Speaker 1: Hello, and welcome to Western SIEV Episode four hundred and sixty,
Speaker 1: The Bishop's War. In the middle of the trial of Hampden,
Speaker 1: on February the ninth, sixteen thirty eight, Charles issued a
Speaker 1: proclamation to Scotland in which he stated that quote we
Speaker 1: find our royal authority much impaired end quote. The King
Speaker 1: went on to declare all protests against the New Prayer
Speaker 1: Book treasonable, and the King's response, of course, was characteristic.
Speaker 1: Any attempt to curb his power he considered to be treachery,
Speaker 1: and he believed that if he made any compromise or accommodation,
Speaker 1: he would be fatally weakened in his position. In response,
Speaker 1: the Commissioners, again who are basically the government of Scotland
Speaker 1: back in Edinburgh, representing all the petitioners, drew up a
Speaker 1: national covenant in which the precepts of the former Scottish
Speaker 1: religion were re established. Among its declarations was one that
Speaker 1: the innovations of the New Prayer Book quote do sensibly
Speaker 1: tend to the re establishing of the Popish religion and tyranny,
Speaker 1: and to the subversion and ruin of the true Reformed
Speaker 1: religion and our liberties, laws and estates end quote. The
Speaker 1: people in truth were not rebelling against the King per se,
Speaker 1: but at the alliance of secular and religious authority that,
Speaker 1: at least in their minds, he had come to represent.
Speaker 1: Now the people of Scotland took their lead from the
Speaker 1: inhabitants of Edinburgh and signed the Covenant in the hundreds
Speaker 1: of thousands, declaring that they would rather die than accept
Speaker 1: the new liturgy. Many of the orthodox Scottish bishops fled
Speaker 1: to England. The response to all of this across Europe
Speaker 1: was mixed. Richelieu back in France, was inclined to support
Speaker 1: and even aid the Scottish rebels, on the grounds that
Speaker 1: trouble for the English king was always welcome. In turn,
Speaker 1: Charles did not wish the world to believe that his
Speaker 1: authority had been spurned by some of his subjects, especially
Speaker 1: because all his life he feared looking weak. When the
Speaker 1: General Assembly of the Church of Scotland met in Glasgow
Speaker 1: Cathedral toward the end of November, the bishops were charged
Speaker 1: with violating the boundaries of their proper authority. The voting,
Speaker 1: of course, went very much against the orders and wishes
Speaker 1: of the King. For the next three weeks, the delegates
Speaker 1: assembled there revised the whole form of the Scottish faith
Speaker 1: which have been imposed upon them. That or jeep was
Speaker 1: banned and abolished. The bishops who had been in charge
Speaker 1: of doing that were excommunicated, and the King's writ of
Speaker 1: law no longer ran in Scotland. As a consequence, the
Speaker 1: preparations for war on both sides intensified. The Lord's Lieutenant
Speaker 1: of counties were ordered to organize and exercise their local
Speaker 1: militias in readiness for combat. The leaders of the Scots
Speaker 1: in turn divided their country into seven military regions from
Speaker 1: which recruits would be taken. The commissioners also requested that
Speaker 1: the Scottish mercenaries fighting for the cause of Protestantism in
Speaker 1: Germany should come home to fight in this war. Truly,
Speaker 1: the clouds of rebellion and war had begun to gather.
Speaker 1: At the beginning of sixteen thirty nine, King Charles sent
Speaker 1: out a summons for the soldiers of the Kingdom of
Speaker 1: England to meet him at York. The peers of the
Speaker 1: Realm were ordered to appear in person, together with their retinues,
Speaker 1: all of which befetted their status. It didn't go well.
Speaker 1: The men for example, raised from Herefordshire, attacked and wounded
Speaker 1: their officers, betore returning to their towns and villages. Other
Speaker 1: conscripts proceeded to pillage the hamlets through which they passed.
Speaker 1: They tore down hated enclosures and parceled up previously common land.
Speaker 1: They set fire to the jails and freed the prisoners,
Speaker 1: many of whom had been detained for refusing to pay
Speaker 1: local royal taxes. They attacked the undergraduates of Oxford University,
Speaker 1: and the more precise of them attacked the altars and
Speaker 1: communion rails of the churches. They were, as one Royalist commander,
Speaker 1: Lord Conway put it, quote more fit for Bedlam or
Speaker 1: bridewell end quote than the King's service. Even many of
Speaker 1: the peers of the realm refused to show up. Many
Speaker 1: pleaded sickness. They realized if the king lost, their lands
Speaker 1: and even their lives might not be spared by the Scots,
Speaker 1: and if he won and Charles became supreme, their liberties
Speaker 1: would be further at risk. Many believed that the war
Speaker 1: was being fought on behalf of the Episcopal church and
Speaker 1: lawd and that his principal aim was to restore the
Speaker 1: bishops to their authority in Scotland, and so the war
Speaker 1: became known as the Bellum episcopal or the Bishop's War,
Speaker 1: and all the more hated because of it. Yet, truly,
Speaker 1: the war was all the more hated because it was
Speaker 1: a break with the past. For the last almost ten
Speaker 1: years England had been at peace. Things had gone well
Speaker 1: for the nation during this period of personal rule. Now
Speaker 1: it was all coming crashing down. And it was the
Speaker 1: resentment of this, perhaps more than anything else, that would
Speaker 1: add fuel to the fire of everything that's going to
Speaker 1: come afterwards. And the long period of peace also meant
Speaker 1: that basically the instruments of war had long been degraded. Swords, muskets, pikes,
Speaker 1: these were all tarnished, broken in disuse. Horses, in fact,
Speaker 1: those for war were in short supply. Now Charles went
Speaker 1: ahead anyway, and at the end of March sixteen thirty nine,
Speaker 1: the king rode into York to meet his army. Here
Speaker 1: he was graciously pleased to watch his cavaliers on their horses.
Speaker 1: The cavaliers were now a recognizable body of officers attached
Speaker 1: to the King's cause. Some of them were already professional
Speaker 1: soldiers who had served in European wars, while others were
Speaker 1: the sons of gentlemen in search of martial glory. Many
Speaker 1: of them, however, would earn a reputation as perhaps brave men,
Speaker 1: but foolish ones, certainly anti Puritan bullies, given to heavy
Speaker 1: consumption of alcohol and gambling. Now the king seems to
Speaker 1: have presumed, as the historian Clarendon put in his History
Speaker 1: of the Rebellion, that the calling together of the peers
Speaker 1: of the realm with their retinues meant that quote the
Speaker 1: glory of such a visible appearance of the whole nobility
Speaker 1: would at once terrify and reduce the Scots end quote.
Speaker 1: But if Charles's assumption was all he needed to do
Speaker 1: was show up with his army and the Scots would capitulate.
Speaker 1: In that presumption, he was very very wrong. Now it
Speaker 1: was the talk of the city, and seems to have
Speaker 1: generally been agreed in York that the peers had now
Speaker 1: become martyrs to the King's will. Maybe Charles didn't understand
Speaker 1: the gravity of the situation, but those who were about
Speaker 1: to fight on his behalf they certainly did. On May
Speaker 1: the first, Charles and his army advanced to Durham, his
Speaker 1: envoys to Scotland, and now the commander of his ships,
Speaker 1: the Marquis of Hamilton, wrote to him that quote, your
Speaker 1: Majesty's affairs are in a desperate condition. The enraged people
Speaker 1: here run to the height of rebellion and walk with
Speaker 1: a blind obedience, as by their traitorous leaders they are commanded.
Speaker 1: You will find it a work of great difficulty and
Speaker 1: a vast expense to curb them by force, their power
Speaker 1: being greater, their combination being stronger than can be imagined.
Speaker 1: End quote. The Marquis of Hamilton, who was actually himself
Speaker 1: a Scot, declared of Scotland quote next to hell, I
Speaker 1: hate this land. End quote. Now, of course, the problem
Speaker 1: with all of this is that Charles couldn't afford a
Speaker 1: difficult war. In fact, Charles couldn't afford a war of
Speaker 1: any magnitude, and by the end of May, before his
Speaker 1: troops had practically even breached the Scottish border, the Treasurer
Speaker 1: announced that the revenue of the Realm had been entirely exhausted.
Speaker 1: Charles hadn't even fought a battle, and he was out
Speaker 1: of money. And the Scots, well, they were already on
Speaker 1: the move. They had a formidable army assembled. At the
Speaker 1: beginning of June, the Scots set up arm camp at
Speaker 1: Kelso on the Scottish border. The King ordered the Earl
Speaker 1: of Holland to march three thousand men to the north
Speaker 1: and drive them out. Holland advanced, and he was about
Speaker 1: to order a charge when a cloud of dust could
Speaker 1: be seen approaching very quickly. This was taken as evidence
Speaker 1: of a larger Scottish army approaching, and so the English
Speaker 1: retreated in order. But the fiasco turned out to be
Speaker 1: a double blow to the English forces. They had not
Speaker 1: only been humiliated by the Scots, but the Scottish Lord
Speaker 1: General Alexander Leslie, seemed to know in advance the movement
Speaker 1: of Holland's men. This suggests strongly that the English had
Speaker 1: at least one traitor in their mists. On June the fifth,
Speaker 1: Alexander Leslie arrived on the border the head of an
Speaker 1: army of twelve thousand men, camped about eleven miles from
Speaker 1: the King's position. The King was at this point in
Speaker 1: no position to fight this Scottish army, and he had
Speaker 1: to bide time to prepare more fully for the war
Speaker 1: to come. The Scots, in turn, were reluctant to invade England.
Speaker 1: They feared that if they did so, they would simply
Speaker 1: arouse the nation and turn the people against them, who
Speaker 1: seemed to be honestly on their side. At this point,
Speaker 1: Parliament could be called if England was invaded, and then
Speaker 1: certainly the King would get everything that he wanted. It
Speaker 1: could be a hard fight. So the conditions were honestly
Speaker 1: right on both sides for a truce and potentially at
Speaker 1: least a brief treaty. On June eleventh, six commissioners from
Speaker 1: the Scots and six commissioners from the King sat down
Speaker 1: together at Berwick in the tent of the Earl of Arundel,
Speaker 1: Charles himself eventually joining them. Now, at this point they
Speaker 1: agreed to a treaty, but it's often been written of
Speaker 1: this treaty that nobody meant what he said or said
Speaker 1: what he meant. The treaty was merely a paper piece,
Speaker 1: and within six months the antagonists were preparing for a
Speaker 1: greater conflict. The First Bishop's War, a war without a
Speaker 1: single set piece battle, had technically come to an end.
Speaker 1: Charles the First had hoped to lead a glittering army
Speaker 1: to victory, but had instead been forced to come to
Speaker 1: terms with a people that had, to all intents and purposes,
Speaker 1: become a separate nation beyond his power to command. So
Speaker 1: he disbanded the army now that he had assembled, without
Speaker 1: thinking of any of his commanders or how to properly
Speaker 1: disband its men. Its commanders had undergone the sacrifice of
Speaker 1: bringing up their men, without giving any honors to their
Speaker 1: faithful followers. The Earl of Essex, one of the great
Speaker 1: nobles whom the King distrusted, was dismissed without a word.
Speaker 1: Soon enough, he would become one of the principal opponents
Speaker 1: of the king in the civil war to come. Meanwhile,
Speaker 1: the propaganda war continued. The Scottish Covenanters proclaimed that in
Speaker 1: maintaining their own rights, they were also fighting for English liberties.
Speaker 1: They insinuated that the proscription or exclusion of their religion
Speaker 1: would ineffably lead to the destruction of the cause of
Speaker 1: Puritanism also in England, and there were many who agreed
Speaker 1: with them. The king had also lost authority on the
Speaker 1: high seas. In the autumn of sixteen thirty nine, a
Speaker 1: Spanish fleet had been discovered at the Channel by a
Speaker 1: Dutch squadron and after a hot pursuit, took refuge in
Speaker 1: the Downs off the coast of Kent. Charles offered for
Speaker 1: a large sum to take the Spaniards under his protection
Speaker 1: and convey them to the coast of Flanders, but the
Speaker 1: Dutch were unwilling to give up the chase, and with reinforcements,
Speaker 1: they attacked the Spanish vessels and sank many of them.
Speaker 1: The English fleet, under the command of Viceroy Admiral Pennington,
Speaker 1: merely looked on as the security of the home waters
Speaker 1: of England was thoroughly violated by two different countries. The
Speaker 1: sea road to Dover was known as quote the King
Speaker 1: of England's Imperial Chamber, but the king had failed to
Speaker 1: protect it. The paralysis of Charles was a part of
Speaker 1: a much wider problem of foreign policy, where because Charles
Speaker 1: had no money and was now preoccupied by the problem
Speaker 1: of Scotland, he was obliged to just try to play
Speaker 1: one party off against the other in the hope of
Speaker 1: something working out. France, Holland and Spain had to be
Speaker 1: appeased equally, and there was only so long that Charles
Speaker 1: could pull off this dance before they realized the Emperor
Speaker 1: has no clothes. On the twenty seventh of July, just
Speaker 1: before he left Berwick, Charles had summoned an emissary sent
Speaker 1: by Sir Thomas Wentworth from Ireland. They held a long
Speaker 1: and secret conversation on matters that the King would not
Speaker 1: confide to paper. Wentworth had already told the King that
Speaker 1: he should conclude an armistice and postpone any attack upon
Speaker 1: the Scots until he was quite certain that he could
Speaker 1: defeat them. Charles now merely sent the message to the
Speaker 1: Lord Deputy saying, quote, come when you will, and you
Speaker 1: shall be welcome end quote. The King was already scheming.
Speaker 1: Wentworth urged Charles to take the affairs of Scotland into
Speaker 1: his own hands, and in addition, to call Parliament in
Speaker 1: order to be supplied with funds. The King, of course
Speaker 1: distrusted and even despised the members of Parliament, but Wentworth
Speaker 1: believed that he could organize a court party which would
Speaker 1: be able to out maneuver any opposition. If the Members
Speaker 1: of Common did not grant his demands in the face
Speaker 1: of obvious danger from the Scots, then the world would
Speaker 1: know who to blame. Now. As a consequence, at the
Speaker 1: end of sixteen thirty nine, two important things happen. Parliament
Speaker 1: was summoned and Wentworth was named the Earl of Stratford,
Speaker 1: which is how I referred him from now on. The
Speaker 1: King's councilors believed that the newly elected Parliament, shocked by
Speaker 1: what had happened in Scotland, would rally around the King.
Speaker 1: Now in this election for Parliament, only sixty two of
Speaker 1: the parliamentary elections were contested. Other candidates were selected by
Speaker 1: the principal landowners in the county and by the municipal
Speaker 1: corporations of the towns and cities, which shows you that
Speaker 1: there was some expectation that parliament would be planned. Still, unfortunately,
Speaker 1: the outcomes from these elections were not positive. It has
Speaker 1: been estimated that of the sixty or so candidates nominated
Speaker 1: or supported by the Court faction, only fourteen were successful.
Speaker 1: It'd be fair to say, however, that the majority of
Speaker 1: those elected were not partisan in any obvious sense. They
Speaker 1: were individuals who came to Westminster with a sense of
Speaker 1: local complaints, and who, when congregated together, might find that
Speaker 1: they had grievances in common. That was the most that
Speaker 1: could be expected. Preparations for another war against Scotland were
Speaker 1: actually already afoot. It was intended to press into service
Speaker 1: thirty thousand foot soldiers from counties south of the Umber River,
Speaker 1: the northern counties having given service in the last war. Meanwhile,
Speaker 1: the Covenanters were equally active in Scotland, where a call
Speaker 1: to arms was about to be issued. It did not
Speaker 1: seem possible that war could be avoided, and so the
Speaker 1: newly elected Parliament opened on April thirteenth, sixteen forty, in
Speaker 1: an era of great excitement. A bill had already been
Speaker 1: prepared with all the relevant measures in place, and it
Speaker 1: was only necessary for Parliament to pass it and the
Speaker 1: war with Scotland would begin. It was declared that then
Speaker 1: and only then, after they had passed the essential bill,
Speaker 1: would the grievances of the individual members of Parliament be discussed. Unfortunately,
Speaker 1: Parliament had a different plan. On the first day of
Speaker 1: the session, the Earl of Northumberland wrote that quote there,
Speaker 1: and we're talking about members of Parliament. Jealousies and suspicions
Speaker 1: appear on every occasion, and I fear they will not
Speaker 1: readily be persuaded to believe the fair and gracious comments
Speaker 1: and promises made to them by the king end quote.
Speaker 1: And so it was on April seventeenth that a member
Speaker 1: of Parliament stood really for the first major time, to
Speaker 1: speak on the nature of parliamentary authority. His name was
Speaker 1: John him he's going to be important in our story
Speaker 1: from here on out, so don't forget his name. He
Speaker 1: declared that quote, the powers of Parliament are to the
Speaker 1: body politic as the rational faculties of the soul to
Speaker 1: man end quote. On the twenty first of April, the
Speaker 1: King summoned both houses of Parliament to Whitehall and demanded
Speaker 1: the financial subsidies be granted to him. Two days later,
Speaker 1: the Commons went into committee and requested a conference with
Speaker 1: the Lords on the grounds that quote, until the liberties
Speaker 1: of the House and Kingdom are cleared, they knew not
Speaker 1: whether they had anything to give or know end quote.
Speaker 1: Charles was furious at this clear act of defiance. On
Speaker 1: May the first, the Commons decided by a large majority
Speaker 1: to call before them at cleric, who had stated that
Speaker 1: the King had the authority to make laws without parliament.
Speaker 1: This was considered by Charles's court yet another act of insubordination.
Speaker 1: On the following day, the Kingdom manned an immediate answer
Speaker 1: to his request for money, he was met with yet
Speaker 1: again more prevarication. On May the fourth, Charles sent another
Speaker 1: message in which he agreed to give up the collection
Speaker 1: of ship money in the future in return for twelve
Speaker 1: subsidies amounting to approximately eight hundred and fifty thousand pounds.
Speaker 1: The Committee of the Commons again broke up without reaching
Speaker 1: any definitive conclusions. One of the royal councilors, Sir Henry Vane,
Speaker 1: told the King that there was no hope that they
Speaker 1: would quote give one penny and now here I want
Speaker 1: to quote directly from Peter Aykroyd in his book Rebellion Quote.
Speaker 1: It had become apparent, at least to the court party,
Speaker 1: that the Commons had no real desire to support the
Speaker 1: King's war against Scotland. It might even have supposed that
Speaker 1: they were leaning towards the Scottish covenanters. The King had
Speaker 1: asked for supplies five times, and five times had been rebuffed.
Speaker 1: He had twice appeared in person, to no palpable effect.
Speaker 1: He had tried to negotiate, but his offers had been
Speaker 1: rejected with silence. He had pressed for speed in their decisions,
Speaker 1: with the possibility of an immediate invasion from the north,
Speaker 1: but Parliament had been dilatory and evasive end quote. Now,
Speaker 1: Rumors reached the King at this point that a petition
Speaker 1: was being drawn up by Parliament at the influence of
Speaker 1: John Pim asking him to come to terms with the Scots,
Speaker 1: and so he summoned the Speaker of Parliament and forbid
Speaker 1: him to take his place on the following day, thus
Speaker 1: avoiding the possibility of any debate, because you can't debate
Speaker 1: without the speaker in his chair. He then hurried to
Speaker 1: the lords and on May the fifth summarily dissolve parliament.
Speaker 1: This has become known in history as the stillborn, or
Speaker 1: more often short Parliament. One newly elected member of Parliament,
Speaker 1: Edward Hyde, who would later become known as Lord Clarendon,
Speaker 1: was furious. He supported the King, but he just didn't
Speaker 1: know what the future would hold for him. He wrote
Speaker 1: later that one of the leaders of the parliamentary revolt
Speaker 1: all over Sinjin, bid him be of good comfort, for
Speaker 1: things would have to get worse before they got better.
Speaker 1: But there was another member of Parliament there that day
Speaker 1: that's worth reflecting on. For the first time this man
Speaker 1: came into the House of Parliament that same year, Sir
Speaker 1: Philip Warwick wrote of him, quote, I perceived a gentleman
Speaker 1: whom I knew not very ordinarily appareled. For it was
Speaker 1: plain cloth suit that seemed to have been made by
Speaker 1: an ill country tailor. His linen was plaid and not
Speaker 1: very clean. I remember a speck or two of blood
Speaker 1: upon the little band, which was not much larger than
Speaker 1: his collar. His hat was without a hat band. His
Speaker 1: stature was of good size, his swords stuck close to
Speaker 1: his side, his countenance swollen and reddish, his voice sharp
Speaker 1: and untuneable, his eloquence full of fervor. Quote. The young
Speaker 1: man who is described here in this image is a
Speaker 1: young man named Oliver Cromwell. You're going to want to
Speaker 1: remember that name too. On the afternoon of the Disillusion,
Speaker 1: the King's Council met, in which the newly ennobled Earl
Speaker 1: of Stratford, according to notes taken at the time, advise
Speaker 1: the King to quote go on with a vigorous war
Speaker 1: as you first designed, loosed and absolved from all rules
Speaker 1: of government, being reduced to the extreme necessities, everything is
Speaker 1: to be done that power must admit end quote, And
Speaker 1: he reminded him quote, you have an army in Ireland
Speaker 1: you may employ here to reduce this kingdom. End quote.
Speaker 1: The Earl of Stratford is going to come to regret that,
Speaker 1: because it was left unclear as to which kingdom he
Speaker 1: was talking about, England or Scotland. Now, many in London
Speaker 1: elsewhere were ready to condemn the king and his counselors
Speaker 1: principle among them, of course, Stratford and the Archbishop Loud.
Speaker 1: On the seventh of May, two days after the disillusion
Speaker 1: of Parliament, the Lord Mayor of London and his Aldermen
Speaker 1: were summoned before the Council in order to provide the
Speaker 1: King with a forced loan of two hundred thousand pounds.
Speaker 1: If they refused, they were to return three days later
Speaker 1: with a list of the wealthiest Londoners who could then
Speaker 1: furnish the funds. On May tenth, they came back with
Speaker 1: no list, and ultimately the King did not execute the
Speaker 1: four aldermen, but did commit them to prison. This added
Speaker 1: more fuel to the fire that was about to break
Speaker 1: out on the streets. A force of five hundred people
Speaker 1: attempted on the night of May eleventh to storm the
Speaker 1: Archbishop's palace. The protesters were often driven off, but it
Speaker 1: was the beginning, not the end of the confrontations. The
Speaker 1: anger against the archbishop was augmented by the deliberations of
Speaker 1: a convocation going on at the same time. It turns out,
Speaker 1: of course, this body of high clergy also met always
Speaker 1: met at the time of Parliament, but on this occasion
Speaker 1: it wasn't dissolved after the abrupt conclusion of the short session.
Speaker 1: It continued to meet, granted a subsidy to the King,
Speaker 1: and announced seventeen new canons that exalted the sovereign's power.
Speaker 1: It was ordered that four times each year the clergy
Speaker 1: should preach to their congregation on the theme of divine
Speaker 1: right of kings. It was further declared that all of
Speaker 1: the clergy must take an oath to maintain both the
Speaker 1: doctrine and discipline of the Church, and not to allow
Speaker 1: any alteration in its government by archbishops, bishop's deans, anyone's.
Speaker 1: This became known derisively as the etc Oath. How could
Speaker 1: clerics obey a ruling of which the contents were so
Speaker 1: uncertain without the assent of Parliament? In any case, everyone
Speaker 1: believed that these decrees were simply illegal. When the Chancellor
Speaker 1: of the Bishop of London entered one church to exact
Speaker 1: the oath with a great mace carried before him. Passerby
Speaker 1: stopped him with the words quotes I cared nothing for
Speaker 1: you nor for your art to choke. The Scots heard
Speaker 1: of the news in England, and they were ecstatic. A
Speaker 1: parliament met in Edinburgh, its members now believing that the
Speaker 1: people of England were no longer inclined to support their king,
Speaker 1: and so they passed into law a number of acts
Speaker 1: without royal assent. It was, in essence a declaration of war.
Speaker 1: Yet what could Charles do. He had formed no fresh army,
Speaker 1: and the troops still courted at Newcastle after the last
Speaker 1: conflict were untrained and impoverished. Once more, the king demanded
Speaker 1: ship money from London. The sheriffs went from house to
Speaker 1: house to exact the tax, but crazily, and this is true,
Speaker 1: only one man in all of the city of London
Speaker 1: agreed to pay it. Schemes for loans that they might
Speaker 1: get from France and from the bankers at Genoa ultimately
Speaker 1: came to nothing. The laborers and craftsmen of England were
Speaker 1: again pressed into service in the King's army for a
Speaker 1: cause about which they knew or cared very little. News
Speaker 1: of the disorder came from most of the southern counties,
Speaker 1: and one of the first open mutinies broke out in Warwickshire.
Speaker 1: Some of the men of Devon, stopping at Wellington, murdered
Speaker 1: a Roman Catholic lieutenant who refused to accompany them to church.
Speaker 1: When all of these unlikely and unwilling recruits finally arrived
Speaker 1: in North Yorkshire, their commander described them as the quote
Speaker 1: arch naves of the country, and so rather inauspiciously began
Speaker 1: the Second Bishops War.