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<v Speaker 1>Section eight of the Grachy Marius and Sulla by A. H. Beasley.

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<v Speaker 1>This librovox recording is in the public domain. Read by Pamelinagami,

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<v Speaker 1>Chapter six the Roman Army. While Rome was trembling for

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<v Speaker 1>the issue of the war with the Kimbri, she was

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<v Speaker 1>forced to send an army elsewhere. There was at this

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<v Speaker 1>time another general stir among the slave population. There were

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<v Speaker 1>risings at Neucaria, at Capua, in the silver mines of Attica,

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<v Speaker 1>and in Turie, and the last was headed by a

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<v Speaker 1>Roman equois named Minutius or Whetdius. He wanted to buy

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<v Speaker 1>a female slave, and, failing to raise the money which

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<v Speaker 1>was her price, armed his own slaves, was joined by others,

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<v Speaker 1>assumed the state and title of king, and fortified a camp,

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<v Speaker 1>being at the head of thirty five hundred men. Lucullus

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<v Speaker 1>the pratur marched against him, worth four thousand, four hundred men,

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<v Speaker 1>but though superior in numbers, he preferred Jugurthine tactics and

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<v Speaker 1>bribed a Greek to betray Whttius, who anticipated Oer's fate

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<v Speaker 1>by suicide. But as before, the fiercest outbreak was in Sicily.

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<v Speaker 1>Marius had applied for men for his levies to Nicomedes,

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<v Speaker 1>King of Bithynia, who replied that he had none to send,

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<v Speaker 1>because the Roman Publiicani had carried off most of his

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<v Speaker 1>subjects and sold them as slaves. Thereupon, the Senate issued

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<v Speaker 1>orders that no free member of an allied state should

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<v Speaker 1>be kept as a slave in a Roman province. Publius

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<v Speaker 1>Licinius Nerva, governor of Sicily, in accordance with these orders,

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<v Speaker 1>set free a number of sicily and slaves, But worked

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<v Speaker 1>on by the indignation of the proprietors, he backed out

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<v Speaker 1>of what he had begun to do, and, having raised

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<v Speaker 1>the hopes of the slaves, caused an insurrection by disappointing them.

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<v Speaker 1>He suppressed the first rebels by treachery, but he was

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<v Speaker 1>a weak man and delayed so long in attacking another

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<v Speaker 1>body near Heraclea, that when he sent the lieutenant to

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<v Speaker 1>attack them with six hundred men, they were strong enough

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<v Speaker 1>to beat him. By this success, they supplied themselves with

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<v Speaker 1>arms and then elected Salvius as their king, who found

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<v Speaker 1>himself at the head of twenty thousand infantry and two

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<v Speaker 1>thousand horse. With these troops, he attacked Morgantia, and on

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<v Speaker 1>the governor coming to relieve it, turned on him and

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<v Speaker 1>routed him, and by proclaiming that anyone who threw down

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<v Speaker 1>his arms should be spared, he got a fresh supply

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<v Speaker 1>for his men. Then the slaves of the west rose

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<v Speaker 1>near Liullis Baium, headed by Athenian, a Solici robber captain

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<v Speaker 1>before he was a slave and a man of great

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<v Speaker 1>courage and capacity, who pretended to be a magician and

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<v Speaker 1>was elected king. Salvius took the name of Trifon, a

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<v Speaker 1>usurper of the Syrian throne. In one forty nine, Athenion,

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<v Speaker 1>deferring to his authority, became his general, and Triocala, supposed

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<v Speaker 1>to be near the modern Calata Belota, was their headquarters.

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<v Speaker 1>In some respects, this second slave revolt was a repetition

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<v Speaker 1>of the first. As the Solici cleons submitted to the

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<v Speaker 1>impostor Eunus, who called himself Antiochus, so now the Solici

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<v Speaker 1>Athenian submitted to the impostor Salvius, who called himself Trifon.

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<v Speaker 1>The outbreak had probably begun in one O five, but

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<v Speaker 1>it was not until one O three that Lucullus, who

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<v Speaker 1>put down Whetius, was sent to Sicily with sixteen hundred

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<v Speaker 1>or seventeen hundred men. Trifon, distrusting Athenion, had put him

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<v Speaker 1>in prison, but he released him now, and at Scirtaia

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<v Speaker 1>a great battle was fought, in which twenty thousand slaves

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<v Speaker 1>were slain, and Athenian left for dead. Lucullus, however, delayed

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<v Speaker 1>to attack Triocala, and did nothing more unless he destroyed

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<v Speaker 1>his own military stores in order to injure his successor,

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<v Speaker 1>Gaius Servilius, to say that if he did so, such

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<v Speaker 1>mean treason could only happen in a government where a

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<v Speaker 1>place depends on a popular vote is a random criticism,

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<v Speaker 1>for though nominally open to all, the consulship was virtually

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<v Speaker 1>closed except to a few families, which retained now as

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<v Speaker 1>they had always done, the high offices in their own hands.

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<v Speaker 1>And when Marius forced this close circle, Metellus is said

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<v Speaker 1>to have acted much as Lucullus did. Servilius was incapable. Athenian,

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<v Speaker 1>who at Trifon's death became king, surprised his camp and

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<v Speaker 1>nearly captured Messana, but in one o one Marcus Aquilius

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<v Speaker 1>was sent out an defeated Athenian and slew him with

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<v Speaker 1>his own hand, a batch of one thousand still remained

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<v Speaker 1>under arms, but surrendered to Aquilius. He sent them to

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<v Speaker 1>Rome to fight with wild beasts in the arena. They

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<v Speaker 1>preferred to die by each other's swords. There Sityrus and

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<v Speaker 1>one other was left blast, and Styrus, after killing his comrade,

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<v Speaker 1>slew himself. The misery caused in Sicily by this long war,

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<v Speaker 1>which ended in one hundred BC, may be estimated by

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<v Speaker 1>the fact that whereas Sicily usually supplied Rome with corn,

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<v Speaker 1>it was now desolated by famine, and its towns had

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<v Speaker 1>to be supplied with grain from Rome. After this narration

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<v Speaker 1>of the military events of the period to the beginning

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<v Speaker 1>of the second century b C. It is natural to

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<v Speaker 1>consider the changes which Marius had effected in the army

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<v Speaker 1>the instrument of his late conquests. We cannot tell how

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<v Speaker 1>many of thenations now introduced were initiated by him, but

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<v Speaker 1>they were introduced about this date. Before his time. The Hastati, prinkipase,

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<v Speaker 1>and triarii, ranked according to length of service, had superseded

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<v Speaker 1>the servian classes. From his time. This second classification also ceased.

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<v Speaker 1>Every legionary was armed alike with the heavy pelum, an

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<v Speaker 1>iron headed javelin six feet nine inches long, the light pelum,

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<v Speaker 1>a sword, and a coat of armor. Besides these, he

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<v Speaker 1>had to carry food and other burdens which would vary

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<v Speaker 1>according to the lengthen object of the march, such as

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<v Speaker 1>stakes for encampment tools in et cetera. Marius invented what

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<v Speaker 1>was called mariani muli to ease the soldier, forked sticks

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<v Speaker 1>with a board at the end to bear the bundle

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<v Speaker 1>carried over the shoulders. Before his time, the army had

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<v Speaker 1>ceased to be recruited solely from Roman citizens. Not only

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<v Speaker 1>had Italians been drafted into it, but foreign mercenaries were employed,

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<v Speaker 1>such as Thracians, Africans, Ligurians, and Baalierians. After his time,

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<v Speaker 1>the veltes are not mentioned, and all the light armed

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<v Speaker 1>troops were auxiliaries. Before his time, the manipole had been

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<v Speaker 1>the tactical unit. Now it was the cohort. A legion

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<v Speaker 1>consisted of ten cohorts, each cohort containing three manipoles, and

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<v Speaker 1>each manipole two centuries. The legion's standard was the eagle,

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<v Speaker 1>borne by the oldest centurion of the first cohort. Each

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<v Speaker 1>cohort had its signum or ensign. Each manipole had its vexillium,

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<v Speaker 1>or standard. There were two centurions for each manipole, one

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<v Speaker 1>commanding the first and the other the second century, and

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<v Speaker 1>taking rank according to the cohort to which they belong,

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<v Speaker 1>which might be from the first to the tenth. The

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<v Speaker 1>youngest centurion officered the second century of the third maniple

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<v Speaker 1>of the tenth cohort. The oldest officered the first century

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<v Speaker 1>of the first maniple of the first cohort, and was

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<v Speaker 1>called primus pilas, and the premi ordinas, or first class

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<v Speaker 1>of centurions, consisted of the six centurions of the first cohort.

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<v Speaker 1>These corresponded to our non commissioned officers, were taken from

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<v Speaker 1>the lower classes of society and were seldom made tribunes.

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<v Speaker 1>The tribunes were six to each legion, were taken from

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<v Speaker 1>the upper class, and, after being attached to the general suite,

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<v Speaker 1>received the rank of tribune if they were supposed to

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<v Speaker 1>be qualified for it. The tribunes were originally appointed by

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<v Speaker 1>the consuls. Afterwards they had been elected partly by the

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<v Speaker 1>people and partly by the consuls. Caesar superseded the tribunes

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<v Speaker 1>by legati of his own to one of whom he

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<v Speaker 1>would entrust a legion, and appointed some, but probably not all,

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<v Speaker 1>of the tribunes and Marius, it seems likely did the same.

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<v Speaker 1>The normal number of the legion had been forty two

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<v Speaker 1>hundred men and three hundred horse, but was often larger.

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<v Speaker 1>The pay of a legionary was in the time of

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<v Speaker 1>Polybius two opals a day for the private, four for

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<v Speaker 1>the centurion, and six for a horse soldier, besides an

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<v Speaker 1>allowance of corn, but deductions were made for clothing, arms,

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<v Speaker 1>and food, hence the law of Caius Gracus. But from

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<v Speaker 1>the first book of the Annals of Tascitus we find

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<v Speaker 1>that such deductions long continued to be the soldier's grievance.

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<v Speaker 1>Auxiliary troops received an allowance of corn but no pay

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<v Speaker 1>from Rome. The engineers of the army were called fabri

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<v Speaker 1>under a prefectus, the filignari e having the woodwork, and

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<v Speaker 1>the fabri ferrari e the iron work of the engineery

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<v Speaker 1>under their special charge, and all were attached to the

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<v Speaker 1>staff of the army, which consisted of the general and

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<v Speaker 1>certain officers, such as the legati or generals of division,

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<v Speaker 1>and the christ doors or managers of the Commissariat. One

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<v Speaker 1>of the most significant changes that had sprung up of

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<v Speaker 1>late years was one which was introduced by Scipio Eimilianus

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<v Speaker 1>at Numantia, the institution of a bodyguard or cohors prietoria.

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<v Speaker 1>It consisted of young men of rank who went with

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<v Speaker 1>the generals to learn their profession, or as volunteers of

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<v Speaker 1>troops specially enlisted for the post, who would often be

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<v Speaker 1>veterans from his former armies. The term evocati was applied

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<v Speaker 1>to such veterans strictly, but also to any men specially

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<v Speaker 1>enlisted for the purpose. It is probable that the ecoquitase

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<v Speaker 1>no longer formed the cavalry of a legion, but only

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<v Speaker 1>served in the general's bodyguard, as tribunes and prefects, or

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<v Speaker 1>on extraordinary commissions. The cavalry in Caesar's time appears to

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<v Speaker 1>have consisted entirely of auxiliaries. There had been, for a

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<v Speaker 1>long time among the wealthier classes a growing disinclination for service,

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<v Speaker 1>and as the middle class was rapidly disappearing, there had

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<v Speaker 1>been great difficulty in filling the ranks. The speeches of

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<v Speaker 1>the Gracchi alluded to this, and it had been experienced

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<v Speaker 1>in the wars with Viriathus, with Jugurtha, with trifon, and

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<v Speaker 1>with the kimbri one device for avoiding it. We have

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<v Speaker 1>seen by the orders issued to the captains of ships

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<v Speaker 1>in Italian ports. Among Roman citizens, if not among the allies,

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<v Speaker 1>some property qualification had been required in a soldier. Marius

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<v Speaker 1>tapped a lower stratum and allowed the copytake Kensi to volunteer.

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<v Speaker 1>To such men, the prospect of plunder would be an object,

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<v Speaker 1>and they would be far more at the bidding of

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<v Speaker 1>individual generals than soldiers of the old stamp. Thus, though

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<v Speaker 1>obligation to service was not abolished, volunteering was allowed and

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<v Speaker 1>became the practice, and the army, with a new drill,

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<v Speaker 1>and no longer consisting of Romans or even Italians, but

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<v Speaker 1>of men of all nations, became as effective as of old,

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<v Speaker 1>if not more so. And at the same time a

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<v Speaker 1>body detached from the state, the citizen was lost in

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<v Speaker 1>the professional and patriotism was superseded by the personal attachment

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<v Speaker 1>of the soldiers of fortune, who knew no will but

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<v Speaker 1>that of their favorite commander or their own selfishness. Their

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<v Speaker 1>general could reward them with money and extort land for

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<v Speaker 1>them from the state. And when Marius after Vercelli gave

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<v Speaker 1>the franchise to two Italian cohorts, saying that he could

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<v Speaker 1>not hear the laws in the din of Arms. He

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<v Speaker 1>was giving to what was becoming a standing army privileges

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<v Speaker 1>which could not be conferred by a consul, but only

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<v Speaker 1>by a king, and of section eight