:27:19.839 in the Egyptian army. Instead of sending a stronger force 303 00:27:19.960 --> 00:27:25.400 against Nicostratus necked Nebeth, fearing that the Persians would all 304 00:27:25.680 --> 00:27:31.440 cross the Nile as easily as that commander had lost courage, and, 305 00:27:31.519 --> 00:27:38.079 deserting his forts, retreated to Memphis. Meanwhile, Pelusium was being 306 00:27:38.160 --> 00:27:42.839 besieged by Lacrites, but it made a desperate resistance for 307 00:27:42.920 --> 00:27:47.400 several days. When the garrison heard of the pharaoh's retreat, however, 308 00:27:48.079 --> 00:27:53.319 they offered to capitulate. Lacrits promised the Greek troops a 309 00:27:53.400 --> 00:27:59.079 safe retreat, and though Bagoas, who commanded the Persian division 310 00:27:59.119 --> 00:28:03.440 of this corps, attempted to attack them, he was prevented 311 00:28:03.480 --> 00:28:08.960 from doing so by his colleague Mentor, now marched through 312 00:28:09.039 --> 00:28:14.240 the delta, promising immunity to all who would surrender at discretion, 313 00:28:15.039 --> 00:28:21.440 and threatening all who should resist with the fate of saidon. Consequently, 314 00:28:21.960 --> 00:28:26.200 the Greek and Egyptian garrisons vied with one another in 315 00:28:26.279 --> 00:28:31.559 the rapidity of their surrenders. Among others, the strong and 316 00:28:31.680 --> 00:28:37.559 important fortress of Bubastis surrendered at discretion, and all the 317 00:28:37.640 --> 00:28:43.279 other fortresses of the Delta followed its example. When nect 318 00:28:43.359 --> 00:28:47.759 Nbev heard of these losses, he dared not give battle, 319 00:28:48.400 --> 00:28:51.160 but taking the greater part of the monies in the 320 00:28:51.200 --> 00:28:57.920 state coffers, he fled to Ethiopia. Thus, about three forty 321 00:28:58.039 --> 00:29:04.200 nine b C, Egypt, after an independence of sixty five years, 322 00:29:04.319 --> 00:29:08.359 again fell into the hands of the Persians, and from 323 00:29:08.400 --> 00:29:12.200 this time forth it was destined to be governed by 324 00:29:12.319 --> 00:29:21.160 foreign rulers. Section five. The thirty first Dynasty and the 325 00:29:21.200 --> 00:29:27.160 invasion of Alexander three forty nine through three thirty one 326 00:29:27.519 --> 00:29:33.519 b C. Of the last three Persian kings, not one 327 00:29:34.000 --> 00:29:38.680 was of special importance for Egypt. Ochus was a cruel 328 00:29:38.880 --> 00:29:43.839 tyrant whose acts reminded of the times of the insanity 329 00:29:44.319 --> 00:29:50.400 of Cambises. The Greek authors relate stories of his outrages 330 00:29:51.039 --> 00:29:55.359 against the Egyptian religion that accord well with what we 331 00:29:55.480 --> 00:30:00.480 know of his character. They recount that the peace had 332 00:30:00.559 --> 00:30:06.880 once on a time nicknamed him Onos the ass, and 333 00:30:07.039 --> 00:30:12.559 now he determined to have his revenge. The sacred APIs 334 00:30:12.640 --> 00:30:17.640 steer was butchered and eaten by the king and his friends, 335 00:30:17.680 --> 00:30:21.400 and an ass was elevated to the position of sacred 336 00:30:21.480 --> 00:30:26.920 animal in his stead. The sacred ram of Mendes was 337 00:30:27.079 --> 00:30:31.920 likewise slaughtered at the king's command. The walls of the 338 00:30:31.960 --> 00:30:37.039 principal cities were raised, the temples were plundered, and their 339 00:30:37.079 --> 00:30:42.720 treasures of gold and silver carried off to Persia. Not 340 00:30:42.880 --> 00:30:48.559 content with plundering the temples, Okus stole the sacred writings 341 00:30:48.599 --> 00:30:54.240 from the sanctuaries and compelled the priests to repurchase them 342 00:30:54.559 --> 00:31:02.200 at exorbitant prices. As satrap, he appointed a Purian named Ferendatees, 343 00:31:02.799 --> 00:31:07.079 and then he returned home to Babylon loaded with rich booty. 344 00:31:08.599 --> 00:31:13.440 Twelve years after the conquest of Egypt, Ochus was murdered 345 00:31:13.559 --> 00:31:19.640 by Bagoas, who placed the king's son Arsace on the throne. 346 00:31:19.759 --> 00:31:24.160 But he ruled only three years, falling a victim to 347 00:31:24.240 --> 00:31:29.000 the same treacherous eunuch that had murdered his father three 348 00:31:29.160 --> 00:31:34.279 thirty four BC. In the place of his last victim, 349 00:31:34.640 --> 00:31:39.920 Bagous elevated a distant relative of the royal family, his 350 00:31:40.079 --> 00:31:45.240 friend Darius, to the throne, and at his hands finally 351 00:31:45.319 --> 00:31:50.960 met his merited reward. The king detected the eunuch's plan 352 00:31:51.079 --> 00:31:55.400 against his life and compelled the fellow to swallow the 353 00:31:55.519 --> 00:32:02.119 draft intended for himself. Darius did not long retain the 354 00:32:02.200 --> 00:32:07.599 throne he owed to his friend's crime. The Greek invasion 355 00:32:08.279 --> 00:32:15.119 under Alexander's leadership soon deprived him of his crown. Egypt 356 00:32:15.279 --> 00:32:21.759 remained tranquil, almost an uninterested spectator during the dread struggle 357 00:32:22.200 --> 00:32:26.359 between Greece and Persia. Even though all of the Persian 358 00:32:26.400 --> 00:32:31.319 garrisons had been withdrawn in the Battle of Issus, the 359 00:32:31.359 --> 00:32:37.400 Egyptian contingent fought with the Persians under its satrap Sabases. 360 00:32:39.279 --> 00:32:44.839 Their leader fell and the troops fled with Darius in Egypt. 361 00:32:45.400 --> 00:32:51.200 Mazases succeeded Sabbases as satrap, but he had no troops 362 00:32:51.319 --> 00:32:55.920 to support his authority. The power of Persia was crushed, 363 00:32:56.440 --> 00:32:59.880 but Egypt did not strike the one blow that would 364 00:32:59.920 --> 00:33:05.920 have sufficed to regain its freedom. They had, however, sufficient 365 00:33:06.079 --> 00:33:11.519 spirit left to defend their homes against robbers. After the 366 00:33:11.599 --> 00:33:17.160 defeat of the Persians at Issus, Ametas, a Macedonian exile 367 00:33:17.640 --> 00:33:23.559 who had joined Darius, fled to Tripolis in Phoenicia, collected 368 00:33:23.559 --> 00:33:28.519 a fleet and sailed to Cyprus, where he increased his 369 00:33:28.720 --> 00:33:34.799 land forces. Thence he sailed to Pelusium, effected a landing, 370 00:33:35.359 --> 00:33:40.920 and declared he was the new Satrap appointed by Darius. 371 00:33:40.960 --> 00:33:45.079 He then marched through the Delta to Memphis, near which 372 00:33:45.160 --> 00:33:50.599 city he defeated a body of Egyptians. After the victory, 373 00:33:51.160 --> 00:33:56.359 his bands dispersed to plunder the rich country seats lying 374 00:33:56.480 --> 00:34:01.000 about the city. While engaged in this world, they were 375 00:34:01.039 --> 00:34:07.359 surprised and cut to pieces by the citizens. Ametas fell, 376 00:34:07.960 --> 00:34:13.119 and not a man of his bands escaped. After taking 377 00:34:13.239 --> 00:34:19.519 Tire and Gaza, Alexander determined to secure Egypt. He reached 378 00:34:19.519 --> 00:34:25.079 Pelusium after a seven days march without encountering any resistance. 379 00:34:26.119 --> 00:34:31.360 His fleet awaited him in the harbor Mazases. Having no 380 00:34:31.480 --> 00:34:36.519 troops and having no hope of assistance from his unfortunate monarch, 381 00:34:37.159 --> 00:34:44.000 had no recourse but surrender. Alexander garrisoned Pellusium and sent 382 00:34:44.039 --> 00:34:48.800 the fleet up the Nile to Memphis. With the army, 383 00:34:49.360 --> 00:34:53.760 he marched along the river bank to Heliopolis, and crossing 384 00:34:53.800 --> 00:34:58.800 the river at this point, soon entered Memphis. The great 385 00:34:58.920 --> 00:35:03.239 king entered the ancient capital not in the character of 386 00:35:03.320 --> 00:35:08.119 a conqueror, but like a pharaoh of old, observing all 387 00:35:08.199 --> 00:35:14.639 the old religious ceremonies, he offered sacrifices to the gods, 388 00:35:14.639 --> 00:35:20.840 and instituted athletic games and prize contests in the fine arts, 389 00:35:20.840 --> 00:35:26.320 in which celebrated Greek masters took part. The Egyptians were 390 00:35:26.440 --> 00:35:31.039 naturally captivated by this conduct, which was so different from 391 00:35:31.159 --> 00:35:35.199 that of the last Persian rulers, and it is not 392 00:35:35.280 --> 00:35:39.480 at all surprising that a mystic romance was soon woven 393 00:35:39.559 --> 00:35:45.519 about the person of the Macedonian king. According to this romance, 394 00:35:46.239 --> 00:35:50.960 nect Nebev had not fled to Ethiopia, but to Macedonia. 395 00:35:52.039 --> 00:35:55.559 He was a great magician, and as such he took 396 00:35:55.599 --> 00:35:59.920 the form of jubiter Amun, and in this form approached 397 00:36:00.119 --> 00:36:05.519 Queen Olympius, the wife of King Philip. Alexander was, thus, 398 00:36:06.199 --> 00:36:10.840 the story continues, the son of nect Nebev, and not 399 00:36:11.159 --> 00:36:16.760 of Philip. The romance thus made Alexander the legitimate heir 400 00:36:16.960 --> 00:36:20.519 of the old pharaohs and the avenger of his father 401 00:36:21.119 --> 00:36:27.239