1
00:00:00,840 --> 00:00:03,000
Speaker 1: Welcome to another episode of the Crime Page a Bond

2
00:00:03,080 --> 00:00:05,280
He Doesen Podcasts. Today, we're going to be talking about

3
00:00:05,320 --> 00:00:09,359
something called the alternation of generations, which is some really

4
00:00:09,400 --> 00:00:12,960
weird shit that plants do, animals don't do, humans don't

5
00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:17,239
do it. It's fucking weird. It's bizarre. There's nothing analogous

6
00:00:17,280 --> 00:00:21,920
to it, like I said, in animals, but basically alternation

7
00:00:21,960 --> 00:00:23,719
of generations. One of the benefits of it is it

8
00:00:23,719 --> 00:00:31,160
allows plants to produce exponentially more progeny than they otherwise would.

9
00:00:31,399 --> 00:00:34,479
That's one of the potential benefits. But also it's just

10
00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:38,880
you know, they evolve from algae. Green algae do it.

11
00:00:37,679 --> 00:00:45,520
It's weird, and flowering plants it's totally reduced. In mosses

12
00:00:45,719 --> 00:00:49,560
and all the other bryophytes, liver warts and horn warts

13
00:00:50,119 --> 00:00:51,759
have You probably even know what the shit a horn

14
00:00:51,759 --> 00:00:53,479
wart is. I didn't even have any photos of it

15
00:00:53,520 --> 00:00:55,320
on my i astrillists when I was putting together a

16
00:00:55,359 --> 00:01:00,719
presentation for this class later or earlier. But it's in

17
00:01:00,759 --> 00:01:04,079
the bride fights. It's just especially weird. In ferns it's

18
00:01:04,239 --> 00:01:07,640
weird too, you know. It's got to do with gametophytes.

19
00:01:08,799 --> 00:01:14,239
Sporo fights, haploid diploid mitosis, miosis, all this shit. If

20
00:01:14,280 --> 00:01:16,680
you're already familiar with most of this stuff, this might

21
00:01:16,719 --> 00:01:19,040
be boring to you. It might not be fun. I'll

22
00:01:19,079 --> 00:01:22,319
try to throw in some extra cursing and profanity and

23
00:01:23,200 --> 00:01:26,079
get lost in some anecdotal stories, some little cute stories.

24
00:01:26,680 --> 00:01:30,799
But if you're a lay person, this is really important

25
00:01:30,799 --> 00:01:34,319
to know because it's how plants reproduce and also it's

26
00:01:34,359 --> 00:01:38,799
just fascinating shit. It's what enables phenotypic change in plants.

27
00:01:38,840 --> 00:01:42,480
It's what enables well the haploid and the diploid cycle do.

28
00:01:42,799 --> 00:01:46,400
It's what enables natural selection to occur. In order for

29
00:01:46,439 --> 00:01:49,640
the environment to select for something, you've got to have

30
00:01:49,799 --> 00:01:52,439
phenotypic change, right, If everything was just a clone of itself,

31
00:01:52,480 --> 00:01:54,599
you wouldn't have any of that. But anyway, we'll get

32
00:01:54,599 --> 00:01:56,079
into that later. At first, I want to talk about

33
00:01:56,120 --> 00:01:58,079
the last couple of days, because I've been in some

34
00:01:58,079 --> 00:02:01,799
pretty lovely places, especially yesterday when I was collecting Pinus

35
00:02:01,879 --> 00:02:05,599
ramota seed, where Pinus ramota is a pinion pine. Sometimes

36
00:02:05,599 --> 00:02:11,120
it's classified as a subspecies or variety of Pinus sombroidies,

37
00:02:12,319 --> 00:02:14,520
which is another pinion pine that you get in northern

38
00:02:14,560 --> 00:02:19,199
Mexico and in a few places in the southwestern United States.

39
00:02:20,319 --> 00:02:24,719
They're edible obviously, you're eating mostly gometofitic tissue. By the way,

40
00:02:24,759 --> 00:02:27,919
when you're eating a pine a pine nut, you know

41
00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:30,919
where it's like if you're eating a seed of a

42
00:02:30,919 --> 00:02:36,800
flowering plant, you're mostly eating triploid endosperm. You know, angel

43
00:02:36,840 --> 00:02:39,400
sperms have a whole double fertilization thing, but don't worry

44
00:02:39,400 --> 00:02:42,879
about that anyway. But this the fucking landscape. God, these

45
00:02:42,960 --> 00:02:46,960
landscapes in West Texas are just so fucking intoxicating, man.

46
00:02:47,080 --> 00:02:49,960
I mean, just to be able to look for miles

47
00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:52,639
and not see anybody, and especially not see a fucking

48
00:02:52,680 --> 00:02:56,199
car dealership or a billboard for some sleeves bag pig

49
00:02:56,199 --> 00:03:03,039
attorney or you know, thousands of you or other primate relatives,

50
00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:08,199
you know, individuals of your same species, the Homo sapiens,

51
00:03:08,599 --> 00:03:10,879
you know, driving around in these career this is like

52
00:03:11,120 --> 00:03:14,520
especially United States thing where you know, everything is car

53
00:03:14,560 --> 00:03:20,080
culture predominates. You know, we've all been been stuck in

54
00:03:20,159 --> 00:03:23,479
this hyper cardependent lifestyle where you don't move. You come

55
00:03:23,520 --> 00:03:27,120
down with metabolic diseases early from living a sedentary lifestyle

56
00:03:27,159 --> 00:03:28,960
and you're also breathing in a whole bunch of nasty

57
00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:32,639
shit that comes off these things, these these automobiles. Anyway,

58
00:03:32,919 --> 00:03:34,759
it's nice to be able to just look out and

59
00:03:34,800 --> 00:03:37,599
see nothing. I was instead of seeing all the horrible

60
00:03:37,639 --> 00:03:40,360
shit that makes me want to puke in everyday human

61
00:03:40,400 --> 00:03:43,719
society here in the United States, probably the ugliest First

62
00:03:43,759 --> 00:03:46,680
world country that there is. All Right, we've really fucked

63
00:03:46,759 --> 00:03:49,360
up our landscape, just made it into a commercial cesspool.

64
00:03:49,520 --> 00:03:51,919
Instead of looking at those things I was looking at.

65
00:03:51,919 --> 00:03:54,879
I saw some prairie dogs. I saw a prong horn,

66
00:03:55,680 --> 00:03:58,159
I saw a whole bunch of really cool plants. I

67
00:03:58,199 --> 00:04:03,199
saw vast mountain ranges, cool cloud formations, the beautiful fucking sunset,

68
00:04:03,759 --> 00:04:07,759
et cetera. It's crazy to me how many people will

69
00:04:07,800 --> 00:04:12,280
never get to experience that, especially especially in the eastern

70
00:04:12,319 --> 00:04:14,800
half of the United States where there's no public land.

71
00:04:14,800 --> 00:04:17,839
There's no public land in Texas either, But you know,

72
00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:20,199
most of the bodany, most of the exploration you just

73
00:04:20,240 --> 00:04:22,600
do on the road sides, unless you're you know, well,

74
00:04:22,639 --> 00:04:26,680
in the trespass or you know, you know the property

75
00:04:26,759 --> 00:04:30,279
units and care or whatever. But once you get west

76
00:04:30,319 --> 00:04:33,480
to Texas, all the land, all the States have a

77
00:04:33,600 --> 00:04:38,279
large amount of public land, which is crazy to me that.

78
00:04:38,879 --> 00:04:40,839
I mean, so many people in Texas don't realize that.

79
00:04:40,920 --> 00:04:44,399
So many people don't realize that in most of the

80
00:04:44,399 --> 00:04:47,439
eastern United States, where eighty six percent of the land

81
00:04:47,959 --> 00:04:51,000
is private. Texas it's like ninety eight percent, but especially

82
00:04:51,040 --> 00:04:54,040
everyhere east the Mississippi River, most of the land is private.

83
00:04:54,079 --> 00:04:56,360
I think it is literally like eighty six percent. So

84
00:04:56,399 --> 00:04:58,399
there's all this land that you can't go on. And

85
00:04:58,439 --> 00:05:01,639
it's not because there's a house there, because there's et cetera,

86
00:05:01,800 --> 00:05:04,040
even a development there. It's just privately owned. In the

87
00:05:04,040 --> 00:05:07,759
case of Texas especially, everything's privately owned. There's no house,

88
00:05:07,800 --> 00:05:10,439
there's nothing you're not in. You're not encroaching at anybody's

89
00:05:10,480 --> 00:05:15,000
private shit. It's just you know, say five thousand acres

90
00:05:15,040 --> 00:05:17,279
that a family owns, or a trust or you know

91
00:05:17,399 --> 00:05:22,120
some rich freak who's the ex CEO of Cisco Corporation. Real,

92
00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:25,480
but who's probably not listening to this podcast, so I

93
00:05:25,480 --> 00:05:27,240
can I can say that. Otherwise, you know, some of

94
00:05:27,240 --> 00:05:30,839
those rich freaks they get real litigious, they get the chance.

95
00:05:30,920 --> 00:05:35,839
But anyway, yeah, it's it's fucking Nevada is all public land.

96
00:05:35,879 --> 00:05:40,160
I mean, you can literally just roll around anywhere, botanize anywhere,

97
00:05:41,040 --> 00:05:43,920
and you know, if it's a private property, they've got

98
00:05:43,959 --> 00:05:45,800
to hang a sign, the owner's got to hang a sign,

99
00:05:45,879 --> 00:05:49,720
they's got to fence it, et cetera. Otherwise, everything's fair

100
00:05:49,800 --> 00:05:51,680
game for you to walk on. And surprisingly not a

101
00:05:51,680 --> 00:05:54,639
lot of the land gets trashed, you know, until the

102
00:05:54,680 --> 00:05:57,639
federal government comes in and due to lobbying, tries to

103
00:05:57,680 --> 00:06:00,319
sell it off to like a solar farm or sit

104
00:06:00,360 --> 00:06:02,680
to fucking mining or drilling or whatever the fuck. But

105
00:06:03,639 --> 00:06:07,000
you know, there's always a lot of a lot of resistance,

106
00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:10,920
especially from the right wingers, about public land. They want

107
00:06:10,920 --> 00:06:13,319
it the you know, how's they They try to they

108
00:06:13,360 --> 00:06:15,920
try to mislabel it is a government thing. Oh, it's

109
00:06:15,959 --> 00:06:19,399
the federal government runs it, you know it's not. Actually

110
00:06:19,399 --> 00:06:21,480
it's yeah, it's the federal government might run it. But

111
00:06:21,519 --> 00:06:24,199
the public has open access to it. So fuck you

112
00:06:24,240 --> 00:06:26,600
if you want to take that away from people. You know,

113
00:06:26,680 --> 00:06:29,560
this this more this Reagan shit. You know that the

114
00:06:29,560 --> 00:06:32,800
the federal government can't do anything right. You know, they're

115
00:06:32,839 --> 00:06:34,720
just gonna fuck the land up. Really, I've seen more

116
00:06:34,759 --> 00:06:39,079
private landowners fuck parcels of land up you know, in

117
00:06:39,120 --> 00:06:44,199
their unthinking, mouth breathing choices they make. Then I've seen

118
00:06:44,240 --> 00:06:47,439
the federal government though, I mean it's possible either one.

119
00:06:47,560 --> 00:06:50,879
Can you know, fuck a landscape and an ecosystem into

120
00:06:50,920 --> 00:06:56,279
a coma. But to think that private landowners somehow innately

121
00:06:56,600 --> 00:06:58,720
know more, or care more, or take better care of

122
00:06:58,759 --> 00:07:00,839
their land, it's complete insane. A lot of them don't

123
00:07:00,839 --> 00:07:03,680
give a shit. They'll sell it off to the highest bidder.

124
00:07:03,720 --> 00:07:07,040
They'll divide it up into smaller parcels and build hideous

125
00:07:07,079 --> 00:07:09,879
tracked homes on it there. They'll I get a wild

126
00:07:09,920 --> 00:07:11,759
hair if they're ass you know, some drunk guy with

127
00:07:11,839 --> 00:07:13,519
his skids theor he just wants to go out in

128
00:07:13,560 --> 00:07:16,519
clear land that makes him feel fucking manly or some shit.

129
00:07:16,519 --> 00:07:18,199
I don't know. I've seen that appen too. You know

130
00:07:18,600 --> 00:07:20,839
a lot of these, you know, these men, especially if

131
00:07:20,879 --> 00:07:22,560
you get him hammerd you give him a skids theer

132
00:07:22,600 --> 00:07:25,120
or power quip, they just go out there just fucking around,

133
00:07:26,079 --> 00:07:28,959
try to like real line a creek, fuck up an

134
00:07:29,079 --> 00:07:32,079
entire watershed in the process or something. I've seen all

135
00:07:32,160 --> 00:07:37,199
kinds of goofy shit, you know. Anyway, it was a beautiful,

136
00:07:37,519 --> 00:07:41,399
a beautiful night yesterday and a couple of days before,

137
00:07:42,040 --> 00:07:45,480
I was passing through San Marcos, Texas again, and I

138
00:07:45,560 --> 00:07:47,800
had I was gonna go when I was going to

139
00:07:47,839 --> 00:07:50,720
talk with Dan Hostage and I hadn't met him yet,

140
00:07:50,720 --> 00:07:52,759
and he didn't know my dogs. I didn't know his dogs.

141
00:07:53,160 --> 00:07:54,720
One or two of his dog well, one of his

142
00:07:54,759 --> 00:07:58,560
dogs is fucking nuts, beautiful dog, absolutely crazy though, won't

143
00:07:58,600 --> 00:07:59,959
let you get close to it. I didn't want to,

144
00:08:00,959 --> 00:08:05,120
you know, mess up my well behaved healers, especially the

145
00:08:05,199 --> 00:08:10,040
geriatric one, the blue healer. So so I got I

146
00:08:10,079 --> 00:08:12,160
did something I will never ever do again. I got

147
00:08:12,160 --> 00:08:16,000
an Airbnb in someone's house, which is the fucking weirdest

148
00:08:16,079 --> 00:08:19,120
shit I've ever done. I can't believe they It's just

149
00:08:19,120 --> 00:08:21,319
like bottom of the barrel. Desperation ended up being like

150
00:08:21,319 --> 00:08:23,079
eighty bucks. I could have just stayed in the Day's

151
00:08:23,079 --> 00:08:26,240
in it probably would have. I should have. I should

152
00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:29,519
have endured the spiritual debasement of like staying in a

153
00:08:29,519 --> 00:08:33,559
motel six, which can be really bad. You know, it hurts,

154
00:08:33,720 --> 00:08:35,440
you know, you're left with the scar It's like I

155
00:08:35,440 --> 00:08:37,559
have to eat a subway sandwich or something like, why

156
00:08:37,600 --> 00:08:39,879
the fuck did I do that? You know, I ate

157
00:08:39,919 --> 00:08:43,600
a fish fillet from McDonald's. I fucking never eat McDonald's never.

158
00:08:43,639 --> 00:08:46,320
It's disgusting. But I was on the road, I was hungry.

159
00:08:47,120 --> 00:08:49,279
I'd certainly never put any of that fucking meat in

160
00:08:49,279 --> 00:08:52,720
my mouth. But uh, but I figure a fish fill

161
00:08:52,759 --> 00:08:54,799
a Whatever I ate, it was disguis. I fucking hated

162
00:08:54,840 --> 00:08:58,559
myself afterwards. Right, I should have just gotten subway Subway.

163
00:08:58,559 --> 00:09:00,960
I'd still hate myself, but at least it's one healthier anyway.

164
00:09:02,320 --> 00:09:03,960
I saw I stayed in this Airbnb, and it was

165
00:09:04,000 --> 00:09:06,320
funny because the neighborhood it was in was one of

166
00:09:06,320 --> 00:09:08,799
these new cul de sacs suburbs that they build in Texas,

167
00:09:08,840 --> 00:09:11,840
basically anywhere along the I thirty five corridor between San

168
00:09:11,840 --> 00:09:15,480
Antonio and Austin, which is also ironically the most hideous

169
00:09:15,519 --> 00:09:17,960
part of Texas. I would say, well, Dallas has some

170
00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:20,879
close contenders, but you know, it's just car dealerships, twelve

171
00:09:20,960 --> 00:09:24,360
lane mega highway frontage roads that are basically an extension

172
00:09:24,360 --> 00:09:29,519
of the highway. I mean, it is some fucking defiled shit.

173
00:09:29,679 --> 00:09:34,440
It is its hideous, it's a hideous landscape. Oh the

174
00:09:34,440 --> 00:09:37,480
amount of billboards, the gist of oh god, that's what

175
00:09:37,559 --> 00:09:39,600
hell would be like for me, as good as you

176
00:09:39,679 --> 00:09:42,480
might feel being in some beautiful mountains or in a

177
00:09:42,519 --> 00:09:47,200
remote you know, Florida swamp, or in a fucking prairie

178
00:09:47,960 --> 00:09:52,840
you know in western Louisiana, or a prairie or a

179
00:09:52,879 --> 00:09:56,600
cedar glade in Tennessee, or a fucking temperate rainforest in

180
00:09:56,639 --> 00:09:59,559
the Pacific Northwest. As good as you feel, imagine the

181
00:09:59,600 --> 00:10:03,080
exact opposite, you know, minus the fire and brimstone and

182
00:10:03,080 --> 00:10:06,360
someone's sticking a hot poker in your ass. That minus

183
00:10:06,360 --> 00:10:09,080
all that. That's what driving the I thirty five quarter

184
00:10:09,120 --> 00:10:12,879
between Austin and San Antonio was like, it is fucking horrendous,

185
00:10:12,919 --> 00:10:17,039
horrific ough anyway, But they build these little cul de

186
00:10:17,159 --> 00:10:19,360
sac communities, you know, with the curvy streets, to imply

187
00:10:20,440 --> 00:10:22,559
that there's more space that there than there is that

188
00:10:22,600 --> 00:10:25,360
you're like living in the countryside. Every house had a lawn,

189
00:10:25,440 --> 00:10:28,320
it was. Every house is also like six feet away

190
00:10:28,320 --> 00:10:32,000
from the one next to it. And uh, Anyway, this

191
00:10:32,120 --> 00:10:33,879
lady like she was probably I think she had just

192
00:10:33,919 --> 00:10:38,399
gotten divorced from her husband, who knows, and uh, I

193
00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:41,159
get it. I sympathize with her. You know, she's probably

194
00:10:41,159 --> 00:10:44,960
didn't want to rent out a room. But she did anyway,

195
00:10:45,039 --> 00:10:47,399
and she had like made all the airbnbs are always

196
00:10:47,440 --> 00:10:50,759
all the same too, they're like plastic plants, really, you know,

197
00:10:51,480 --> 00:10:54,919
non confrontational colors, gray, lots of gray. We love gray

198
00:10:55,679 --> 00:10:58,559
and uh and the fucking art on the wall was

199
00:10:58,600 --> 00:11:01,600
horrific too. It was it was like, you know the

200
00:11:01,639 --> 00:11:04,480
ship you buy at Pier One Imports or Marshals or

201
00:11:05,039 --> 00:11:09,159
fucking Michaels whatever, whatever the fucking you know, the depressing

202
00:11:09,480 --> 00:11:11,639
chain stores that you steal from when you're a teenager.

203
00:11:12,080 --> 00:11:14,120
I don't think anyone steals some Peer one Imports. What

204
00:11:14,120 --> 00:11:16,879
would you steal some plastic shit that came over in

205
00:11:16,919 --> 00:11:22,320
a Chinese shipping container. I don't know anyway, But it

206
00:11:22,360 --> 00:11:24,000
was like that had that decour and it was like

207
00:11:24,080 --> 00:11:26,360
ninety degrees in the room because the air conditioning wasn't

208
00:11:26,399 --> 00:11:29,200
reaching it for some reason. And go in the bathroom

209
00:11:29,200 --> 00:11:31,519
and there's there's no like, there's no soap. It's just

210
00:11:31,559 --> 00:11:34,320
all this that body wash that smells like a stripper

211
00:11:34,320 --> 00:11:36,480
that no offense to strippers, that comes out of a

212
00:11:37,080 --> 00:11:40,360
pump bottle, you know, it just like the fake floral

213
00:11:40,399 --> 00:11:45,600
scent that you know, bath and bodyworks scent. Just the

214
00:11:45,720 --> 00:11:48,840
really experience, a really rough experience I could have done without,

215
00:11:48,919 --> 00:11:52,919
you know it just this again, I felt spiritually defiled,

216
00:11:54,120 --> 00:11:56,000
you know, like someone had opened up my soul and

217
00:11:56,039 --> 00:11:59,039
taken a shit in it. Uh and so, and it

218
00:11:59,120 --> 00:12:00,799
was like again it was like I should have just

219
00:12:00,799 --> 00:12:02,480
stayed in the fucking days and you know when I

220
00:12:02,480 --> 00:12:04,879
got the waffle machine and then I woke up the

221
00:12:04,919 --> 00:12:10,279
next day and I just felt bad. Me and Pria

222
00:12:10,360 --> 00:12:12,679
both we just felt bad about ourselves. You know, we

223
00:12:12,799 --> 00:12:15,679
just felt pretty bad. You just feel bad. And I

224
00:12:15,759 --> 00:12:17,879
was trying to make the lady's there at her house,

225
00:12:17,879 --> 00:12:19,840
so I was like was talking with it was like

226
00:12:19,840 --> 00:12:23,639
trying to be friendly and stuff, and she's, yeah, yeah,

227
00:12:23,960 --> 00:12:27,639
you know that like really basic Caucasian woman thing that

228
00:12:27,639 --> 00:12:31,799
they do, you know, yeah, like just fucking surface conversation,

229
00:12:32,840 --> 00:12:35,200
no offense to her, but obviously fake. You know, he

230
00:12:35,200 --> 00:12:36,960
doesn't give a shit what I'm doing. She just wants

231
00:12:37,000 --> 00:12:39,679
to make money off this fucking transaction and give me

232
00:12:39,720 --> 00:12:41,600
the fuck out of there. Hope I don't knock a

233
00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:45,559
hole in the wall. And uh yeah, it was just

234
00:12:45,919 --> 00:12:48,519
it was I hate that too. I was like trying

235
00:12:48,519 --> 00:12:50,320
to be nice and she's just made me feel like

236
00:12:50,360 --> 00:12:51,639
a phony. I was like, all right, you know I

237
00:12:51,720 --> 00:12:56,279
was genuine, but just being talked to like that, Yeah, okay, well,

238
00:12:57,480 --> 00:12:59,480
oh god, all right, what I even try? That made

239
00:12:59,480 --> 00:13:01,919
me feel the filed. You know, it made me feel

240
00:13:01,960 --> 00:13:05,519
like I like I was, you know anyway, So that

241
00:13:05,600 --> 00:13:09,120
was unpleasant. But uh but I made up for it

242
00:13:09,159 --> 00:13:12,519
two days later when I was in when I was

243
00:13:12,559 --> 00:13:15,519
collecting pine seeds. So I was collecting this species of

244
00:13:15,519 --> 00:13:18,720
pine Pinus ramota because apparently it's very heat and drought tolerant.

245
00:13:19,080 --> 00:13:22,159
No shit, it grows in a desert. It grows in

246
00:13:22,240 --> 00:13:25,120
the I guess what you could call the high desert

247
00:13:25,159 --> 00:13:28,039
of West Texas, high being like elevation forty three hundred

248
00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:33,759
feet with all those cool kylanthoid ferns like Astrolepis. And

249
00:13:33,799 --> 00:13:38,039
there was a Thymophila. What was the thymophyla species? I saw?

250
00:13:38,080 --> 00:13:43,720
There was yuca everywhere too, Yuka torrie and Yuca elatta,

251
00:13:44,240 --> 00:13:48,759
And yeah, what was that thymophila? Oh God, saw so

252
00:13:48,840 --> 00:13:52,200
much good stuff. Yeah, Thymophyla Cetifolia croton dio week is.

253
00:13:53,120 --> 00:13:55,759
There was a buckwheat there too. It's at this little

254
00:13:55,799 --> 00:13:58,159
it's at this little like picnic area, which is what

255
00:13:58,519 --> 00:14:01,120
Texas calls arresto. They don't worry. They maybe the don't

256
00:14:01,159 --> 00:14:02,759
want to call it a rest stop because if they apply,

257
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:05,120
if they say restop, that implies you can sleep there,

258
00:14:05,159 --> 00:14:07,360
and they didn't look the sure certainly won't allow that.

259
00:14:07,840 --> 00:14:10,240
But they call it a picnic area. You know, there's

260
00:14:10,279 --> 00:14:11,960
no spot to take a shit unless you want to

261
00:14:11,960 --> 00:14:15,360
dig a hole. But they got a little picnic table.

262
00:14:15,399 --> 00:14:19,799
You can eat, you can hang out whatever. Uh some

263
00:14:19,960 --> 00:14:22,639
lady ended up no one came into the spot. We

264
00:14:22,639 --> 00:14:24,279
were there for like two or three hours. Some lady

265
00:14:24,320 --> 00:14:27,240
came in later who was on in route to Portland

266
00:14:27,360 --> 00:14:30,559
from Houston. As much as I hate Portland, that's gotta

267
00:14:30,559 --> 00:14:33,120
be a nice transition to go from fucking Houston. Talk

268
00:14:33,200 --> 00:14:36,559
about a miserable, fucking area. Jesus Christ, no offense to

269
00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:40,600
anybody in Houston. I feel for you, buddy. You know,

270
00:14:40,679 --> 00:14:43,600
the car slum, the commercial slum, the retail slum. That's

271
00:14:43,639 --> 00:14:48,559
what Houston is, man, It's anyway. But uh, yeah, she

272
00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:50,519
was going route to Portland, so she hung out and

273
00:14:51,120 --> 00:14:53,080
we talked to her for a little bit. I guess

274
00:14:53,120 --> 00:14:56,320
she was going to sleep in her car there. But

275
00:14:56,320 --> 00:14:58,320
but yeah, there was a buckwheat species there to Aria

276
00:14:58,320 --> 00:15:02,919
agonam harass a fullium, which is a fucking gorgeous and

277
00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:07,519
somewhat narrow endemic buckweed. It grows in New Mexico, Texas.

278
00:15:07,639 --> 00:15:10,679
This whole area kind of felt like parts of southeastern

279
00:15:10,720 --> 00:15:13,960
New Mexico, which again is another like insanely beautiful spot.

280
00:15:13,960 --> 00:15:16,759
And again once you cross over at Stay Lined, you're

281
00:15:16,799 --> 00:15:20,840
in public land. Like once you leave Texas, you know, well,

282
00:15:20,879 --> 00:15:23,399
first off, you can feel the cultural repression kind of

283
00:15:23,399 --> 00:15:26,320
ease up a little bit, and uh, then you also

284
00:15:26,360 --> 00:15:30,720
have public land everywhere. But it just I love these landscapes. Man.

285
00:15:30,759 --> 00:15:33,960
The whole landscape is it's and it's all limestone. It's limestone.

286
00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:36,159
And then all the plants are like mint green, like

287
00:15:36,320 --> 00:15:40,840
chalky mint green from all the hairs on them tiny

288
00:15:40,919 --> 00:15:44,639
in most cases, tiny little oppressed hairs, you know, like

289
00:15:44,679 --> 00:15:47,879
a little coat like hairs that are parallel to the

290
00:15:48,000 --> 00:15:51,399
leaf that gives them that chalky mint green color. All right.

291
00:15:51,519 --> 00:15:56,120
Croton Dioecus was like that. Bauerjavia linear folio was another

292
00:15:56,120 --> 00:15:58,360
one I saw. It's a nick tadge. I'd never seen

293
00:15:58,399 --> 00:16:00,720
that one before. Dalia Greggy, I have seen that in

294
00:16:00,759 --> 00:16:05,960
Waivo Leone, all these chalky mint green species, you know

295
00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:08,960
what would sucked though. I saw a long billed curl curlew,

296
00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:13,799
really beautiful bird that had just gotten smacked by a truck.

297
00:16:14,960 --> 00:16:18,639
I presume that was on one of the roads just

298
00:16:18,679 --> 00:16:22,039
before this, and I was such a It was a

299
00:16:22,120 --> 00:16:23,879
rough injury. The thing was still alive. It felt so

300
00:16:23,960 --> 00:16:26,240
bad for it. So I picked it up and it

301
00:16:26,279 --> 00:16:28,240
made this little whimpering sound. It was just laying there

302
00:16:28,279 --> 00:16:29,639
in the sun. I wanted to just get it out

303
00:16:29,679 --> 00:16:31,279
of the sun. I picked it up very gently and

304
00:16:31,799 --> 00:16:35,399
went and placed it in some some tall grass that

305
00:16:35,519 --> 00:16:39,240
was off to the side. Such a gorgeous bird. I

306
00:16:39,279 --> 00:16:40,840
felt so bad for it. I hung out with it

307
00:16:40,879 --> 00:16:42,559
for a minute to it. Placed my hand on it,

308
00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:46,120
you know, I said, hey, peace, peace be, would you

309
00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:49,399
as you go into the the afterlife? No, seriously, I was,

310
00:16:49,440 --> 00:16:53,159
you know, gave it a moment of peace and uh.

311
00:16:53,960 --> 00:16:56,559
And I don't think it was freaking out at this

312
00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:59,320
point that already moved it. Hopefully I didn't fucking terrify.

313
00:16:59,320 --> 00:17:01,360
I think I'm sure under a lot of stress, but

314
00:17:01,679 --> 00:17:03,799
I think hopefully it figured out I wasn't gonna eat

315
00:17:03,799 --> 00:17:06,160
it after thirty seconds for a minute, but you know,

316
00:17:07,079 --> 00:17:11,599
I had a little moment then and and and wished

317
00:17:11,640 --> 00:17:14,240
it well on its journey into the next dimension or

318
00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:17,400
wherever the fuck it's going. So that was really sad.

319
00:17:17,599 --> 00:17:19,559
That was at the prairie dog spot. There's a prairie

320
00:17:19,640 --> 00:17:21,920
dog town in West Texas, which is pretty cool, little

321
00:17:21,920 --> 00:17:26,720
prairie dog town north of Marathon with prong horn just

322
00:17:26,759 --> 00:17:29,160
hanging out, you know, just just hanging out on these

323
00:17:29,240 --> 00:17:33,839
these vast epic plains with the nice landscape of mountains

324
00:17:33,839 --> 00:17:39,480
in the background. Pronghorn antelope more closely related to giraffes

325
00:17:39,599 --> 00:17:44,559
than to deer. So anyway, these pines had just dropped seeds.

326
00:17:44,559 --> 00:17:46,880
They'd been dropped. There were still some seeds in the

327
00:17:46,880 --> 00:17:50,960
cones up on the trees, but they had they had

328
00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:52,839
mostly dropped. They had dropped most of their seeds, so

329
00:17:52,880 --> 00:17:54,279
most of the seeds that we were picking up were

330
00:17:54,359 --> 00:17:57,000
on the ground, and a bunch of Germany already. I

331
00:17:57,000 --> 00:17:59,480
guess they'd gotten a decent rain the whole area too.

332
00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:01,720
Of course, it had rained. The whole area was green,

333
00:18:02,480 --> 00:18:05,599
Like the whole fucking drive there was green. The desert

334
00:18:05,640 --> 00:18:09,960
looked so good. Parthenium and Canum, a member of Asteraci

335
00:18:10,039 --> 00:18:13,799
and some somewhat closely related to Ambrosia to the ragweeds.

336
00:18:13,839 --> 00:18:16,960
But this is an insect pollinated parthenium or insect pollinated.

337
00:18:16,960 --> 00:18:20,400
Parthenium is an insect pollinated, not a wind pollinated like

338
00:18:20,440 --> 00:18:25,440
the ragweeds. Parthenium is an insect pollinated genus. And it

339
00:18:25,559 --> 00:18:28,680
was it was, yeah, they were. There was a whole

340
00:18:28,759 --> 00:18:31,359
hillside lit up in parthenium or in canam giving it

341
00:18:31,400 --> 00:18:34,279
this like chalky mint green color. And then there were

342
00:18:34,319 --> 00:18:36,480
just it only reaches a height of like two feet.

343
00:18:36,839 --> 00:18:39,680
But then there was Yucca tore i and a lotta

344
00:18:40,599 --> 00:18:43,680
just poking up everywhere. Another thing at this spot that

345
00:18:43,839 --> 00:18:47,799
was cool was the plant Hoffmann Segia glocca, which is

346
00:18:47,839 --> 00:18:49,880
a little p it's a little pea in the sasee

347
00:18:49,880 --> 00:18:56,039
alpinioid subfamily, so it's got safe alpinioid flowers, five distinct petals.

348
00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:59,920
They don't have that banner wings and keel flower more fun,

349
00:19:00,440 --> 00:19:04,039
you know, banner petal, wing pedals, keel pedal that members

350
00:19:04,079 --> 00:19:06,960
of you know, like the true p subfamily Faboidi, have

351
00:19:07,400 --> 00:19:09,759
a lot of the saytyu pennyways are cool Senna say

352
00:19:09,759 --> 00:19:15,119
Selpinia erythrostemmen. I've seen some really cool fucking Hoffman segia

353
00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:17,640
and the deserts of Baja California as well as Chile.

354
00:19:18,440 --> 00:19:21,920
But Hoffman Segia at Glaca is our local West Texas one.

355
00:19:21,960 --> 00:19:24,079
It's a little it's a little uh herb. Well, they

356
00:19:24,119 --> 00:19:25,839
get kind of woody. I think they get a little

357
00:19:25,839 --> 00:19:27,680
bit of woody stem. But either way, they're cool. They

358
00:19:28,039 --> 00:19:32,640
they got a perennial root, beautiful flowers like glands on

359
00:19:32,680 --> 00:19:37,640
the flowers like red sepals and bright yellow petals. But

360
00:19:37,720 --> 00:19:40,279
it was busting up through the fucking asphalt on the

361
00:19:40,400 --> 00:19:44,240
road at this spot near the Prairie Dog County, which

362
00:19:44,240 --> 00:19:46,000
I thought was pretty cool. Oh yeah, and there was

363
00:19:46,119 --> 00:19:50,480
Zenia anomaly there too. Another weird West Texas plant West

364
00:19:50,519 --> 00:19:54,599
Texas Northwest Mexico Zinia is astaraci. You've probably heard some

365
00:19:54,680 --> 00:19:57,920
granny talk about the zinnias in her garden, right, she's

366
00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:00,920
growing the Mexican species. No doubt. Those are the ornamental,

367
00:20:00,960 --> 00:20:03,839
showy ones that you'd see, you know, like in a

368
00:20:03,960 --> 00:20:07,119
fucking garden setting, unless it was like a native plant garden,

369
00:20:07,119 --> 00:20:09,000
you know, unless it was someone who's on the level,

370
00:20:09,119 --> 00:20:12,599
not saying you know, somebody who's grandma who's grown as

371
00:20:12,640 --> 00:20:14,839
zinnia isn't not a level, but you know what generally

372
00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:18,039
is a different taste. But this is a West Texas

373
00:20:18,079 --> 00:20:22,480
small little native zenia that's got vestigial lgules. So it's

374
00:20:22,519 --> 00:20:25,000
got vestigial petals. The petals you see on a daisy

375
00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:28,440
are not true petals, they're actually ligules or ray flowers.

376
00:20:28,839 --> 00:20:31,839
This zinia only has one or two. It's got a

377
00:20:31,880 --> 00:20:34,799
discoid mostly discoid flower, but it'll spit out one or

378
00:20:34,799 --> 00:20:39,640
two uhligules. I've seen this in the genus Laya before

379
00:20:39,920 --> 00:20:44,240
in California, which is another astoracy. You know, it's got

380
00:20:44,240 --> 00:20:47,640
like vestigial the same thing with these vestigial lgoles. It's

381
00:20:47,640 --> 00:20:51,759
not producing a full whirl like a daisy has or

382
00:20:51,799 --> 00:20:54,319
an in celia has, or a sunflower has of legules,

383
00:20:54,359 --> 00:20:56,559
but it's it's producing them stuff. It's only got one

384
00:20:56,640 --> 00:21:01,759
or two bright orange floria spride orange color to the

385
00:21:01,799 --> 00:21:05,200
individual floor. It's into the ligules and just a cool

386
00:21:05,240 --> 00:21:08,920
fucking plant. And that again that chalky mint green foliage.

387
00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:11,279
And it's a rare one. I don't know who knows

388
00:21:11,279 --> 00:21:13,640
when this thing's speciated or where it's distributed. I know

389
00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:19,119
it's in Mexico too, but anyway, yeah, Texas is basically Mexico.

390
00:21:19,200 --> 00:21:23,359
But it's a cool fucking plant. My friend Patty Manning,

391
00:21:24,359 --> 00:21:28,160
uh just uh grew it. My friend Patty Manning, who

392
00:21:28,240 --> 00:21:32,079
just passed away yesterday, she had ovarian cancer. Fucking great lady,

393
00:21:32,119 --> 00:21:36,720
great fucking woman. Man. She was just a cool fucking uh,

394
00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:40,440
just a good botanist and all the any erbarium record

395
00:21:40,480 --> 00:21:42,880
I would look at for cool West Texas plants. You know,

396
00:21:43,839 --> 00:21:46,079
half of them had her name on it, her Billy Turner.

397
00:21:47,720 --> 00:21:50,680
Really cool woman. She lived in Alpine, Texas, and she

398
00:21:50,799 --> 00:21:53,400
was growing a shit ton of the only person growing

399
00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:55,599
a lot of these plants. So many times that happens

400
00:21:55,640 --> 00:21:57,599
to me. I'm in West Texas. I look at the

401
00:21:57,599 --> 00:21:59,720
flora here, I look at some of these plants, and

402
00:21:59,720 --> 00:22:01,880
I'm like, why the fuck is somebody not growing these?

403
00:22:01,920 --> 00:22:05,720
These are such cool plants. You know, once we've fully

404
00:22:05,759 --> 00:22:10,480
eradicated the sick cult of the lawn, every last bit

405
00:22:10,519 --> 00:22:14,039
alon I'm coming for it. Least in West Texas, well

406
00:22:14,079 --> 00:22:16,440
in most of Texas. I think it's just doesn't make

407
00:22:16,440 --> 00:22:19,079
any sense. It's pretty shit for brain. Plus, native plant

408
00:22:19,079 --> 00:22:24,000
gardens are so nice to have, huh, I see, you know,

409
00:22:24,119 --> 00:22:25,799
there's so many plants that I see. I'm like, why

410
00:22:25,839 --> 00:22:29,279
is this not in cultivation more? You know, Instead these

411
00:22:29,319 --> 00:22:32,519
people fight this uphill battle of maintaining a lawn with

412
00:22:32,599 --> 00:22:35,200
a fucking sprinkler system. Oh god, it's just so nineteen

413
00:22:35,240 --> 00:22:39,319
fifties and just fucking bleak. God, get with it, man.

414
00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:43,039
I was at the my friend Michael Easton. He did

415
00:22:43,079 --> 00:22:47,119
this huge install of a native plant garden in Alpine.

416
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:49,160
I did a video on it a few months back,

417
00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:50,839
and I was. I just walked by it the other

418
00:22:50,920 --> 00:22:52,920
day and it was fucking lit up. The humming words

419
00:22:52,920 --> 00:22:56,599
were chasing each other, you know, like little crackheads going

420
00:22:57,039 --> 00:22:58,920
in between all the different salveas. He put it in

421
00:22:58,960 --> 00:23:05,519
Salvia darcia, tetra neurs scaposa, little aster, little composite species,

422
00:23:06,759 --> 00:23:09,000
likes the rocky areas he was using as a groundcover.

423
00:23:10,680 --> 00:23:14,279
Some of the cool native grasses, the Mullnbergias were just huge,

424
00:23:14,319 --> 00:23:16,720
these beautiful bunch gray It was just so nice. It's like,

425
00:23:16,799 --> 00:23:19,880
God damn, why of course, Like, why the fuck why

426
00:23:19,880 --> 00:23:21,559
I try to have a lawn? Man? You know what

427
00:23:21,640 --> 00:23:23,559
plant I'm coming for as the fucking they call it

428
00:23:23,559 --> 00:23:27,720
the China berry. Invasive as hell in the Austin area.

429
00:23:27,759 --> 00:23:30,839
It's in the mahogany family Meliace cool flowers. I'm sure

430
00:23:30,880 --> 00:23:33,880
it's really cool where it's native nine thousand miles away

431
00:23:33,880 --> 00:23:37,319
from here, but on this continent and at least in

432
00:23:37,359 --> 00:23:41,680
Central Texas, it's extremely invasive. It's not invasive in West

433
00:23:41,720 --> 00:23:43,440
Texas because we don't have the rainfall for it, but

434
00:23:43,440 --> 00:23:45,039
I'm sure if we did, if we got a good mond,

435
00:23:45,119 --> 00:23:48,720
soon you get individuals popping up. But it's just, oh god,

436
00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:50,799
it's just one of those plants where you're like, man,

437
00:23:50,839 --> 00:23:52,839
what the fuck. And it's one of those things where

438
00:23:52,880 --> 00:23:55,559
it's the flowers smell good when they bloom, but it

439
00:23:55,720 --> 00:23:58,559
ends up taking over. I mean, it's a really bad

440
00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:05,079
noxious weed taking over, especially you know, uh, washes and

441
00:24:05,160 --> 00:24:08,680
creeks places where there is enough water. In the Edwards Plateau,

442
00:24:09,559 --> 00:24:11,680
there was a spot there was an old abandoned factory

443
00:24:11,680 --> 00:24:13,680
in New bron Folds. I remember going to it was

444
00:24:13,680 --> 00:24:16,240
I think it was on the Guadalupe River, you know,

445
00:24:16,319 --> 00:24:20,440
Denhim factory, and uh we were in there exploring it

446
00:24:20,480 --> 00:24:22,680
and then looking around at the landscaping ship and there

447
00:24:22,720 --> 00:24:26,480
was just h god, it was it was China berry.

448
00:24:27,799 --> 00:24:30,319
What is it? Melia Azida rock. I forget the I

449
00:24:30,319 --> 00:24:33,960
forget the binomial for it. But if you google China

450
00:24:33,960 --> 00:24:37,039
berry produced these little yellow berries, I don't even think

451
00:24:37,079 --> 00:24:38,920
it's from China. I don't know where that common name is.

452
00:24:38,960 --> 00:24:40,759
But you know, it wouldn't be surprising if there was

453
00:24:40,799 --> 00:24:44,319
a stupid fucking common name that led to uh, you know,

454
00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:49,680
misconceptions about a plant's origin or what it does. That's

455
00:24:49,720 --> 00:24:52,400
why we that's why we don't use common names. But

456
00:24:53,759 --> 00:24:56,079
I'm coming for that because it's in landscaping all over

457
00:24:56,079 --> 00:24:58,720
the place here and it's just you know, my chainsaw

458
00:24:58,799 --> 00:25:02,559
is ready carry us saw carried a chainsaw. I got

459
00:25:02,599 --> 00:25:05,599
an electric chainsaw. I fucking love it so much, so

460
00:25:05,720 --> 00:25:08,079
much nicer than those gas ones. They're loud as fuck.

461
00:25:08,400 --> 00:25:10,079
You know, if you don't use it for a month,

462
00:25:10,079 --> 00:25:11,720
you got to worry about the gas sucking up the

463
00:25:11,720 --> 00:25:13,839
fuel filter in there. If you leave the gas in there,

464
00:25:14,279 --> 00:25:15,880
you don't want to use old fuel. It's just a

465
00:25:15,880 --> 00:25:18,720
pain in the ass, loud as fuck, obnoxious, you know,

466
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:21,759
makes it really hard to saw down things like crape

467
00:25:21,799 --> 00:25:24,680
myrtles and the dead of night or China berries and

468
00:25:24,759 --> 00:25:29,319
the dead of night, et cetera. You know, I mean,

469
00:25:29,319 --> 00:25:32,000
an electric chainsaw is loud too, but you don't have

470
00:25:32,039 --> 00:25:36,680
an internal combustion engine. But uh, you know, leave it

471
00:25:36,720 --> 00:25:39,359
to Texas meathheads. They'll find a way to politicize, you know,

472
00:25:39,400 --> 00:25:44,839
whether something's you know, internal combustion engine or powered by

473
00:25:44,880 --> 00:25:49,839
a lithium ion battery. Anyway, So moving, moving right along.

474
00:25:53,039 --> 00:25:56,960
Before this, before collecting these pine seeds, I on the

475
00:25:57,039 --> 00:26:00,000
way up from South Texas, I had stopped and seen prospibles,

476
00:26:00,119 --> 00:26:04,759
probably the coolest Liatris I've seen, next to Lyatris bridges. Alyatris,

477
00:26:04,799 --> 00:26:08,519
of course, is the genus known as Blazing Stars or

478
00:26:08,759 --> 00:26:11,640
Gaifa or what are they call it? Shooting I don't

479
00:26:11,640 --> 00:26:13,400
know what the fuck the name? And blazing Star whatever

480
00:26:13,480 --> 00:26:16,400
again Lyatris, it's just a really it's fifty species in

481
00:26:16,400 --> 00:26:20,519
the genus, common mostly in the eastern half, the central plains,

482
00:26:20,720 --> 00:26:24,039
the Midwest, the prairies. Uh. And you get a bunch

483
00:26:24,039 --> 00:26:27,559
of cool ones down in Florida, you get quite a few.

484
00:26:27,599 --> 00:26:31,319
In Central Texas. You get Liatris. What is it? Punk

485
00:26:31,319 --> 00:26:34,880
tatav righty Mexicana out here in West Texas down by

486
00:26:34,920 --> 00:26:40,880
Turlingua area, But this was on the South Texas sandsheet

487
00:26:41,559 --> 00:26:44,400
south of San Antonio, probably one of the hottest growing

488
00:26:44,960 --> 00:26:48,359
Liatrius species. I mean, this thing was growing on sand

489
00:26:48,799 --> 00:26:53,039
with all the with the usual cast of sand affiliate

490
00:26:53,119 --> 00:26:57,279
plants from that area, plants that are sand endemics essentially,

491
00:26:57,759 --> 00:27:03,400
you know, like Monarda particulosa Areagona multiflorum. I think there

492
00:27:03,599 --> 00:27:06,200
was that the Yuka species there that used to be

493
00:27:06,200 --> 00:27:08,119
called Yucca buckley eye but is now. I think it's

494
00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:12,519
Yuka constrict really thin leaved with fibrous leaf margins. Yuka

495
00:27:12,599 --> 00:27:17,039
species some really really cool. You know, it's like these

496
00:27:17,079 --> 00:27:20,319
sand prairies basically, it's it's it's hard for a lot

497
00:27:20,319 --> 00:27:23,880
of things to get tall on sand. It's hard for

498
00:27:23,880 --> 00:27:27,039
for trees to grow on sand. There's nutrient poor or

499
00:27:27,359 --> 00:27:30,759
too fast draining. But of course because of those stresses,

500
00:27:31,240 --> 00:27:35,519
sand just like limestone or gypsum or serpentine soil in California,

501
00:27:36,759 --> 00:27:41,640
you know, the sand acts as kind of like a speciator.

502
00:27:41,680 --> 00:27:44,960
It causes new species to evolve that that can tolerate

503
00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:47,039
the sand, and that end up only occurring on sand.

504
00:27:47,079 --> 00:27:50,279
They don't grow anywhere else, you know, probably because they

505
00:27:50,279 --> 00:27:53,839
can't tolerate the competition. You know, they're they're specialized on

506
00:27:53,920 --> 00:27:57,000
growing and sand. They don't get too tall whatever. A

507
00:27:57,000 --> 00:28:00,559
lot of edaphic endemism, soil endemism. And I said, only

508
00:28:00,599 --> 00:28:04,960
grow on a certain substrate, certain geology in the case

509
00:28:05,079 --> 00:28:08,640
this case it's sand dunees. But this was Liatris Currizana.

510
00:28:08,640 --> 00:28:11,359
I put a post up on anth Graham. I think

511
00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:14,640
I put on the Facebook tool. Video will be out shortly.

512
00:28:14,680 --> 00:28:19,400
But just a beautiful fucking composite man. Some of them

513
00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:21,200
were just you know, they get about two or three

514
00:28:21,240 --> 00:28:24,640
feet tall. They're blue, I mean you could see them.

515
00:28:24,680 --> 00:28:27,599
They're like bluish purple. But the blue is not caused

516
00:28:27,640 --> 00:28:32,160
by the ligules. Again, the rays, this is astra acy

517
00:28:32,200 --> 00:28:36,319
sunflower family terminology. They were It was caused by the fileries,

518
00:28:36,359 --> 00:28:40,319
the bracts that surround the involacar like on a sunflower.

519
00:28:40,400 --> 00:28:44,880
These fileries are just green. They're green pointed bracts that

520
00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:49,799
completely surround that flower head of a sunflower, you know,

521
00:28:49,920 --> 00:28:52,400
or on a daisy whatever. Fieries are really important. I'm

522
00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:55,240
always telling people, especially with the North American sunflowers. A

523
00:28:55,240 --> 00:28:59,039
lot of the DYCs are North American members of the

524
00:28:59,079 --> 00:29:01,920
sunflower family. A lot of them just look yellow. They're

525
00:29:01,960 --> 00:29:04,920
damn yellow composits. It's just really hard to tell. Apart

526
00:29:04,920 --> 00:29:06,279
if you're looking at the flower head on, you got

527
00:29:06,359 --> 00:29:08,519
to look at the sides, look at the fileeries, the

528
00:29:08,559 --> 00:29:12,359
filery structure, whether there's one series of fileeries or two

529
00:29:12,440 --> 00:29:14,480
or three stacked on top of each other, that that'll

530
00:29:14,480 --> 00:29:18,559
be a good way to identify different species of damn

531
00:29:18,640 --> 00:29:22,519
yellow composite. Well, the fileeries on this Liatrius had been

532
00:29:23,079 --> 00:29:29,240
morphed evolutionarily speaking into really bright blue attractant bracts to

533
00:29:29,319 --> 00:29:33,400
attract the bumblebee pollinators that pollinate the little flowers on

534
00:29:33,480 --> 00:29:36,359
this thing. And Lyatris carries on A C A R

535
00:29:36,559 --> 00:29:40,000
R I, Z A n A used to be grouped

536
00:29:40,079 --> 00:29:43,960
as a variety of Liatrius elegans, which is another great

537
00:29:44,039 --> 00:29:49,039
fucking species, really cool. There's also Liatrius hesper elagans from

538
00:29:49,079 --> 00:29:52,880
this whole same this general region like San Antonio east

539
00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:59,119
to East Texas, UH, Southern Arkansas, Louisiana, et cetera. But

540
00:29:59,119 --> 00:30:01,960
but anyway, so this is to be Lyatrius elegance variety

541
00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:06,599
Carrizana un guy nis. His botanists don't even know where

542
00:30:06,599 --> 00:30:08,839
the fuck he's located. But he wrote a paper, put

543
00:30:08,839 --> 00:30:11,519
a paper together, split him up into different species based

544
00:30:11,559 --> 00:30:14,160
on a couple of different traits. Of course, you get

545
00:30:14,200 --> 00:30:16,720
into the same old argument. What's the difference between a

546
00:30:16,799 --> 00:30:21,559
variety and a species? It fucking depends. It's just human interpretation. Really,

547
00:30:21,599 --> 00:30:23,240
when it comes down to it, what's the between an

548
00:30:23,240 --> 00:30:26,920
ecotype and a new species? Again? Human interpretation. It's you know,

549
00:30:26,960 --> 00:30:29,039
can you build a good case for it in a

550
00:30:29,079 --> 00:30:32,400
published peer reviewed paper or not? It's really often all

551
00:30:32,400 --> 00:30:34,799
it is, you know. And when you look at the DNA,

552
00:30:35,440 --> 00:30:38,799
I don't even even know if the DNA will tell

553
00:30:38,799 --> 00:30:40,640
you it's different, But is it? You know what? What

554
00:30:40,799 --> 00:30:44,279
aspects of the genome do you look at? What low

555
00:30:44,359 --> 00:30:46,519
side do you look at? The determine whether it's different

556
00:30:46,599 --> 00:30:49,440
enough to be considered a different species, et cetera. I

557
00:30:49,480 --> 00:30:53,480
know what that new composite species that was discovered in

558
00:30:53,480 --> 00:30:55,759
West Texas that I did a video on a few

559
00:30:55,799 --> 00:30:59,920
months ago. Uh, it came out close to psilostrophe or

560
00:31:00,079 --> 00:31:03,720
silos strophe, however you want to pronounce that p s

561
00:31:03,799 --> 00:31:07,440
I l O S t r O p h e H.

562
00:31:08,119 --> 00:31:11,640
When Isaac Lickor did the molecular work on it, it

563
00:31:11,680 --> 00:31:16,160
came out close to silas strophe psilostrophe, but not quite

564
00:31:16,160 --> 00:31:18,640
in it. And so he was able by looking at

565
00:31:18,640 --> 00:31:22,160
the DNA to determine that it's in. This constitutes a

566
00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:25,519
new genus. So a fucking new genus of astor. I'm

567
00:31:25,519 --> 00:31:27,599
getting a little sidetracked here from talking about the liantris,

568
00:31:27,640 --> 00:31:30,480
but a new genus of composite has been discovered in

569
00:31:30,519 --> 00:31:33,759
West Texas. That was the one that that lady deb

570
00:31:33,839 --> 00:31:37,400
Manning found in Big Ben National Park. Just a little

571
00:31:37,440 --> 00:31:40,200
fucking it's a little tiny annual. The seeds are just

572
00:31:40,279 --> 00:31:43,119
laying dormant in the soil seed bank out there in

573
00:31:43,160 --> 00:31:44,799
the middle of the blazing hot desert, and then when

574
00:31:44,839 --> 00:31:47,480
you get a good rain, they germinate generally in the spring,

575
00:31:47,640 --> 00:31:51,200
good spring rain, and uh, it just looks like, uh,

576
00:31:51,279 --> 00:31:54,319
you know it, little little white fluffball. The leaves are

577
00:31:54,319 --> 00:31:58,200
so ensconced and tom and toast and pubescent hairs, that

578
00:31:59,720 --> 00:32:03,279
toast hairs are wooly that it just looks you can't

579
00:32:03,279 --> 00:32:06,200
even see the green in them. But again there's an

580
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:10,160
adaptation to the hot, dry, windy desert. But what's remarkable

581
00:32:10,200 --> 00:32:13,680
about it is that it's got these lgules, these the

582
00:32:13,839 --> 00:32:16,640
rays again, those lgules that are fucking super long and

583
00:32:16,720 --> 00:32:19,799
like candy cane striped, you know, along the length of

584
00:32:19,839 --> 00:32:22,480
the legule, and fucking weird. So they're calling it, I

585
00:32:22,480 --> 00:32:24,240
hope I'm not pissing. Well, no one's going to be

586
00:32:24,240 --> 00:32:29,960
listening to this biligula. I think Biligula anomala. So that's

587
00:32:29,960 --> 00:32:35,759
the genus Bilgula. But that's fucking exciting. I mean, it's

588
00:32:35,839 --> 00:32:40,519
in a national park. You could still be discovering an

589
00:32:40,640 --> 00:32:43,599
entirely new genus, not new species, but new genus, whole

590
00:32:43,599 --> 00:32:50,039
new genus to science of a very well known plant family,

591
00:32:50,119 --> 00:32:53,759
the astoracy, some flower family anyway. So but back to

592
00:32:53,799 --> 00:32:57,319
this liatres. So this Liatreus is essentially turning since Liatrius

593
00:32:57,400 --> 00:33:00,079
is all mostly I think they're all discoid flowers. They

594
00:33:00,079 --> 00:33:02,519
don't have any petals, any what you would call petals,

595
00:33:02,559 --> 00:33:04,079
the legos, they don't have any legals, they don't have

596
00:33:04,119 --> 00:33:07,119
any rays. It's all just discoid flowers. All the blazing stars,

597
00:33:07,160 --> 00:33:12,640
just discoyed feathers, gay feathers, just discoyed flowers. Excuse me,

598
00:33:13,079 --> 00:33:17,279
my fucking my mind, there's working over drive there. I

599
00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:19,599
was thinking of how silly the term gay feathers sound.

600
00:33:19,640 --> 00:33:21,759
What what a fuck comes up with these common names?

601
00:33:22,160 --> 00:33:25,160
Gay feather? Why what does that mean? You know it's

602
00:33:25,160 --> 00:33:30,200
a it's a happy feather? Is it a gay feather? Huh? Happy? Horny? Gay?

603
00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:34,279
And sassy? Fuck fucking common names. God, they just it

604
00:33:34,359 --> 00:33:36,880
drives me nuts. You know what really drives me nuts, too,

605
00:33:36,920 --> 00:33:39,759
is in Texas, a lot of people will staunchly stick

606
00:33:40,119 --> 00:33:42,359
to common names. It's probably like this in other areas

607
00:33:42,359 --> 00:33:45,640
of the southeast, too, will staunchly stick the common names

608
00:33:45,680 --> 00:33:48,000
instead of just learning the genus name. I rant about

609
00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:50,079
this all the time. I apologize if you've heard it before,

610
00:33:50,799 --> 00:33:54,359
but fuck learn my actress. Is it that hard? Jesus Christ,

611
00:33:56,839 --> 00:33:58,640
It's like, it's like you don't want to sound like

612
00:33:58,680 --> 00:34:00,799
you know what you're talking about. I don't get it, man.

613
00:34:01,680 --> 00:34:06,200
You know, coming here with your elitist six littered word

614
00:34:06,920 --> 00:34:09,880
you don't need that shit. Huh. You take your Yankee

615
00:34:09,920 --> 00:34:14,039
ass back up north. That was some fucking That was

616
00:34:14,119 --> 00:34:16,559
some shit I kept hearing in the public land argument

617
00:34:16,599 --> 00:34:19,360
that I was getting in with people when I posted

618
00:34:19,400 --> 00:34:23,360
something about the lack of public land in Texas, and

619
00:34:23,400 --> 00:34:25,119
these fucking eighties were like, you don't think you should

620
00:34:25,119 --> 00:34:27,639
be able to own land? No, it's not about whether

621
00:34:27,639 --> 00:34:29,280
you should be able to own land or not. The

622
00:34:29,639 --> 00:34:33,119
system shouldn't be built where so much land is tied

623
00:34:33,199 --> 00:34:35,719
up in private hands. It should be publicly owned. It

624
00:34:35,760 --> 00:34:38,000
should be owned by the BLM or the fucking Forest

625
00:34:38,039 --> 00:34:40,960
Service or whatever. It should be a national I mean

626
00:34:40,960 --> 00:34:43,239
they call it national or federal or whatever, but it's

627
00:34:43,239 --> 00:34:45,159
basically the public owns that you can go on there

628
00:34:45,199 --> 00:34:48,360
and no paranoid fucking tell you to get off of it. Right,

629
00:34:49,480 --> 00:34:51,719
Just so crazy, But that's something you'd always hear, Like

630
00:34:51,760 --> 00:34:54,519
the triggered Texan man in the comments, go back to

631
00:34:54,559 --> 00:34:56,159
where you came from. Why don't you go back to

632
00:34:56,199 --> 00:34:58,199
where you fucking came from. Your family wasn't here one

633
00:34:58,280 --> 00:35:02,280
hundred and twenty years ago, huh until the Texas Rangers

634
00:35:02,880 --> 00:35:07,119
made it safe enough by eradicating these those worrying natives,

635
00:35:07,880 --> 00:35:10,440
you know, for you to feel for your lily white

636
00:35:10,440 --> 00:35:13,360
family to fucking uh no offense. Maybe they're pink, you

637
00:35:13,400 --> 00:35:15,280
know you don't have a lot of melanin because it's

638
00:35:15,320 --> 00:35:16,960
you don't even come from a latitude where you get

639
00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:19,519
a lot of solar radiation. No harm, I'm not knocking. Yeah,

640
00:35:19,559 --> 00:35:21,559
you know I got a little bit of melanin, you know,

641
00:35:21,639 --> 00:35:24,599
the Italian side did at least, but uh, you know,

642
00:35:25,679 --> 00:35:27,159
did you go back to it? It's just such a

643
00:35:27,199 --> 00:35:29,559
meat heeaded fucking are you go back where you coming from? It?

644
00:35:29,639 --> 00:35:32,159
It plays in again all the stupid shit that talking

645
00:35:32,199 --> 00:35:34,920
points like, now come out here with your California ways.

646
00:35:35,079 --> 00:35:39,239
Don't come out here with your goofy fucking Southeastern Confederate ways.

647
00:35:39,519 --> 00:35:41,280
You guys weren't even out here one hundred and twenty

648
00:35:41,360 --> 00:35:45,639
hundred and forty fucking years ago. Goofy fuck God, just

649
00:35:46,519 --> 00:35:49,480
don't come out here with you. Yeah, shut up, get

650
00:35:49,480 --> 00:35:51,840
a fucking getting that, get a couple extra brain cells.

651
00:35:52,280 --> 00:35:54,960
Fucking empty headed and went anyway, So we're talking about

652
00:35:54,960 --> 00:36:02,440
this liactress. The only other genus of Asta race sunflower

653
00:36:02,960 --> 00:36:05,920
family is twenty eight thousand species. I guess should stop

654
00:36:05,960 --> 00:36:08,920
calling it the sunflower. For me, the composite family is

655
00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:13,559
more appropriate because sunflower, you know, applies to a subfamily

656
00:36:13,639 --> 00:36:17,199
of Astace. It doesn't look like well, a tribe, whereas composite,

657
00:36:17,239 --> 00:36:20,880
you've got a composite flower head one well, what looks

658
00:36:20,880 --> 00:36:23,599
like one single flower is actually composed of many composite

659
00:36:23,599 --> 00:36:26,320
flower head the composite family. The only other time I've

660
00:36:26,360 --> 00:36:29,199
seen this done is in the Paper Days. He tried

661
00:36:29,239 --> 00:36:32,159
in the Failia with a G G N A, P

662
00:36:32,360 --> 00:36:36,679
H I, L e AE, which you get not many members.

663
00:36:36,760 --> 00:36:39,079
You get a couple of genera in the northern hemisphere.

664
00:36:39,760 --> 00:36:43,159
Antenaria is one of them. One of h Antonary is

665
00:36:43,199 --> 00:36:45,719
one of them. But it's not not gonna, you know,

666
00:36:45,840 --> 00:36:48,519
knock your socks off. It's not gonna, you know, land

667
00:36:48,559 --> 00:36:50,280
you on your ass by how cool it looks. Some

668
00:36:50,280 --> 00:36:52,480
of them are cool. But then when you get to

669
00:36:52,519 --> 00:36:55,280
South Africa and Australia, the Paper Days he tried, goes

670
00:36:55,280 --> 00:36:59,079
fucking wild, and you've got, you know, nephaliate, members of

671
00:36:59,159 --> 00:37:02,239
tribed nephaliate that look like they have leaves like conifers,

672
00:37:02,280 --> 00:37:06,119
like spruces. They feel like plastic they're turning, But most

673
00:37:06,119 --> 00:37:09,400
importantly and relevant to this conversation, they're turning their fileries,

674
00:37:09,599 --> 00:37:13,679
those bracts that surround the invulakar. The vase that holds

675
00:37:13,719 --> 00:37:16,880
the flowers, the main you know, unit of the composite

676
00:37:16,920 --> 00:37:21,639
flower head. They turn those into attractant bracts like this

677
00:37:21,760 --> 00:37:25,119
Liatriss is doing so they you'll see them and look

678
00:37:25,199 --> 00:37:27,079
up like a paper daisy. Like God, there's some really

679
00:37:27,079 --> 00:37:29,280
weird ones. If you go to Iinaturalist, type in tribe

680
00:37:29,320 --> 00:37:33,519
Nephalia with the g let the suggestion come up, you know,

681
00:37:33,599 --> 00:37:35,719
in the tax on box, hit the explorer feature on

682
00:37:35,760 --> 00:37:38,760
the web page. Go to the tax on box box,

683
00:37:38,840 --> 00:37:41,599
hit tribe and Nephalia and then hit like location on mine,

684
00:37:41,800 --> 00:37:46,079
hit user Joey santor hit the location South Africa or

685
00:37:46,119 --> 00:37:48,239
location Australia. You'll see what I'm talking about. There's some

686
00:37:48,320 --> 00:37:51,880
really weird ones. And those fileries that they're using as

687
00:37:51,920 --> 00:37:56,920
attractant bracts basically to you know, make themselves visible and

688
00:37:56,960 --> 00:38:00,599
conspicuous to the things that pollinate them, which is mostly insects,

689
00:38:02,440 --> 00:38:04,239
maybe a couple birds and some of the red ones.

690
00:38:05,679 --> 00:38:09,760
Those fileries get turned into like this papery. They've got

691
00:38:09,760 --> 00:38:12,239
this papery text tip. That's why they call them paper daisies.

692
00:38:12,840 --> 00:38:14,400
So weird, but so only the other time I've seen

693
00:38:14,440 --> 00:38:16,239
members of the sunflower family. Do that you don't have

694
00:38:16,320 --> 00:38:19,599
legules because you got mostly discoid flowers. Fuck it, use

695
00:38:19,599 --> 00:38:23,000
your fieries. Turn your fileeries into these showy things. Lyatrius

696
00:38:23,119 --> 00:38:27,239
bridgesy I after some apparently after some dead guy named Bridges,

697
00:38:28,519 --> 00:38:31,679
which grows in East Texas, is probably the showiest fucking

698
00:38:32,239 --> 00:38:34,599
member of the genus Liatris. It does. It's so cool.

699
00:38:34,679 --> 00:38:37,000
I mean these in the structure of these fileries looks

700
00:38:37,039 --> 00:38:38,480
like the shit you'd see on top of you know,

701
00:38:38,559 --> 00:38:43,280
Corinthium columns, Greco Roman architecture, to ornamentation and stuff nice

702
00:38:43,480 --> 00:38:46,880
like you see on top of the buildings in downtown Chicago.

703
00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:51,559
You know. Great place to loiter and lurk, you know anyway,

704
00:38:51,840 --> 00:38:53,960
which I did much. I did a lot of as

705
00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:55,599
a youth. You know. You go lurk there and you

706
00:38:55,599 --> 00:38:57,679
go to Ronnie's Steakhouse, hang on the basement with your

707
00:38:57,679 --> 00:39:00,519
graffiti fens, drawing the books and shit, and listen to

708
00:39:00,559 --> 00:39:03,719
some music, you know, hide out in the little basement

709
00:39:03,840 --> 00:39:07,679
dining room of Ronnie's. I think Ronnie's is gone. Ronnie's Steakhouts,

710
00:39:09,599 --> 00:39:13,519
Oh those rid of the days. Yeah, that man, that

711
00:39:13,599 --> 00:39:15,320
fuck I you know, I spend like an hour and

712
00:39:15,360 --> 00:39:17,239
a half there. I was. It was so cool. I

713
00:39:17,320 --> 00:39:20,119
just you got to take everything in survey, check all

714
00:39:20,119 --> 00:39:23,440
what species are growing growing there, et cetera. Really cool stuff.

715
00:39:23,960 --> 00:39:27,679
So anyway, all right, so let's move on to alternation

716
00:39:27,719 --> 00:39:31,480
of generations. We're hitting the forty minute mark. This is good, okay,

717
00:39:31,519 --> 00:39:35,000
So let's talk about alternation of generations, all right, and

718
00:39:35,039 --> 00:39:37,280
why it's so fucking weird, but also why it's so

719
00:39:37,440 --> 00:39:41,000
cool in what the whole evolutionary purpose of it is. Okay,

720
00:39:41,039 --> 00:39:45,519
alternation of generations is completely different in the seed plants,

721
00:39:45,559 --> 00:39:50,440
the woody seed plants conifers aka jymnosperms and angiosperms. Then

722
00:39:50,480 --> 00:39:54,360
it is from ferns and bryo fights in quote spike

723
00:39:54,440 --> 00:39:57,079
mosses aka the lyco fights, all right, which are not

724
00:39:57,159 --> 00:40:00,159
technically ferns. I'll probably hear me ranting about Selaginella all

725
00:40:00,159 --> 00:40:02,599
the time, which is so fucking cool. I love I

726
00:40:02,639 --> 00:40:04,519
love celaginel. Of course, I'm ran thinking about it. I'm

727
00:40:04,519 --> 00:40:07,199
gonna have a guy on the podcast next week to

728
00:40:07,199 --> 00:40:10,440
talk about them. They're those you know, resurrection quote ferns.

729
00:40:10,440 --> 00:40:13,239
They're not a true fern, shitty common name that can

730
00:40:13,280 --> 00:40:17,599
completely dry out in the desert of West Texas, for instance,

731
00:40:17,639 --> 00:40:21,320
selaginal epidophla and then can come back to life within

732
00:40:21,440 --> 00:40:24,039
like thirty minutes of receiving some moisture. You also have

733
00:40:24,079 --> 00:40:26,599
the tropical ones that can't try up whatever anyway. So

734
00:40:26,639 --> 00:40:32,280
you got Celaganella's, the lycophytes, lycopods too, right. Laganella is

735
00:40:32,320 --> 00:40:40,039
a lycophyte, the lycopods, lycophytes, the bryophytes, and then the ferns. Okay,

736
00:40:40,960 --> 00:40:43,519
and the lycophytes in the ferns are vascular. They've got

737
00:40:43,599 --> 00:40:46,599
a they've got plumbing. They got xylum and flow them

738
00:40:46,760 --> 00:40:50,079
xyleum taking water up, flow them taking sugars back to

739
00:40:50,159 --> 00:40:52,960
the rest of us cells that you know, sugar's manufactured

740
00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:58,559
sugars and carbohydrates manufactured in photosynthesis. And the bryophytes, the mosses,

741
00:40:58,719 --> 00:41:02,960
the liverwarts, the horn wars are non vascular. Okay, they

742
00:41:02,960 --> 00:41:04,800
don't have any plumbing, all right, They just they're just

743
00:41:04,840 --> 00:41:09,840
taking it in directly through the cell. But the angiosperms

744
00:41:09,840 --> 00:41:13,480
and the conifers, okay, everybody does. Everybody does, alternation of generations.

745
00:41:13,519 --> 00:41:14,880
I'm all over the fucking place. I don't know where

746
00:41:14,920 --> 00:41:17,000
to start, because this is some really heavy shit, So

747
00:41:17,119 --> 00:41:19,719
sit down, all right, But it's this is really important

748
00:41:19,719 --> 00:41:23,360
shit to know. It's really cool. There's nothing analogous to

749
00:41:23,440 --> 00:41:27,079
it in humans. Okay, Alternation of generations means exactly that

750
00:41:27,119 --> 00:41:31,639
there are two separate generations, Okay, the gametophyte and the

751
00:41:31,719 --> 00:41:34,840
sporo fight. When you look at a maple tree, for instance,

752
00:41:34,840 --> 00:41:37,599
you're looking at the sporal fight. The sporal fight is

753
00:41:37,639 --> 00:41:41,800
the dominant plant. Pine tree, same thing, fern, same thing,

754
00:41:42,440 --> 00:41:46,440
like a fight, selaginella the resurrection plant. Same thing. When

755
00:41:46,480 --> 00:41:50,239
you look at a bryophight okay, a moss, a liver

756
00:41:50,280 --> 00:41:53,639
war to hornworth, the gametophyte is what you're looking at.

757
00:41:53,719 --> 00:41:57,320
The sporo fight is not photosynthetic in the bryo fights

758
00:41:57,360 --> 00:42:00,519
except for the hornworts, but still the dominant plant you're

759
00:42:00,559 --> 00:42:04,000
looking at in the mosses and the liver warts and

760
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:06,800
all that shits. There's some really fucking cool desert liver warts.

761
00:42:06,800 --> 00:42:09,079
I just found that the one that grows with peyote,

762
00:42:09,760 --> 00:42:15,599
that risty species last year or two beautiful aquamarine color

763
00:42:15,599 --> 00:42:17,400
of that thing. Okay, you gotta pay attention to the

764
00:42:17,400 --> 00:42:20,360
liver warts. Nobody does liver warts and mosses. Maybe maybe

765
00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:22,440
not the mosses so much. Well, nice try. I've seen

766
00:42:22,480 --> 00:42:27,800
some cool bearded mosses, mosses in the Peyote gardens of

767
00:42:27,840 --> 00:42:30,800
West Texas and the limes Limestone. They've got like a

768
00:42:30,840 --> 00:42:34,280
these hairs on them, like, uh, looks like a fucking

769
00:42:34,800 --> 00:42:36,639
like it looks like a beard. Looks like there's a

770
00:42:36,679 --> 00:42:40,119
green moss and then it's got these white hairs. Sheriff

771
00:42:40,119 --> 00:42:43,360
Woody told me exactly what those hairs are, but like

772
00:42:43,440 --> 00:42:45,599
what tissue they're produced from, but I forget anyway, but

773
00:42:45,599 --> 00:42:49,519
they've got that beard. Obviously, hairs protect things from drying

774
00:42:50,159 --> 00:42:53,119
drying out. Of course, you live in a desert where

775
00:42:53,159 --> 00:42:55,599
the air is so dry it sucks up moisture like

776
00:42:55,639 --> 00:42:58,280
a dry sponge, and you get wind too, you're gonna

777
00:42:58,280 --> 00:43:01,039
need those hairs are gonna benefit you active benefit. So

778
00:43:01,119 --> 00:43:04,599
even the mosses are undergoing natural selection in a desert anyway,

779
00:43:05,039 --> 00:43:08,559
So you got the gametophyte. In the sporophyte generation the bryophytes,

780
00:43:08,599 --> 00:43:12,119
the gametafyte is dominant. That's what you're looking at, and

781
00:43:12,119 --> 00:43:15,239
in everything else, the sporo fight is dominant. The lycophytes,

782
00:43:16,440 --> 00:43:25,119
the ferns, the conifers, gyminal sperms, Ginko's psychads, all that shit,

783
00:43:25,519 --> 00:43:29,880
and then the angiosperms, okay, and the conifers, and in

784
00:43:29,920 --> 00:43:33,079
the gymnal sperms and the angiosperms. The gametophyte is not

785
00:43:33,280 --> 00:43:37,280
free living, it's not photosynthetic. It's entirely dependent on the

786
00:43:37,280 --> 00:43:41,639
sporophyte to live, and it's very reduced. Okay. What does

787
00:43:41,719 --> 00:43:47,360
gametafight in sporophy mean? Gametofyte means haploid. All gametafytes are haploid.

788
00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:50,920
When you think of gametafyt you should just it should

789
00:43:50,920 --> 00:43:55,440
be synonymous with the quality of being haploid. Okay, you

790
00:43:55,800 --> 00:43:59,119
think of sporophyte, it should be synonymous with the quality

791
00:43:59,320 --> 00:44:03,000
of being diploid. Okay, what the fuck is haploid and diploid? Right?

792
00:44:03,039 --> 00:44:07,639
Not everybody was graced with a decent biology course in

793
00:44:07,760 --> 00:44:10,599
high school. Many people dropped out of high school. Some

794
00:44:10,639 --> 00:44:13,760
people already know this, obviously this isn't for you, but

795
00:44:14,320 --> 00:44:16,559
you know, other people just had trouble paying attention in

796
00:44:16,599 --> 00:44:19,760
fucking biology and couldn't see the purpose of why any

797
00:44:19,760 --> 00:44:21,840
of this was interesting. That's kind of what school does.

798
00:44:21,920 --> 00:44:24,199
It's tragic, you know, when you're at least high school.

799
00:44:24,320 --> 00:44:27,159
Memorize this. Don't understand it, Just memorize it. We're not

800
00:44:27,159 --> 00:44:29,000
going to tell you what's cool about it and why

801
00:44:29,079 --> 00:44:31,480
it's worth paying attention to. Just memorize it. You're going

802
00:44:31,519 --> 00:44:33,599
to be tested. We got to get those fucking test

803
00:44:33,599 --> 00:44:36,360
scores up so you can get a degree and you know,

804
00:44:36,440 --> 00:44:38,599
go to college and then have a shitty job when

805
00:44:38,599 --> 00:44:44,320
you're older. Okay. Anyway, HAPLOYD means one set of chromosomes,

806
00:44:44,559 --> 00:44:48,639
one one copy of the genome, okay, like any humans.

807
00:44:48,639 --> 00:44:52,760
Like a human, humans have forty six chromosomes. A haploid

808
00:44:52,960 --> 00:44:55,519
human cell, which is either a sperm or an egxcell,

809
00:44:55,880 --> 00:45:03,920
has only twenty three chromosomes, okay, and whereas diploid has

810
00:45:04,440 --> 00:45:08,039
two copies, two sets of chromosomes, two copies of the

811
00:45:08,159 --> 00:45:13,679
entire genome. Okay, forty six. Right, You're all humans are diploid,

812
00:45:13,800 --> 00:45:16,760
all right, except for your balls or your ovaries, Okay,

813
00:45:16,840 --> 00:45:20,679
your gonads. That's where myosis occurs. It's another word you

814
00:45:20,679 --> 00:45:24,360
gotta remember. Myosis me e io s I s Miosis

815
00:45:25,159 --> 00:45:30,400
turns diploid cells into haploid cells. It produces haploid daughter cells.

816
00:45:30,920 --> 00:45:35,159
Miosis is what happens for reproduction, you know. And so

817
00:45:36,000 --> 00:45:39,440
you have every cell in your body, okay, in the

818
00:45:39,519 --> 00:45:43,719
nucleus of every cell in your body, you've got forty

819
00:45:43,719 --> 00:45:45,960
six chromosomes. You got your diploid. Every cell is diploid

820
00:45:45,960 --> 00:45:48,880
except for your sperm and X okay, ands same with

821
00:45:49,039 --> 00:45:54,199
the sporophytes in plants. They got two copies of the genome. Okay.

822
00:45:54,320 --> 00:45:57,480
Why would you need two copies of the genome? Okay,

823
00:45:57,519 --> 00:46:01,079
what's beneficial about that? Well, you need a backup copy, right.

824
00:46:01,559 --> 00:46:04,920
The benefit of being diploid means that if one of

825
00:46:04,920 --> 00:46:09,440
your genes located on this chromosome has an allele on it,

826
00:46:09,519 --> 00:46:13,480
a copy of that gene that's fucked up or deleterious

827
00:46:13,559 --> 00:46:15,440
or mutated or whatever. It didn't come out right, you

828
00:46:15,480 --> 00:46:20,000
got a backup copy that can write the correct code instead, okay,

829
00:46:20,360 --> 00:46:23,599
whereas the mutation is gonna you know, write the bad

830
00:46:23,639 --> 00:46:27,559
code all right, and so, oh god, this is even

831
00:46:27,679 --> 00:46:31,159
more confusing. Anyway, it's very beneficial. I don't want to

832
00:46:31,159 --> 00:46:33,199
fuck you up. I was going to talk about, you know,

833
00:46:33,280 --> 00:46:38,599
sickle cell anemia. Why having one copy of the sickle

834
00:46:38,599 --> 00:46:42,719
cell gene can be beneficial. It evolved in response to malaria,

835
00:46:43,039 --> 00:46:46,519
so there was malaria. The presence of malaria was selecting

836
00:46:46,599 --> 00:46:50,920
for this trait. Okay, having one copy of that sickle

837
00:46:50,960 --> 00:46:55,039
cell gene can be beneficial. But if you have two copies,

838
00:46:56,360 --> 00:47:01,159
it is you got sickle cell anemia. Okay, sickle cell

839
00:47:01,159 --> 00:47:03,960
anemia is not the same to have sickle cell anemia.

840
00:47:04,000 --> 00:47:06,159
You gotta have two copies of the gene, Okay, on

841
00:47:06,320 --> 00:47:09,199
both both sets of chromosomes have to have the same

842
00:47:09,880 --> 00:47:14,119
recessive aweel for the sickle cell whereas if you only

843
00:47:14,119 --> 00:47:17,280
have it on one of your sets of chromosomes, that's beneficial.

844
00:47:17,320 --> 00:47:18,880
That means you're going to be able to get over

845
00:47:19,000 --> 00:47:22,119
malaria quicker. So that was what was selecting for it. Okay,

846
00:47:22,159 --> 00:47:27,960
So it's beneficial to be heterozygous for the presence of

847
00:47:28,079 --> 00:47:31,360
the having only one copy of that sickle cell gene,

848
00:47:31,519 --> 00:47:36,159
versus being homozygous for the copy of that sickle cell gene,

849
00:47:36,440 --> 00:47:38,519
which means you're gonna get it right. You got two,

850
00:47:38,920 --> 00:47:41,079
you got both copies, it's gonna get it, gonna get

851
00:47:41,079 --> 00:47:43,159
fully expressed. If you got one copy, it's only going

852
00:47:43,239 --> 00:47:46,800
to be half expressed. Uh, you know, you need to

853
00:47:46,840 --> 00:47:50,519
remember all that now, Just remember the point. The point

854
00:47:50,559 --> 00:47:53,159
of being diploid is that you got a backup copy. Okay.

855
00:47:53,199 --> 00:47:57,280
It allows organisms to quote mask the effects of harmful

856
00:47:57,639 --> 00:48:01,559
recessive mutations. Okay, you got a safety net against genetic defects.

857
00:48:01,800 --> 00:48:05,079
All right. Some plants can have more than two copies

858
00:48:05,519 --> 00:48:10,199
of the genome though, you know, ophioglossom can have like

859
00:48:10,239 --> 00:48:12,519
a thousand copies, more than a thousand whatever. But don't

860
00:48:12,519 --> 00:48:16,280
worry about that. That's being that's called being polyploid. Don't

861
00:48:16,280 --> 00:48:18,960
worry about that now. Just focus on this, right, haploid

862
00:48:19,000 --> 00:48:24,360
and diploid, all right, Haploids associated with sex and reproduction. Okay,

863
00:48:24,559 --> 00:48:28,519
because when you're when you have two haploid cells coming together,

864
00:48:28,639 --> 00:48:31,159
one from one plant, one from another, or one from

865
00:48:31,239 --> 00:48:35,440
one human one from another, right, coming together, the form

866
00:48:35,480 --> 00:48:38,960
a diploid hole. Two haploid has come together to form

867
00:48:39,199 --> 00:48:44,480
a diploid hole. Sperm and egg cells only have one

868
00:48:44,960 --> 00:48:50,760
copy of the genome, and the sporophyte or the zygote

869
00:48:50,760 --> 00:48:53,800
that's created, and then the human that grows out of

870
00:48:53,800 --> 00:48:57,199
that is diploid have two copies of the gym. They

871
00:48:57,199 --> 00:49:01,559
got that backup copy. So remember the benefit of being

872
00:49:01,559 --> 00:49:05,480
diploid is if one copy of a gene located on

873
00:49:05,519 --> 00:49:08,599
a genome on a set of chromosomes is bad, the

874
00:49:08,679 --> 00:49:12,119
other the other set of chromosomes has that same gene,

875
00:49:12,119 --> 00:49:14,440
that same slot for the gene, that same slot for

876
00:49:14,519 --> 00:49:17,079
the code, whether it's a thousand base pairs or fifteen

877
00:49:17,159 --> 00:49:21,519
hundred base pairs whatever, but could potentially and hopefully have

878
00:49:22,320 --> 00:49:25,920
a different allele a different code. Okay. Eleeles are just

879
00:49:26,079 --> 00:49:28,440
copies of a gene, copies of the same gene, different

880
00:49:28,480 --> 00:49:30,599
copies of the same gene. That's all alleles are. You

881
00:49:30,599 --> 00:49:33,199
can have allele for blonde hair, allele for black hair,

882
00:49:33,440 --> 00:49:38,480
allele for the sickle cell gene for the sickle cell trait,

883
00:49:39,559 --> 00:49:45,239
et cetera. All right, it'd be a convoluted fucking mess.

884
00:49:45,360 --> 00:49:49,000
You're not gonna learn everything from everything about this from

885
00:49:49,039 --> 00:49:51,320
this podcast. Obviously, you get it. You should have questions

886
00:49:51,360 --> 00:49:54,320
if you're paying attention, that means you're actively thinking about it,

887
00:49:54,519 --> 00:49:56,360
and then you can look it up on the Google later,

888
00:49:56,800 --> 00:49:59,199
ask the fucking AI whatever, all right, which you should

889
00:49:59,239 --> 00:50:02,880
definitely do. The thing that's important to remember now is

890
00:50:02,920 --> 00:50:05,960
that it's beneficial to be diploid because you got two

891
00:50:06,480 --> 00:50:09,360
sets of the genome. Okay, you got a backup copy.

892
00:50:10,039 --> 00:50:16,360
Being diploid is what allows for the the trait of

893
00:50:16,639 --> 00:50:21,719
allele being dominant or recessive. Okay, without you know, just

894
00:50:21,760 --> 00:50:24,280
a haploid organist and only got one copy. You only

895
00:50:24,280 --> 00:50:27,280
got one copy of the genome. One set of chromosomes, Okay,

896
00:50:27,719 --> 00:50:30,920
one long line. Imagine it like a vertical line down

897
00:50:30,960 --> 00:50:33,280
like in the case of humans, just twenty three chromosomes,

898
00:50:33,360 --> 00:50:36,320
not the full forty six. Okay, so you got no

899
00:50:36,400 --> 00:50:39,079
backup copy. There's no dominant or recessive. You can only

900
00:50:39,119 --> 00:50:42,719
have a dominant or recessive trait. You know, if you

901
00:50:42,800 --> 00:50:45,800
have two to hold up next to each other, you know,

902
00:50:46,159 --> 00:50:48,960
one to override the other. That's what being That's what

903
00:50:49,039 --> 00:50:55,239
being dominant or recessive is. Okay, recessive alleles will be expressed.

904
00:50:55,280 --> 00:50:56,840
In order for them to be expressed. You got to

905
00:50:56,880 --> 00:51:01,280
have two, all right, the same gene on both sets

906
00:51:01,280 --> 00:51:03,239
of the genome, the one you got from your mom

907
00:51:03,280 --> 00:51:06,400
the one you got for your dad. Uh, the same

908
00:51:06,519 --> 00:51:09,199
gene has to have that trade for that recessive allele

909
00:51:09,239 --> 00:51:12,039
to be expressed. If it's recessive, if it's dominant, you

910
00:51:12,119 --> 00:51:15,920
only need one copy. Okay, So that's why dominant alleles

911
00:51:16,639 --> 00:51:19,639
will override recessive ones. That's why like you can have

912
00:51:19,840 --> 00:51:24,199
like and negative mutations I should mention too, are almost

913
00:51:24,239 --> 00:51:28,920
always recessive. Okay, They're always recessive because if they were dominant,

914
00:51:29,039 --> 00:51:31,840
they would be filtered out by evolution pretty quickly. If

915
00:51:31,880 --> 00:51:38,119
you had a deleterious allele that coded for a negative mutation,

916
00:51:38,920 --> 00:51:42,840
and it was dominant, not recessive, well then anything that

917
00:51:42,920 --> 00:51:45,519
got that one copy all you need, all you need

918
00:51:45,599 --> 00:51:48,000
is one copy for that to be expressed, that organism

919
00:51:48,039 --> 00:51:50,519
would be fucked. It wouldn't wouldn't last to be filtered

920
00:51:50,519 --> 00:51:54,760
out by natural selection. Whereas if it's if a negative allele,

921
00:51:55,639 --> 00:51:58,519
you know, like the sickle cell gene, well that's a

922
00:51:58,559 --> 00:52:01,880
bad that can be beneficial. But a negative mutation and

923
00:52:01,920 --> 00:52:05,239
a negative allele, if it's recessive, which again all of

924
00:52:05,239 --> 00:52:08,079
them are, it can hide because you'll need two to

925
00:52:08,199 --> 00:52:10,960
get you know, you'll need two for it to be expressed.

926
00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:15,320
So an organism can have that recessive allele, that negative allele,

927
00:52:15,679 --> 00:52:17,239
but if it doesn't have two, it's not going to

928
00:52:17,280 --> 00:52:19,519
get expressed. But meanwhile, that allele is still lurking in

929
00:52:19,559 --> 00:52:23,239
the genome, right so it's still there, it's just not

930
00:52:23,320 --> 00:52:26,760
being expressed because it's overridden by a dominant, non fucked

931
00:52:26,800 --> 00:52:30,199
up alile. So that's why you know inbreeding is bad.

932
00:52:30,280 --> 00:52:34,119
You get all these negative alleles, these recessive alleles stacking up.

933
00:52:34,480 --> 00:52:36,960
That's why you know, when the Spanish monarchy was fucking

934
00:52:37,000 --> 00:52:39,760
their cousins and all that shit, you got those recessive

935
00:52:39,760 --> 00:52:43,920
alleles stacking up because now you know both parents, you know,

936
00:52:44,000 --> 00:52:47,760
since they're related, might have that recessive allele. Now the

937
00:52:48,760 --> 00:52:52,159
zygot the embryo and the human goes like that. You know,

938
00:52:52,280 --> 00:52:55,800
zygote comes first. It's two haploid cells made up and

939
00:52:55,880 --> 00:52:59,280
sperm and egg form a zygot, which is diploid. That

940
00:52:59,559 --> 00:53:03,719
zygote starts undergoing mitosis, just normal cell division, producing a

941
00:53:03,760 --> 00:53:07,840
diploid cell, producing diploid cells and forms an embryo. And

942
00:53:07,880 --> 00:53:11,159
then a person whatever, and that person's got both recessive copies,

943
00:53:11,519 --> 00:53:15,440
you know, for the fucking h whatever whatever recessive allele.

944
00:53:15,920 --> 00:53:18,360
That's why you know, like for dog breeding, they want

945
00:53:18,360 --> 00:53:21,039
to you know, humans breed dogs. They want to make

946
00:53:21,039 --> 00:53:24,119
the dog you know with the fucking smash thin face

947
00:53:24,239 --> 00:53:27,920
or or look a certain way. You know they're they're

948
00:53:27,960 --> 00:53:31,440
having these dogs that are each other's cousins or brothers

949
00:53:31,440 --> 00:53:33,360
and sisters fuck each other. Yes, what's to do that?

950
00:53:33,519 --> 00:53:36,599
You know that's bad. So they're getting those recessive alleles

951
00:53:36,760 --> 00:53:39,599
that are already in that lineage stacking up. So you

952
00:53:39,679 --> 00:53:43,519
stand a greater frequency of the zygote that's formed from

953
00:53:43,519 --> 00:53:48,719
the two haploid halves, the mother and the father organism

954
00:53:48,920 --> 00:53:52,599
stacking up. You have that recessive allele, those recessive allele

955
00:53:52,639 --> 00:53:55,039
stacking up, and that zygot inherits both. It's got a

956
00:53:55,079 --> 00:54:00,519
greater probability that it's gonna inherit that both both both

957
00:54:00,559 --> 00:54:04,159
of its genomes in its cells when it's diploid, are

958
00:54:04,239 --> 00:54:08,000
gonna have that allele then negative allele versus you know,

959
00:54:08,639 --> 00:54:11,280
having a dominant allele from somewhere else because that recessive

960
00:54:11,280 --> 00:54:13,519
allele is already in the genome. You get what I'm saying.

961
00:54:13,639 --> 00:54:16,239
You're picking up what I'm putting down in my confusing

962
00:54:16,280 --> 00:54:19,039
ass way that i'm explaining it. It's okay again, you're

963
00:54:19,079 --> 00:54:20,599
gonna have to just look it up. I'm just trying

964
00:54:20,599 --> 00:54:22,599
to put these words in your head. So so far

965
00:54:22,719 --> 00:54:33,039
we have gometophyte, sporophyte, haploid diploid myosis, mitosis, dominant, recessive,

966
00:54:33,719 --> 00:54:36,239
what else I forget? I'm probably forgetting this shit done anyway.

967
00:54:37,159 --> 00:54:41,920
So the analogy the plants, well, no, it doesn't end

968
00:54:41,960 --> 00:54:44,880
there again, because not only does the benefit of being

969
00:54:44,960 --> 00:54:48,440
diploid allow recessive alleles, recessive copies of a gene to

970
00:54:48,480 --> 00:54:53,679
be overridden by dominant ones. And remember, most negative mutations

971
00:54:53,719 --> 00:54:57,400
are recessive because if they weren't, they would certainly be expressed.

972
00:54:57,400 --> 00:55:01,360
And that gives If they're expressed, they can't hide, all right.

973
00:55:01,400 --> 00:55:05,199
The organism actually displays those traits and then the environment

974
00:55:05,760 --> 00:55:09,920
can select on it, it can filter it out. You know,

975
00:55:10,000 --> 00:55:14,960
that organism doesn't get the reproduced it dies early. Whatever. Yeah,

976
00:55:15,000 --> 00:55:17,639
sickle cell anemia is kind of a bad example, because

977
00:55:17,679 --> 00:55:21,199
sickle cell anemia is beneficial if you're heterozygous for it,

978
00:55:21,239 --> 00:55:23,840
if you've only got one copy and it's only negative.

979
00:55:23,880 --> 00:55:26,960
If you've got two copies of that. You know, so

980
00:55:27,079 --> 00:55:32,280
if both your the cells, the genome that you inherited

981
00:55:32,280 --> 00:55:34,119
from your mother and the genome that you inherited for

982
00:55:34,199 --> 00:55:37,800
your father both has that same trait, the sickle cell

983
00:55:37,880 --> 00:55:41,280
trait at that point on the genome, so you get

984
00:55:41,280 --> 00:55:43,280
both copies, whereas if only your dad has it and

985
00:55:43,320 --> 00:55:46,480
your mom doesn't. Now you got resistance to the malaria,

986
00:55:46,559 --> 00:55:50,000
but you don't have sickle cell anemia. So that's why

987
00:55:50,320 --> 00:55:53,880
that's probably why it sticks around, because malaria has been

988
00:55:53,880 --> 00:55:57,039
fucking human beings up for quite a long time a right,

989
00:55:57,159 --> 00:56:02,119
it goes back far in our evolutionary past. So in

990
00:56:02,159 --> 00:56:06,760
addition to allowing in addition to having a backup copy

991
00:56:06,840 --> 00:56:14,599
and allowing recessive alleles, you know, negative negative alleles, negative

992
00:56:14,679 --> 00:56:20,440
mutations to be overridden by dominant alleles that are not negative.

993
00:56:20,679 --> 00:56:24,239
In addition to that, being diploid also allows for genetic diversity. Okay,

994
00:56:24,280 --> 00:56:28,800
it's basically it's the material of evolutionary change, all right.

995
00:56:29,079 --> 00:56:31,639
You have two haploid halves coming together to form a

996
00:56:31,639 --> 00:56:35,480
diploid hole. That diploid hole, that zygote is going to

997
00:56:35,519 --> 00:56:38,639
be a different phenotype from either of its parents. Okay,

998
00:56:39,519 --> 00:56:44,119
same genome, same species, but different mix of code. Okay,

999
00:56:44,679 --> 00:56:47,280
all the same genes, but different mexic code that goes

1000
00:56:47,320 --> 00:56:50,039
in there. Okay, same slots for the genes at the

1001
00:56:50,079 --> 00:56:53,760
same location on the same genome, but it's going to

1002
00:56:53,800 --> 00:56:57,440
have a different mixic code. Okay. So that's phenotypic change.

1003
00:56:57,800 --> 00:57:01,599
Is the material of evolution a right, it's what natural

1004
00:57:01,639 --> 00:57:04,639
selection works on. In order for natural selection to work

1005
00:57:04,679 --> 00:57:09,519
its magic and select a right organisms, the offspring has

1006
00:57:09,559 --> 00:57:12,480
to be different from the parent okay, versus you know,

1007
00:57:12,559 --> 00:57:15,119
let's let's look at the case of an agave, all right.

1008
00:57:15,320 --> 00:57:20,119
Agave's form offsets. Those offsets are an exact clone of

1009
00:57:20,519 --> 00:57:23,719
the parent. Okay, agave's form offsets at the base, so

1010
00:57:23,760 --> 00:57:27,039
that they can hedge their bets. You know, since they're monocarpic,

1011
00:57:27,480 --> 00:57:29,800
they flower once and then they die. When they grow

1012
00:57:29,840 --> 00:57:32,840
for twenty years, cook up carbohydrates, stash it in that

1013
00:57:32,880 --> 00:57:37,000
big pineapple looking heart of theirs, and then use it

1014
00:57:37,039 --> 00:57:40,039
all all at once to send up this giant inflorescence.

1015
00:57:40,719 --> 00:57:43,559
Massive amount of sugar and energy require these. In the

1016
00:57:43,599 --> 00:57:46,480
case of Agave americana, that inflorescence can reach thirty feet

1017
00:57:46,519 --> 00:57:48,760
tall within a span of like two months. Right. That

1018
00:57:48,800 --> 00:57:51,880
takes a lot of energy. That's why they're monocarpic, all right.

1019
00:57:51,960 --> 00:57:54,039
But say that they do that and they don't get

1020
00:57:54,079 --> 00:57:57,119
pollinated or a deer comes by and choose the inflorescence

1021
00:57:57,119 --> 00:57:59,719
off all right. A lot of agaves have evolved the

1022
00:58:00,440 --> 00:58:04,280
to send out sideshoots, to send out offsets, okay, and

1023
00:58:04,320 --> 00:58:06,440
that is an adaptive trade. If you can just send

1024
00:58:06,440 --> 00:58:09,960
out a clone. Boom, all right, deer, something comes by,

1025
00:58:10,079 --> 00:58:13,159
fucking groundsloth thirty thousand years ago, whatever comes by, choose,

1026
00:58:14,280 --> 00:58:16,239
choose the inflorescence of If you don't get a chance

1027
00:58:16,280 --> 00:58:19,400
to flower, all right, it's the process is already been

1028
00:58:19,400 --> 00:58:22,800
set in action. That that plant is gonna die, That

1029
00:58:22,960 --> 00:58:26,400
one rosette of leaves is gonna die, but the clones,

1030
00:58:26,480 --> 00:58:29,719
the offsets, will survive. It'll get a chance to flower again,

1031
00:58:29,719 --> 00:58:31,840
all right. So a lot of agave's form offsets, those

1032
00:58:31,840 --> 00:58:35,639
offsets are the same clone, the same phenotype is the parent.

1033
00:58:35,920 --> 00:58:38,519
But if the gave sends up an inflorescence and the

1034
00:58:38,519 --> 00:58:42,119
flowers get pollinated by a bat or bees or whatever

1035
00:58:42,159 --> 00:58:47,679
the shit. Some agaves are pollinated by hummingbirds, then that

1036
00:58:47,880 --> 00:58:52,039
pollen that that bird that bad is bringing haploid pollen.

1037
00:58:52,760 --> 00:58:56,760
Pollen only has one copy of the U of the

1038
00:58:56,840 --> 00:59:02,440
genome uh to the over in the flower, the female

1039
00:59:02,760 --> 00:59:07,119
part of the the flower on that that parent plant.

1040
00:59:07,159 --> 00:59:10,360
So then that that agave gets pollinated. The egg sac,

1041
00:59:10,440 --> 00:59:12,920
which is haploid egg sac is a is a part

1042
00:59:12,960 --> 00:59:18,159
of a ovule an unfertilized seed inside the ovary the

1043
00:59:18,199 --> 00:59:22,639
fruit of an agave. Of course, the ovary is is

1044
00:59:22,960 --> 00:59:26,039
before it's a fruit. It's in there in the flower. Two. Okay,

1045
00:59:27,039 --> 00:59:29,280
So one, the haploid of eggsack meets up with the

1046
00:59:29,320 --> 00:59:34,199
haploid pollen grain and uh and forms a diploid zygotes

1047
00:59:34,280 --> 00:59:37,760
a k A. That little flaky black seed that will

1048
00:59:37,960 --> 00:59:41,760
mature in a number of months if pollination is successful.

1049
00:59:41,800 --> 00:59:47,119
If that that the ovule is fertilized, and that's a

1050
00:59:47,239 --> 00:59:51,119
new Once that ovule is fertilized, then that becomes a

1051
00:59:51,360 --> 00:59:55,679
diploid sporophyte. Okay, The seeds are diploid. This is why

1052
00:59:56,199 --> 01:00:03,519
why sperm spores are not analog to seeds, because fern

1053
01:00:03,559 --> 01:00:06,920
spores are haploid, all right, same thing with mosses. There's

1054
01:00:06,920 --> 01:00:12,800
spores are haploid, whereas seeds are diploid. Fern spores are

1055
01:00:12,920 --> 01:00:17,239
analogous to a pollen grain. Okay, because they're both haploid.

1056
01:00:17,639 --> 01:00:19,800
But that doesn't even really work out. That's a little bit,

1057
01:00:20,119 --> 01:00:24,559
it's not quite how it works. So anyway, once that

1058
01:00:24,639 --> 01:00:29,360
seed in that agave is produced, that seed will germinate.

1059
01:00:29,400 --> 01:00:32,239
That's a new diploid sporophyte. That's going that if that

1060
01:00:32,360 --> 01:00:36,239
seed germinates and as successful, that'll be the same species

1061
01:00:36,280 --> 01:00:40,000
as the parent plant, but it'll be a different phenotype. Okay,

1062
01:00:40,039 --> 01:00:43,519
So that that bag of genes of genetic code has

1063
01:00:43,519 --> 01:00:46,280
already been mixed up. The same codes are there are

1064
01:00:46,320 --> 01:00:49,840
the same slots for the same codes rather, but there's

1065
01:00:50,119 --> 01:00:53,280
a different code. Okay. Man, that's a different set of alleles,

1066
01:00:53,480 --> 01:00:58,679
all right. Remember day, alleles are just different copies of

1067
01:00:58,719 --> 01:01:03,000
the same gene. So it might have you know, less

1068
01:01:03,039 --> 01:01:05,440
spines on the margins of the leaves, or it might

1069
01:01:06,000 --> 01:01:10,719
produce a thicker cuticle, a thicker coat of wax, or

1070
01:01:10,760 --> 01:01:14,880
a thicker a thicker farina. It might you know, god

1071
01:01:14,960 --> 01:01:18,079
knows what. There's a phenotypic change again is the hard

1072
01:01:18,159 --> 01:01:21,639
material of evolution. That's what natural selection has to work with,

1073
01:01:21,840 --> 01:01:25,880
all right. So compare that, right, The offsets from an

1074
01:01:25,920 --> 01:01:28,119
agave are going to be the same phenotype, the same

1075
01:01:28,239 --> 01:01:32,280
clone as the parent, whereas a seedling that germinates from

1076
01:01:32,320 --> 01:01:35,360
seed will be a different phenotype. Okay. And that's why

1077
01:01:35,840 --> 01:01:40,440
the genetic diversity is what's beneficial. Okay. So that if

1078
01:01:40,519 --> 01:01:43,400
if everything was the same clone, some disease comes in

1079
01:01:43,480 --> 01:01:47,679
or whatever, or some environmental stress comes in, like prolonged

1080
01:01:47,679 --> 01:01:50,480
to drought. Since everything's the same clone, there's no variation,

1081
01:01:50,519 --> 01:01:54,320
everything's gonna die. So that's why obviously genetic diversity is good.

1082
01:01:54,360 --> 01:01:57,079
Whereas if it's there's a bunch of seedlings around, they

1083
01:01:57,119 --> 01:02:00,599
grow into full plants. Now that whole hillside that's covered

1084
01:02:00,599 --> 01:02:02,800
in a bunch of different phenotypes of a gavey instead

1085
01:02:02,800 --> 01:02:05,079
of just the same clone. Some might die in a

1086
01:02:05,079 --> 01:02:07,880
prolonged drought, some will survive. Some might get hit by

1087
01:02:07,880 --> 01:02:11,679
a rust fungus and succumb some might survive, et cetera.

1088
01:02:12,159 --> 01:02:14,519
In such an event like that a catastrophe, you know,

1089
01:02:14,559 --> 01:02:19,280
a prolonged drought or a rust fungus coming in. That's

1090
01:02:19,400 --> 01:02:23,480
natural selection in action. That is, that is the environment

1091
01:02:23,599 --> 01:02:27,719
selecting picking some individuals out of the population they don't

1092
01:02:27,760 --> 01:02:32,320
make it, the environment selecting for whatever something survives. Say

1093
01:02:32,400 --> 01:02:36,000
some of the individual agaves a gave individuals on that

1094
01:02:36,119 --> 01:02:39,800
hillside survive. Those have been selected for their slightly more

1095
01:02:39,880 --> 01:02:42,159
drought tolerant. Not always maybe they had you know, they

1096
01:02:42,159 --> 01:02:43,679
were grown in the shade of a rock or something,

1097
01:02:43,760 --> 01:02:47,159
or there could be environmental effects to why there are

1098
01:02:47,239 --> 01:02:50,320
environmental reasons to why they survive. Maybe not genomic, but

1099
01:02:50,320 --> 01:02:54,960
but regardless, that's a filtering event. It's like a natural

1100
01:02:55,000 --> 01:02:58,800
selection filtering event, prolonged drought, et cetera, a human fuckery

1101
01:02:58,920 --> 01:03:03,840
on the planet. Is this mass extinction we're causing is

1102
01:03:03,840 --> 01:03:07,559
a filtering event. Doesn't mean it's good. It's causing a

1103
01:03:07,559 --> 01:03:09,440
lot of shit to succumb, but it's you could think

1104
01:03:09,480 --> 01:03:12,480
of that as a filtering event, all right. I mean

1105
01:03:12,480 --> 01:03:16,360
that's what a mass extinction is as well. So it's

1106
01:03:16,400 --> 01:03:23,000
a very you know, exponentially catastrophic filtering event. So this

1107
01:03:23,039 --> 01:03:26,000
brings us back to alternation of generations. It will start

1108
01:03:26,039 --> 01:03:30,000
with bryo fights first, because that's they're the weirdest. It's

1109
01:03:30,039 --> 01:03:33,239
hard to uh, it's hard to grasp. Ferns are kind

1110
01:03:33,239 --> 01:03:34,840
of like that too, but ferns are at least a

1111
01:03:34,880 --> 01:03:40,199
little easier to grasp because the dominant the dominant individual

1112
01:03:40,280 --> 01:03:43,239
is the sporo fight, not the cometophyte, whereas in bryo fights,

1113
01:03:43,280 --> 01:03:46,159
the dominant individual is the cometo fight. There's again, there's

1114
01:03:46,159 --> 01:03:49,840
nothing analogous to this in humans. To think of an

1115
01:03:49,920 --> 01:03:53,960
analogy to alternation to generations and humans would be like

1116
01:03:54,159 --> 01:03:57,679
if instead of you know, your balls or your ovaries

1117
01:03:57,719 --> 01:04:02,880
producing sperm and egg, you produced what's a good way

1118
01:04:02,880 --> 01:04:05,159
to think of this? Okay, I can't use the sperm

1119
01:04:05,199 --> 01:04:07,360
and egg analogy for what would be produced, but instead

1120
01:04:07,360 --> 01:04:11,679
of you'll still produce sperm and egg. Okay, but instead

1121
01:04:11,719 --> 01:04:15,239
of that, instead of just going straight to producing sperm

1122
01:04:15,239 --> 01:04:18,679
and egg in you in an individual, let's say you

1123
01:04:18,719 --> 01:04:22,400
produce spores or something instead. All right, you produce thousands

1124
01:04:22,400 --> 01:04:26,960
of spores, and each one of those spores lands somewhere

1125
01:04:27,039 --> 01:04:29,920
and turns into a whole other human, and then that human,

1126
01:04:30,000 --> 01:04:32,480
like a mini me, think, turns into a minime. This

1127
01:04:32,559 --> 01:04:35,119
is really getting fucking weird. I apologize. I just like

1128
01:04:35,119 --> 01:04:38,239
Sci fi dystopia. You produce a whole other generation, a

1129
01:04:38,320 --> 01:04:42,079
mini me, and that mini me has gonads, two balls

1130
01:04:42,119 --> 01:04:44,360
or ovaries, and then that mini me produces the sperm

1131
01:04:44,400 --> 01:04:46,519
and egg and then they got a bang. You know too,

1132
01:04:46,559 --> 01:04:49,639
mini me's gotta gotta mate, and then that forms the

1133
01:04:49,719 --> 01:04:54,480
actual diploid new human being, new human baby. But you

1134
01:04:54,480 --> 01:04:59,000
you wouldn't. You're not doing that. You're producing spores or

1135
01:04:59,039 --> 01:05:02,199
something analogous to spores that would land, and you're producing

1136
01:05:02,239 --> 01:05:05,039
a lot of them, and so you're making new a

1137
01:05:05,280 --> 01:05:08,199
bunch of new minimes, little fucking midgets. They don't like

1138
01:05:08,199 --> 01:05:09,519
it when you call them midgets. What do they want?

1139
01:05:09,880 --> 01:05:12,440
I don't know what the fuck? Little people? You're producing

1140
01:05:12,480 --> 01:05:15,920
a bunch of little people, okay, that would be the

1141
01:05:16,119 --> 01:05:20,039
gametophyte generation analogous and plants, and then those little people

1142
01:05:20,079 --> 01:05:22,800
gotta meet up and bang, and then they form a

1143
01:05:22,840 --> 01:05:26,079
diploid organism, all right, And the little people are haploid too.

1144
01:05:26,079 --> 01:05:28,519
They only got one copy of the of the genome,

1145
01:05:28,599 --> 01:05:30,360
you know, whereas you got two, so they got no

1146
01:05:30,400 --> 01:05:33,760
backup copy. So you basically you like that analogy. You're

1147
01:05:33,760 --> 01:05:36,920
producing a bunch of midgets, all right, not just one,

1148
01:05:37,159 --> 01:05:39,679
but a bunch of midgets. You produce these spores that

1149
01:05:39,719 --> 01:05:42,480
turn into midgets. The spores are haploid, the midgets are haploid.

1150
01:05:42,960 --> 01:05:45,719
And then the midgets have to meet up. Two haploid

1151
01:05:45,760 --> 01:05:49,360
midgets got to meet up and bang one haploid midget

1152
01:05:49,360 --> 01:05:52,440
from someone else, and then they form a human baby,

1153
01:05:52,719 --> 01:05:55,039
all right, And they have sperm and egg. You see,

1154
01:05:55,079 --> 01:05:58,719
that's because that's plants have sperm and egg too. But uh,

1155
01:05:58,800 --> 01:06:00,800
it's fun, I'm telling you, it's fucking weird. But the

1156
01:06:00,840 --> 01:06:04,239
benefit of this is that since you're not just creating,

1157
01:06:05,440 --> 01:06:08,360
you know, like humans, two humans get together, make a

1158
01:06:08,480 --> 01:06:12,960
zygot sperm meets egg haploid sperm meets haploid egg forms,

1159
01:06:12,960 --> 01:06:17,360
the new zygot embryo, human baby, et cetera. It's diploid,

1160
01:06:17,639 --> 01:06:21,280
you only make one. But if humans were instead, you know,

1161
01:06:21,400 --> 01:06:23,840
say you're shooting spores out of your balls or something.

1162
01:06:23,880 --> 01:06:25,599
I don't know, you know, let's get nasty. Why not

1163
01:06:25,639 --> 01:06:27,679
fuck it, let's roll with it. You're shooting spores out

1164
01:06:27,679 --> 01:06:30,400
of your balls or spores out of your ovaries. You're

1165
01:06:30,440 --> 01:06:33,679
not just gonna make one, you know. And and each

1166
01:06:33,679 --> 01:06:35,880
one of those sports they you shoot a thousand spores

1167
01:06:35,920 --> 01:06:38,400
out of your balls, and those a thousand spores turn

1168
01:06:38,480 --> 01:06:44,159
into a thousand haploid midgets, okay, and then those So

1169
01:06:44,280 --> 01:06:48,519
now you're you're exponentially increasing your progeny. You're not just

1170
01:06:48,559 --> 01:06:51,599
making one human baby, You're you're this whole other generation

1171
01:06:51,760 --> 01:06:55,280
is involved of these little haploid midgets, little people. Fuck sorry,

1172
01:06:55,400 --> 01:06:59,480
I'm gonna get canceled little people. And those those haploid

1173
01:06:59,480 --> 01:07:03,239
little people, each one of them, maybe half of them,

1174
01:07:03,239 --> 01:07:05,079
don't make it. You know, they keel over it, they

1175
01:07:05,119 --> 01:07:07,320
got whatever the fuck the environment takes them out. They

1176
01:07:07,360 --> 01:07:10,599
don't land in the right spot, the spores can't germinate

1177
01:07:10,599 --> 01:07:13,239
and turn into the haploid midget whatever. But say five

1178
01:07:13,320 --> 01:07:16,280
hundred of those one thousand midgets do, and then they bang,

1179
01:07:16,320 --> 01:07:18,800
They meet up with another haploid midget from another human,

1180
01:07:19,239 --> 01:07:23,920
and then they bang and spur meets egg, their haploid

1181
01:07:23,920 --> 01:07:26,360
spur meets the haploid egg from another individual. Then you

1182
01:07:26,440 --> 01:07:31,159
get a diploid baby forming a diploid human baby. You're

1183
01:07:31,199 --> 01:07:33,199
not just making one in that case. You haven't just

1184
01:07:33,239 --> 01:07:36,840
made one human diploid human baby. You've made five hundred

1185
01:07:37,159 --> 01:07:40,159
human diploid babies because five hundred of those haploid midgets

1186
01:07:40,159 --> 01:07:45,559
fuck little people sorry, have met you know, have successfully reproduced.

1187
01:07:45,559 --> 01:07:49,320
So that's the benefit, obviously one of the benefits. I

1188
01:07:49,320 --> 01:07:51,199
don't know why the fuck plants do this, honestly, but

1189
01:07:51,199 --> 01:07:58,519
they all do. So you're exponentially increasing how many offspring

1190
01:07:58,559 --> 01:08:04,280
you've made, so hopefully it clears things up a little bit.

1191
01:08:04,639 --> 01:08:11,599
So let's start with mosses, right, with mosses and liver wars. Okay, mosses, liverwarts, hornwarts,

1192
01:08:11,599 --> 01:08:17,199
the three clades, the three evolutionary monophyletic groups of bryophytes

1193
01:08:17,199 --> 01:08:22,199
of non vascular plants. All right, mosses, uh, you know,

1194
01:08:22,560 --> 01:08:24,800
relatively simple. When you look at a moss, you're looking

1195
01:08:24,840 --> 01:08:27,359
at the gametophyte. When you look at a liver wart,

1196
01:08:27,439 --> 01:08:31,039
what you're seeing is the gametophyte. The sporophytes in liverworts

1197
01:08:31,119 --> 01:08:33,760
is even fucking weirder than it is in mosses. The

1198
01:08:33,800 --> 01:08:36,520
sporophyte in mosses is pretty cut and dry. Right. It

1199
01:08:36,520 --> 01:08:39,239
looks like a little stalk, a little semaphore with the

1200
01:08:39,279 --> 01:08:43,199
capsule at the top. It's not photosynthetic. It's brown, maybe

1201
01:08:43,199 --> 01:08:45,279
it's orange, but it doesn't have any chlorophyll in it,

1202
01:08:45,520 --> 01:08:49,319
and it's not making its own food. It's completely dependent

1203
01:08:49,479 --> 01:08:54,640
on the gametophyte in a moss. Okay, what is making

1204
01:08:54,920 --> 01:08:58,479
the food is what is photosynthesizing, is the gametophyte, which is,

1205
01:08:58,520 --> 01:09:01,680
you know, the actual ma that you see. All right,

1206
01:09:02,960 --> 01:09:06,119
So the gametafyte is haploid. A spore. A haploid spore

1207
01:09:06,600 --> 01:09:09,760
germinates from a moss, It turns into a happ It

1208
01:09:09,800 --> 01:09:13,279
germinates and turns into a haploid gametophyte and on that

1209
01:09:13,359 --> 01:09:18,359
haploid gometophyte a. Then this is gonna fuck you up

1210
01:09:18,399 --> 01:09:22,520
even more. Whole new term. We're learning Anthidium or archagonium,

1211
01:09:22,880 --> 01:09:31,239
Anthidia or archagonia plural. Anthidia is produced, Anthidia produce sperm,

1212
01:09:32,319 --> 01:09:38,800
Arcagonia produce uh eggs? Right, all this shit has been

1213
01:09:38,840 --> 01:09:41,159
wiped out in the in the seed plants. Okay, there's no,

1214
01:09:42,000 --> 01:09:46,079
there's no Actually, I think it's just angiosperms. Let me check. Yeah,

1215
01:09:46,079 --> 01:09:52,399
Anthidia and arcagonia, right, which produces sperm and egg respectively?

1216
01:09:53,119 --> 01:09:56,520
Don't angiosperms don't have them. They're still in conifers, but

1217
01:09:56,600 --> 01:10:01,880
they've been lost evolutionarily lost in angiosp and some neales

1218
01:10:01,960 --> 01:10:06,119
italies with the g ephedra and fucking wilwitchia and the

1219
01:10:06,199 --> 01:10:10,840
genus need them. Okay, But in conifers and all the

1220
01:10:10,880 --> 01:10:14,960
other shit ferns, lycophytes, mosses, they all produce anthidia and arcogonia.

1221
01:10:15,000 --> 01:10:16,920
But we're talking about brio fytes. Okay, So the moss

1222
01:10:17,159 --> 01:10:23,399
cometophyte produces anthidia or acogonia, some produce some avoid selfing

1223
01:10:23,520 --> 01:10:30,399
by producing anthidia first and then arcagonia after, or maybe

1224
01:10:30,399 --> 01:10:32,479
a devicerous. I don't know either way. They just avoid

1225
01:10:32,520 --> 01:10:36,880
it by producing him at different times, avoid selfing because remember,

1226
01:10:36,920 --> 01:10:39,159
you don't want a self you want genetic diversity. You

1227
01:10:39,159 --> 01:10:43,520
don't want those recessive alleles stacking up. Okay, So on

1228
01:10:43,600 --> 01:10:46,439
a moss, the Anthidia and arcagonia, this is all too

1229
01:10:46,479 --> 01:10:48,359
tiny to see, of course, it's on a fucking moss

1230
01:10:48,359 --> 01:10:53,239
for Christ's sakes. Anthridia produces sperm, Arcagonia produces egg. The

1231
01:10:53,319 --> 01:10:56,560
sperm actually swims, this is why they need it wet.

1232
01:10:56,560 --> 01:10:58,680
They need water to swim through. Swims to the egg,

1233
01:10:59,159 --> 01:11:03,680
fertilizes it and produces a diploid sporophyte, which then starts

1234
01:11:03,720 --> 01:11:08,560
growing out of that out of that cometophyte. And so

1235
01:11:09,960 --> 01:11:14,119
the sporophyte again is like that little inch long, looks

1236
01:11:14,119 --> 01:11:16,479
like an orange hair with a capsule at the top. Okay,

1237
01:11:16,479 --> 01:11:19,560
the spora fight is nothing fancy. You see a green moss,

1238
01:11:19,840 --> 01:11:21,720
some of them will have those little orange hairs that

1239
01:11:22,000 --> 01:11:25,239
looks like an orange hair. That's the sporophyte. Okay. So

1240
01:11:25,319 --> 01:11:27,479
it looks like a little semaphore with the capsule at

1241
01:11:27,520 --> 01:11:30,640
the top, and that capsule that sporophyte is diploid. It's

1242
01:11:30,640 --> 01:11:33,760
got both copies of the genome, two sets of chromosomes.

1243
01:11:34,600 --> 01:11:40,199
And then it in that little capsule that's where miosis occurs.

1244
01:11:40,199 --> 01:11:43,960
And then it produces haploid spores. And then those spores

1245
01:11:45,199 --> 01:11:46,560
you know, get out of it, They blow out of

1246
01:11:46,560 --> 01:11:49,600
the capsule, they start the whole fucking presses again, germinate

1247
01:11:49,680 --> 01:11:52,800
form a haploid. Those spores germinate form a haploid go metaphyte.

1248
01:11:53,079 --> 01:11:56,640
So again, the sporophyte is not photosynthetic in mosses. It's

1249
01:11:56,680 --> 01:12:01,960
not free living. It's dependent on that cometaphyt for nutrition. Okay,

1250
01:12:02,199 --> 01:12:06,640
let's move on the liver warts. New whole other evolutionary clade,

1251
01:12:06,640 --> 01:12:09,920
monophyletic evolutionary clad Okay, meaning all everything that's in that

1252
01:12:10,000 --> 01:12:12,119
clade is more closely related to everything else in that

1253
01:12:12,119 --> 01:12:14,960
clad than it is to anything outside of that clay.

1254
01:12:15,159 --> 01:12:17,439
All right, So everything in the liver warts that forms

1255
01:12:17,439 --> 01:12:20,520
a monophyletic clad, So all the liver warts are more

1256
01:12:20,520 --> 01:12:23,399
closely related to each other than they are to anything

1257
01:12:23,680 --> 01:12:26,920
that is technically a moss. Right, duh. So I think

1258
01:12:26,920 --> 01:12:30,119
I've talked, I've rant that enough about this monophyletic polyphyletic

1259
01:12:30,159 --> 01:12:32,760
paraphyletic shit. If it's if it escapes, you don't worry,

1260
01:12:32,800 --> 01:12:34,319
all right, You could look it up later. You could

1261
01:12:34,359 --> 01:12:38,680
download the fucking PDF of Plants Systematics or a Raven's

1262
01:12:38,720 --> 01:12:41,880
Biology of Plants. Plant Systematics I really recommend because it's

1263
01:12:41,920 --> 01:12:45,520
it does everything from you know, oldest lineages to the newest.

1264
01:12:45,560 --> 01:12:49,760
It's really great fucking reference, lots of nice diagrams. You know,

1265
01:12:49,840 --> 01:12:51,800
you should buy the book. If you can't buy the book,

1266
01:12:51,800 --> 01:12:54,640
it's a lot of fucking expensive, you could download the pdf,

1267
01:12:54,680 --> 01:12:57,439
read it on a tablet or something. It's on libgen

1268
01:12:57,520 --> 01:13:00,960
dot is and if you want, you can email me

1269
01:13:01,000 --> 01:13:03,439
and maybe I can email you a PDF either way.

1270
01:13:04,000 --> 01:13:06,760
Moving on to liver warts, all right. Liver warts can

1271
01:13:06,800 --> 01:13:09,880
completely dry out. You can see them, you know. I

1272
01:13:09,960 --> 01:13:13,840
remember seeing some cool liver warts in uh, you know,

1273
01:13:13,880 --> 01:13:19,600
growing at the base of a fucking Browningia candelars in

1274
01:13:19,279 --> 01:13:22,279
the in the desert's the northern out of Comma, the

1275
01:13:22,319 --> 01:13:25,520
northern out of Coama Desert, northern Chile, all right, and

1276
01:13:25,560 --> 01:13:27,600
they can completely dry out. They got a cool pattern

1277
01:13:27,600 --> 01:13:29,319
when they when they dry out, when they get wet,

1278
01:13:29,359 --> 01:13:33,880
they come spring back to life and start photosynthesizing and

1279
01:13:33,920 --> 01:13:39,000
start actively photosynthesizing and metabolizing anyway. It's right or cool

1280
01:13:39,039 --> 01:13:42,199
because they can basically grow almost anywhere. They don't need

1281
01:13:43,680 --> 01:13:47,119
constant moisture. Some mosses don't need constant oil. A lot

1282
01:13:47,159 --> 01:13:50,239
of mosses don't need constant moisture either. Actually, a lot

1283
01:13:50,239 --> 01:13:52,880
of moist A lot of mosses are poikilo hydrich too.

1284
01:13:52,880 --> 01:13:55,680
They can resurrection plants. They can dry out come back

1285
01:13:55,720 --> 01:14:00,239
to life anyway. The liver wart does the same thing.

1286
01:14:00,239 --> 01:14:04,039
It's this little leafy thalloid thing. That's the gametophyte. That's

1287
01:14:04,119 --> 01:14:09,119
the that's the the haploid. Only only one set of chromosome,

1288
01:14:09,199 --> 01:14:11,920
only one set of of only one copy of the genome.

1289
01:14:12,880 --> 01:14:16,359
They they're they germinate from a spore, a haploid, spore

1290
01:14:16,439 --> 01:14:19,439
goes out, germinates forms this little thalloid green liver wart.

1291
01:14:19,479 --> 01:14:21,520
They got those sometimes they got those gemma cups. Like

1292
01:14:21,560 --> 01:14:24,319
if you go to Garfield Park Conservatory in Chicago to

1293
01:14:24,399 --> 01:14:27,800
fern room, it's a fucking wonderful place to be learning

1294
01:14:27,800 --> 01:14:30,880
about this stuff. Those little gemma cups that they have

1295
01:14:31,000 --> 01:14:32,720
looks like a little cup on the thallas of a

1296
01:14:32,760 --> 01:14:36,239
liver ward. It's just doing a sexual reproduction, okay, just

1297
01:14:36,319 --> 01:14:42,039
hedging its bets a right, asexual. It's producing asexual uh individuals,

1298
01:14:42,079 --> 01:14:47,720
asexual spores. So where is the the sporo fight in

1299
01:14:47,760 --> 01:14:50,680
liver warts? All right? That they some liver warts send

1300
01:14:50,760 --> 01:14:53,600
up this little thing that looks like an umbrella. Okay,

1301
01:14:54,119 --> 01:14:57,520
And you might assume, because it's you know, thinking of mosses,

1302
01:14:57,640 --> 01:15:01,640
that this stalk thing gets like an inch sometimes less

1303
01:15:01,680 --> 01:15:04,239
above the thous of a liver war you might think

1304
01:15:04,279 --> 01:15:07,079
that that is the diploid sporophyte, because that's what it

1305
01:15:07,119 --> 01:15:10,199
is in mosses. They said that some apour thing, it's diploid,

1306
01:15:10,439 --> 01:15:14,920
that's the sporophyte. But remember, in liver warts, the sporophyte

1307
01:15:15,000 --> 01:15:19,279
is not free living. It's not photosynthetic either, it doesn't.

1308
01:15:19,359 --> 01:15:21,840
It's not green, right, these are green. These things are green.

1309
01:15:21,880 --> 01:15:25,119
They look like a green umbrella. So it's photosynthetic. It

1310
01:15:25,159 --> 01:15:29,079
can't be. It can't be the the sporophyte. What the

1311
01:15:29,079 --> 01:15:31,520
fuck is it? Then it's an it's an anther radio

1312
01:15:31,600 --> 01:15:35,680
for or an archagonio for Okay. So it's this structure

1313
01:15:36,199 --> 01:15:44,119
specific to liverwarts that produces sperm an egg. Right, But

1314
01:15:44,159 --> 01:15:46,760
it's photosynthetic. It's part of the gametophyte, right, so it's

1315
01:15:46,840 --> 01:15:52,039
it's it's anther radio for producing sperm. Arcagoniaph producing eggs

1316
01:15:52,479 --> 01:15:56,399
looks like a little green umbrella. When the sperm swims

1317
01:15:56,439 --> 01:16:00,079
to the egg and fertilizes it, which the ante the

1318
01:16:00,159 --> 01:16:02,680
radio four looks slightly most liver wars. It looks slightly

1319
01:16:02,720 --> 01:16:05,760
dimment from the Arcagonia four the you know, and it

1320
01:16:05,760 --> 01:16:08,239
looks like a cup like the the umbrella will be

1321
01:16:08,479 --> 01:16:10,960
you know, when this is the case, the umbrella will

1322
01:16:10,960 --> 01:16:13,479
be down on the Archagonia four and it'll look like

1323
01:16:13,520 --> 01:16:15,920
it's been blown up by the wind, like a you know,

1324
01:16:16,159 --> 01:16:21,520
convex shape upwards on the ant radiophoor, or just flat

1325
01:16:21,640 --> 01:16:25,000
up top, you know, maybe it's a little little slightly curved.

1326
01:16:25,000 --> 01:16:27,119
And so the sperm are produced on that anthra radiophour.

1327
01:16:27,560 --> 01:16:32,199
Rain drop hits it hopefully splashes it to the Archagonia

1328
01:16:32,279 --> 01:16:35,039
four and then the arca. The sperm is able to

1329
01:16:35,039 --> 01:16:37,880
swim to the egg and the Archagonia four and then

1330
01:16:38,039 --> 01:16:43,600
form forms a diploid sporophyte. And that sporophyte is a

1331
01:16:43,640 --> 01:16:48,600
little capsule, all right. It's a fucking non photosynthetic little capsule.

1332
01:16:48,720 --> 01:16:50,560
Sometimes they're yellow. You just look up, you want to

1333
01:16:50,560 --> 01:16:54,560
see what this looks like. Dip or sporophyte of liverwarts.

1334
01:16:54,600 --> 01:16:57,079
Look up sporofhyed liver warts and hopefully it gets some

1335
01:16:57,199 --> 01:16:59,560
nice money shots. All right, they're fucking weird, all right.

1336
01:16:59,720 --> 01:17:04,359
That's the sporophyte. That's where meosis occurs. That's the little

1337
01:17:04,399 --> 01:17:08,840
yellow capsule. Is diploid. It's got two sets of chromosomes, uh,

1338
01:17:08,960 --> 01:17:12,479
two copies of the genome. And then that's where meosis

1339
01:17:12,520 --> 01:17:17,880
occurs and haploid spores are produced. A right totally, you

1340
01:17:17,960 --> 01:17:20,800
would you you wouldn't notice it. In some cases it's

1341
01:17:21,000 --> 01:17:24,359
you're able to see it. Uh, you know, it's readily visible.

1342
01:17:24,359 --> 01:17:26,720
It's a little yellow dot on the archogonia for it's

1343
01:17:26,800 --> 01:17:30,279
other cases. Sometimes it's up inside the archagonia four under

1344
01:17:30,279 --> 01:17:33,840
the umbrella. And so that again, that's the that's the

1345
01:17:33,880 --> 01:17:38,359
fucking spori fyte. It's a diploid sporophyte that makes haploid spores.

1346
01:17:38,399 --> 01:17:43,239
That's where meosis occurs and forms haploid spores, haploid doughter cells.

1347
01:17:44,239 --> 01:17:46,520
I moveing on the hornwarts. What the fuck is a hornwort?

1348
01:17:46,560 --> 01:17:50,119
I looked at my eye naturalist, uh observations. I didn't

1349
01:17:50,119 --> 01:17:52,439
even I don't even have any observations of a horn war.

1350
01:17:52,760 --> 01:17:55,239
They look like a liver wart, but they've got this

1351
01:17:55,600 --> 01:17:59,840
green horn on them, which is the sporophyte. The thing

1352
01:18:00,039 --> 01:18:03,000
about hornwartz, it's cool, and that's different from mosses and liverwarts,

1353
01:18:03,039 --> 01:18:05,760
is that the sporo fyte is photosynthetic. It's not considered

1354
01:18:06,439 --> 01:18:09,880
free living because it's still dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition,

1355
01:18:10,119 --> 01:18:12,800
but it is photosynthetic. It is green, and that's what

1356
01:18:12,960 --> 01:18:14,960
that's where they call hornwarts. It looks like a little

1357
01:18:15,399 --> 01:18:19,239
green horn poking up like an inch above half inch

1358
01:18:19,279 --> 01:18:22,359
above this thallus. This the thallus is just the leafy

1359
01:18:22,399 --> 01:18:28,239
shit the mat of green. Okay. And so that sporophyte

1360
01:18:28,279 --> 01:18:30,680
is photosynthetic. It's not free living because it's still dependent

1361
01:18:30,760 --> 01:18:35,239
on nutrition, but that sporophyte and a hornwart is where

1362
01:18:35,399 --> 01:18:38,960
again it's diploid. It's where miosis is occurring. It produces spores,

1363
01:18:39,319 --> 01:18:45,159
haploid spores. Those spores you know, fly off, germinate somewhere

1364
01:18:45,359 --> 01:18:49,840
and for germinate into a haploid gametophyte. That haploid gametophyte

1365
01:18:50,479 --> 01:18:56,199
then produces anthridia and archagonia, producing sperm and egg respectively.

1366
01:18:56,760 --> 01:18:59,199
The sperm swims to the egg fertilized and then produces

1367
01:18:59,239 --> 01:19:03,319
that that photo synthetic diploid sporophyte on a hornwart. That's

1368
01:19:03,359 --> 01:19:05,640
a hornwart. A right, trying to find a fucking hornwart.

1369
01:19:05,760 --> 01:19:08,600
I'm on the lookout now. I never gave a shit before.

1370
01:19:08,680 --> 01:19:11,399
I'm always seeing liverwarts because they grow in deserts. I

1371
01:19:11,399 --> 01:19:14,640
don't think hornwartz. I don't think there's any xeric hornwarts,

1372
01:19:14,680 --> 01:19:20,079
any any dry adaptedt hornwarts. Okay, so that's the bryophytes.

1373
01:19:21,159 --> 01:19:30,079
Moving on to the lycophytes, Okay, modern relatives of lepidodendron. Okay, lepidodendron.

1374
01:19:30,359 --> 01:19:33,399
You might might have seen a lepidodendron fossil in a museum.

1375
01:19:33,479 --> 01:19:36,319
The scale trees, you know, they were big into Carboniferous

1376
01:19:36,319 --> 01:19:38,199
three hundred and fifty million years ago. They were some

1377
01:19:38,239 --> 01:19:41,359
of the first large trees to evolve. Some of them

1378
01:19:41,359 --> 01:19:45,159
got upwards as ninety fucking feet tall. They have that

1379
01:19:45,159 --> 01:19:49,239
that scale bark looks like snake scales, kind of old

1380
01:19:49,279 --> 01:19:56,600
abscision scars for the leaves. That is, those lepidodendron are lycophytes. Okay,

1381
01:19:56,880 --> 01:20:00,560
this is a whole clade again, another evolutionary monophletic clade plants,

1382
01:20:00,880 --> 01:20:06,800
that's comprised of lycopods. It's composed of that's one group,

1383
01:20:07,079 --> 01:20:11,800
monophyletic group. The it's composed of the Selaginella selaginell a c.

1384
01:20:11,960 --> 01:20:14,840
Which is another monophyletic group. And then it's composed of

1385
01:20:14,920 --> 01:20:20,000
isoet isoe tasty isohetes, right, another monophyletic group, all right,

1386
01:20:20,039 --> 01:20:21,960
which are called what's the common name for iceo weees,

1387
01:20:22,039 --> 01:20:25,119
quill quill warts or some ship. There's a there's a

1388
01:20:25,159 --> 01:20:30,760
really rare and endemic Isohetes that grows in those ephemeral

1389
01:20:30,880 --> 01:20:37,560
ponds up in on what enchanted Rock, Chanted Rock, Fragle

1390
01:20:37,680 --> 01:20:41,760
Rock up there on Fragle Rock north of Fredericksburg, Texas

1391
01:20:41,840 --> 01:20:45,640
a big granite dome that just pops up on the

1392
01:20:45,720 --> 01:20:48,119
Edwards Plateau, which is mostly limestone. And now you get

1393
01:20:48,119 --> 01:20:50,439
this granite dome, you get these little ephemeral ponds up there.

1394
01:20:50,600 --> 01:20:57,600
There's an Isohetes species up there, Isohetes selaganella and the lycopods. Right, uh,

1395
01:20:57,720 --> 01:20:59,680
this is this is where shit gets weird. Right, So

1396
01:20:59,720 --> 01:21:02,880
you got these three groups that are considered lycophytes, the

1397
01:21:02,960 --> 01:21:08,439
lycopods Celaginelle, celagenellis, leagendell ac, which can be the like

1398
01:21:08,479 --> 01:21:11,840
the resurrection quote fern that you know, Celaganella lepidofla, which

1399
01:21:11,840 --> 01:21:14,840
you get in the deserts of West Texas, or they

1400
01:21:14,840 --> 01:21:18,000
can be those tropical, more tropical growing ones. I remember

1401
01:21:18,039 --> 01:21:21,399
I had a clagendella I ganked from h It didn't

1402
01:21:21,439 --> 01:21:24,479
gank it, it was It took a little cutting from Garfield

1403
01:21:24,479 --> 01:21:27,159
Park Conservatory's fern room and I put it in this

1404
01:21:27,680 --> 01:21:29,840
humid It needs a lot of humidity. This wasn't one

1405
01:21:29,840 --> 01:21:32,479
of the drought adapted ones. It needs a lot of humidity.

1406
01:21:32,520 --> 01:21:35,960
And I put it in this little tupperware container on

1407
01:21:36,079 --> 01:21:40,159
theer lights. I fucking forgot about it. I ended up

1408
01:21:40,319 --> 01:21:43,800
cleaning house like six a year later, six months a

1409
01:21:43,880 --> 01:21:46,279
year later. The fuck is this? I just threw it outside,

1410
01:21:46,359 --> 01:21:51,000
didn't even you know, empty it out or anything. The

1411
01:21:51,039 --> 01:21:55,079
celaganelle had taken over the whole, you know, tupperware container.

1412
01:21:55,119 --> 01:21:58,039
This is I'm talking of like a thirty gallon tupperware container,

1413
01:21:58,119 --> 01:22:00,159
like a like a big one you know, for like

1414
01:22:00,199 --> 01:22:03,159
holand books around. It's not tupperware. It was a storage bin,

1415
01:22:03,239 --> 01:22:05,479
but it had a gasket on it, so you know,

1416
01:22:05,520 --> 01:22:09,880
it'd sealed all the humidity inside, and I just forgot

1417
01:22:09,920 --> 01:22:11,680
about it. A year later, I went and checked this

1418
01:22:11,720 --> 01:22:13,680
thing had been outside. You know, it's like one hundred

1419
01:22:13,680 --> 01:22:17,640
and five degrees where I live, and sometimes, you know,

1420
01:22:17,720 --> 01:22:19,760
this thing it was in the shade, mostly shade, but

1421
01:22:19,800 --> 01:22:22,359
sometimes it was getting struck by sunlight, no doubt. It

1422
01:22:22,399 --> 01:22:24,920
was getting upwards of one hundred and twenty hundred and thirty,

1423
01:22:24,920 --> 01:22:28,880
probably even one hundred and forty degrees inside this tupperware

1424
01:22:29,000 --> 01:22:34,800
slash storage container. And the fucking celagionella was happy as

1425
01:22:34,840 --> 01:22:38,159
a pig and shit like one hundred percent humidity, hot

1426
01:22:38,199 --> 01:22:41,159
as fuck, and this thing was just thriving. They're really

1427
01:22:41,640 --> 01:22:44,920
remarkable organisms, the spike moss is. They're so fucking cool.

1428
01:22:44,960 --> 01:22:47,199
So Laganella is super cool. That's why I'm having this

1429
01:22:47,239 --> 01:22:50,199
guy in a podcast next week to talk about them.

1430
01:22:50,279 --> 01:22:55,520
But uh, anyway, Selaginella and Isohetes, two of the three

1431
01:22:55,800 --> 01:23:03,399
lineages that are called lycophytes. Leaganella and Isoetes are heterospores. Okay,

1432
01:23:03,439 --> 01:23:06,800
everything else every other you know, from ferns to mosses,

1433
01:23:06,840 --> 01:23:09,800
are homospores. They produce spores that are all the same.

1434
01:23:09,840 --> 01:23:14,800
They're just unisexual. Celaginella and isoetes are heterospores. They produce

1435
01:23:15,159 --> 01:23:18,720
spores that are either male or female. This is really weird.

1436
01:23:18,840 --> 01:23:22,920
This is what conifers aka gymnosperms and flowering plants do,

1437
01:23:23,560 --> 01:23:28,039
all right, this is why. But this evolved independently in soilaginella.

1438
01:23:28,880 --> 01:23:32,760
The benefits of it, I haven't thought about that enough.

1439
01:23:32,840 --> 01:23:34,479
I'm sure we could come up with something if we

1440
01:23:34,520 --> 01:23:36,439
thought about what would the adaptive benefits of that be?

1441
01:23:37,119 --> 01:23:41,399
But all you gotta know is that they celaginelle and

1442
01:23:41,399 --> 01:23:44,399
isoetes produce male or female sports, which is really fucking weird.

1443
01:23:44,399 --> 01:23:49,760
It's analogous to what happens in gymnosperms and angiosperms, and

1444
01:23:49,800 --> 01:23:54,199
it's unusual for the quote lesser plants, the ferns and

1445
01:23:54,239 --> 01:23:57,479
the bryophytes. All right, all ferns produce are their homospores.

1446
01:23:57,520 --> 01:24:02,319
They produce all the same or bisexual. I guess not unisexual,

1447
01:24:02,359 --> 01:24:07,079
because it's the sport can germinate and form anthradia and

1448
01:24:07,239 --> 01:24:10,000
arcogonia and the a meta fight either way. But uh,

1449
01:24:10,159 --> 01:24:13,880
this is really really weird. All right, So all you know,

1450
01:24:14,039 --> 01:24:19,279
ferns are homosporous, uh, and bryophytes are homospores, right, same

1451
01:24:19,359 --> 01:24:22,039
sport type is produced it selaginal isoweeds. You get two

1452
01:24:22,039 --> 01:24:25,359
different sport types that are produced micro spores the male spores,

1453
01:24:25,439 --> 01:24:29,319
or megasportes the female sports. All right, yeah, so selaginella

1454
01:24:29,319 --> 01:24:31,760
would be unisexual. Sorry, I mean if fuck you up there,

1455
01:24:31,760 --> 01:24:35,840
all right, homospores means they're bisexual sports. The spores are

1456
01:24:35,840 --> 01:24:39,000
all uniform, they're all the same. They can uh, you

1457
01:24:39,039 --> 01:24:44,199
know they're bisexual, right, there's no difference between them. They

1458
01:24:44,199 --> 01:24:47,520
can form anthradia and arcogonia, whereas they can, say, Selaginella

1459
01:24:47,600 --> 01:24:51,920
microspores can only form, uh, can only form, can only

1460
01:24:52,000 --> 01:24:57,880
end up producing uh, anthridia and sperm, and megasportes can

1461
01:24:57,920 --> 01:25:04,479
only produce arcagonia and the egg, whereas Lycopodiace doesn't do that.

1462
01:25:04,600 --> 01:25:08,920
Lycopodiace is homosporus, all right, which is it's a lycophyte,

1463
01:25:08,960 --> 01:25:14,800
just like selaginella and isoetes, but it's homosporus, so it's

1464
01:25:14,840 --> 01:25:19,159
just producing the one sport type. All right. So this

1465
01:25:19,319 --> 01:25:21,760
is where these are different from briophytes, and that now

1466
01:25:21,800 --> 01:25:24,880
we've got plumbing. Right, they're vascular lycophytes are vascular. They've

1467
01:25:24,880 --> 01:25:29,960
got xylem, they got fluam, they got internal plumbing. The bryophytes, remember,

1468
01:25:30,039 --> 01:25:32,119
don't have that. So this is we're already, We're already.

1469
01:25:32,199 --> 01:25:35,359
This is a later evolving lineage, all right, a later

1470
01:25:35,439 --> 01:25:39,279
evolving lineage that's got all the plumbing, comes from all

1471
01:25:39,279 --> 01:25:44,039
the plumb and installed and h And the sporophyte is

1472
01:25:44,119 --> 01:25:47,840
now the dominant plant. So lycophytes, you know, just like

1473
01:25:47,920 --> 01:25:51,079
everything else is not a moss, are the sporophyte is

1474
01:25:51,119 --> 01:25:55,840
the dominant plant that you're seeing, Okay, whereas the gametophyte is, uh,

1475
01:25:56,000 --> 01:25:58,479
you know, this little shit most of most of the

1476
01:25:58,479 --> 01:26:01,640
time would be in conspicuous, you know, paying attention. So remember,

1477
01:26:01,680 --> 01:26:05,159
sporophytes of lycophytes are free living. They're free living, they're

1478
01:26:05,199 --> 01:26:09,720
the dominant plant. They're making their own food autotrophic. They're autotrophic,

1479
01:26:09,760 --> 01:26:14,840
making their own food via photosynthesis. Uh. And yeah, they

1480
01:26:15,000 --> 01:26:17,640
you know, they're they can live independently. They're not dependent

1481
01:26:17,640 --> 01:26:22,640
on the gametophyte for nutrition. The leaves of lycophytes are

1482
01:26:22,640 --> 01:26:30,039
called lycophylls, and the gametophytes in lycopodiace a family Likeopodiace

1483
01:26:30,359 --> 01:26:33,439
the club moss family, right, as opposed to Selaginelle the

1484
01:26:33,520 --> 01:26:38,239
spike moss family or iso iso we taste the leaves

1485
01:26:38,359 --> 01:26:43,279
are or the gamtopytes rather can be the they're they're

1486
01:26:43,279 --> 01:26:45,840
all micorrhyizals. So they all need they all need they

1487
01:26:45,840 --> 01:26:50,000
all associate with fungus, they need symbiotic fungus. They can

1488
01:26:50,039 --> 01:26:54,399
be either epiterranean and photosynthetic, or they can be subterranean

1489
01:26:54,479 --> 01:26:58,720
and saprophytic. Okay, So dependent on that mico riise a. Uh,

1490
01:26:59,359 --> 01:27:02,399
you know, the commediaphytes can be so spur sport germinates.

1491
01:27:02,439 --> 01:27:06,399
It's going to form a non photosynthetic comtophyte and it's

1492
01:27:06,439 --> 01:27:08,520
it's gonna be underground and it's going to be completely

1493
01:27:08,560 --> 01:27:13,359
dependent on micro rhizol fungus. Okay, So either of two

1494
01:27:13,439 --> 01:27:17,479
can be the situation photosynthetic and above ground or subterranean

1495
01:27:18,119 --> 01:27:23,199
and uh non photosynthetic and and saprophytic on a sapara

1496
01:27:23,279 --> 01:27:28,920
trophic on Michael rising. So now moving on to Selaginella's

1497
01:27:29,319 --> 01:27:33,960
and isoetes. All right, The two other clades selage selagendell

1498
01:27:34,000 --> 01:27:38,399
aalies and selagend l A c. The only family within

1499
01:27:38,439 --> 01:27:41,239
the order se legend selegend Nacy is the only family

1500
01:27:41,279 --> 01:27:47,239
within the order selagendell leales. Motherfucker. Remember aleis means order

1501
01:27:47,319 --> 01:27:50,319
ends in alis means order ends in a C. That's

1502
01:27:50,359 --> 01:27:55,199
a family. Jesus Christ, I'm fucking tongue twister. There, uh

1503
01:27:55,319 --> 01:27:59,600
selegien l a C. The gametophytes are endosphoric, all right,

1504
01:27:59,640 --> 01:28:03,239
same with isoetes. I'm sorry, I'm fucking I just gave

1505
01:28:03,279 --> 01:28:07,760
you bad dope. There is no selagian lllees. Silaganell selagin

1506
01:28:08,000 --> 01:28:13,560
lace and isoee tace are two families in Isoetales. Okay,

1507
01:28:13,600 --> 01:28:17,000
the order iso eateales a right. Everything else I told

1508
01:28:17,039 --> 01:28:20,039
you is right. But there is no silaginell Lees. There is,

1509
01:28:20,359 --> 01:28:25,279
It's only iso eales and it contains two families selagin

1510
01:28:25,439 --> 01:28:30,039
l A c and uh iso e tac. But that

1511
01:28:30,119 --> 01:28:32,359
doesn't fucking matter that much. Just know there are two

1512
01:28:32,399 --> 01:28:36,079
monophyletic lineages, the isoetes, the quill warts that grow at

1513
01:28:36,119 --> 01:28:42,000
the places like enchanted rock or Selaginella, which uh grows

1514
01:28:43,239 --> 01:28:46,479
all over the place deserts, West Texas, hot humid tropics,

1515
01:28:46,960 --> 01:28:50,359
right ground and rainforests. Whatever. I got some really fucking

1516
01:28:50,399 --> 01:28:52,199
cool ones. God, there was one that was like an

1517
01:28:52,239 --> 01:28:56,600
aquamarine color. One of the hot humid uh Silaganella's like

1518
01:28:56,680 --> 01:28:59,640
a like a turquoise color. Fucking beautiful. Some of them

1519
01:28:59,680 --> 01:29:02,600
are really cool. Slagenellas can have two different kinds of

1520
01:29:02,640 --> 01:29:06,680
leaves too, dimorphic, two different kinds of lycophyls. Okay, this

1521
01:29:06,760 --> 01:29:09,119
is where it gets fucking weird. Though. The gametophytes of

1522
01:29:09,159 --> 01:29:15,279
these two groups are not They're not well free living

1523
01:29:15,279 --> 01:29:18,359
in like a poteas either. But the gametophytes aren't separate

1524
01:29:18,359 --> 01:29:23,079
from the plant. They don't it spore germinates, and they

1525
01:29:23,159 --> 01:29:27,479
gamata fight germinates inside the spor They're they're endosphoric. Okay,

1526
01:29:27,520 --> 01:29:32,159
The gameta fight germinates or the gamataft occurs within the sport. Again,

1527
01:29:32,239 --> 01:29:35,960
this is fucking weird. This is what gymnosperms and angiosperms do.

1528
01:29:36,520 --> 01:29:41,840
The gametophyte is endosporic. This is another thing, okay, aside

1529
01:29:42,000 --> 01:29:45,880
from heterospory a right, different kinds of spores male or

1530
01:29:45,880 --> 01:29:50,640
female spores. That Selaganella evolved independently, and that the only

1531
01:29:50,680 --> 01:29:53,199
other plants that do this, the ferns don't do it.

1532
01:29:53,960 --> 01:29:59,680
The fucking bryophytes don't do it, but gymnosperms and flowering

1533
01:29:59,680 --> 01:30:02,359
plants do it. So the only other plants that do

1534
01:30:02,399 --> 01:30:06,239
it are the woody seed plants. And you know, aside

1535
01:30:06,239 --> 01:30:11,039
from Selaginella and Isoetes a right, which is fucking weird.

1536
01:30:11,079 --> 01:30:13,880
It's so weird. I mean, it's the again a pollen

1537
01:30:14,520 --> 01:30:20,359
or excuse me, angiosperms and gymnosperms are endosporic, so the gametophyte,

1538
01:30:20,600 --> 01:30:27,399
the gametophyte develops entirely within the spore wall. Okay, whether

1539
01:30:27,439 --> 01:30:30,800
it's the pollen grain in an angiosperm or the embryo

1540
01:30:30,880 --> 01:30:39,439
sac in an ovule, the gametophytes develop inside those respective spores.

1541
01:30:40,600 --> 01:30:45,880
Pollen's technically a haploid microgamtafyte. Remember, anytime you're confused about

1542
01:30:45,880 --> 01:30:48,000
this shit, you gotta ask, is it haploid or diploid?

1543
01:30:48,279 --> 01:30:50,720
Is what I'm looking at? Haploid or diploid is what

1544
01:30:50,760 --> 01:30:52,520
I'm looking at at this point in the cycle. And

1545
01:30:52,560 --> 01:30:55,319
you should definitely download like a diagram if you are

1546
01:30:55,359 --> 01:30:57,520
curious and you generally want to learn this shit, and

1547
01:30:57,800 --> 01:31:00,239
believe me, it'll benefit you because there are fucking real

1548
01:31:00,279 --> 01:31:03,800
life applications, all right, whether it's you know, genetic stuff.

1549
01:31:03,800 --> 01:31:08,119
We're just understanding plant breeding or whatever. Uh, if you

1550
01:31:08,199 --> 01:31:10,920
download a diagram, just ask where in that diagram, that

1551
01:31:11,079 --> 01:31:14,720
circular diagram, that cycle, whatever you're looking at, is it

1552
01:31:14,720 --> 01:31:17,279
haploid or diploid? If you're confused about it? What is this?

1553
01:31:17,439 --> 01:31:19,560
What is this spore? What does the seed? What is

1554
01:31:19,560 --> 01:31:22,159
a fucking what is a maple tree? What is it?

1555
01:31:22,199 --> 01:31:24,800
Is it haploid or diploid? Is that have one set

1556
01:31:24,840 --> 01:31:28,680
of chromosomes or two? One copy of the genome or

1557
01:31:28,760 --> 01:31:32,319
two copies of the genome either way. The fact that

1558
01:31:32,680 --> 01:31:39,880
Selaginella and Isoetes right, the two living genera, and in

1559
01:31:41,279 --> 01:31:45,840
isoeet Tales, the order isoeet Tales, the two living genera

1560
01:31:47,680 --> 01:31:51,960
are both heterosporous and endospores, which is fucking weird. That's

1561
01:31:52,000 --> 01:31:54,600
whether it's so cool. So that's why again this my

1562
01:31:54,760 --> 01:32:00,720
fascination with Selaginella grows. You got these adaptations that didn't

1563
01:32:00,760 --> 01:32:04,399
appear again so far as we know, and the terrestrial

1564
01:32:04,439 --> 01:32:09,119
plant lineage until gymnosperms and angiosperms evolved, till conifers and

1565
01:32:09,159 --> 01:32:13,680
flowering plants evolved, they evolved in Slaginella and Isoetes, but

1566
01:32:13,720 --> 01:32:16,359
they didn't appear again I mean they probably did. We

1567
01:32:16,520 --> 01:32:18,600
just the lineage is extinct now. The whole lineage is

1568
01:32:18,640 --> 01:32:22,199
extinct now. And you know, who knows what the fucking

1569
01:32:22,239 --> 01:32:24,720
seed ferns were doing talk about an extinct lineage. There's

1570
01:32:24,720 --> 01:32:27,520
so much shit that just there's so much shit that

1571
01:32:27,680 --> 01:32:30,079
never got fossilized to begin with, and then there's things

1572
01:32:30,079 --> 01:32:32,880
that they get fossilized. There's you know, there's so many

1573
01:32:33,439 --> 01:32:35,720
fossil plants that have no living relatives today, so much

1574
01:32:35,720 --> 01:32:37,560
weird shit. Remember, there's been a lot of mass extinctions,

1575
01:32:37,600 --> 01:32:40,000
the Permian and the KT two hundred thirty million years

1576
01:32:40,000 --> 01:32:42,840
ago in sixty six million years ago, respectively. Those both

1577
01:32:42,880 --> 01:32:45,039
took out a lot of They cut a lot of

1578
01:32:45,079 --> 01:32:48,159
branches off the evolutionary tree of life of plant life.

1579
01:32:48,840 --> 01:32:52,920
But regardless, that's what makes the Laginella is so cool.

1580
01:32:53,119 --> 01:32:58,039
They evolved these two traits, heterospore and endospory independently. Endospory

1581
01:32:58,239 --> 01:33:03,880
cometophyte develops entirely within the spore wall, doesn't form this

1582
01:33:03,880 --> 01:33:09,039
this free living gametophyte doesn't form a photosynthetic comtia, fight

1583
01:33:10,319 --> 01:33:15,640
et cetera. Anyway, unless there's some se legend, I don't

1584
01:33:15,680 --> 01:33:18,279
fucking think so. I don't think the spores are are

1585
01:33:18,319 --> 01:33:25,720
right photosynthetic. No, lycophyte spores are not photosynthetic anyway, But

1586
01:33:25,800 --> 01:33:28,880
that commediafyte still produces, at least in say the case

1587
01:33:28,880 --> 01:33:34,359
of Selegendal, that comtaft still produces anthridia and archagonia, right,

1588
01:33:34,359 --> 01:33:39,319
But it's inside the spore, so it anthridia and arcagonia

1589
01:33:39,359 --> 01:33:42,600
can end up protruding through the spore wall, and then

1590
01:33:43,119 --> 01:33:46,640
the sperm is still motile, it's still it still leaves.

1591
01:33:47,720 --> 01:33:51,159
The spore has to swim, and I think with the

1592
01:33:51,199 --> 01:33:54,199
arcagonia it protrudes out of the spore wall. So it's

1593
01:33:54,239 --> 01:33:56,399
you know, so two spores still have to land next

1594
01:33:56,399 --> 01:33:58,560
to each other when they blow out of those little

1595
01:33:59,079 --> 01:34:02,119
spore aphil Lee, he was on something like a resurrection plant,

1596
01:34:02,119 --> 01:34:05,479
the Selaginella lepid aphala. Has anyone seen I'd love to

1597
01:34:05,479 --> 01:34:11,159
see a fucking some of those germinating who's ever germinated

1598
01:34:11,800 --> 01:34:16,520
Celaganella lepidophala just chance encounter? You gotta get a male

1599
01:34:16,560 --> 01:34:18,439
and a female sport of land next to each other.

1600
01:34:19,640 --> 01:34:22,920
You know, it's weird. Oh yeah, I should I should

1601
01:34:22,920 --> 01:34:26,680
mention to I I incorrectly called the reproductive part a

1602
01:34:26,800 --> 01:34:30,840
Celaginella a sporophyl. It's not it's it's it's a strobolist, right,

1603
01:34:30,920 --> 01:34:34,239
just like uh, like conifers, it's termed a strobolists. It's

1604
01:34:34,239 --> 01:34:39,960
a conical structure composed of many sporangia's strobolists. And that's

1605
01:34:40,039 --> 01:34:42,399
kind of what it looks like to celaganella. And the

1606
01:34:42,439 --> 01:34:47,439
spores are ejected, which is weird. They're they're actively ejected

1607
01:34:48,079 --> 01:34:51,720
from the sporangia, from the sporangia on that strobelust And

1608
01:34:51,800 --> 01:34:55,199
I think most strobol eye on Selaginelle will produce both

1609
01:34:55,520 --> 01:34:59,640
microspores and megasportes, male spores and female sports. So it's

1610
01:34:59,640 --> 01:35:03,039
not like the plants themselves are unisexual, just the spores.

1611
01:35:04,000 --> 01:35:05,760
And I don't think from what I've been able to find,

1612
01:35:05,760 --> 01:35:07,880
I don't think that. I don't think. I don't think

1613
01:35:07,960 --> 01:35:15,079
much is known about the actual stages of Selaginella reproduction,

1614
01:35:15,159 --> 01:35:19,000
you know, like as in the you know, gometogenesis and

1615
01:35:19,039 --> 01:35:21,439
how the how the sperm hits the egg, et cetera.

1616
01:35:21,600 --> 01:35:24,119
So I don't fucking know. It doesn't matter, it doesn't

1617
01:35:24,159 --> 01:35:26,720
matter for all intensive purposes. Just know they're fucking cool

1618
01:35:26,920 --> 01:35:29,439
and they're weird. So Laganella is fucking cool and it's weird.

1619
01:35:29,479 --> 01:35:33,800
And isohetes, the quill warts. The spores are produced at

1620
01:35:33,800 --> 01:35:37,239
the base of those sheaths. Okay, the quill warts isohetes

1621
01:35:37,319 --> 01:35:39,359
looks like a kind of like an onion, and it

1622
01:35:39,399 --> 01:35:41,920
would be like at the base of the onion, that's

1623
01:35:41,960 --> 01:35:46,039
where the spores are produced. And so that that you know,

1624
01:35:46,319 --> 01:35:49,760
that onion leaf, you know, because you got a bunch

1625
01:35:49,800 --> 01:35:53,479
of leaves, you know, wrapped around a little rosette pointing upwards.

1626
01:35:53,520 --> 01:35:57,520
One of those leaves has to come undone for the

1627
01:35:59,439 --> 01:36:01,000
for the fuck and sports to get out, for the

1628
01:36:01,039 --> 01:36:03,600
spores to disperse. But quill warts again, remember mostly grow.

1629
01:36:03,600 --> 01:36:06,000
I think they're all aquatic, all right. I know the

1630
01:36:06,039 --> 01:36:11,119
one at the one at enchanted Rock is aquatic. So uh, anyway,

1631
01:36:11,399 --> 01:36:13,039
you know, I'm gonna wrap it up there because the ferns,

1632
01:36:13,159 --> 01:36:15,640
this is probably putting a lot of you to fucking sleep,

1633
01:36:15,800 --> 01:36:19,840
if anyone's still listening. But again, it's immensely cool. We'll

1634
01:36:19,840 --> 01:36:22,359
talk about, uh, maybe I'll do another one with ferns.

1635
01:36:22,720 --> 01:36:25,119
Ship the ferns, you get basically the same thing going

1636
01:36:25,159 --> 01:36:28,720
on the commetophyte, you know, the haploid spor germinates on

1637
01:36:28,800 --> 01:36:32,000
a sporophyl of a fern. Many ferns have a vegetative leaf,

1638
01:36:32,039 --> 01:36:36,359
a tropophyl, and they've got a sporophyl, a leaf that

1639
01:36:36,439 --> 01:36:39,159
produces spores. It's why you look over look under every

1640
01:36:39,239 --> 01:36:43,119
fern front on something like Astrolepis or osmundum or whatever.

1641
01:36:43,960 --> 01:36:46,279
You know. Not every leaf, every not every fern front

1642
01:36:46,359 --> 01:36:49,479
is gonna have spores on the underside of those leaves. Okay,

1643
01:36:50,399 --> 01:36:55,560
the ferns, of course, all the quote unquote higher ferns, Well, no,

1644
01:36:55,640 --> 01:36:59,640
because you've got maratioids too. But you got maradioids and equiscedum,

1645
01:36:59,680 --> 01:37:03,039
the horse tails are grouped in there with the ferns now,

1646
01:37:03,760 --> 01:37:08,760
and you got the ophioglossom which are weird ophioglossum horsetails,

1647
01:37:09,119 --> 01:37:14,119
the whisk ferns, the ophioglossom those are in silotiles equisidum

1648
01:37:14,119 --> 01:37:18,880
equisy tails, and the maradioid ferns like Angiopteris effecta, which

1649
01:37:18,920 --> 01:37:21,840
can get like twenty foot long fucking fern fronds. Those

1650
01:37:21,840 --> 01:37:27,600
are all U sporangiate, which means that the sperangi are

1651
01:37:27,600 --> 01:37:31,840
developed from from a number of cells. Okay, angiosperms and

1652
01:37:31,880 --> 01:37:34,319
gymnosperms are u sporangia too. You don't even need to

1653
01:37:34,359 --> 01:37:37,920
understand what usparangia means, just knows that it's it's common,

1654
01:37:37,960 --> 01:37:42,319
whereas leptos sperangiate, meaning it produces a leptosporangium is in

1655
01:37:42,319 --> 01:37:46,439
the quote unquote classic ferns. All right, So we've moved

1656
01:37:46,479 --> 01:37:51,000
on from Lycophytes okay, which has three different families in it,

1657
01:37:51,000 --> 01:37:56,520
the lycopodiac Selagin lac and isoee tasty w is it

1658
01:37:56,520 --> 01:37:59,840
two orders like Apodieles and isoetales, but anyway, three families

1659
01:37:59,840 --> 01:38:05,640
that basically the lycopods, so Lajianella's and Isoetes. We moved

1660
01:38:05,640 --> 01:38:09,680
on to that. Now we're in class Polypodiopsida, which are

1661
01:38:09,720 --> 01:38:14,840
the quote true ferns, all right. And within Polypodiopsida, class

1662
01:38:14,880 --> 01:38:21,000
polypodiops you have four subclasses. Subclass Equiscidity the horsetails, all right.

1663
01:38:21,399 --> 01:38:24,479
Remember seeing Equisidum, Gigantium and chile growing in a fucking

1664
01:38:25,319 --> 01:38:28,560
wash in these barren out of Comet desert. It was

1665
01:38:28,600 --> 01:38:31,319
just growing at this little seep, this wet area. Then

1666
01:38:31,359 --> 01:38:34,840
you have subclass Maradia D, which is Angiopterus e vectra.

1667
01:38:34,880 --> 01:38:36,399
That one I was just telling you about with the

1668
01:38:36,439 --> 01:38:39,960
twenty twenty foot long fern fronds saw giant one of

1669
01:38:39,960 --> 01:38:45,399
those in fucking New Caledonia. Then subclass O fio gloss ophioglossidy,

1670
01:38:46,279 --> 01:38:50,560
which is Silotum and ophioglossum and botrichium, the fucking grape ferns,

1671
01:38:50,600 --> 01:38:54,119
the moonwarts, the whisk ferns, those are all you Sporangia

1672
01:38:55,039 --> 01:38:58,399
sporangia developed from a number of cells. And then you

1673
01:38:58,439 --> 01:39:02,199
have subclass Polypoda, which again are the true ferns that

1674
01:39:02,239 --> 01:39:04,359
most people think of when they think of ferns. Those

1675
01:39:04,399 --> 01:39:08,479
other three subclasses, the horsetails, the maradioid ferns, and the

1676
01:39:08,560 --> 01:39:12,720
ophioglossity are outliers, okay, and people don't normally think of

1677
01:39:12,720 --> 01:39:16,159
those when they think of ferns. Right. Those are kind

1678
01:39:16,159 --> 01:39:19,279
of weirder there, and they're probably an older lineage than

1679
01:39:19,439 --> 01:39:20,960
what most people think of when they think of like

1680
01:39:20,960 --> 01:39:23,800
a fucking maidenhair or wood wardy or something. All Right,

1681
01:39:23,840 --> 01:39:27,279
The classic ferns are all subclass Polypodia D, and those

1682
01:39:27,279 --> 01:39:31,399
are the lepto sporangia ferns. Right, they have a lepto sporangium,

1683
01:39:32,119 --> 01:39:35,479
which means the spores developed from a single the sporangia.

1684
01:39:35,800 --> 01:39:38,760
Excuse me, the sporangia developed from a single cell. And

1685
01:39:38,800 --> 01:39:41,119
there's this whole. This is a whole they got. The

1686
01:39:41,239 --> 01:39:46,840
fucking lepto sporangia have an annualist they forcibly eject sportes.

1687
01:39:46,920 --> 01:39:49,560
There's like a whole terminology that goes along with this,

1688
01:39:49,680 --> 01:39:53,399
the lepto sporangium. The evolution of the lepto sporangium is

1689
01:39:53,399 --> 01:39:57,039
what defines this group. Okay, there's no other group of

1690
01:39:57,159 --> 01:40:01,319
terrestrial plants that produces a lepto sporangium. This is fucking

1691
01:40:01,359 --> 01:40:04,520
weird when this is this is a novel snapomorphy of

1692
01:40:04,640 --> 01:40:07,960
subclass polypodiady. All right, so just know that when you

1693
01:40:08,079 --> 01:40:11,720
look at like a maidenhair fern or a fucking uh

1694
01:40:12,079 --> 01:40:15,640
you know any name it name one I was mundum,

1695
01:40:15,840 --> 01:40:20,600
fucking astrolepis. That's all. Those are all leptos sporangiat ferns.

1696
01:40:20,600 --> 01:40:25,720
They have a lepto sporangium glycnia, which is the fourth ferns.

1697
01:40:25,760 --> 01:40:29,760
Really kind of they form like these huge colonies like

1698
01:40:30,000 --> 01:40:34,159
covering entire hillsides in a lot of tropical areas or

1699
01:40:34,159 --> 01:40:38,359
at lower latitude areas, the Glyacnia again, leptos sporangia fern,

1700
01:40:38,479 --> 01:40:42,039
the filmy ferns, hymenophi lec The filmy ferns they don't

1701
01:40:42,079 --> 01:40:44,640
have fucking stomata because they're just there and they have

1702
01:40:44,920 --> 01:40:48,760
some of their you know, the onesell thick leaves, right,

1703
01:40:48,960 --> 01:40:50,800
that's why they called the filmy ferns. They grow on

1704
01:40:50,880 --> 01:40:54,640
really humid places, quite a few cool ones and New

1705
01:40:54,720 --> 01:40:57,600
Zealand when I was there, and you know, really wet

1706
01:40:57,680 --> 01:41:01,319
forests of New Caledonia, et cetera. Again, let those sporangiate,

1707
01:41:02,199 --> 01:41:05,920
let those sporangiut ferns, filmy ferns don't have any stomona,

1708
01:41:06,000 --> 01:41:09,479
isn't it crazy? In the lepto sporangium itself can have

1709
01:41:10,079 --> 01:41:12,680
you know, many different forms, right, there's like a whole

1710
01:41:13,079 --> 01:41:17,119
chart of different leptos sporangium morphology. But just know that

1711
01:41:17,199 --> 01:41:20,439
important there in the lepto sporangium, you have the annulus,

1712
01:41:20,439 --> 01:41:25,359
which is a group of cells, a specialized group of cells,

1713
01:41:25,399 --> 01:41:30,560
a single row of specialized cells that occurs in that

1714
01:41:30,640 --> 01:41:35,840
lepto sporangium and that acts to actively eject the spores

1715
01:41:36,760 --> 01:41:41,000
as it dries out. Okay, the capillary action of water

1716
01:41:41,039 --> 01:41:43,680
as it dries out pulls it's it's thinner walled on

1717
01:41:43,680 --> 01:41:45,560
one side than it is on the other. As it

1718
01:41:45,640 --> 01:41:47,960
dries it pulls it back, and then is it when

1719
01:41:47,960 --> 01:41:50,000
it fully dries out, it snaps it forward and it

1720
01:41:50,039 --> 01:41:53,239
shoots spores out. So there you go. There's another adaptive benefit.

1721
01:41:53,319 --> 01:41:55,600
Get your spores out onto the wind currents. That's why

1722
01:41:56,039 --> 01:41:59,119
some of the ferns, some of these leptos sporangia ferns,

1723
01:41:59,119 --> 01:42:02,520
are some of the first one to colonize, you know,

1724
01:42:02,600 --> 01:42:05,199
say a lava flow, and it was a huge increase.

1725
01:42:05,640 --> 01:42:07,840
I don't know if it was leptosporangia ferns. I would

1726
01:42:07,840 --> 01:42:10,319
assume it was after the KT extinction. There's a shit

1727
01:42:10,439 --> 01:42:16,359
ton of fern microfossils right there, fossilized fern spores in

1728
01:42:16,439 --> 01:42:20,880
the layers of sedimentary rock, fossiliferous rock that occurred just

1729
01:42:20,960 --> 01:42:25,319
above that layer of iridium that defines the KT extinction,

1730
01:42:25,399 --> 01:42:28,159
the extinction that took out the dinosaurs. So a lot

1731
01:42:28,159 --> 01:42:30,760
of the ferns were first to come back and then

1732
01:42:30,800 --> 01:42:35,119
start diversifying after after this fucking comment had knocked out

1733
01:42:35,199 --> 01:42:37,800
the really upended things on life on earth, you know,

1734
01:42:38,520 --> 01:42:42,800
so Leptosporangium annulus, remember those, And I guess me, and

1735
01:42:42,800 --> 01:42:44,680
we we'll do this some other time. Right, it's already

1736
01:42:44,680 --> 01:42:46,359
been an hour four minutes. I got other shit I

1737
01:42:46,359 --> 01:42:48,880
gotta do. But at least now you know about alternation

1738
01:42:48,920 --> 01:42:56,760
of generations gametophyte, sporophyte, haploid, diploid, okay, one set of

1739
01:42:56,840 --> 01:42:59,760
chromosomes or two, one copy of the genome or two.

1740
01:43:00,479 --> 01:43:04,199
The benefits you can you know, you can mask harmful mutations.

1741
01:43:04,720 --> 01:43:09,119
And it also provides the stuff of phenotypic change versus

1742
01:43:09,159 --> 01:43:12,800
just being a clone, all right, which is you know

1743
01:43:12,840 --> 01:43:14,920
what a lot of bacteria do. I think I'm not

1744
01:43:14,920 --> 01:43:18,000
a fucking bacterologist, but bacteria can do horizontal gene transfer

1745
01:43:18,039 --> 01:43:19,920
through so you know. And I got different DNA. They

1746
01:43:19,920 --> 01:43:24,680
got circular DNA, not the not chromosomes like like you

1747
01:43:24,760 --> 01:43:27,159
carry outs to do it anyway, I think I'll wrap

1748
01:43:27,199 --> 01:43:29,239
it up there. God, there's so much cool shit we

1749
01:43:29,239 --> 01:43:35,319
could get into. Oh, marsilliac, the fucking selviny alies they're

1750
01:43:35,560 --> 01:43:39,199
oh you know what, selviny alies is a leptosporangia firm.

1751
01:43:39,800 --> 01:43:42,399
But they're heterospores. So I lied to you it's not

1752
01:43:42,479 --> 01:43:47,039
just sela janella and isoetes and uh and what he

1753
01:43:47,079 --> 01:43:50,279
plants to do it the the the aquatic ferns are

1754
01:43:50,319 --> 01:43:52,920
heterospores too, but yeah, fuck you know who really pays

1755
01:43:52,920 --> 01:43:56,840
attention to them? All right? Except for marcilli ace is

1756
01:43:56,840 --> 01:43:59,600
pretty fucking cool. Looks like clover leaves, but it's a fern.

1757
01:44:00,199 --> 01:44:02,279
What the fuck else? Am I forgetting anything? Else? What

1758
01:44:02,319 --> 01:44:08,920
else is in Ohola is selvini ac? Remember azola. We're

1759
01:44:08,960 --> 01:44:16,880
the fucking mosquito fir and those are fucking cool, you know. Anyway, Yeah,

1760
01:44:16,960 --> 01:44:19,760
selvini a Lei's I fucking forgot about that? God damn it.

1761
01:44:20,600 --> 01:44:25,640
Oh well, all right, well if that uh that's sporadic

1762
01:44:25,720 --> 01:44:28,239
and somewhat stuttery, well that's stuttery, just filled with a

1763
01:44:28,239 --> 01:44:31,039
lot of ums. You know, fucked you up a little bit.

1764
01:44:31,119 --> 01:44:33,520
What probably not the smoothest for learning, but at least

1765
01:44:33,560 --> 01:44:36,439
you got some fucking keywords in there, and you remember

1766
01:44:36,479 --> 01:44:39,079
some of this shit. It's fun stuff to think about,

1767
01:44:39,119 --> 01:44:41,880
and if anything, it's a pleasant escape from the fucking

1768
01:44:42,079 --> 01:44:47,079
droll reality of modern life in our the king dystopic,

1769
01:44:47,520 --> 01:44:53,680
late stage capitalist, hyper unregulated capitalist the hellscape. So anyway,

1770
01:44:53,720 --> 01:44:55,520
that's all. I gotta have a gracy day. Go fuck

1771
01:44:55,560 --> 01:44:56,319
yourself by