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<v Speaker 1>All right, folks, here it comes.

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<v Speaker 2>The next month is Confidentiality, ethics and legal exceptions in

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<v Speaker 2>psychological practice. Some of the key principles is Mandatory exceptions

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<v Speaker 2>include duty to protect and warn, mandated reporting and valid

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<v Speaker 2>court orders. Discretionary exceptions arise with client consent, billing, consultation,

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<v Speaker 2>or supervision tariffs off duty involves eminent threat, intent and

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<v Speaker 2>identifiable victim, with.

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<v Speaker 1>Variation across states.

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<v Speaker 2>Work with miners, families, groups, and organizations requires upfront clarification

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<v Speaker 2>of who the client is and who controls confidentiality. Subpoenas

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<v Speaker 2>must be responded to, but do not authorize disclosure without

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<v Speaker 2>a court order or client release. Psychologists must include confidentiality

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<v Speaker 2>limits and informed consent document rationale for disclosure, and comply with.

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<v Speaker 1>Other jurisdiction specific laws.

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<v Speaker 2>Confidentiality is a heartbeat of therapeutic trust. It draws a

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<v Speaker 2>line between therapy and surveillance, between a safe space and

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<v Speaker 2>a strategic risk, and yet it is never absolute. First

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<v Speaker 2>is look at confidentiality expanded definitions and ethical professional duty.

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<v Speaker 2>Requiring psychologists to protect client information from unauthorized disclosure is

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<v Speaker 2>a foundational promise that creates the conditions for open therapeutic work.

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<v Speaker 2>It can be limited by law and other ethical obligations.

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<v Speaker 2>Confidentiality is like a lock journal that only you and

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<v Speaker 2>the psychologists can open.

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<v Speaker 1>You can look at it that way.

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<v Speaker 2>A client discusses marital conflict and therapy psychologist keeps the

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<v Speaker 2>details private and does not share them with the client's spouse, employer,

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<v Speaker 2>or anyone else unless illegal or ethical exception applies. The

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<v Speaker 2>next is privileged community communication, illegal protection that allows confidential

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<v Speaker 2>communications between a psychologist and a client to be withheld

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<v Speaker 2>from core proceedings. Privilege belongs primarily to the client and

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<v Speaker 2>can be asserted away by them. Not Ever, not every

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<v Speaker 2>jurisdiction grants the same level of psychologists. Patient privilege privileges

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<v Speaker 2>the court room version of confidentiality. It is a shield

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<v Speaker 2>that says a judge cannot force the psychologists to testify

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<v Speaker 2>by what was said in therapy unless the client agrees

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<v Speaker 2>or a special legal exception applies. An example would be

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<v Speaker 2>in a custody dispute, one parents attorney sub poenis therapy records.

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<v Speaker 2>The client's attorney asserts privilege, and the court must acide

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<v Speaker 2>whether the information remains protected or must be released under

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<v Speaker 2>limited conditions.

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<v Speaker 1>The next one are.

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<v Speaker 2>Mandatory exceptions to confidentiality, So do you to warn or

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<v Speaker 2>do you to protect? Illegal and ethical obligation originating in

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<v Speaker 2>terrorist offers as Regents of the University of California requiring

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<v Speaker 2>psychologists to take reasonable steps steps to protect the identifiable

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<v Speaker 2>victims when a client poses a serious and eminent threat

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<v Speaker 2>of violence. Standards typically include eminence, an identifiable victim, and

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<v Speaker 2>the client's intent plus means. Subsequent cases like Ewing versus

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<v Speaker 2>gold Senior jablanc Si have clarified that the duty can

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<v Speaker 2>arise from third party information and that failure to act

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<v Speaker 2>on a credible threat and constitute malpractice. State laws varies

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<v Speaker 2>on whether warning the victim, notifying law enforcement, or hospitalizing

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<v Speaker 2>the client is required. An example would be a client

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<v Speaker 2>state to detailed plan to harmon X. Partner names the

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<v Speaker 2>person that describes access to a weapon. The psychologist assesses

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<v Speaker 2>a threat of serious and eminent documents, the decision process

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<v Speaker 2>notifies the intended victim and or law enforcement according to

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<v Speaker 2>state law, and may even see hospitalization of the client.

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<v Speaker 2>Mandated reporting of abuse or neglect expanded definition and legal

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<v Speaker 2>requirement to psychologists reports suspected abuse or neglect of children, elders,

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<v Speaker 2>typically eight sixty five and plus, especially dependent and dependent

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<v Speaker 2>adults who have a disabled cognitively impaired. Suspicion not absolute

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<v Speaker 2>proof is usually sufficient. Reports are typically made to CPS, APS,

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<v Speaker 2>Adult Practice or protective services, or law enforcement can result

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<v Speaker 2>in civil or criminal penalties. Confidentiality does not protect disclosures

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<v Speaker 2>of abuse in these cases. Psychologists are required by law

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<v Speaker 2>to report when they reasonably believe a child, elderly person,

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<v Speaker 2>or vulnerable adult is being.

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<v Speaker 1>Abused or neglected.

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<v Speaker 2>For instance, in doing a session, a twelve year old

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<v Speaker 2>client describes ongoing physical punishment that leaves marks. A psychologists

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<v Speaker 2>forms a reasonable suspicion of child abuse, files a mandate

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<v Speaker 2>report with CPS, documents the report, and continues treatment while

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<v Speaker 2>cooperating with the investigation. Subpoena is a legal document that

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<v Speaker 2>requires a response for acknowledgment of receipt, but does not

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<v Speaker 2>by itself authorize disclosure of confidential client information. The psychologists

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<v Speaker 2>must respond and may assert privilege or move to quash

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<v Speaker 2>a limit to subpoena. Always consult legal counsel before releasing

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<v Speaker 2>any records. An example would be an attorney issues a

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<v Speaker 2>subpoena for a client's therapy notes. In a civil lawsuit,

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<v Speaker 2>the psychologists acknowledges receipt, notifies the client, consults counsel, and

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<v Speaker 2>files an emotion to quash a limit to scope while

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<v Speaker 2>asserting privilege. A court order is a directive signed by

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<v Speaker 2>a judge that requires disclosure. Even then, the psychologists may

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<v Speaker 2>request of the core limit the scope imposed. Protective measures

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<v Speaker 2>will allow the client to be notified before release. An

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<v Speaker 2>example is after a hearing is judge orders released with

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<v Speaker 2>specific therapy records relevant to a child custody evaluation. The

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<v Speaker 2>psychologist limits disclosure to the ordered material requests a protective

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<v Speaker 2>order notifies the client and documents the process. Always document

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<v Speaker 2>how the subpoenat court order was handled, including any client

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<v Speaker 2>communication and efforts to limit disclosure. Next is discretionary exceptions

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<v Speaker 2>to confidentiality.

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<v Speaker 1>So we have client consent.

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<v Speaker 2>Clients may authorize disclosure through a sign dated Release of

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<v Speaker 2>Information ROI that specifies what will be disclosed to.

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<v Speaker 1>Whom, for what purpose, and for how long.

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<v Speaker 2>State laws often require reauthorization within twelve months. Consent is

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<v Speaker 2>required unless another exception applies, So a client size signs

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<v Speaker 2>an ROI release of information allowing a psychologists and a

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<v Speaker 2>treatment summary in diagnosis code to the renew psychiatrist for

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<v Speaker 2>continuity of care, payment billing and insurance.

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<v Speaker 1>To process claims.

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<v Speaker 2>Psychologistsmen need to share limited information such as diagnosis code,

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<v Speaker 2>session dates, treatment summaries with third party payers. Clients must

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<v Speaker 2>be informed up front that insurance insurance may access this information.

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<v Speaker 2>The client's insurance company requests verification of sessions in a

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<v Speaker 2>diagnosis code, the psychologist provides only the minimum necessary information

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<v Speaker 2>after the client has been informed during the informed consent process.

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<v Speaker 1>Next is consultation.

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<v Speaker 2>Under APA Standard four point zero six, psychologists may discuss

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<v Speaker 2>cases for professional consultation without revealing identifying information, provided only

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<v Speaker 2>relevant details are shared. Client identity is protected unless explicit

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<v Speaker 2>consent is obtained and the consultation benefits a client rather

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<v Speaker 2>than curiosity. So a psychologist seeks consultation on treatment planning

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<v Speaker 2>for a complex trauma case and describes and interventions without

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<v Speaker 2>naming the client or providing details they could identify them

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<v Speaker 2>another when as supervision, when a supervise ee discuss cases,

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<v Speaker 2>clients must be informed that information will be shared with

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<v Speaker 2>the supervisor for training purposes. Supervisors were legal and ethical

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<v Speaker 2>responsibility for supervising conduct and informed consent forms must include

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<v Speaker 2>this disclosure next or special populations and settings. Oh, but

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<v Speaker 2>forgot to give you an example. For supervision and interns,

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<v Speaker 2>informed consent form states that clinical material be reviewed in supervision.

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<v Speaker 2>The intern discusses a session with the supervisor while protecting

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<v Speaker 2>identifying information as much as possible special population and settings. Minors,

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<v Speaker 2>parents or guardians typically hold the legal right to access

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<v Speaker 2>treatment information. Many states, however, allow limited confidentiality when full

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<v Speaker 2>excuse me disclosure would harm the minor or impair treatment agreement.

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<v Speaker 2>The miner or assent in addition to parental consent, is

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<v Speaker 2>ethically appropriate. For older children and adolescents, limits must be

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<v Speaker 2>clarified and reinforced often in In other words, parents usually have

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<v Speaker 2>the right to know what is happening in a child's therapy,

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<v Speaker 2>but older teens may be given some private space so

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<v Speaker 2>they feel safe enough. The rules will differ by state,

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<v Speaker 2>must be explained clearly at the start. So if a

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<v Speaker 2>sixteen year old client is assured limited confidentiality regarding everyday concerns,

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<v Speaker 2>the psychologists explains that safety issues, self harm abuse will

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<v Speaker 2>be shared with parents.

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<v Speaker 1>As our authorities is required by law.

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<v Speaker 2>Naxa's families and couples, the psychologists must define who the

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<v Speaker 2>client is, the individual, the couple or the family unit.

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<v Speaker 2>Establish no secrets policies or clear procedures for handling individual disclosures,

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<v Speaker 2>and document agreements that can be revisited as therapy progresses.

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<v Speaker 2>So in couple therapy, the psychologists states and no secrets policy.

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<v Speaker 2>Information shared of individually will be brought into the joint

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<v Speaker 2>sessions unless it involves safety risks that require mandatory reporting.

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<v Speaker 2>Group psychologists must inform members of confidentiality cannot be guaranteed

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<v Speaker 2>by other members, encourage group norms of privacy, and use

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<v Speaker 2>consent forms that acknowledge the limitation. Legal enforcement against other

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<v Speaker 2>members is limited. So you look at it here at

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<v Speaker 2>the sort of a process. Group members signing an agreement

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<v Speaker 2>acknowledge and the confidentiality is expected but cannot be fully

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<v Speaker 2>enforced among peers organizational clients. So in workplace or agency settings,

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<v Speaker 2>the psychologists must clarify whether the clients the organization or

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<v Speaker 2>the individual.

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<v Speaker 1>When conducting evaluations.

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<v Speaker 2>For example, for fitness of duty in a police department,

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<v Speaker 2>confidentialities limited and report recipients must be disclosed in advance,

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<v Speaker 2>So before a fitness for duty evaluation, psychologists informs the employee,

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<v Speaker 2>that the written report will go to the employer's human

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<v Speaker 2>resources department, and that certain clinical details will be included.

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<v Speaker 1>Now we look at.

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<v Speaker 2>Informed consent, documentation and variability. Confidentiality limits must be explained

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<v Speaker 2>clearly during informed consent and ideally revisited throughout tr treatment.

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<v Speaker 2>Discussion should include legal limits, documentation, storage and access, use

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<v Speaker 2>of telehealth platforms, and third party billing. Documentation of any

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<v Speaker 2>disclosures should reflect what was disclosed, why it was disclosed,

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<v Speaker 2>to whom it was disclosed. State laws very widely regarding

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<v Speaker 2>parental access to adolescent records, reporting of adult dovestic wods,

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<v Speaker 2>and specific duty to warn standards. Psychologists must know their

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<v Speaker 2>state board guidelines, licensure law, and local duty to warn requirements.

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<v Speaker 2>Confidentiality holds power only when used with intention. It is

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<v Speaker 2>not about secrecy, It's about stewardship. That's it for now, folks,