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<v Speaker 1>Imagine the place where you can escape for a day,

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<v Speaker 1>get immersed in a world of rooms, inspiration and expertise,

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<v Speaker 1>where you can lay in luxury, accommodation and kids cam

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<v Speaker 1>fees from ninety five sets. Tickets are free to everyone

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<v Speaker 1>and include all the attractions you've just imagined. A day

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<v Speaker 1>out at the gia Ikia the wonderful every day.

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<v Speaker 2>You know that person who just cut you off on

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<v Speaker 2>the highway, that one that turd behind the wheel. You know,

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<v Speaker 2>malicious YouTube commenters, but also Dolly Parton and your ex

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<v Speaker 2>officemate's patchinchilla. What do all these beings have in common?

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<v Speaker 2>E f and love carbs man, love them all of us.

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<v Speaker 2>We're just walking breathing dumpsters of bread and fruit and

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<v Speaker 2>starch and saccarides. Even if you don't eat many carbs,

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<v Speaker 2>your cells are still composed of them, and you'd beat

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<v Speaker 2>up quite a creek in their absence. Thanks carbs. Hey, Hi,

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<v Speaker 2>it's me it's Ali Ward. This is ologies Hi. So

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<v Speaker 2>in this episode we'll talk about what a carb is

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<v Speaker 2>and why people are in labs studying them, and if

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<v Speaker 2>they wear lab coats or not, and how Harrison Ford

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<v Speaker 2>is involved, what kind of diet we should eat to

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<v Speaker 2>feel less like post holiday marshmallow, and which diets are fads?

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<v Speaker 2>How much sugar is bad for you? And why you

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<v Speaker 2>know what, it's not your fault that you would risk

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<v Speaker 2>early death to lick brownie batter from a bowl with

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<v Speaker 2>your fingers, and also why does any of this even matter? Now?

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<v Speaker 2>I want to say before we get into this episode.

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<v Speaker 2>One thing I've gotten some tweets about recently is a

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<v Speaker 2>closure to the Feral Audio network. People are like, Ali,

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<v Speaker 2>what's happening with Ologies? Heads up? Nothing. Ologies hasn't been

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<v Speaker 2>on Feral Audio since episode one. I left in September,

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<v Speaker 2>so Ologies continues. So thank you to everyone who has

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<v Speaker 2>merch or is a patron, and to everyone who tells

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<v Speaker 2>friends or tweets or subscribes or taps the guy next

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<v Speaker 2>to you on the subway and is on and you

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<v Speaker 2>should listen to us. Also, thank you to everyone who

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<v Speaker 2>leaves reviews on iTunes, which helps the podcast stay up

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<v Speaker 2>in the charts. It's amazing. It's been in like the

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<v Speaker 2>top fifty or top twenty or top ten even since

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<v Speaker 2>we started, so that's crazy. Also, I read all your

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<v Speaker 2>reviews and I love them. Do you want to hear

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<v Speaker 2>a few from this week. I'm going to read you

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<v Speaker 2>one of my favorite I'll read you my favorite one.

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<v Speaker 2>My favorite one this week was by the joy Sandwich podcast,

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<v Speaker 2>which is another great podcast I really want to go on.

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<v Speaker 2>They say, if you want to learn all the things

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<v Speaker 2>while feeling insignificant and humbled and like a tiny clump

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<v Speaker 2>of Adams ologies is your jam. It's the greatest, so

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<v Speaker 2>much learning in silly's and just the best reminder that

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<v Speaker 2>we are here together on this pale blue dot. Also,

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<v Speaker 2>Lyvi eight twenty one says she wishes she was my

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<v Speaker 2>best friend. Is that possible, because I'd be rad I

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<v Speaker 2>don't see why not. Libby, consider it done. We do

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<v Speaker 2>have to get matching tattoos, which we will have to

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<v Speaker 2>carve with steak knives. So if you're still up for that,

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<v Speaker 2>holler at me. Okay. I also want to thank everyone

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<v Speaker 2>for your patients. Of the holidays episodes were a little

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<v Speaker 2>more sporadic. I just I wanted to get glycobiology up.

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<v Speaker 2>Last week I was visiting my parents in the woods,

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<v Speaker 2>and there was all this cool wood to be chopped,

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<v Speaker 2>and I got to help fix a furnace which ruled,

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<v Speaker 2>and there was a friend's marathon on and you know what,

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<v Speaker 2>it was just really nice, so I took the week off.

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<v Speaker 2>So thank you for your patients. Okay, so onto our guest,

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<v Speaker 2>loosen your belts and just unbutton the top one of

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<v Speaker 2>your pants. No one cares. Get ready to freebase some

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<v Speaker 2>pixie sticks because we're diving face first into carbs. When

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<v Speaker 2>the woman who was a graduate student at the University

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<v Speaker 2>of Georgia at the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, which is

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<v Speaker 2>a thing please feast on the knowledge of glcobiology, Michelle ducois.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, yes, so I'm Michelle Ducroix.

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<v Speaker 2>Now Michelle is originally from Athens, Georgia, but she did

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<v Speaker 2>her undergrad in Connecticut, where it is very cold, and

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<v Speaker 2>she was checking out schools for graduate research and an

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<v Speaker 2>advisor at the University of Georgia offered to her tour

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<v Speaker 2>of this really unique, crazy research facility on her campus.

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<v Speaker 2>She was like, what is this.

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<v Speaker 3>Since so you took me on a tour of the

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<v Speaker 3>building and he's like, we study complex carbohydrates, which is

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<v Speaker 3>just a very underappreciated macro molecule.

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<v Speaker 2>It's the underdog.

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<v Speaker 4>It is what a it really is is.

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<v Speaker 3>So you know, there's like four macromolecules that make up.

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<v Speaker 4>Life.

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<v Speaker 3>There's nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, really, and people

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<v Speaker 3>give a lot of attention to the other three obviously,

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<v Speaker 3>like DNA and RNA are like super hot, and that's

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<v Speaker 3>totally fine.

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<v Speaker 4>They're super important too.

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<v Speaker 3>But what a lot of people don't realize is that

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<v Speaker 3>literally every single cell in the human body, in the

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<v Speaker 3>animal body, in bodies is covered in a layer of

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<v Speaker 3>complex carbohydrates. You have to use certain microscopes to really

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<v Speaker 3>be able to see this very well, but essentially, if

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<v Speaker 3>you think of a tennis ball and the yellow fuzz

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<v Speaker 3>on the outside looks a lot like the actual outside

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<v Speaker 3>of a cell.

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<v Speaker 2>These carbohydrate chains are sticking out of a part of

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<v Speaker 2>your cell membranes called the lipid bilayer. It's called that

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<v Speaker 2>because it's two sheets of back to back fats that

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<v Speaker 2>help in controlling what comes in and out of your

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<v Speaker 2>cells and which other cells your cells hang out with,

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<v Speaker 2>et cetera. But it's not just like a smooth, glossy surface.

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<v Speaker 3>We think of these nice like organized like fluid model

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<v Speaker 3>of the lipid bilayer, but in the lipid violator BI layer,

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<v Speaker 3>violator bilayer violator bi layer.

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<v Speaker 2>Lipid bilayer is hard to say. It's hard to say,

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<v Speaker 2>but it's fun to say. When I was in biology,

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<v Speaker 2>studying bio in high school, I used to get the

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<v Speaker 2>words lipid bilayer stuck in my head like a song

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<v Speaker 2>or a grocery list, Like I just be bop around

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<v Speaker 2>going lip it by layer limpet by, it's so good.

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<v Speaker 4>Violator bilayer.

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<v Speaker 3>Actually, like proteins and different types of lipids that have

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<v Speaker 3>complex carbohydrates just jutting off of.

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<v Speaker 4>Them, what do they do?

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<v Speaker 3>They're really important for cellular communication, really, like for the

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<v Speaker 3>most part. For instance, two proteins that may have or

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<v Speaker 3>a protein that may have a carbohydrate motif on the outside.

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<v Speaker 4>Is what it would be called.

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<v Speaker 2>Fancy, I know I have a carbohydrate motif. Indeed, in

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<v Speaker 2>my guest bathroom, we've opted for a carbohydrateti.

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<v Speaker 3>If as a carbo hydrate motif on the outside it.

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<v Speaker 3>There could be a neighboring protein that has a carbohydrate

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<v Speaker 3>binding segment, and so those would be called carbohydrate binding proteins. Okay,

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<v Speaker 3>So it's a way for two cells to interact with

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<v Speaker 3>each other.

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<v Speaker 2>And why do they want to bind? Why do the

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<v Speaker 2>cells want to bind?

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<v Speaker 3>A lot of times it initiates other signaling in the cell.

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<v Speaker 2>Like what so I am just straight up interrogating this

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<v Speaker 2>poor woman.

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<v Speaker 3>For instance, bacteria have a lot of carbohydrates on their

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<v Speaker 3>cell surface too. This isn't just like a you know,

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<v Speaker 3>human thing. This is any type cell type, and immune

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<v Speaker 3>cells will actually bind carbohydrates on the bacteria cell and

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<v Speaker 3>that's how they recognize.

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<v Speaker 4>They're like, oh, wait, this isn't a human.

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<v Speaker 3>Carbohydrate because back to you express their own types of

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<v Speaker 3>complex carbohydrates. It's like, wait, this isn't a human and

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<v Speaker 3>then they'll initiate the immuneistubponds. Really yeah, So it's a

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<v Speaker 3>huge it's a huge player in immunology.

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<v Speaker 4>There's a lot of studies.

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<v Speaker 3>So at the center that I work out, there's actually

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<v Speaker 3>several immunologists studying these, uh, the carbo hydrate binding interactions

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<v Speaker 3>between pathogens.

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<v Speaker 4>And the host or the human body.

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<v Speaker 2>So sticking out of a lipid bilayer of cell membranes

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<v Speaker 2>are like party streamers, if you will, composed of all

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<v Speaker 2>of these different sugar molecules, like you know those things

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<v Speaker 2>in gas stations or oil change places that are like

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<v Speaker 2>whip around those weird wind socks that dance around they're

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<v Speaker 2>like that, but they're made out of sugar, and they

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<v Speaker 2>can be chunkier too, with just a few carbohydrates each.

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<v Speaker 2>They can be short and squat, or they can form

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<v Speaker 2>these long chains called sacharite chains. They can be like

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<v Speaker 2>one hundred sugars long. So why are all of your

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<v Speaker 2>cells and animal cell and bacteria cells wearing these extravagant

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<v Speaker 2>feather boas made of sugars? What is happening? What's going on?

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<v Speaker 2>What kind of craziness is this? Well, most of the

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<v Speaker 2>time they think it's for signaling other cells.

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<v Speaker 3>Probably, I have to admit a lot of the field

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<v Speaker 3>of glycobiology is figuring out what these carbohydrates do. We

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<v Speaker 3>don't one hundred percent, no for every single case.

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<v Speaker 2>How do you see them?

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<v Speaker 3>Actually, the way I analyze them is using mass spectrometry.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, and shoot light room and check out a rainbow.

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<v Speaker 4>Uh, not quite.

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<v Speaker 2>I have no idea what I'm talking about here. I

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<v Speaker 2>got mass spectrometry very confused with spectroscopy, I think, which

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<v Speaker 2>involves rainbows and light and it looks like the cover

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<v Speaker 2>of Pink Floid's nineteen seventy three album Dark Side of

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<v Speaker 2>the Moon, which then set me down a path of

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<v Speaker 2>why did they use that image? Well, turns out one

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<v Speaker 2>of the Pink Floyd album designers saw the image of

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<v Speaker 2>a prism in a physics textbook and was like, dude,

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<v Speaker 2>that that's dope.

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<v Speaker 4>Let's use it.

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<v Speaker 2>Now. Remember, light splitting has nothing to do with what

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<v Speaker 2>Michelle does. She uses mass spectrous No, mass spectrometry, yes, okay,

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<v Speaker 2>that involves ions. I wanted a visual for mass spectrometry.

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<v Speaker 2>And the machine just looks like a big xerox machine

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<v Speaker 2>or a printer that weighs like five hundred pounds. This

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<v Speaker 2>is how it works.

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<v Speaker 4>Nothing to do with rainbows, and it shoots them into

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<v Speaker 4>the instrument.

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<v Speaker 3>And this instrument literally just measures the mass to how

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<v Speaker 3>much charge sticks to it, So how many like little

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<v Speaker 3>sodium bits stick to it, and then you can identify

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<v Speaker 3>and then we can IDENTI them based on their mass

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<v Speaker 3>to charge ratio.

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<v Speaker 2>What was your first day like in the lab?

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<v Speaker 1>Oh?

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<v Speaker 3>Wow, my first day. So I rotated through a lot

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<v Speaker 3>of labs before I finally settled on one lab. And

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<v Speaker 3>my first day I actually knew that this was the

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<v Speaker 3>lab I was going to join because I just done

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<v Speaker 3>a rotation in a lab that was filled with guys

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<v Speaker 3>and as much as I love sports, like, all they did.

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<v Speaker 4>Was talk about was football.

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<v Speaker 3>It was It drove me crazy and I walked into

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<v Speaker 3>this new lab.

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<v Speaker 2>So on our first day, another grad student walks up

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<v Speaker 2>and says, oh.

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<v Speaker 4>My god, I love your leggings. Where did they come from?

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<v Speaker 3>And as much as I hate admitting it, I was

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<v Speaker 3>just like, this is my home. I knew I needed

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<v Speaker 3>somewhere that I could be comfortable and just talk about

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<v Speaker 3>what I felt like talking about most days. And it

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<v Speaker 3>was great, but my kind of early on in the lab,

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<v Speaker 3>there were a lot of techniques I needed to learn.

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<v Speaker 3>I knew nothing about glycobiology, I knew nothing about mass spectrometry,

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<v Speaker 3>and so it was a pretty steep learning curve. But

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<v Speaker 3>there are a lot of grad students in my lab

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<v Speaker 3>and they were all very very helpful in terms of

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<v Speaker 3>helping me learn the techniques that I needed. But it

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<v Speaker 3>was overwhelming for a little bit and it was kind

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<v Speaker 3>of like, what am I doing here?

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<v Speaker 2>What kind of leggings were they? I don't know, I

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<v Speaker 2>had to ask. They must have been like legit leggings.

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<v Speaker 3>They were actually just like black leggings from like old Navy.

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<v Speaker 3>But she she was just like, oh, they like, don't

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<v Speaker 3>look like the sad thin kind that when you bend

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<v Speaker 3>over you've got problems. She was like, oh, they look

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<v Speaker 3>really good, and I was like cool, Yeah.

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<v Speaker 2>So did you have to learn how to pipett things

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<v Speaker 2>and look at things through a microscope or so?

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<v Speaker 3>Pipetting and microscopy were actually things that I knew how

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<v Speaker 3>to do. I did a lot of research in my

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<v Speaker 3>undergrad and even some in high school, so I actually

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<v Speaker 3>those were skills that I was pretty pretty good with.

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<v Speaker 3>It's a lot of like analytical and chemistry techniques that

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<v Speaker 3>I didn't really know, and then I do a lot

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<v Speaker 3>of cell culture.

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<v Speaker 2>So for Michelle's thesis project, she is researching the effects

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<v Speaker 2>of glycolipids on a disease called salt and pepper syndrome.

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<v Speaker 2>Name such because it causes spots of hyper and hypopigmentation

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<v Speaker 2>as well as seizures and intellectual disability. So it's rare

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<v Speaker 2>and it's not good. And if you're curious and want

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<v Speaker 2>to do just some light reading, you can go this

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<v Speaker 2>title of a paper. It's called a mutation in gangliocide

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<v Speaker 2>biosynthetic enzyme results in salt and pepper syndrome. A New

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<v Speaker 2>York a neurocutaneous disorder with altered glycolipid and glycoprotein glycolisation

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<v Speaker 2>glyco glyc Michelle is just like, you know, low key

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<v Speaker 2>working toward understanding it and finding better therapies for it,

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<v Speaker 2>just you know, like a boss. What were you like

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<v Speaker 2>as a kid, Did you have microscopes? Did you like science? Yeah?

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<v Speaker 3>I was actually really I guess lucky in that I

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<v Speaker 3>was exposed to science and I really.

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<v Speaker 4>Liked science at a young age.

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<v Speaker 3>My dad is a veterinarian and he actually teaches at

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<v Speaker 3>the EGA Vet School, and he would always let me

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<v Speaker 3>come like hang out in his lab with him, and

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<v Speaker 3>so I learned how to use like a microscope at

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<v Speaker 3>a pretty young age. And I remember like a science

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<v Speaker 3>or project one time he like, let me take a

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<v Speaker 3>bunch of like ad our plates and swab bacteria on

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<v Speaker 3>them and grow bacteria.

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<v Speaker 2>And what kind of stuff did you grow? Or what

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<v Speaker 2>kind of stuff did you swab? Yeah?

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<v Speaker 3>It was one of those ones who you like, we

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<v Speaker 3>the Q tip and swab like the door handle and

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<v Speaker 3>people's hands.

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<v Speaker 2>Honestly, how cute would it be if your veterinarian's daughter

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<v Speaker 2>asked to swab your hands so she could grow a culture.

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<v Speaker 2>I would be like, yes, please do and then also

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<v Speaker 2>take me directly to the hospital because I'm currently in

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<v Speaker 2>the process of dying because that was fatally adorable. You

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<v Speaker 2>have killed me with your cuteness. Also, Michelle, thank you

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<v Speaker 2>for growing up to cure diseases you roll. Do you

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<v Speaker 2>have any favorite movies that involve glac a biology? Are

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<v Speaker 2>there any movies?

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<v Speaker 3>There is a movie about glycobiology. Yes, it's called Extraordinary Measures. Okay,

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<v Speaker 3>it came out in twenty ten. I believe I have

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<v Speaker 3>to admit I haven't seen it. What It's not on

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<v Speaker 3>any of the streaming services, and I really like, can't

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<v Speaker 3>find a copy to watch?

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<v Speaker 2>Oh have you not heard of this movie? That makes sense?

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<v Speaker 2>On Rotten Tomatoes, it scored a are you ready for this?

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<v Speaker 2>A twenty eight percent fresh rating, meaning that seventy two

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<v Speaker 2>percent of critics would have lobbed decayed food at the

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<v Speaker 2>screen if they had a chance, despite a whole bunch

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<v Speaker 2>of movie stars being in it.

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<v Speaker 3>Ouch and what's crazy is like it has a Harrison

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<v Speaker 3>Ford and like Brendan Fraser.

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<v Speaker 2>It's like and it's about glycobiology, and it's about glycobiology.

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<v Speaker 3>It's about this, like a businessman I believe, whose two

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<v Speaker 3>kids are diagnosed with a disorder, a rare disorder, and

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<v Speaker 3>it turns out it is what's called a congenital disorder

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<v Speaker 3>of glycostelation. So any disorder that's caused by problems in

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<v Speaker 3>making glycoproteins or glycolipids is just called a congenital disorder

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<v Speaker 3>of glycostelation. Okay, so it just means a gene involved

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<v Speaker 3>in glycobiology or glycosylation has been messed up.

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<v Speaker 2>Glycosylation sounds like I want to drop an album called

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<v Speaker 2>I Know.

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<v Speaker 4>So it's a cool word.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, I no, I agree with that.

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<v Speaker 2>So in the movie, Brendan Fraser and Carrie Russell's two

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<v Speaker 2>kids have a disease called Pompey's disease, which is a

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<v Speaker 2>real disease. This is based on a real family. He's

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<v Speaker 2>a pharmaceutical executive. He wants to find out more about it.

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<v Speaker 2>He wants to find a treatment, and so he drops

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<v Speaker 2>everything and he and this one scientist played by Harrison

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<v Speaker 2>Ford go on a mad race to study this disorder

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<v Speaker 2>and try to find a cure for it. In the trailer,

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<v Speaker 2>which is like three minutes long, someone says it different

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<v Speaker 2>parts are you crazy? And then later are you insane?

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<v Speaker 2>So they were really they were like, you know, once

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<v Speaker 2>isn't enough, let's put it in there again.

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<v Speaker 3>But yeah, there's this one phrase that like Harrison Ford

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<v Speaker 3>says and he's like, this is just what I've heard

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<v Speaker 3>from other people.

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<v Speaker 4>He's like, don't you know about glycobiology?

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<v Speaker 3>And it's like the answer to that for most people

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<v Speaker 3>is no, No, I don't know about glcobiology, like very

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<v Speaker 3>much negative. No the majority of the population unfortunately. But

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<v Speaker 3>it is really really important.

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<v Speaker 2>So sometimes what makes a good article doesn't always make

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<v Speaker 2>a good movie. That's okay. You try things, you try it.

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<v Speaker 3>Maybe we need to get that movie out there more.

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<v Speaker 4>I don't know.

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<v Speaker 3>Maybe Netflix should stream it now.

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<v Speaker 2>I think we should put out a call if anyone

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<v Speaker 2>has a copy of this, they need to reach out

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<v Speaker 2>to you.

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<v Speaker 4>That would be awesome.

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<v Speaker 2>Come on, I wanted to see just how elusive this

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<v Speaker 2>film is. And it turns out you can totally rent

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<v Speaker 2>it and stream it for like four dollars on Amazon,

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<v Speaker 2>where it enjoys a healthy four point five stars. It

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<v Speaker 2>is undetermined if glycobiologists are are the only ones watching

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<v Speaker 2>the movie. When you tell people you're a glycobiologist. What's

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<v Speaker 2>the first question they usually ask you?

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<v Speaker 4>What is glycobiology?

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<v Speaker 3>Which I try to give just a succinct It's the

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<v Speaker 3>study of complex carbohydrates, but not like the ones. I

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<v Speaker 3>don't study bread. A lot of people are like, oh, like,

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<v Speaker 3>so should I eat white bread? And I'm like, I

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<v Speaker 3>don't know, sure if you like it?

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<v Speaker 2>Okay. Number one, live your life. Number two, if your

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<v Speaker 2>life confuses you as mine does, there's a reason now.

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<v Speaker 2>For years, people have been saying that white bread and

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<v Speaker 2>refined flowers are the food stuffs of satan because there's

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<v Speaker 2>not enough fiber in them to slow down digestion. You

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<v Speaker 2>get too much sugar into your blood at once, thus

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<v Speaker 2>taxing your pancreas and leading to type two diabetes. But

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<v Speaker 2>a study came out in June twenty seventeen that said quote.

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<v Speaker 2>Researchers found no overall differences in glycemic control when people

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<v Speaker 2>ate white bread compared to whole meal sourdough bread. They

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<v Speaker 2>apparently found that some people responded better to whitebread, others

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<v Speaker 2>responded better to whole meal sourdough bread, and the response

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<v Speaker 2>could be predicted by the types of bacteria living in

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<v Speaker 2>your gut. Now, hold up. So this was only a

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<v Speaker 2>week long study with only twenty volunteers. This is essentially

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<v Speaker 2>like if at a family reunion you are like, hey,

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<v Speaker 2>half of you guys eat white bread, half you eat wheat.

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<v Speaker 2>Tell me how you feel. Also, two of the researchers

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<v Speaker 2>involved in the study work for a company that quote

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<v Speaker 2>offers to balance your blood sugar with personalized nutrition with

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<v Speaker 2>dietary advice based on the results of stool tests. So

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<v Speaker 2>a couple of the researchers are directly making money off

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<v Speaker 2>of finding out if gut bacteria helps balance your blood sugar.

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<v Speaker 2>So if you're confused, that's because sometimes scientific studies can

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<v Speaker 2>be stretched and interpreted by like us Weekly to mean

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<v Speaker 2>what you want to hear, which is it whatever you want? Okay,

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<v Speaker 2>back to how Michelle handles glycobiology cocktail party talk.

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<v Speaker 4>And then I just I just always have to.

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<v Speaker 3>Do a quick answer that like, it's on all of

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<v Speaker 3>your cells and it's really important for cell signaling and

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<v Speaker 3>your immune system.

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<v Speaker 2>Does your business card take glcobiologist? Should? Now you're you

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<v Speaker 2>met your husband through glycobiology.

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<v Speaker 3>No, actually, so we both study glicobiology. My husband and

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<v Speaker 3>I actually met in high school in Athens. Oh yeah.

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<v Speaker 3>We started dating our senior year of high school, and

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<v Speaker 3>then we both went away for college. I was at

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<v Speaker 3>Yale in Connecticut.

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<v Speaker 2>Meanwhile her high school sweetheart and future husband was at

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<v Speaker 2>Northeastern in Boston, which is about two hours away from

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<v Speaker 2>each other. Did that suck?

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<v Speaker 4>It was manageable in the end.

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<v Speaker 2>When it came to picking at grad school, they both

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<v Speaker 2>liked Georgia. They both happened to pick Lico biology, although

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<v Speaker 2>his main focus isn't on animal cell walls, it's researching

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<v Speaker 2>and generating better plants for biofuels. Can you imagine anything

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<v Speaker 2>more trendy than a car that runs on avocado? It

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<v Speaker 2>would be amazing. Do you guys talk about gcobiology a lot?

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<v Speaker 2>So we do.

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<v Speaker 3>We talked through each other's problems a lot, although I

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<v Speaker 3>have to admit, like I don't know tons about plants

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<v Speaker 3>and he doesn't know tons about like neurological disorders.

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<v Speaker 2>So do she and her husband ever cut carbs? Gasp,

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<v Speaker 2>pearl clutch smelling salts.

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<v Speaker 3>So we never do, like the low carb, high fat

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<v Speaker 3>kind of set up like the Keto diet and the Atkins.

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah, I'm not a huge fan of that.

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<v Speaker 2>You may have heard a lot about the keto diet lately,

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<v Speaker 2>as this little family, little family and billionaires called the Kardashians,

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<v Speaker 2>and also this lady named Beyonce and all these tech

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<v Speaker 2>ceo air quote biohackers have been swearing by it, especially

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00:21:18.160 --> 00:21:21.000
<v Speaker 2>the last few months. So is it new. No, It

401
00:21:21.039 --> 00:21:24.119
<v Speaker 2>was developed in the nineteen twenties as a remedy for

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<v Speaker 2>epilepsy and it's still used today to control seizures. So

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<v Speaker 2>what is the ketogenic diet? How is it different from

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<v Speaker 2>low carb and atkins? And what is the deal? What

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<v Speaker 2>is the deal? Okay? So keto is very low carb,

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<v Speaker 2>less than fifty grams of carbs a day, sometimes lower

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<v Speaker 2>than twenty grams of carbs a day, not just sugar,

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<v Speaker 2>just carbs in general. So your body stores carbohydrates in

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<v Speaker 2>the form of glycogen for fuel, and we take that

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<v Speaker 2>we squirrel it away in the liver and your muscle tissue.

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<v Speaker 2>And when you cut carbs and don't replace those backup stores,

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<v Speaker 2>you run out of glycochen and your body goes into ketosis.

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<v Speaker 2>So that is when you are out of glycogen. So

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<v Speaker 2>you break down fats into fatty acids and ketone bodies

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<v Speaker 2>that are used for fuel for the body and for

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<v Speaker 2>the brain, so you kind of switch over to a

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<v Speaker 2>different fuel system. Now a few things. Each gram of

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<v Speaker 2>glycogen in your body stores is bound to some experts

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<v Speaker 2>say three to four grams of water, So when you

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<v Speaker 2>use up those stores, you lose a bit of water

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<v Speaker 2>weight super fast, which is partly why if you've ever

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<v Speaker 2>been on a low carb diet, for like, I don't know,

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<v Speaker 2>a television job, and then once it's wrapped, you've, like

424
00:22:38.519 --> 00:22:41.119
<v Speaker 2>I don't know, gone to Little Italy and eaten a

425
00:22:41.160 --> 00:22:44.319
<v Speaker 2>trough of nyaki, two baskets of bread and tiramisu alone,

426
00:22:44.960 --> 00:22:46.720
<v Speaker 2>such as the waiter seems to want to ask if

427
00:22:46.759 --> 00:22:49.519
<v Speaker 2>you've just gotten out of prison. The next day or so,

428
00:22:50.240 --> 00:22:52.599
<v Speaker 2>you'll be like ten pounds heavier on the scale and

429
00:22:52.599 --> 00:22:55.279
<v Speaker 2>your denim skirt won't zip. In two thousand and three,

430
00:22:56.039 --> 00:22:59.960
<v Speaker 2>I'm just saying, each glycogen shows up to your mud

431
00:23:00.720 --> 00:23:04.799
<v Speaker 2>party with an entourage of like three or four water molecules.

432
00:23:05.039 --> 00:23:07.039
<v Speaker 2>So when you get rid of the luggage and you

433
00:23:07.039 --> 00:23:09.279
<v Speaker 2>get rid of some water too, low carb diets are

434
00:23:09.319 --> 00:23:13.359
<v Speaker 2>helpful for quickly losing water weight for sure, and then

435
00:23:13.400 --> 00:23:18.000
<v Speaker 2>from there eating for Keto is about sixty five percent fat,

436
00:23:18.200 --> 00:23:21.799
<v Speaker 2>thirty five percent protein, and five percent carbs. That is

437
00:23:21.839 --> 00:23:24.599
<v Speaker 2>said to keep your body burning your fat stores and

438
00:23:25.440 --> 00:23:32.039
<v Speaker 2>also promoting something called atophagy, which is Greek for eating yourself.

439
00:23:32.440 --> 00:23:35.640
<v Speaker 2>Your body just casually eating itself like a hungry goat,

440
00:23:35.799 --> 00:23:40.039
<v Speaker 2>going around scanning the cupboards, gobbling up screwed up cells

441
00:23:40.039 --> 00:23:43.079
<v Speaker 2>and weird bits of scar tissue and extra cancer mess ups,

442
00:23:43.119 --> 00:23:45.839
<v Speaker 2>and recycling the parts. So that's another reason why people

443
00:23:45.839 --> 00:23:48.599
<v Speaker 2>like the keto diet is you burn fat really quickly

444
00:23:48.599 --> 00:23:53.359
<v Speaker 2>when you switch to fat burning ketosis, and possibly it

445
00:23:53.400 --> 00:23:56.920
<v Speaker 2>can be healthier in other ways. Now there's some controversy

446
00:23:56.960 --> 00:23:59.640
<v Speaker 2>about atophagy and its role in cancer. On one hand,

447
00:24:00.200 --> 00:24:02.880
<v Speaker 2>grab tumors and nip them in the bud, but in

448
00:24:02.960 --> 00:24:06.440
<v Speaker 2>later stages it could promote tumors spreading. I do not

449
00:24:06.559 --> 00:24:11.200
<v Speaker 2>have the answers for you here, but doctor Yoshinori Oshumi

450
00:24:11.440 --> 00:24:13.759
<v Speaker 2>is on the case. He just won the Nobel Prize

451
00:24:13.759 --> 00:24:17.319
<v Speaker 2>in twenty sixteen for his work on atophagy. Google that.

452
00:24:17.880 --> 00:24:21.440
<v Speaker 2>So you thought you're just gonna learn about carbohydrates and

453
00:24:21.480 --> 00:24:23.200
<v Speaker 2>how to make your pants button, and now you have

454
00:24:23.240 --> 00:24:26.440
<v Speaker 2>all kinds of dirt on glycogen and fatty acids and

455
00:24:26.480 --> 00:24:29.519
<v Speaker 2>cancer and rare diseases, and how much in yaki I

456
00:24:29.559 --> 00:24:31.759
<v Speaker 2>can eat in a sitting, which is a lot. By

457
00:24:31.759 --> 00:24:33.839
<v Speaker 2>the way, if you're like, where is the Atkins diet

458
00:24:33.839 --> 00:24:35.880
<v Speaker 2>and all this the low carbon one where I just

459
00:24:35.920 --> 00:24:38.640
<v Speaker 2>eat bacon sandwiches with slabs of cheese as the bread,

460
00:24:38.720 --> 00:24:42.640
<v Speaker 2>and then I eat a mayonnaise milkshake that promotes ketosis too,

461
00:24:42.680 --> 00:24:45.880
<v Speaker 2>But it's got some stages in terms of carbohydrate levels,

462
00:24:45.960 --> 00:24:49.440
<v Speaker 2>and the Keto diet is a little more exact and

463
00:24:49.559 --> 00:24:54.519
<v Speaker 2>less like go forth and drink Keeso my children. I

464
00:24:54.559 --> 00:24:56.559
<v Speaker 2>will say I have friends on the Keto diet who

465
00:24:56.720 --> 00:24:59.599
<v Speaker 2>absolutely love it and say they've never felt better and

466
00:24:59.680 --> 00:25:02.400
<v Speaker 2>have at a ton of weight. So your mileage may vary.

467
00:25:02.680 --> 00:25:05.680
<v Speaker 2>Do your research ahead of time. Side note, if you're

468
00:25:05.680 --> 00:25:07.359
<v Speaker 2>trying to get healthier in the new year and lose

469
00:25:07.400 --> 00:25:10.400
<v Speaker 2>weight and opt for low carbs, it is best to

470
00:25:10.440 --> 00:25:12.960
<v Speaker 2>do it with whole foods, cut out the diet drinks

471
00:25:12.960 --> 00:25:15.400
<v Speaker 2>and diet foods which can mess with your insulin levels

472
00:25:15.440 --> 00:25:19.400
<v Speaker 2>and make you hungrier. Also, now, if you see sugar

473
00:25:19.440 --> 00:25:23.240
<v Speaker 2>alcohols on a label, the best way to consume that

474
00:25:23.359 --> 00:25:27.559
<v Speaker 2>is by building a large bonfire, throwing the item onto

475
00:25:27.880 --> 00:25:31.279
<v Speaker 2>the bonfire, and then running very far in the other direction,

476
00:25:32.880 --> 00:25:37.680
<v Speaker 2>unless you're okay passing undigestible molecules into your large intestine

477
00:25:37.680 --> 00:25:41.720
<v Speaker 2>to ferment and cause gastroonetestinal distress on parallel with drinking

478
00:25:41.759 --> 00:25:46.160
<v Speaker 2>from a puddle in Calcutta, which is what some sugar

479
00:25:46.240 --> 00:25:50.400
<v Speaker 2>free diet foods that have sugar alcohols like Manaitol can do.

480
00:25:51.160 --> 00:25:56.039
<v Speaker 2>So google sugar free gummy bears plus Amazon reviews, settle

481
00:25:56.079 --> 00:25:59.759
<v Speaker 2>in for what sounds like war journalism from the front

482
00:25:59.799 --> 00:26:02.640
<v Speaker 2>line of a toilet. I'll give you an example quote,

483
00:26:03.200 --> 00:26:05.799
<v Speaker 2>don't eat more than fifteen in a sitting unless you

484
00:26:05.839 --> 00:26:10.000
<v Speaker 2>are trying to powerwash your intestines. The reviews are so good,

485
00:26:11.240 --> 00:26:14.640
<v Speaker 2>please find them. If you're thinking of going low carb,

486
00:26:14.799 --> 00:26:19.079
<v Speaker 2>you're now armed with some vital information. I'm very very

487
00:26:19.160 --> 00:26:21.640
<v Speaker 2>much not a doctor, but as a person who eats

488
00:26:21.720 --> 00:26:26.000
<v Speaker 2>desserts for work and has to wear an elastic girdle

489
00:26:26.119 --> 00:26:28.200
<v Speaker 2>under some of my clothes, I can tell you in

490
00:26:28.240 --> 00:26:32.160
<v Speaker 2>a literal pinch, I just eat protein and vegetables. I

491
00:26:32.200 --> 00:26:34.720
<v Speaker 2>skip the grains, drink a lil of water, say no

492
00:26:34.799 --> 00:26:38.839
<v Speaker 2>to diet sodas, no sugar that usually helps when I

493
00:26:38.839 --> 00:26:41.559
<v Speaker 2>start to look like a walking cautionary tail or like

494
00:26:41.599 --> 00:26:46.799
<v Speaker 2>a nineteen nineties rocker mug shot. So anyway, that's my advice. Also,

495
00:26:46.839 --> 00:26:48.319
<v Speaker 2>don't sue me anyway.

496
00:26:48.720 --> 00:26:52.799
<v Speaker 3>It's really we've just found like cutting out certain carbs

497
00:26:52.839 --> 00:26:55.720
<v Speaker 3>can really help manage calories. Well, So instead of doing

498
00:26:55.759 --> 00:26:57.960
<v Speaker 3>a sandwich for lunch, if you do a salad, like

499
00:26:58.000 --> 00:26:58.680
<v Speaker 3>you've saved.

500
00:26:58.480 --> 00:27:01.200
<v Speaker 4>Two hundred calories because you don't eat the bread. So

501
00:27:01.240 --> 00:27:02.720
<v Speaker 4>we'll do stuff like that a lot.

502
00:27:02.799 --> 00:27:05.519
<v Speaker 3>And yeah, my family teases me all the time about it,

503
00:27:05.559 --> 00:27:08.640
<v Speaker 3>and it's like, I know, I study carbs, but I'm

504
00:27:08.680 --> 00:27:10.599
<v Speaker 3>also trying to stay in shape in grad school.

505
00:27:10.640 --> 00:27:13.359
<v Speaker 2>You get a lot of weight, but there's also like

506
00:27:13.359 --> 00:27:15.640
<v Speaker 2>an upper limit of how many carbs is a good

507
00:27:15.640 --> 00:27:17.440
<v Speaker 2>amount of carbs? Probably right?

508
00:27:17.559 --> 00:27:19.279
<v Speaker 4>Yes, of course I.

509
00:27:19.519 --> 00:27:21.480
<v Speaker 2>Get carbs from things other than bread.

510
00:27:22.039 --> 00:27:25.519
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, And while you know, being a glcobiologist, I can say,

511
00:27:25.519 --> 00:27:29.240
<v Speaker 3>like you need carbohydrates to survive, Obviously you don't. It

512
00:27:29.279 --> 00:27:31.000
<v Speaker 3>doesn't mean you have to eat like sixteen pieces of

513
00:27:31.000 --> 00:27:34.079
<v Speaker 3>bread you're getting. I mean, like I said, plants are

514
00:27:34.079 --> 00:27:36.119
<v Speaker 3>made up of carbs, So I mean, eat a vegetable

515
00:27:36.160 --> 00:27:36.880
<v Speaker 3>and you'll be fine.

516
00:27:37.599 --> 00:27:41.640
<v Speaker 2>Eat a vegetable. I have questions, yes, from our listeners,

517
00:27:42.519 --> 00:27:45.920
<v Speaker 2>But before we take questions from you, our beloved listeners,

518
00:27:45.920 --> 00:27:48.200
<v Speaker 2>we're going to take a quick break for sponsors of

519
00:27:48.240 --> 00:27:50.920
<v Speaker 2>the show. Sponsors. Why sponsors? You know what they do?

520
00:27:51.079 --> 00:27:53.960
<v Speaker 2>They help us give money to different charities every week.

521
00:27:54.200 --> 00:27:56.559
<v Speaker 2>So if you want to know where Ologies gives our money,

522
00:27:56.759 --> 00:27:59.240
<v Speaker 2>you can go to alleyword dot com and look for

523
00:27:59.279 --> 00:28:02.319
<v Speaker 2>the tab all Jeez gives back. There's like one hundred

524
00:28:02.319 --> 00:28:05.119
<v Speaker 2>and fifty different charities that we've given to already, with

525
00:28:05.279 --> 00:28:07.559
<v Speaker 2>more every single week. So if you need a place

526
00:28:07.599 --> 00:28:09.039
<v Speaker 2>to go, donate a little bit of money but you're

527
00:28:09.079 --> 00:28:12.119
<v Speaker 2>not sure where to go. Those are all picked biologists

528
00:28:12.119 --> 00:28:15.599
<v Speaker 2>who work in those fields, and this ad break allows

529
00:28:15.680 --> 00:28:18.680
<v Speaker 2>us to give a ton of money to them. So

530
00:28:18.799 --> 00:28:20.640
<v Speaker 2>thanks for listening and thank sponsors.

531
00:28:20.799 --> 00:28:24.039
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550
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551
00:29:31.960 --> 00:29:36.440
<v Speaker 2>Okay, your questions Hell, Laura wants to know what your

552
00:29:36.480 --> 00:29:37.720
<v Speaker 2>favorite sugary snack is.

553
00:29:38.279 --> 00:29:42.480
<v Speaker 3>My favorite sugary snack ooh that's our cupcakes are kind

554
00:29:42.480 --> 00:29:43.559
<v Speaker 3>of the top two for me.

555
00:29:44.279 --> 00:29:47.119
<v Speaker 2>And those have complex and simple car riders.

556
00:29:46.839 --> 00:29:49.559
<v Speaker 3>So those are mostly simples.

557
00:29:50.319 --> 00:29:51.839
<v Speaker 2>And what is the difference between your complex and a

558
00:29:51.839 --> 00:29:52.640
<v Speaker 2>simple carbohydrate?

559
00:29:53.759 --> 00:29:58.279
<v Speaker 3>So a simple sugar a little bit complicated? Explain, So

560
00:29:58.400 --> 00:30:03.240
<v Speaker 3>like glucose you know of in like sugar, it makes

561
00:30:03.319 --> 00:30:04.960
<v Speaker 3>up like it's a part of sucrose.

562
00:30:05.839 --> 00:30:06.880
<v Speaker 4>It's the sugar that we eat.

563
00:30:08.039 --> 00:30:11.880
<v Speaker 3>And it also all that means is it's a single

564
00:30:11.920 --> 00:30:15.960
<v Speaker 3>sugar molecule, like glucose is a single sugar molecule. Well,

565
00:30:15.960 --> 00:30:18.640
<v Speaker 3>there's different types of sugar molecules. There's also one called

566
00:30:18.680 --> 00:30:26.920
<v Speaker 3>galactose and fucose. When those connect together, they make multiple

567
00:30:26.960 --> 00:30:29.279
<v Speaker 3>sugar chains, and that's when they get complex, is when

568
00:30:29.319 --> 00:30:30.599
<v Speaker 3>you get multiples of them.

569
00:30:30.960 --> 00:30:33.799
<v Speaker 2>This is a really dumb question, but why are simple

570
00:30:33.799 --> 00:30:37.640
<v Speaker 2>carbohydrates sweet and complex carbohydrates with more sugar in them

571
00:30:37.720 --> 00:30:38.519
<v Speaker 2>are less sweet?

572
00:30:39.000 --> 00:30:42.720
<v Speaker 3>Oh so that's just like a characteristic of like the sugar.

573
00:30:42.839 --> 00:30:46.200
<v Speaker 3>So like glucose itself is sweet, but then there's another

574
00:30:46.240 --> 00:30:48.119
<v Speaker 3>sugar called manose that's like bitter.

575
00:30:49.160 --> 00:30:52.079
<v Speaker 2>So the taste is just a characteristic of different types

576
00:30:52.160 --> 00:30:54.920
<v Speaker 2>of sugars. I tried to look this up and explain it,

577
00:30:55.279 --> 00:30:59.079
<v Speaker 2>and I found a sentence that says, step wise modification

578
00:30:59.279 --> 00:31:03.960
<v Speaker 2>at each center around the sugar ring allows the sapid

579
00:31:04.000 --> 00:31:11.240
<v Speaker 2>functions in these molecule I eat anyway, some sugars are bitter,

580
00:31:11.279 --> 00:31:14.000
<v Speaker 2>summer sweet. That's all I got for you. I'm sure

581
00:31:14.000 --> 00:31:17.039
<v Speaker 2>that to our body is like more sugar means more

582
00:31:17.079 --> 00:31:18.319
<v Speaker 2>fat means I live through the winter.

583
00:31:18.759 --> 00:31:21.440
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, I'm sure there's evolutionary aspects of it.

584
00:31:21.680 --> 00:31:27.440
<v Speaker 2>Yeah, Okay, carbs in the winter, why do we eat them? Well,

585
00:31:27.519 --> 00:31:29.920
<v Speaker 2>some people think that when the days start getting shorter

586
00:31:30.240 --> 00:31:34.480
<v Speaker 2>and there's less light, we know winter is coming and

587
00:31:34.519 --> 00:31:38.599
<v Speaker 2>to survive the cold, you need feasts and meat and

588
00:31:38.680 --> 00:31:43.119
<v Speaker 2>biscuits and cookies your neighbor made now. Other behavioral psychologists

589
00:31:43.160 --> 00:31:47.480
<v Speaker 2>say it's just crimes of opportunity. The holidays mean more gatherings.

590
00:31:47.720 --> 00:31:52.599
<v Speaker 2>Gatherings mean cheese platters and crackers and a bunch of

591
00:31:52.599 --> 00:31:54.920
<v Speaker 2>caramel corn that you're going to crack your teeth on,

592
00:31:55.000 --> 00:31:57.759
<v Speaker 2>but you don't even care. I like the theory that

593
00:31:57.880 --> 00:32:01.799
<v Speaker 2>everyone gets a case of the sads seasonal effective disorder,

594
00:32:01.960 --> 00:32:05.240
<v Speaker 2>a mild form of depression that your grandma probably calls

595
00:32:05.279 --> 00:32:11.000
<v Speaker 2>the winter blues. Depression can cause carbohydrate cravings because carbohydrates

596
00:32:11.039 --> 00:32:14.880
<v Speaker 2>promote the production of serotonin, which is a buzzy, happy, warm,

597
00:32:14.920 --> 00:32:18.200
<v Speaker 2>feel good chemical in your brains. Either way, let's jock

598
00:32:18.240 --> 00:32:20.440
<v Speaker 2>it up to good old fashioned, messed up self medication

599
00:32:20.720 --> 00:32:24.920
<v Speaker 2>that brings us temporary joy and future misery. I don't

600
00:32:24.920 --> 00:32:28.000
<v Speaker 2>know how to end this aside, I don't, oh you

601
00:32:28.000 --> 00:32:29.640
<v Speaker 2>know what, I'm just going to tell you that the

602
00:32:29.720 --> 00:32:31.880
<v Speaker 2>largest loaf of bread ever made was baked by a

603
00:32:31.880 --> 00:32:34.200
<v Speaker 2>Brazilian man in two thousand and eight, and it weighed

604
00:32:34.400 --> 00:32:39.039
<v Speaker 2>thirty four hundred pounds or fifteen hundred kilograms. It's one

605
00:32:39.079 --> 00:32:43.000
<v Speaker 2>of long ass loaf pan it winds back and forth.

606
00:32:43.680 --> 00:32:46.880
<v Speaker 2>In the photos of its production before they cooked, it

607
00:32:46.920 --> 00:32:49.640
<v Speaker 2>look like an albino and a conda waiting in line

608
00:32:49.640 --> 00:32:50.359
<v Speaker 2>at Disneyland.

609
00:32:50.880 --> 00:32:51.559
<v Speaker 4>It's huge.

610
00:32:51.920 --> 00:32:55.920
<v Speaker 2>Moving on, Lucy wants to know our carbohydrates your favorite

611
00:32:56.000 --> 00:32:56.759
<v Speaker 2>organic compound.

612
00:33:00.279 --> 00:33:04.240
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, yeah.

613
00:33:04.559 --> 00:33:06.559
<v Speaker 2>Angela wants to know will there ever be a cure

614
00:33:06.599 --> 00:33:07.720
<v Speaker 2>for type one diabetes.

615
00:33:09.799 --> 00:33:12.680
<v Speaker 3>I'm optimistic about that one, and that actually that is

616
00:33:12.720 --> 00:33:16.160
<v Speaker 3>a disease that a lab at the c c r

617
00:33:16.279 --> 00:33:19.519
<v Speaker 3>C and it actually in general within glycobiology, there's a

618
00:33:19.519 --> 00:33:22.720
<v Speaker 3>lot of focus on it. Actually, yeah, I'm pretty optimistic

619
00:33:22.799 --> 00:33:26.240
<v Speaker 3>about a treatment for that. There's a lot of labs

620
00:33:26.279 --> 00:33:30.000
<v Speaker 3>focusing on that, and they make a lot of progress.

621
00:33:30.079 --> 00:33:33.640
<v Speaker 3>I think it's just in the world of research, things

622
00:33:33.680 --> 00:33:34.920
<v Speaker 3>take time, unfortunately.

623
00:33:35.440 --> 00:33:37.599
<v Speaker 2>She also wants to know what impact of sugars and

624
00:33:37.799 --> 00:33:40.920
<v Speaker 2>glic hands have on gut bacteria if any.

625
00:33:41.119 --> 00:33:47.480
<v Speaker 3>Ooh a lot, yes, actually, so your gut bacteria so

626
00:33:47.480 --> 00:33:51.119
<v Speaker 3>like I said, bacteria express their own types of sugars too,

627
00:33:52.119 --> 00:33:55.559
<v Speaker 3>and they'll have a different combination of complex sugars on

628
00:33:55.640 --> 00:34:00.319
<v Speaker 3>their surface compared to our surface, our cell surfaces, our

629
00:34:00.440 --> 00:34:07.720
<v Speaker 3>cell's surface. Sorry, say that ten times fast. And the

630
00:34:07.799 --> 00:34:13.719
<v Speaker 3>sugars that we that that our body makes interact with

631
00:34:14.639 --> 00:34:17.440
<v Speaker 3>the bacteria, like the bacteria will have their own carbohydrate

632
00:34:17.440 --> 00:34:20.199
<v Speaker 3>binding proteins. And so that's actually a really hot area

633
00:34:20.360 --> 00:34:21.639
<v Speaker 3>of research right now.

634
00:34:21.880 --> 00:34:24.840
<v Speaker 2>Is that gut biome? Oh yeah, so you have these

635
00:34:25.159 --> 00:34:28.719
<v Speaker 2>kind of glycan streamers. Yeah, we're jutting off of a

636
00:34:28.760 --> 00:34:32.079
<v Speaker 2>cell service, and those are interacting with your good and

637
00:34:32.199 --> 00:34:33.920
<v Speaker 2>bad gut bacteria to be like who are you? What

638
00:34:33.960 --> 00:34:34.480
<v Speaker 2>are you doing here?

639
00:34:34.559 --> 00:34:35.360
<v Speaker 4>What are you lackly?

640
00:34:35.719 --> 00:34:39.400
<v Speaker 2>Oh so you're you are kind of or some glycobiologists

641
00:34:39.400 --> 00:34:42.400
<v Speaker 2>are studying how your cells interact with all.

642
00:34:42.400 --> 00:34:46.199
<v Speaker 3>The teria or bad bacteria exactly, and even understanding, I

643
00:34:46.239 --> 00:34:48.960
<v Speaker 3>mean even just the basic understanding of like why a

644
00:34:49.079 --> 00:34:54.199
<v Speaker 3>bad bacteria is bad, Like how come your cell? How

645
00:34:54.199 --> 00:34:56.599
<v Speaker 3>come the bad bacteria like infects your cell and the

646
00:34:56.639 --> 00:35:01.559
<v Speaker 3>good bacteria don't necessarily And that communication could be facilitated

647
00:35:01.599 --> 00:35:04.039
<v Speaker 3>through glycans. It could be that the good bacteria have

648
00:35:04.119 --> 00:35:06.840
<v Speaker 3>certain glycans that the cell recognized and it's like, oh,

649
00:35:06.880 --> 00:35:11.039
<v Speaker 3>never mind, this is okay, and then the bad bacteria

650
00:35:11.199 --> 00:35:15.679
<v Speaker 3>express a different combination of glycans and your cell is like, whoa, no,

651
00:35:15.840 --> 00:35:19.559
<v Speaker 3>you don't belong here, Like I'm calling in backup pretty much.

652
00:35:19.760 --> 00:35:20.159
<v Speaker 4>Yeah.

653
00:35:20.280 --> 00:35:22.000
<v Speaker 2>I wonder if there's any just like kind of medium

654
00:35:22.079 --> 00:35:24.719
<v Speaker 2>bacteria that they're like, I'm not really a dick, and

655
00:35:24.800 --> 00:35:27.119
<v Speaker 2>I'm not that nice either, I'm just kind of a medium.

656
00:35:27.719 --> 00:35:30.599
<v Speaker 3>Maybe there could be some that definitely are like a milder,

657
00:35:30.719 --> 00:35:33.639
<v Speaker 3>just like I'm gonna chill here, and you're a nice

658
00:35:33.719 --> 00:35:34.599
<v Speaker 3>dark environment.

659
00:35:35.360 --> 00:35:37.400
<v Speaker 2>It's a nice, dark, stinky environment.

660
00:35:37.519 --> 00:35:38.960
<v Speaker 4>Yeah.

661
00:35:39.039 --> 00:35:40.920
<v Speaker 2>I promise you that one day I will have a

662
00:35:40.960 --> 00:35:44.360
<v Speaker 2>microbiologist on to talk about the importance of the gut biome.

663
00:35:44.960 --> 00:35:47.039
<v Speaker 2>It is. It's all I want. If you are one

664
00:35:47.039 --> 00:35:52.119
<v Speaker 2>of those, just slide in my DMS. I would love

665
00:35:52.159 --> 00:35:54.800
<v Speaker 2>to talk about our stinky guts. Jen wants to know

666
00:35:54.840 --> 00:35:57.119
<v Speaker 2>what is the most interesting thing about sugar on a

667
00:35:57.159 --> 00:35:59.239
<v Speaker 2>molecular level. What does it look like?

668
00:36:00.719 --> 00:36:04.599
<v Speaker 3>Ooh, So they're all like these little six or five

669
00:36:04.679 --> 00:36:07.840
<v Speaker 3>membered rings. So if you think back to like chemistry class,

670
00:36:08.519 --> 00:36:11.719
<v Speaker 3>they're like little rings of carbon. So a sugar is

671
00:36:11.760 --> 00:36:16.360
<v Speaker 3>a glycan. Oh okay, just that's aw synonymous. Yeah, And

672
00:36:16.400 --> 00:36:20.400
<v Speaker 3>it's really interesting how just like a very small change

673
00:36:21.199 --> 00:36:22.840
<v Speaker 3>means it's a different sugar and therefore it has a

674
00:36:22.840 --> 00:36:26.320
<v Speaker 3>different property, like everything from glugo's being sweet to mannos

675
00:36:26.360 --> 00:36:29.920
<v Speaker 3>being bitter, Like those two structures are actually really similar,

676
00:36:31.239 --> 00:36:34.599
<v Speaker 3>but like one little change gives it a whole different characteristic.

677
00:36:34.679 --> 00:36:36.639
<v Speaker 3>And that's kind of like the beauty of anything on

678
00:36:36.679 --> 00:36:41.119
<v Speaker 3>a molecular level is just that, like all the diversity,

679
00:36:41.239 --> 00:36:45.039
<v Speaker 3>all the different cell type, like everything that makes the

680
00:36:45.159 --> 00:36:48.920
<v Speaker 3>world that we see it is like just small molecular

681
00:36:49.000 --> 00:36:52.320
<v Speaker 3>changes that add up, if that makes sense.

682
00:36:52.519 --> 00:36:53.760
<v Speaker 4>I know that sounds really dumb.

683
00:36:54.000 --> 00:36:56.119
<v Speaker 2>No, does that ever? Does that ever trip you out

684
00:36:56.199 --> 00:36:58.599
<v Speaker 2>from a from like a what is life standpoint?

685
00:36:58.920 --> 00:36:59.400
<v Speaker 4>All the time?

686
00:36:59.559 --> 00:36:59.800
<v Speaker 3>Really?

687
00:37:00.280 --> 00:37:00.800
<v Speaker 4>Yeah?

688
00:37:00.840 --> 00:37:04.199
<v Speaker 2>Do you think about chemistry just when you're driving around,

689
00:37:04.239 --> 00:37:05.960
<v Speaker 2>when you're just eating, when you're watching.

690
00:37:05.840 --> 00:37:10.360
<v Speaker 3>Moving No, I'm definitely I like thinking about science, but

691
00:37:11.119 --> 00:37:13.960
<v Speaker 3>I can also very easily turn that off and move

692
00:37:14.000 --> 00:37:14.800
<v Speaker 3>on with my life.

693
00:37:15.400 --> 00:37:18.320
<v Speaker 2>You're like, I can conform rightalize. Sarah wants to know,

694
00:37:18.639 --> 00:37:21.519
<v Speaker 2>is it frustrating that our society has demonized sugar since

695
00:37:21.559 --> 00:37:23.000
<v Speaker 2>glycans are so important to everything.

696
00:37:23.880 --> 00:37:24.400
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, that's it.

697
00:37:24.639 --> 00:37:28.000
<v Speaker 3>It's actually a really interesting way to think about it

698
00:37:28.239 --> 00:37:31.760
<v Speaker 3>because as like a glcobiologist, I definitely differentiate like the

699
00:37:31.800 --> 00:37:34.519
<v Speaker 3>sugar we eat from the sugar on our cell surfaces.

700
00:37:35.400 --> 00:37:38.320
<v Speaker 3>So I see that distinction, but I totally realize that

701
00:37:38.400 --> 00:37:44.679
<v Speaker 3>like nobody else would see that distinction, and so they're like, ooh,

702
00:37:44.760 --> 00:37:47.679
<v Speaker 3>sugar's bad, when really it's pretty important.

703
00:37:48.719 --> 00:37:52.000
<v Speaker 2>How much sugar should we eat? This is a good question,

704
00:37:52.639 --> 00:37:55.639
<v Speaker 2>I asked the American Heart Association. They recommend no more

705
00:37:55.719 --> 00:37:59.800
<v Speaker 2>than around thirty grams of sugar a day, particularly sugar.

706
00:38:00.079 --> 00:38:03.679
<v Speaker 2>If you're like, do I even eat that? Probably not? Well. Uh,

707
00:38:05.079 --> 00:38:09.000
<v Speaker 2>the average American consumes eighty two grams of sugar every day.

708
00:38:09.079 --> 00:38:14.360
<v Speaker 2>That's roughly sixty six pounds of added sugar consumed each

709
00:38:14.440 --> 00:38:18.199
<v Speaker 2>year per person. That's so much sugar. So I found

710
00:38:18.199 --> 00:38:22.079
<v Speaker 2>a site run by UCSF Med School. It's called sugar Science,

711
00:38:22.400 --> 00:38:26.960
<v Speaker 2>they say quote. Using brain scanning technology, scientists at the

712
00:38:27.239 --> 00:38:31.760
<v Speaker 2>US National Institute on Drug Abuse were among the first

713
00:38:31.840 --> 00:38:36.480
<v Speaker 2>to show that sugar causes changes in people's brains similar

714
00:38:36.880 --> 00:38:39.639
<v Speaker 2>to those in people addicted to drugs such as cocaine

715
00:38:39.840 --> 00:38:43.159
<v Speaker 2>and alcohol. These changes are linked to a heightened craving

716
00:38:43.199 --> 00:38:46.800
<v Speaker 2>for more sugar. Now, UCSF has this incredible team of scientists.

717
00:38:46.840 --> 00:38:49.519
<v Speaker 2>They study sugar in the diet, its role in human health,

718
00:38:49.960 --> 00:38:55.840
<v Speaker 2>and they have a meat the scientist page. It lists epidemiologists, psychiatrists, endochronologists,

719
00:38:55.920 --> 00:39:01.440
<v Speaker 2>nutritional biologists, but no glycobiologists because us the glycobiologists are

720
00:39:01.480 --> 00:39:03.880
<v Speaker 2>really doing work at the cellular level with sugars and

721
00:39:03.880 --> 00:39:07.199
<v Speaker 2>saccharides to find how cells use them to communicate to

722
00:39:07.239 --> 00:39:10.360
<v Speaker 2>help find cures for rare diseases, which is why Michelle

723
00:39:10.360 --> 00:39:12.880
<v Speaker 2>doesn't have a ton of interest in fad diets. And

724
00:39:12.920 --> 00:39:17.880
<v Speaker 2>I was up googling before and after Picks Kardashian Keto

725
00:39:18.400 --> 00:39:21.119
<v Speaker 2>longer than I really needed to be. Let's be honest,

726
00:39:21.519 --> 00:39:25.360
<v Speaker 2>I really completed my research and then I just kept looking. Well,

727
00:39:25.360 --> 00:39:29.360
<v Speaker 2>Allison wanted to know how is glycobiology helping with developments

728
00:39:29.599 --> 00:39:33.480
<v Speaker 2>of the skin and aging, and she also notes got

729
00:39:33.480 --> 00:39:34.400
<v Speaker 2>this from Wikipedia.

730
00:39:34.760 --> 00:39:41.159
<v Speaker 3>Yes, okay, so there is a particular complex carbohydrate chain

731
00:39:41.280 --> 00:39:44.840
<v Speaker 3>called hyaluronic acid, and you will see that on a

732
00:39:44.880 --> 00:39:46.199
<v Speaker 3>lot of your beauty products.

733
00:39:46.360 --> 00:39:48.760
<v Speaker 2>Yes, I think I've said moisture.

734
00:39:48.840 --> 00:39:49.679
<v Speaker 4>Yes indeed.

735
00:39:50.440 --> 00:39:55.280
<v Speaker 3>So essentially it is a long chain of sugars, a

736
00:39:55.760 --> 00:40:02.039
<v Speaker 3>particular combination of sugars that retains water really well, so

737
00:40:02.079 --> 00:40:05.280
<v Speaker 3>like it attracts water and water molecule stick to it

738
00:40:05.320 --> 00:40:07.440
<v Speaker 3>and it plumps up with like I think it can

739
00:40:07.760 --> 00:40:11.199
<v Speaker 3>like one chain, like can hold like one hundred times

740
00:40:11.239 --> 00:40:13.719
<v Speaker 3>its own volume, its own mass and water.

741
00:40:13.880 --> 00:40:18.639
<v Speaker 2>Oh wow, yeah, So what is your least favorite thing

742
00:40:18.880 --> 00:40:25.400
<v Speaker 2>about glycobiology? Do you what really traps your hide?

743
00:40:26.760 --> 00:40:29.039
<v Speaker 3>It's weird because it's a combination of like a thing

744
00:40:29.079 --> 00:40:30.440
<v Speaker 3>I like about it and a thing I don't like

745
00:40:30.480 --> 00:40:33.079
<v Speaker 3>about it. Like it's it's a it's a growing field,

746
00:40:34.079 --> 00:40:37.000
<v Speaker 3>but it's still a fairly small field, and so kind

747
00:40:37.000 --> 00:40:44.000
<v Speaker 3>of everybody knows everybody and everybody knows everybody's research. It

748
00:40:44.039 --> 00:40:47.280
<v Speaker 3>has its pluses because, for instance, there's really only like

749
00:40:47.719 --> 00:40:51.880
<v Speaker 3>one real textbook, like really good textbook for glycobiology, called

750
00:40:51.920 --> 00:40:54.559
<v Speaker 3>The Essentials of Glycobiology, And so it's a it's a

751
00:40:54.639 --> 00:40:59.360
<v Speaker 3>very close like knit community, which is nice, but it

752
00:40:59.400 --> 00:41:02.199
<v Speaker 3>does mean any like two professors have like a beef

753
00:41:02.320 --> 00:41:05.599
<v Speaker 3>or something, you know, like you're a professor might be like, no,

754
00:41:05.719 --> 00:41:07.760
<v Speaker 3>don't go post stock in that person's.

755
00:41:07.480 --> 00:41:08.400
<v Speaker 4>Lab because they suck.

756
00:41:09.440 --> 00:41:11.880
<v Speaker 3>And so it's got the same issue of any close

757
00:41:11.960 --> 00:41:14.559
<v Speaker 3>knit community is that any of the problems kind of

758
00:41:14.559 --> 00:41:19.800
<v Speaker 3>get exacerbated. It also means, like our professional society meetings,

759
00:41:19.840 --> 00:41:22.159
<v Speaker 3>for instance, when you know you go to like these

760
00:41:22.199 --> 00:41:26.119
<v Speaker 3>big conferences, ours this pretty small. It's like four hundred

761
00:41:26.119 --> 00:41:30.280
<v Speaker 3>people compared to like Society for Neuroscience it's like forty

762
00:41:30.360 --> 00:41:31.079
<v Speaker 3>thousand people.

763
00:41:31.400 --> 00:41:33.480
<v Speaker 4>You know, Society for Glycobiology is tiny.

764
00:41:33.760 --> 00:41:35.599
<v Speaker 2>Does that make you feel elite though? Do you feel

765
00:41:35.599 --> 00:41:39.079
<v Speaker 2>like you're a member of a small cool club. I

766
00:41:39.199 --> 00:41:40.079
<v Speaker 2>never really thought of it that way.

767
00:41:40.079 --> 00:41:42.199
<v Speaker 4>I'm not really into elitism, so I don't really know.

768
00:41:42.519 --> 00:41:47.760
<v Speaker 3>Like no, it gives it a nice like family aspect,

769
00:41:48.480 --> 00:41:51.760
<v Speaker 3>but it just doesn't give quite as much room for

770
00:41:51.880 --> 00:41:53.679
<v Speaker 3>like networking and branching out.

771
00:41:54.639 --> 00:41:57.679
<v Speaker 2>There may not be many glyco biologists, but Michelle says

772
00:41:57.679 --> 00:41:59.800
<v Speaker 2>it's a really good skill set. It's starting to get

773
00:41:59.800 --> 00:42:02.800
<v Speaker 2>some tension. The pharmaceutical industry is really picking up on it,

774
00:42:02.840 --> 00:42:05.480
<v Speaker 2>and there's a lot of room for using carbohydrates and

775
00:42:05.519 --> 00:42:09.679
<v Speaker 2>their role in cell signaling for vaccine development. But still,

776
00:42:09.760 --> 00:42:12.039
<v Speaker 2>I mean, I had to admit that I was stoked.

777
00:42:12.039 --> 00:42:13.760
<v Speaker 2>I kind of fangirled when I met her and she

778
00:42:13.800 --> 00:42:15.960
<v Speaker 2>said she's a glycobiologist, I know when I met you,

779
00:42:16.039 --> 00:42:19.599
<v Speaker 2>I was like, I'm not going to encounter another glycobiologist

780
00:42:19.719 --> 00:42:22.119
<v Speaker 2>for it probably ever, So I was like, can I

781
00:42:22.199 --> 00:42:23.119
<v Speaker 2>hold you into this room?

782
00:42:23.800 --> 00:42:24.000
<v Speaker 5>Yeah?

783
00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:27.880
<v Speaker 2>So what is her very very very favorite thing? Like

784
00:42:27.960 --> 00:42:30.559
<v Speaker 2>what gives you butterflies? Makes you like get excited about

785
00:42:30.760 --> 00:42:33.039
<v Speaker 2>getting into the lab or just doing the work you do?

786
00:42:33.119 --> 00:42:33.599
<v Speaker 2>What do you love?

787
00:42:34.599 --> 00:42:35.800
<v Speaker 4>Oh?

788
00:42:36.239 --> 00:42:39.559
<v Speaker 3>For me personally, it's it's it's thinking about it in

789
00:42:39.559 --> 00:42:41.519
<v Speaker 3>a way to understand like how this is going to

790
00:42:41.599 --> 00:42:44.840
<v Speaker 3>benefit the communities and in particular these communities that are

791
00:42:44.840 --> 00:42:48.559
<v Speaker 3>suffering from like really rare congenital disorders of glycostellations.

792
00:42:48.880 --> 00:42:50.440
<v Speaker 4>And that makes me really excited.

793
00:42:51.320 --> 00:42:53.760
<v Speaker 2>Do you want glcobiology to become a bigger thing?

794
00:42:54.320 --> 00:42:56.360
<v Speaker 3>I do, as much as I say, like the close

795
00:42:56.440 --> 00:42:59.800
<v Speaker 3>knit family, Like I still want to see it become

796
00:42:59.840 --> 00:43:02.679
<v Speaker 3>a common I want, you know, undergraduates to learn about

797
00:43:02.719 --> 00:43:06.599
<v Speaker 3>it in science classes. I want pharmaceutical industries to like

798
00:43:06.639 --> 00:43:09.639
<v Speaker 3>realize it's important and importance and like hire more and

799
00:43:09.760 --> 00:43:12.800
<v Speaker 3>do more of its own research in glycobiology.

800
00:43:13.280 --> 00:43:17.280
<v Speaker 2>Have you considered shirts that say glycobiology is pretty sweet?

801
00:43:18.760 --> 00:43:22.199
<v Speaker 2>She had not. She did get memed by a friend,

802
00:43:22.400 --> 00:43:24.440
<v Speaker 2>and it's just a photo of her and glasses in

803
00:43:24.480 --> 00:43:29.320
<v Speaker 2>the lab with the all caps proclamation glycobiology is cool.

804
00:43:29.760 --> 00:43:33.320
<v Speaker 2>I will post this on the ologies Instagram because I

805
00:43:33.320 --> 00:43:35.800
<v Speaker 2>feel it needs to be seen. Do you have to

806
00:43:35.840 --> 00:43:36.559
<v Speaker 2>wear lab coats?

807
00:43:36.920 --> 00:43:39.360
<v Speaker 3>I do not, and like, nothing's gonna like infect me

808
00:43:39.639 --> 00:43:41.559
<v Speaker 3>in my lab so I don't worry.

809
00:43:41.360 --> 00:43:42.079
<v Speaker 4>Too much about it.

810
00:43:42.159 --> 00:43:45.239
<v Speaker 2>But you could probably get so much respect at Starbucks

811
00:43:45.280 --> 00:43:46.639
<v Speaker 2>if you waltzed in with a lab coat.

812
00:43:47.800 --> 00:43:50.519
<v Speaker 3>Just consider they're really like they're kind of hot though

813
00:43:50.679 --> 00:43:52.480
<v Speaker 3>they're like not a very breathable material.

814
00:43:52.599 --> 00:43:54.199
<v Speaker 2>Oh I thought you meant like the people look hot

815
00:43:54.199 --> 00:43:55.719
<v Speaker 2>in them. I'm like, yeah, people look great.

816
00:43:55.760 --> 00:43:58.440
<v Speaker 3>At a lab coat, you get at like hot, uncomfortable.

817
00:43:58.480 --> 00:44:00.440
<v Speaker 3>It's only nice because it has pockets. And if you're

818
00:44:00.480 --> 00:44:02.280
<v Speaker 3>not wearing like if you're in leggings and a T

819
00:44:02.320 --> 00:44:04.760
<v Speaker 3>shirt and you don't have pockets, like, the lab coat

820
00:44:04.800 --> 00:44:05.239
<v Speaker 3>is clutch.

821
00:44:06.519 --> 00:44:10.519
<v Speaker 2>The lab coat is clutch. Words to live by with

822
00:44:10.599 --> 00:44:13.920
<v Speaker 2>Michelle Ducua also, please someone start that as a meme.

823
00:44:14.239 --> 00:44:16.239
<v Speaker 2>Thank you very much, Thank you so so much for

824
00:44:16.320 --> 00:44:17.880
<v Speaker 2>coming on. I'm so glad. I feel like I am

825
00:44:17.920 --> 00:44:20.559
<v Speaker 2>walking away with so with a good grip on what

826
00:44:20.639 --> 00:44:23.039
<v Speaker 2>glycobiology has. I had no idea what it was yesterday.

827
00:44:23.239 --> 00:44:26.559
<v Speaker 4>I'm glad actually makes me really happy. Hey good, Hey

828
00:44:26.679 --> 00:44:27.519
<v Speaker 4>science communication.

829
00:44:28.079 --> 00:44:32.960
<v Speaker 2>Who did it? So next time you stare lovingly into

830
00:44:33.000 --> 00:44:36.800
<v Speaker 2>a pita pocket, or or you banish your cereal to

831
00:44:36.920 --> 00:44:40.400
<v Speaker 2>a locked file cabinet in the basement, just remember that

832
00:44:40.519 --> 00:44:43.840
<v Speaker 2>your cells are like cousheballs. It's all crazy with carbs

833
00:44:43.920 --> 00:44:45.880
<v Speaker 2>on their surface, and they're all talking to each other

834
00:44:46.000 --> 00:44:49.519
<v Speaker 2>and waging wars on invaders, and you're just like eating

835
00:44:49.519 --> 00:44:51.599
<v Speaker 2>an apple on a bench, wondering if you should get

836
00:44:51.639 --> 00:44:54.400
<v Speaker 2>an asymmetrical haircut this year. I say go for it.

837
00:44:54.719 --> 00:44:58.920
<v Speaker 2>To follow Michelle Ducua, She's at mt Ducua on Twitter

838
00:44:59.000 --> 00:45:03.599
<v Speaker 2>and Instagram. And Ologies is ologies on Twitter and Instagram,

839
00:45:03.599 --> 00:45:05.719
<v Speaker 2>and I'm Ali Ward on both. If you want to

840
00:45:05.719 --> 00:45:07.599
<v Speaker 2>find out what topics are coming up next, and you

841
00:45:07.599 --> 00:45:10.360
<v Speaker 2>want to submit questions to our ologists, you can become

842
00:45:10.400 --> 00:45:13.679
<v Speaker 2>a patron at patreon dot com slash ologies. You can

843
00:45:13.760 --> 00:45:16.920
<v Speaker 2>support with a dollar an episode. You can do twenty

844
00:45:16.920 --> 00:45:19.480
<v Speaker 2>five bucks a month. You can even do one dollar

845
00:45:19.480 --> 00:45:22.519
<v Speaker 2>a month twenty five cents an episode. Let's this show

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00:45:22.800 --> 00:45:26.239
<v Speaker 2>continue running, allowing me to pay the amazing Stephen Ray

847
00:45:26.280 --> 00:45:29.880
<v Speaker 2>Morris for editing and engineering, to pay for equipment to

848
00:45:29.960 --> 00:45:33.199
<v Speaker 2>pay for web hosting. Buying. Merch also supports the show,

849
00:45:33.239 --> 00:45:35.679
<v Speaker 2>and we have a ton up at ologiesmerch dot com,

850
00:45:35.719 --> 00:45:39.760
<v Speaker 2>including individual pins they're so cute for eight dollars each.

851
00:45:40.280 --> 00:45:42.639
<v Speaker 2>If you have any ologies or Ologists you want to

852
00:45:42.639 --> 00:45:45.159
<v Speaker 2>hear about, tweet me about them, send me a message

853
00:45:45.199 --> 00:45:49.199
<v Speaker 2>on Instagram, join the Ologies podcast on Facebook, And thank

854
00:45:49.239 --> 00:45:52.159
<v Speaker 2>you to everyone again who has left a review on iTunes.

855
00:45:52.760 --> 00:45:55.119
<v Speaker 2>Keeping Ologies in the top of the science charts. It

856
00:45:55.159 --> 00:45:57.760
<v Speaker 2>only takes like two minutes to do at most, and

857
00:45:57.840 --> 00:45:59.800
<v Speaker 2>I'm a creep. I read every one of them, and

858
00:46:00.360 --> 00:46:03.440
<v Speaker 2>when I'm tired or having a hard time uploading something,

859
00:46:03.960 --> 00:46:06.920
<v Speaker 2>or run into a research called a sac it keeps

860
00:46:06.960 --> 00:46:09.840
<v Speaker 2>me going so much to know that you guys are

861
00:46:09.880 --> 00:46:12.280
<v Speaker 2>out there listening to the show, because other than that,

862
00:46:12.360 --> 00:46:16.119
<v Speaker 2>it's it's just me and my closet recording this, which

863
00:46:16.159 --> 00:46:18.760
<v Speaker 2>is literally what's happening right now. Oh and as for

864
00:46:18.840 --> 00:46:22.239
<v Speaker 2>this week's end of show secret. Right before I started

865
00:46:22.239 --> 00:46:25.119
<v Speaker 2>recording this, I ate a slice of apple and I

866
00:46:25.159 --> 00:46:29.039
<v Speaker 2>realized I'm currently digesting half of the sticker. I ate

867
00:46:29.079 --> 00:46:31.239
<v Speaker 2>the slice of apple. I looked, and I realized the

868
00:46:31.280 --> 00:46:33.679
<v Speaker 2>other half of the sticker was still on the part

869
00:46:33.719 --> 00:46:36.159
<v Speaker 2>of the apple. I had not i ate the sticker,

870
00:46:36.239 --> 00:46:38.079
<v Speaker 2>so if I die, it's because of my addiction to

871
00:46:38.119 --> 00:46:43.199
<v Speaker 2>freaknose in my absence. Please ask smart people dumb questions

872
00:46:43.800 --> 00:47:00.840
<v Speaker 2>because they love it. Oh keyberbye, pacodermatology, biology, crypto zoology, lithology, zechonology, meteorologyologynathology, seriality.

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00:47:23.360 --> 00:47:26.639
<v Speaker 1>Imagine a place where you can escape for a day,

874
00:47:27.440 --> 00:47:31.960
<v Speaker 1>get immersed in a world of rooms, inspiration, and expertise,

875
00:47:32.519 --> 00:47:37.639
<v Speaker 1>where you can lay in luxury accommodation. Yank kids can

876
00:47:37.719 --> 00:47:43.480
<v Speaker 1>feast from ninety five sets. Tickets are free to everyone

877
00:47:43.719 --> 00:47:48.719
<v Speaker 1>and include all the attractions you've just imagined a day

878
00:47:48.880 --> 00:47:52.800
<v Speaker 1>out at the CAA, the care, the wonderful, every day