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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to the I Can't Sleep Podcast, where I help

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<v Speaker 1>you drift off one fact at a time. I'm your host,

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<v Speaker 1>Benjamin Boster, and today's episode is about flags. A flag

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<v Speaker 1>is a piece of fabric, most often rectangular, with distinctive

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<v Speaker 1>colors and design, often flown from a pole and used

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<v Speaker 1>for symbolic, signaling or decorative purposes. The term flag is

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<v Speaker 1>also used to refer to the graphic design employed on

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<v Speaker 1>such pieces of fabric. The study of flags is known

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<v Speaker 1>as vexillology, from the Latin vexillum, meaning flag or banner.

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<v Speaker 1>The first flags were used to aid military coordination on

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<v Speaker 1>the battlefield, and flags have since evolved into a common

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<v Speaker 1>tool for basic signaling and identification, especially in environments where

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<v Speaker 1>communication is challenging, such as maritime environments where semaphore is used.

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<v Speaker 1>The national flag is a common patriotic symbol of a country,

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<v Speaker 1>and many national or other flags may be assigned to

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<v Speaker 1>flag families based on similarities in their designs that demonstrator

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<v Speaker 1>shared history, culture, or influence. Flags are also used in messages, advertising,

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<v Speaker 1>or for other decorative purposes. The origin of the flag

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<v Speaker 1>is unknown, and it remains unclear when the first flag

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<v Speaker 1>was raised. Ships with vexilloids were represented on predynastic Egyptian

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<v Speaker 1>pottery circa thirty five hundred b C. In antiquity, field

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<v Speaker 1>signs that can be categorized as vexilloid or flaglike were

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<v Speaker 1>used in warfare originating in ancient Egypt or Assyria. Examples

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<v Speaker 1>include the Sassanid battle standard, the Raschkaviani, and the standards

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<v Speaker 1>of the Roman legions such as the Eagle of Augustus

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<v Speaker 1>Caesar's the Tenth Legion and the Dragon's standard of the Sarmatians.

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<v Speaker 1>The latter was allowed to fly freely in the wind,

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<v Speaker 1>carried by a horseman. A depiction suggests that it bore

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<v Speaker 1>more similarity to an elongated dragon kite than a simple flag.

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<v Speaker 1>While the origin of the flag remains a mystery, the

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<v Speaker 1>oldest flag discovered is made of bronze, a d rasch

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<v Speaker 1>or flag like Shadad, which was found in Shadad in

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<v Speaker 1>Iran and dates back to circa two thousand, four hundred

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<v Speaker 1>b C. It features a seated man and a kneeling

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<v Speaker 1>woman facing each other with a star in between. The

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<v Speaker 1>iconography was found in other Iranian Bronze age pieces of art.

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<v Speaker 1>Flags made of cloths were almost certainly the invention of

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<v Speaker 1>the ancient peoples of the Indian subcontinent or the Joe

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<v Speaker 1>dynasty of ancient China. Chinese flags had iconography such as

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<v Speaker 1>a red bird, a white tiger, or a blue dragon,

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<v Speaker 1>and royal flags were to be treated with a level

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<v Speaker 1>of re spec similar to that given to the ruler.

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<v Speaker 1>Indian flags were often triangular and decorated with attachments such

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<v Speaker 1>as a yak's tail and the state umbrella. Silk flags

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<v Speaker 1>either spread to the Near East from China or it

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<v Speaker 1>was just the silk itself, later fashioned by people who

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<v Speaker 1>had independently conceptualized a rectangular cloth attached to a pole.

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<v Speaker 1>They are often mentioned in the early history of Islam

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<v Speaker 1>and may have been copied from India. European flags are

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<v Speaker 1>an independent invention in the Roman world. The vexillum was

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<v Speaker 1>a cloth military flag. Schmerger describes it as the only

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<v Speaker 1>Roman cloth flag used as a cavalry flag, to attack

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<v Speaker 1>flag signal flag, imperial standard, religious flag, and provincial symbol,

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<v Speaker 1>and as the root of the modern European flag tradition.

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<v Speaker 1>The Christian Roman iabarum, first used by Constantine in the

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<v Speaker 1>fourth century, was a version of the vexillum. Although usually

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<v Speaker 1>suspended from a horizontal bar, it was also sometimes displayed

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<v Speaker 1>by fastening one side to the staff. In Medieval Europe,

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<v Speaker 1>flags developed in connection with warfare, christianity, heraldry, monarchy, cities, guilds,

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<v Speaker 1>and maritime identification. Heraldic flags included pennons, banners, standards, royal standards, enzions,

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<v Speaker 1>military standards, and colors. In English Heraldic usage, pennons were

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<v Speaker 1>personal lands, flags, banners bore the arms of the owner,

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<v Speaker 1>and standards displayed livery, colors and badges. Modern national flags

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<v Speaker 1>in the strict political sense, are associated with early modern

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<v Speaker 1>and modern state formation, citizenship, revolution, and nationalism. Al Genius

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<v Speaker 1>describes national flags as markers of nation building in the

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<v Speaker 1>modern period, especially after the political changes associated with seventeen

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<v Speaker 1>eighty nine. During the peak of the sailing age beginning

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<v Speaker 1>in the early seventeenth century, it was customary and later

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<v Speaker 1>a legal requirement for ships to fly flags designating their news.

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<v Speaker 1>These flags eventually evolved into the national flags and maritime

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<v Speaker 1>flags of today. Flags also became the preferred means of

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<v Speaker 1>communications at sea, resulting in various systems of flag signals.

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<v Speaker 1>Use of flags beyond a military or naval context began

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<v Speaker 1>with the rise of nationalism by the end of the

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<v Speaker 1>eighteenth century, although some flags date back earlier. The flags

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<v Speaker 1>of countries such as Austria, Denmark or Turkey have legendary origins,

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<v Speaker 1>while many others, including those of Poland and Switzerland, grew

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<v Speaker 1>out of the heraldic emblems of the Middle Ages. The

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<v Speaker 1>seventeenth centuries saw the birth of several national flags through

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<v Speaker 1>through revolutionary struggle. One of these was the flag of

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<v Speaker 1>the Netherlands, which appeared during the eighty year Dutch Rebellion

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<v Speaker 1>which began in fifteen sixty eight against Spanish domination. Political

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<v Speaker 1>change and social reform, allied with a growing sense of

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<v Speaker 1>nationhood among ordinary people, led to the creation of new

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<v Speaker 1>nations and flags all over the world in the nineteenth

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<v Speaker 1>and twentieth centuries. One of the most popular uses of

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<v Speaker 1>a flag is to symbolize a nation or country. Some

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<v Speaker 1>national flags have been particularly inspirational to other nations, countries,

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<v Speaker 1>or sub national entities in the design of their own flags.

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<v Speaker 1>Some prominent examples include the flag of Denmark. The denebro

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<v Speaker 1>is at tested in fourteen seventy eight and is the

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<v Speaker 1>oldest national flag still in use. It inspired the cross

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<v Speaker 1>design of the other Nordic countries Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland,

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<v Speaker 1>and several regional Scandinavian flags, including the Faroe Islands and Oland,

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<v Speaker 1>as well as flags from the non Scandinavian Shetland and Orkney.

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<v Speaker 1>The flag of the Netherlands is the oldest tricolor. Its

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<v Speaker 1>three colors of red, white, and blue go back to

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<v Speaker 1>Charlemagne's time the ninth century. The coastal region of what

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<v Speaker 1>today is the Netherlands was then known for its cloth

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<v Speaker 1>in these colors. Maps from the early sixteenth century already

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<v Speaker 1>put flags in these colors next to this region, like

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<v Speaker 1>Tashera's map of fifteen t twenty a century before that.

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<v Speaker 1>During the fifteenth century, the three colors were mentioned as

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<v Speaker 1>the coastal signals for this area, with the three bands

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<v Speaker 1>straight or diagonal, single or doubled as state flag. It

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<v Speaker 1>first appeared around fifteen seventy two as the Prince's flag

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<v Speaker 1>in orange white blue. Soon the more famous red white

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<v Speaker 1>blue began appearing, becoming the prevalent version from around sixteen thirty.

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<v Speaker 1>Orange made a comeback during the Civil War of the

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<v Speaker 1>late eighteenth century, signifying the Orangist or pro Stadtholder Party.

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<v Speaker 1>This use of orange comes from Nassau, which today uses

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<v Speaker 1>orange blue, not from Orange, which today uses red blue. However,

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<v Speaker 1>the usual way to show the link with the House

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<v Speaker 1>of Orange Nassau is the orange pennant above the red

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<v Speaker 1>white blue. It is said that the Dutch tricolor has

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<v Speaker 1>inspired many flags, but most notably those of Russia, New

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<v Speaker 1>York City and South Africa. As the probable inspiration for

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<v Speaker 1>the Russian flag, it is the source to for the

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<v Speaker 1>pan Slavak colors red, white and blue, adopted by many

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<v Speaker 1>Slavak states and peoples as their symbols. Examples are Slovakia,

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<v Speaker 1>Serbia and Slovania. The national flag of France was designed

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<v Speaker 1>in seventeen ninety four. As a forerunner of evolution. France's

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<v Speaker 1>tricolor flag style has been adopted by other nations, example Italy, Belgium, Ireland,

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<v Speaker 1>Romania and Mexico. The Union flag Union Jack of the

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<v Speaker 1>United Kingdom is the most commonly used. British colonies typically

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<v Speaker 1>flew a flag based on one of the enzymes based

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<v Speaker 1>on this flag, and many former colonies have retained the

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<v Speaker 1>design to acknowledge their cultural history. Examples Australia, pig New Zealand, Tuvalu,

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<v Speaker 1>and also the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, and British Columbia,

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<v Speaker 1>and the American state of Hawaii. The flag of the

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<v Speaker 1>United States is nicknamed the Stars and Stripes or Old Glory.

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<v Speaker 1>Some nations imitated this flag to symbolize their similarity to

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<v Speaker 1>the United States or the American Revolution, examples Liberia, Chile, Taiwan,

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<v Speaker 1>roc and the French region of Brittany. Ethiopia was seen

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<v Speaker 1>as a model by emerging African states of the nineteen

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<v Speaker 1>fifties and nineteen sixties, as it was one of the

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<v Speaker 1>oldest independent states in Africa. Accordingly, its flag became the

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<v Speaker 1>source of the Pan African colors or Rasta colors examples Benin, Togo, Senegal, Ghana, Moli, Guinea.

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<v Speaker 1>The flag of Turkey, which is very similar to the

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<v Speaker 1>last flag of the old Ottoman Empire, has been an

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<v Speaker 1>inspiration for the flag designs of many other Muslim nations.

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<v Speaker 1>During the time of the Ottomans, the crescent began to

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<v Speaker 1>be associated with Islam, and this is reflected on the

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<v Speaker 1>flags of Algeria, Azerbaijan, Kamoros, Libya, Mauritania, Pakistan, Tunisia and Maldives.

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<v Speaker 1>The Pan Arab colors green, white, red, and black are

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<v Speaker 1>derived from the flag of the Great Arab Revolt, as

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<v Speaker 1>seen on the flags of Jordan, Libya, Kuwait, Sudan, Syria,

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<v Speaker 1>the United Arab Emeralds, Western Sahara, Egypt, Iraq, Yemen, and Palestine.

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<v Speaker 1>The Soviet flag, with its golden symbols of the hammer

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<v Speaker 1>and sickle and a red field, was an inspiration to

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<v Speaker 1>flags of other communist states such as East Germany, China, Vietnam, Angola,

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<v Speaker 1>Afghanistan nineteen seventy eight to nineteen eighty, and Mozambique. The

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<v Speaker 1>flag of Venezuela, created by Francisco de Miranda to represent

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<v Speaker 1>the independence movement of Venezuela that later gave birth to

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<v Speaker 1>the Grand Colombia, inspired the flags of Colombia, Ecuador, and

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<v Speaker 1>the Federal Territories in Malaysia, all sharing three bands of yellow,

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<v Speaker 1>blue and red. With the flag of Venezuela. The flag

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<v Speaker 1>of Argentina, created by Manuel Bergrano during the War of Independence,

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<v Speaker 1>was the inspiration for the United Provinces of Central America's flag,

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<v Speaker 1>which in turn was the origin of the flags of Guatemala, Honduras,

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<v Speaker 1>El Salvador and Nicaragua. National flag designs are often used

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<v Speaker 1>to signify nationality and other forms such as flag patches.

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<v Speaker 1>A civil flag is a version of the national flag

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<v Speaker 1>that is flown by civilians on non government installations or craft.

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<v Speaker 1>The use of civil flags was more common in the

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<v Speaker 1>past in order to denote buildings or ships that were

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<v Speaker 1>not crewed by the military. In some countries, the civil

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<v Speaker 1>flag is the same as the war flag or state flag,

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<v Speaker 1>but without the coat of arms, such as in the

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<v Speaker 1>case of Spain, and in others it is an alteration

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<v Speaker 1>of the war flag. Several countries, including the Royal Air Force,

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<v Speaker 1>British Army and the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom

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<v Speaker 1>and the Soviet Union, have had unique flags flown by

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<v Speaker 1>their armed forces separately, rather than the national flag. Other

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<v Speaker 1>countries armed forces, such as those of the United States

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<v Speaker 1>or Switzerland, use their standard national flag. In addition, the

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<v Speaker 1>U s has alongside flags and seals designed from long

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<v Speaker 1>tradition for each of its six uniformed military services, military

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<v Speaker 1>sub departments, and the Department of Defense and the Department

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<v Speaker 1>of Homeland Security. The Philippines armed forces may use their

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<v Speaker 1>standard national flag, but during times of war, the flag

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<v Speaker 1>is turned upside down. Bulgaria's flag is also turned upside

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<v Speaker 1>down during times of war, these are also considered war flags,

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<v Speaker 1>though the terminology only applies to the flag's military usage.

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<v Speaker 1>Large versions of the war flag flown on the warship

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<v Speaker 1>of entries navies are known as battle enzymes. In addition,

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<v Speaker 1>besides flying the national standard or a military service's emblem

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<v Speaker 1>flag at a military fort, base, station, or post, and

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<v Speaker 1>at sea, at the stern or main top mast of

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<v Speaker 1>a warship, a naval jack flag and other maritime flags,

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<v Speaker 1>pennants and emblems are flown at the bow. In times

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<v Speaker 1>of war, waving a white flag is a banner of truce, talks, negotiations,

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<v Speaker 1>or surrender. Flags are particularly important at sea, where they

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<v Speaker 1>can mean the difference between life and death, and consequently,

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<v Speaker 1>where the rules and regulations for the flying of flags

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<v Speaker 1>are strictly enforced. A national flag flown at sea is

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<v Speaker 1>known as an enzyme. A courteous peaceable merchant ship or

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<v Speaker 1>yacht customarily flies its enzyme in the usual enzyme position,

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<v Speaker 1>together with the flag of whatever nation it is currently

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<v Speaker 1>visiting at the mast, known as a courtesy flag. To

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<v Speaker 1>fly one's enzyme alone and form waters a foreign port

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<v Speaker 1>or in the face of a foreign warship traditionally indicates

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<v Speaker 1>a willingness to fight with cannon for the right to

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<v Speaker 1>do so. As of two thousand nine, this custom is

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<v Speaker 1>still taken seriously by many naval and portisories, and is

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<v Speaker 1>readily enforced in many parts of the world by boarding, confiscation,

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<v Speaker 1>and other civil penalties. In some countries, yacht enzymes are

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<v Speaker 1>different from merchant enzymes in order to signal that the

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<v Speaker 1>yacht is not carrying cargo that requires a customs decoration.

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<v Speaker 1>Carrying commercial cargo on a boat with a yacht enzyme

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<v Speaker 1>is deemed to be smuggling in many jurisdictions. Traditionally, a

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<v Speaker 1>vessel flying under the courtesy flag of a specific nation,

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<v Speaker 1>regardless of the vessel's country of registry, is considered to

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<v Speaker 1>be operating under the law of her host nation. There

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<v Speaker 1>is a system of international maritime signal flags for numerals

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<v Speaker 1>and letters of the alphabet. Each flag or pennon has

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<v Speaker 1>a specific meaning when flown individually as well. Semaphore flags

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<v Speaker 1>can be used to communicate on an ad hoc basis

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<v Speaker 1>from ship to ship over short distances. Another category of

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<v Speaker 1>maritime flag flown by some United States government ships is

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<v Speaker 1>the distinctive mark. Although the United States Coast Guard has

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<v Speaker 1>its own service ensign, All other U S Government ships

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<v Speaker 1>fly the National enzime as their service ensign, following United

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<v Speaker 1>States Navy practice to distinguish themselves from ships of the Navy.

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<v Speaker 1>Such ships historically have flown their parent organization's flag from

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<v Speaker 1>a forward mast as a distinctive mark. Today, for example,

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<v Speaker 1>commissioned ships of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration fly

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<v Speaker 1>the NOAA flag as a distinctive mark. Flags are usually

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<v Speaker 1>rectangular in shape, often in the ratio two to three,

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<v Speaker 1>one to two, or three to five, but may be

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<v Speaker 1>of any shape or size that is practical for flying,

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<v Speaker 1>including square, triangular, or swallowtailed. A more unusual flag shape

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<v Speaker 1>is that of the flag of Nepal, which is in

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<v Speaker 1>the shape of two stacked triangles. Other unusually shaped flags

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<v Speaker 1>include the civil flags of Ohio, a swallowtail, Tampa, Florida,

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<v Speaker 1>and Pie County, Ohio. Many flags are dined through and

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<v Speaker 1>through to be inexpensive to manufacture, such that the reverse

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<v Speaker 1>side is the mere image of the observed side. Generally

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<v Speaker 1>the side displayed when from the observer's point of view.

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<v Speaker 1>The flag flies from pole side left to right. This

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<v Speaker 1>presents two possibilities. One, if the design is symmetrical in

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<v Speaker 1>an access parallel to the flagpole, observe and reverse will

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<v Speaker 1>be identical despite the mirror reversal, such as the Indian

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<v Speaker 1>flag or Canadian flag. Two, if not, the observe and

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<v Speaker 1>reverse will present two variants of the same design, one

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<v Speaker 1>with the hoist on the left, usually considered the observe side,

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<v Speaker 1>the other was the hoist on the right, usually considered

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<v Speaker 1>the reverse side of the flag. This is very common

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<v Speaker 1>and usually not disturbing if there is no text in

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<v Speaker 1>the design. Some complex flag designs are not intended to

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<v Speaker 1>be shown on both sides, requiring separate observe and reverse

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<v Speaker 1>sides if made correctly. In these cases, there is a

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<v Speaker 1>design element, usually text, which is not symmetric and should

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<v Speaker 1>be read in the same direction, regardless of whether the

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00:24:09.759 --> 00:24:14.960
<v Speaker 1>hoist is to the viewer's left or right. These cases

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<v Speaker 1>can be divided into two types. One, the same asymmetric

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<v Speaker 1>design may be duplicated on both sides. Such flags can

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<v Speaker 1>be manufactured by creating two identicals through and through flags

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<v Speaker 1>and then swing them back to back, though this can

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<v Speaker 1>affect the resulting combination's responsiveness to the wind. Depictions of

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<v Speaker 1>such flags may be marked with a symbol indicating the

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<v Speaker 1>reverse is congruent to, rather than a mirror image of

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<v Speaker 1>the observe. Two. Rarely, the reverse design may differ in

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<v Speaker 1>whole or in part from that of the observe. Examples

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<v Speaker 1>of flags whose reverse differs from the observe include the

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<v Speaker 1>flag of Paraguay, the flag of Oregon, and the historical

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<v Speaker 1>flag of the Soviet Union. Common designs on flags include crosses, stripes,

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<v Speaker 1>and divisions of the surface or field into bands or quarters.

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<v Speaker 1>Patterns and principles mainly derived from heraldry. A heraldic coat

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<v Speaker 1>of arms may also be flown as a banner of arms,

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<v Speaker 1>as is done on both the state flag of Maryland

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<v Speaker 1>and the flag of Kiribadi. The Djure flag of Libya

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<v Speaker 1>under a Moua Margadafi, which consisted of a rectangular field

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<v Speaker 1>of green, was for a long period the only national

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<v Speaker 1>flag using a single color and no design or insignia. However,

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<v Speaker 1>other historical states have also used flags without designs or insignia,

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<v Speaker 1>such as the short lived Soviet Republic of Hungary and

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<v Speaker 1>the more recent Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, whose flags

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<v Speaker 1>were both a plain field of red. Colors are normally

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<v Speaker 1>described with common names such as red, but may be

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<v Speaker 1>further specified using color imagery. The largest flag flown from

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<v Speaker 1>a flagpole worldwide, according to Guinness World Records, is the

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<v Speaker 1>flag of the United Arab Emirates blown in Charja. This

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<v Speaker 1>flag was two thousand, four hundred forty eight point five

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<v Speaker 1>six square meters. The largest flag ever made was the

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<v Speaker 1>flag of Qatar. The flag, which measures at one hundred

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<v Speaker 1>one thousand, nine hundred and seventy eight square meters, was

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<v Speaker 1>completed in December twenty thirteen in Doa. The general parts

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<v Speaker 1>of a flag are tannon, the upper intersection of the

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00:27:15.480 --> 00:27:20.279
<v Speaker 1>flag field or ground, the entire flag except the canton,

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<v Speaker 1>the hoist, the edge used to attach the flag to

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<v Speaker 1>the hoist, and the fly, the furthest edge from the

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<v Speaker 1>hoist end. Vertical flags are sometimes used in lieu of

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<v Speaker 1>the standard horizontal flag in Central and Eastern Europe, particularly

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<v Speaker 1>in the German speaking countries. This practice came about because

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<v Speaker 1>relatively brisk wind needed to display horizontal flags is not

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<v Speaker 1>common in these countries. The vertical flag is of vertical

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<v Speaker 1>form of the standard flag. The flag's designed may remain unchanged,

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<v Speaker 1>or it may change e g. By changing horizontal stripes

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<v Speaker 1>to vertical ones. If the flag carries an emblem, it

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<v Speaker 1>may remain centered or may be shifted slightly upwards. The

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<v Speaker 1>vertical flag for hoisting from a beam is additionally attached

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<v Speaker 1>to a horizontal beam, using that it is fully displayed

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<v Speaker 1>even if there is no wind. The vertical flag for

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<v Speaker 1>hoisting from a horizontal pole is hoisted from a horizontal

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<v Speaker 1>pole normally attached to a building. The topmost stripe on

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<v Speaker 1>the horizontal version of the flag faces away from the building.

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<v Speaker 1>The vertical flag for hoisting from a crossbar or banner

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<v Speaker 1>is firmly attached to a horizontal crossbar, from which it

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<v Speaker 1>is hoisted either by a vertical pole or a horizontal one.

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<v Speaker 1>The topmost stripe on the horizontal version of the flag

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<v Speaker 1>normally faces to the left.