Speaker 1: Back everybody. Today we focus on motivation theories and arousal
Speaker 1: performance relationships. We're going to talk about drive reduction theory,
Speaker 1: which focuses on reducing internal tension from unmet biological needs.
Speaker 1: Incentive theory, which emphasizes external stimulation as motivators like rewards, goals,
Speaker 1: or punishments. Arousal theory, which proposes people seek an optimal
Speaker 1: level of arousal. Humanistic theory, which views motivation as growth oriented.
Speaker 1: Think about Maslow's hierarchy the yerkis dots in law, which
Speaker 1: shows performance peaks and moderate arousal, especially for simple tasks,
Speaker 1: but too much arousal impairs complex tax task performance. We
Speaker 1: see this a lot in sports. Intrinsic motivation supports sustained effort,
Speaker 1: while extrinsic motivation may reduce engagement if ore were used.
Speaker 1: So motivation is what drives our actions, but it doesn't
Speaker 1: come from just one place. Sometimes it could be hunger,
Speaker 1: Sometimes it's the need for reproval. Sometimes it's just a
Speaker 1: sense of me, meaning existentialistic thinking. So let's find out
Speaker 1: a little bit about these theories. Drive reduction theory rooted
Speaker 1: in behaviorism and physiology. Drive reduction theory sees motivation as
Speaker 1: a response to unmet biological needs that cause internal tension
Speaker 1: or drives. The goal is homeostasis. If you're thinking about
Speaker 1: Freud's drives here libidinal and aggression. Something to think about.
Speaker 1: Primary drives, according to the drive reduction theory, are innate,
Speaker 1: like hunger, thirst sex. Secondary drives are learned, such as
Speaker 1: money or academic achievement or approval. A hungry person eats
Speaker 1: to reduce the hunger drive, and as student studies to
Speaker 1: reduce the anxiety of potential failure. In that case, it's
Speaker 1: a secondary drive. This theory explains basic survival behaviors, but
Speaker 1: it struggles with behaviors that increase arousal, like skydiving, for instance,
Speaker 1: or fasting for spiritual reasons. This is where we may
Speaker 1: get more answers with other theories. A theory called incentive
Speaker 1: theory becauses on the pool of external rewards. People are
Speaker 1: motivated by anticipated outcomes like bonuses, praise, success, or fear
Speaker 1: of punishment. Here you can kind of think of Skinner's
Speaker 1: work right positive or negative reinforcement. It explains why someone
Speaker 1: might work over time despite not needing money, or why
Speaker 1: a person might enter therapy to save a relationship even
Speaker 1: without internal desire for change. In therapy, this shows up
Speaker 1: in goal setting and reinforcement plans and men of motivational interviewing,
Speaker 1: which is used a lot for substance use. The clinician
Speaker 1: helps the client connect behavior change to values and rewards
Speaker 1: that already matter to them. This will help build momentum
Speaker 1: toward action. This is what they usually do a lot
Speaker 1: with motivational interviewing. They use the kind of the careta
Speaker 1: and the stick idea. The next theory is called arousal theory.
Speaker 1: This is one that is kind of think of it
Speaker 1: as a search for a stimulation. These are when behaviors
Speaker 1: are not driven by either need which we talked about
Speaker 1: with drive reduction or external rewards, but by a desire
Speaker 1: for arousalon. I listen to music, run a marathon, or
Speaker 1: soft a puzzle because it stimulates, though but not too much.
Speaker 1: See too little arousal equals boredom, too much can equal anxiety.
Speaker 1: Just right can focus energy and flow. So this kind
Speaker 1: of leads us right into the next theory called Yerxi
Speaker 1: yerks dots in law at y e erks it. The
Speaker 1: model describes an inverted year relationship between arousal, and performance
Speaker 1: basically goes back into balance. Low arousal leads to underperformance
Speaker 1: due to lack of energy or attention, while high arousal
Speaker 1: causes stress, reducing accuracy, especially for complex or unfamiliar tasks.
Speaker 1: So balance or moderate arousal is optimal for most tasks,
Speaker 1: promoting alertness and efficiency. One of the examples you can
Speaker 1: think of is why someone can give a great speech
Speaker 1: to their friends but freeze during a complicated exam. Same
Speaker 1: degrees of arousal, but whe's a familiar task and one's
Speaker 1: a different task demand one's more complicated. So clients with
Speaker 1: anxiety disaurs may operate in chronic high arousal states which
Speaker 1: they're impairing their performance. This is where grounding techniques or
Speaker 1: meditation or breathing can help these individuals quite a bit
Speaker 1: with anxiety. The next theory is humanistic theory. You probably
Speaker 1: remember the famous pyramid by Abraham Maslow when he proposed them.
Speaker 1: But motivation is a hierarchy of needs, beginning with survival
Speaker 1: physiological like food, water, and sleep. Kind of like the
Speaker 1: incentive theory that we talked about. I'm sorry, the drive
Speaker 1: reduction theory that we talked about earlier. The second part
Speaker 1: of the pyramid from the bottom up is safety. Third
Speaker 1: is love and belonging. And this is where Freud again
Speaker 1: kicks in. If you remember aggression and libido, libida was
Speaker 1: really about social connecting. That's really the big story behind
Speaker 1: the sex. Number four is esteem, achievement and respect. This
Speaker 1: is going to be another big one. This is where
Speaker 1: we get the secondary drive from drive reduction theory as well,
Speaker 1: so humanistic theory has a little bit of an overlap
Speaker 1: there with those two. And then finally is five is
Speaker 1: self actualization, purpose or potential. You don't move to higher
Speaker 1: levels until lower ones are met. A person struggling with
Speaker 1: housing insecurity may not care about their self esteem at
Speaker 1: that moment. They want to know where they're going to
Speaker 1: live it. Can they be safe? Can they get food?
Speaker 1: Carl Rogers, a key player in the humanistic school, added
Speaker 1: that people are motivated by an actualizing tendency, a drive
Speaker 1: to become their full selves. Motivation increases when people feel accepted, understood,
Speaker 1: and unconditionally value valued. In therapy, this translates to the
Speaker 1: therapist's role proving conditions where growth feels safe and possible.
Speaker 1: Change isn't just behavioral it's motivational. The next thing we're
Speaker 1: going to talk about is intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic
Speaker 1: is driven by internal satisfaction, curiosity, challenge. Extrinsic is driven
Speaker 1: by external consequences, rewards, fear of punishment. So, again similar
Speaker 1: to the incentive theory that we talked about earlier, and
Speaker 1: going back to Skinner's reinforcement concept, research shows that intrinsic
Speaker 1: motivation leads to deeper learning, greater creativity, and more persistence.
Speaker 1: Extrinsic motivators, though, can help start behavior, but when overused,
Speaker 1: they undermine intrinsic motivation, especially in children. This is known
Speaker 1: as the over justification effect. If someone starts getting paid
Speaker 1: for a task they already enjoy, they may lose interest
Speaker 1: once the payment stops. So how would you use this
Speaker 1: in therapy? Well, you can frame change in a certain way.
Speaker 1: For instance, for extrinsic things, you can say because your
Speaker 1: partner wants you to stop drinking, which is not always
Speaker 1: a very powerful motivator. But you can use intrinsic because
Speaker 1: sobriety lets you feel in control again, which is a
Speaker 1: more powerful motivator. Long term behavior change is more likely
Speaker 1: when the client finds personal meeting in the change and
Speaker 1: not just pressure responsibility to others. Motivational viewing something else
Speaker 1: that uses open ended questions, affirmations and reflected listening to
Speaker 1: strength and intrinsic motivation, but those questions are designed in
Speaker 1: a specific way. It focuses on ambivalence and aims to
Speaker 1: elicit change. Talk the client's own reasons for wanting to change,
Speaker 1: For instance, what would like to look like if you
Speaker 1: didn't feel controlled by your anxiety anymore? What would it
Speaker 1: look like if you stop drinking? What would be some
Speaker 1: of the good reasons you'd be attracted to for not
Speaker 1: drinking anymore. Another concept is motivational deficits and depression. Depression
Speaker 1: reduces goal directed behavior and hedonia where you get no
Speaker 1: pleasure or avolition or a motivation. Dopamine availability also gets reduced.
Speaker 1: In future oriented thinking, clients may experience a motivation or
Speaker 1: the inability to initiate action despite desire for behavioral activation.
Speaker 1: Scheduling rewarding activities helps rebuild motivation by creating feedback loops
Speaker 1: of success. Motivation and treatment that spearance is another one.
Speaker 1: Clients with low motivation may resist following through with medication
Speaker 1: or self care. Understanding what drives them, whether it's fear, connection, control,
Speaker 1: can inform how clinicians can frame these interventions. So again,
Speaker 1: motivation is the fuel for therapy, learning, behavior change, in
Speaker 1: life direction. It's really important something. I guess it doesn't
Speaker 1: get discussed much in specifics, but we kind of get
Speaker 1: an idea in our head about what motivates people. But
Speaker 1: it's important to know what are they looking for? Control, connection,
Speaker 1: getting away from fear. All these things can help in
Speaker 1: your practice.