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<v Speaker 1>Back everybody. Today we focus on motivation theories and arousal

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<v Speaker 1>performance relationships. We're going to talk about drive reduction theory,

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<v Speaker 1>which focuses on reducing internal tension from unmet biological needs.

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<v Speaker 1>Incentive theory, which emphasizes external stimulation as motivators like rewards, goals,

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<v Speaker 1>or punishments. Arousal theory, which proposes people seek an optimal

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<v Speaker 1>level of arousal. Humanistic theory, which views motivation as growth oriented.

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<v Speaker 1>Think about Maslow's hierarchy the yerkis dots in law, which

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<v Speaker 1>shows performance peaks and moderate arousal, especially for simple tasks,

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<v Speaker 1>but too much arousal impairs complex tax task performance. We

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<v Speaker 1>see this a lot in sports. Intrinsic motivation supports sustained effort,

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<v Speaker 1>while extrinsic motivation may reduce engagement if ore were used.

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<v Speaker 1>So motivation is what drives our actions, but it doesn't

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<v Speaker 1>come from just one place. Sometimes it could be hunger,

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<v Speaker 1>Sometimes it's the need for reproval. Sometimes it's just a

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<v Speaker 1>sense of me, meaning existentialistic thinking. So let's find out

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<v Speaker 1>a little bit about these theories. Drive reduction theory rooted

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<v Speaker 1>in behaviorism and physiology. Drive reduction theory sees motivation as

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<v Speaker 1>a response to unmet biological needs that cause internal tension

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<v Speaker 1>or drives. The goal is homeostasis. If you're thinking about

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<v Speaker 1>Freud's drives here libidinal and aggression. Something to think about.

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<v Speaker 1>Primary drives, according to the drive reduction theory, are innate,

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<v Speaker 1>like hunger, thirst sex. Secondary drives are learned, such as

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<v Speaker 1>money or academic achievement or approval. A hungry person eats

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<v Speaker 1>to reduce the hunger drive, and as student studies to

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<v Speaker 1>reduce the anxiety of potential failure. In that case, it's

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<v Speaker 1>a secondary drive. This theory explains basic survival behaviors, but

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<v Speaker 1>it struggles with behaviors that increase arousal, like skydiving, for instance,

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<v Speaker 1>or fasting for spiritual reasons. This is where we may

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<v Speaker 1>get more answers with other theories. A theory called incentive

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<v Speaker 1>theory becauses on the pool of external rewards. People are

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<v Speaker 1>motivated by anticipated outcomes like bonuses, praise, success, or fear

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<v Speaker 1>of punishment. Here you can kind of think of Skinner's

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<v Speaker 1>work right positive or negative reinforcement. It explains why someone

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<v Speaker 1>might work over time despite not needing money, or why

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<v Speaker 1>a person might enter therapy to save a relationship even

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<v Speaker 1>without internal desire for change. In therapy, this shows up

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<v Speaker 1>in goal setting and reinforcement plans and men of motivational interviewing,

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<v Speaker 1>which is used a lot for substance use. The clinician

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<v Speaker 1>helps the client connect behavior change to values and rewards

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<v Speaker 1>that already matter to them. This will help build momentum

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<v Speaker 1>toward action. This is what they usually do a lot

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<v Speaker 1>with motivational interviewing. They use the kind of the careta

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<v Speaker 1>and the stick idea. The next theory is called arousal theory.

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<v Speaker 1>This is one that is kind of think of it

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<v Speaker 1>as a search for a stimulation. These are when behaviors

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<v Speaker 1>are not driven by either need which we talked about

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<v Speaker 1>with drive reduction or external rewards, but by a desire

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<v Speaker 1>for arousalon. I listen to music, run a marathon, or

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<v Speaker 1>soft a puzzle because it stimulates, though but not too much.

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<v Speaker 1>See too little arousal equals boredom, too much can equal anxiety.

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<v Speaker 1>Just right can focus energy and flow. So this kind

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<v Speaker 1>of leads us right into the next theory called Yerxi

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<v Speaker 1>yerks dots in law at y e erks it. The

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<v Speaker 1>model describes an inverted year relationship between arousal, and performance

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<v Speaker 1>basically goes back into balance. Low arousal leads to underperformance

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<v Speaker 1>due to lack of energy or attention, while high arousal

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<v Speaker 1>causes stress, reducing accuracy, especially for complex or unfamiliar tasks.

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<v Speaker 1>So balance or moderate arousal is optimal for most tasks,

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<v Speaker 1>promoting alertness and efficiency. One of the examples you can

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<v Speaker 1>think of is why someone can give a great speech

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<v Speaker 1>to their friends but freeze during a complicated exam. Same

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<v Speaker 1>degrees of arousal, but whe's a familiar task and one's

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<v Speaker 1>a different task demand one's more complicated. So clients with

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<v Speaker 1>anxiety disaurs may operate in chronic high arousal states which

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<v Speaker 1>they're impairing their performance. This is where grounding techniques or

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<v Speaker 1>meditation or breathing can help these individuals quite a bit

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<v Speaker 1>with anxiety. The next theory is humanistic theory. You probably

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<v Speaker 1>remember the famous pyramid by Abraham Maslow when he proposed them.

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<v Speaker 1>But motivation is a hierarchy of needs, beginning with survival

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<v Speaker 1>physiological like food, water, and sleep. Kind of like the

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<v Speaker 1>incentive theory that we talked about. I'm sorry, the drive

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<v Speaker 1>reduction theory that we talked about earlier. The second part

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<v Speaker 1>of the pyramid from the bottom up is safety. Third

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<v Speaker 1>is love and belonging. And this is where Freud again

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<v Speaker 1>kicks in. If you remember aggression and libido, libida was

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<v Speaker 1>really about social connecting. That's really the big story behind

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<v Speaker 1>the sex. Number four is esteem, achievement and respect. This

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<v Speaker 1>is going to be another big one. This is where

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<v Speaker 1>we get the secondary drive from drive reduction theory as well,

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<v Speaker 1>so humanistic theory has a little bit of an overlap

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<v Speaker 1>there with those two. And then finally is five is

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<v Speaker 1>self actualization, purpose or potential. You don't move to higher

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<v Speaker 1>levels until lower ones are met. A person struggling with

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<v Speaker 1>housing insecurity may not care about their self esteem at

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<v Speaker 1>that moment. They want to know where they're going to

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<v Speaker 1>live it. Can they be safe? Can they get food?

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<v Speaker 1>Carl Rogers, a key player in the humanistic school, added

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<v Speaker 1>that people are motivated by an actualizing tendency, a drive

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<v Speaker 1>to become their full selves. Motivation increases when people feel accepted, understood,

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<v Speaker 1>and unconditionally value valued. In therapy, this translates to the

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<v Speaker 1>therapist's role proving conditions where growth feels safe and possible.

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<v Speaker 1>Change isn't just behavioral it's motivational. The next thing we're

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<v Speaker 1>going to talk about is intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic

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<v Speaker 1>is driven by internal satisfaction, curiosity, challenge. Extrinsic is driven

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<v Speaker 1>by external consequences, rewards, fear of punishment. So, again similar

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<v Speaker 1>to the incentive theory that we talked about earlier, and

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<v Speaker 1>going back to Skinner's reinforcement concept, research shows that intrinsic

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<v Speaker 1>motivation leads to deeper learning, greater creativity, and more persistence.

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<v Speaker 1>Extrinsic motivators, though, can help start behavior, but when overused,

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<v Speaker 1>they undermine intrinsic motivation, especially in children. This is known

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<v Speaker 1>as the over justification effect. If someone starts getting paid

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<v Speaker 1>for a task they already enjoy, they may lose interest

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<v Speaker 1>once the payment stops. So how would you use this

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<v Speaker 1>in therapy? Well, you can frame change in a certain way.

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<v Speaker 1>For instance, for extrinsic things, you can say because your

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<v Speaker 1>partner wants you to stop drinking, which is not always

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<v Speaker 1>a very powerful motivator. But you can use intrinsic because

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<v Speaker 1>sobriety lets you feel in control again, which is a

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<v Speaker 1>more powerful motivator. Long term behavior change is more likely

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<v Speaker 1>when the client finds personal meeting in the change and

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<v Speaker 1>not just pressure responsibility to others. Motivational viewing something else

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<v Speaker 1>that uses open ended questions, affirmations and reflected listening to

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<v Speaker 1>strength and intrinsic motivation, but those questions are designed in

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<v Speaker 1>a specific way. It focuses on ambivalence and aims to

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<v Speaker 1>elicit change. Talk the client's own reasons for wanting to change,

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<v Speaker 1>For instance, what would like to look like if you

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<v Speaker 1>didn't feel controlled by your anxiety anymore? What would it

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<v Speaker 1>look like if you stop drinking? What would be some

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<v Speaker 1>of the good reasons you'd be attracted to for not

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<v Speaker 1>drinking anymore. Another concept is motivational deficits and depression. Depression

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<v Speaker 1>reduces goal directed behavior and hedonia where you get no

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<v Speaker 1>pleasure or avolition or a motivation. Dopamine availability also gets reduced.

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<v Speaker 1>In future oriented thinking, clients may experience a motivation or

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<v Speaker 1>the inability to initiate action despite desire for behavioral activation.

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<v Speaker 1>Scheduling rewarding activities helps rebuild motivation by creating feedback loops

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<v Speaker 1>of success. Motivation and treatment that spearance is another one.

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<v Speaker 1>Clients with low motivation may resist following through with medication

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<v Speaker 1>or self care. Understanding what drives them, whether it's fear, connection, control,

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<v Speaker 1>can inform how clinicians can frame these interventions. So again,

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<v Speaker 1>motivation is the fuel for therapy, learning, behavior change, in

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<v Speaker 1>life direction. It's really important something. I guess it doesn't

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<v Speaker 1>get discussed much in specifics, but we kind of get

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<v Speaker 1>an idea in our head about what motivates people. But

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<v Speaker 1>it's important to know what are they looking for? Control, connection,

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<v Speaker 1>getting away from fear. All these things can help in

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<v Speaker 1>your practice.