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Speaker 1: If you want to get the show early and ad free,

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head on over to the Peak Kinyonas show dot com.

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There you can choose from where you wish to support me.

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Now listen very carefully. I've had some people ask me

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about this, even though I think on the last ad

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I stated it pretty clearly. If you want an RSS feed,

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you're going to have to subscribe your substat or through Patreon.

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You can also subscribe on my website which is right there,

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gum Road and what's the other one, subscribe Star and

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if you do that, you will get access to the

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audio file. So head on over to the pekanyonasshow dot com.

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You'll see all the ways that you can support me there.

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And I just want to thank everyone. It's because of

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you that I can put out the amount of material

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that I do. I can do what I'm doing with

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doctor Johnson on two hundred Years Together and everything else,

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the things that Thomas and I are doing together on

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kindinal philosophy, it's all because of you. And yeah, I mean,

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I'll never be able to thank you enough. So thank you.

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The Pekanyonashow dot com. Everything's there. I want to welcome

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everyone back to the Peking Yona's show. George Bagbee returns

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to the show. How are you doing today, mister Bagby?

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I'm doing wonderful.

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Speaker 2: I've had had a very scholarly time. I've been hitting

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the books lately, and I've been enjoying it very much.

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Speaker 1: Awesome, awesome, all right. So this was a every quest

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from a listener. They wanted a they asked free detailed

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lead up to the war between the States, and there

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was nobody else that I would I was going to

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reach out to other than you, and yeah, can you

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why don't you tell us? You have an outline for

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several episodes, so you want to just like hit an

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outline of a couple episodes and then jump into what

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you have prepared for today.

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Speaker 2: Absolutely, So, the idea for the series is the origins

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of the American Civil War. I haven't come up with

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a finite number of just how many we mean to

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have to lead up to this auspicious subject. I've got

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several several episodes sketched out in advance. Today we're going

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to be talking about the convention, debates about the Constitution

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and the anti federalist concerns which figure largely in the

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coming sectional conflict. The second episode, I mean to zero

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in on Hamilton's interpretation of the Constitution in the Washington administration,

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So we'll go into his reports on the public credit

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and his key interpretation about the clauses of the Constitution,

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the Necessary and Proper Clause and the General Welfare Clause,

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and the rise of our first two political parties based

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on the interpretation of that issue. On the third episode,

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I mean to go into Jefferson and John Taylor and

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their agrarian vision for the United States, which figures very

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largely in the sectional conflict, being that the North was

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more industrial of the South was more agrarian and farm based.

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And the fourth episode, just as a sample, we're going

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to go into the alien and sedition acts during the

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Adams administration and the remarkable response of Jefferson's faction in

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the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which also figure very strongly

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in the coming sectional conflict. So I've got a few

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more episodes sketched out beyond then, but just as a

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taste of future attraction. That's that's a brief for us.

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Speaker 1: That sounds great. That sounds great. So today you had,

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you know, some of the notes that you sent me

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started with anti federalist concerns, But why don't you, Why

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don't you start wherever you want.

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Speaker 2: Indeed, I actually just started a series with the Old

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Glory Club. I'm going to be appearing on the American

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Spirits stream and we're doing a series on the Bank

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of the United States over there. But we're going to

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be focused on other issues over here, though the material

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can overlap in many ways. We just had a conversation

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a couple of nights ago about the convention debates and

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the problems, especially the financial problems under the Articles of Confederation.

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So let me give an introduction to the issue. The

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Articles of Confederation were our first constitution. They ambitiously stated

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that it would be the perpetual It would be the

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perpetual union for the States. And ironically, most Americans aren't

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aware of this document at all. It has been completely

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forgotten basically in the public mind anyway. No one refers

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to it in our politics anymore. But it set itself

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this very ambitious goal that it was going to permanently

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unify the states in a confederacy. The confederacy element is

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very important. A confederation is a union of sovereign powers,

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and the Articles of Confederation were a way to unite

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thirteen distinct political organizations, the original thirteen states. They were

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organized a year after our independence. That was when the

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states finished ratifying the Articles, and under the Articles, all

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the states were entirely equal. It created a single body

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for the Union government, and that was the Continental Congress.

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Now the states were free to send as many representatives

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as they liked to that Congress, but no matter how

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many people they sent to represent their state's interests, the

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state only had one vote. So the panel of delegates

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from a given state in the Continental Congress would argue

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among themselves and then democratically determine, you know, whoever had

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the majority in the committee from that state would cast

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the vote in the name of that state. The states

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also had veto powers, which is of sovereign right. I

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used to tell my students that sovereignty is the right

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to say no to something and to resist it. And

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this was an element of sovereignty that was given to

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the states as sovereign actors in the Continental Congress. So

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if one state really disagreed with what was going on

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with something that the majority of the states wanted to

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do as legislation, they could use their veto power and

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make the whole thing null and void. Now, one of

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the effects of this was because the Articles of Confederation

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had no tax power, the Continental Congress had no power

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to tax. They were given a kind of short sightedly,

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a power to borrow money and a power to print money.

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So they did both of those. They got some alliances abroad,

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especially with France and Holland, who were the first to

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recognize our independence during our warfare independence, and they printed

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the Continental Dollar, which was our first paper currency. The

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result was runaway inflation, hyperinflation, and the inability of the

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Continental Congress to pay the debts they owed abroad and

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even to pay their own soldiers. So this results in

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major financial catastrophe. You have the patriot benefactors of our independence,

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people like Robert Morris, who is a very famous financier

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of that generation. He is ruined because the Continental Congress

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cannot pay its own debts. Even after independence, they are

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still incapable of passing any reasonable measure to pay their bills,

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and so Robert Morris ends up in debtors prison before

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this whole thing gets rectified. And that is a that

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is a travesty. These are the patriots, These are the

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people that actually won, and in victory they find themselves ruined,

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and that's a gross injustice. The veterans are unpaid, and

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the veterans are increasingly restive, very upset about this. In

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Newburgh in New York State, they plot a mutiny. Horatio Gates,

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the hero of Saratoga, is plotting this mutiny and it

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gets diffused at the last moment through the timely intercession

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of George Washington, who kind of shows up on a

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spected in Newburgh and appeals to the soldiers to not

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march on Congress in Philadelphia to seize the treasury as

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they had planned to do. Chay's Rebellion is also an

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instance of this, where veterans in western Massachusetts they riot

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and they prevent a court from holding session. The court

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had on its docket a number of foreclosures for a

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non payment of taxes for farms of veterans of the

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Continental Army, and so these veterans they organized and they

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prevented the court from auctioning off or initiating what would

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end up with the auctioning off of the farms of veterans. So,

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in response to all of this, and in response to

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the articles creating a system where needful business could not

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be accomplished. In the Continental Congress, the states had all

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of the political power that mattered, and the result was

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that the union was imperiled. And this is the basic

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theme of our whole series. Really the twin values that

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America Americans hold deer in the period that we're addressing

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in particular, and those are liberty and union. So we

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want an accountable representative government. We want one that has

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reasonable safeguards against centralization, unaccountable power, tyranny, but we also

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want union. We have collectively acted in the Declaration of Independence.

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The Continental Congress speaks with the unanimous voice. In spite

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of some minority opinions in the body that we're still

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reticent about declaring their independence, the majority had it, and

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so all of the states voted with their single vote

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unanimously in favor of the declaration. Even though this predates

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the articles. This is how the Continental Congress was operating

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at the time. And we pool our resources, we fight

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for the same cause for independence. We win. The Continental

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Congress successfully prosecutes this war. So we win collectively in

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union together, and then we want to stay in union

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together for all number of advantages that come with a

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large state. We become a continental power, we become eventually

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one of the great powers of the world. We have

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an incredible economic opportunity here to develop our internal economy

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that would be stymied by the states breaking up or

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forming smaller confederations among themselves, regional powers and such. There

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was a lot of worry among these people that if

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union failed, we would re enact the history of the

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warring states on the continent of Europe, that we would

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have all sorts of jealousies and petty grievances against one another,

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and we would fight it out among one another, and

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that would be very bad for us collectively. So we

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want to maintain union to preserve our independence. We see

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a risk that an independent state, say Virginia or Georgia

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down on the periphery, they would fall under the control,

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They would fall into a protectorate status or an alliance

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with some hostile European power, which probably would have happened

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if Georgia had spun out on their own, or if

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the New England States had organized together, they would have

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fallen under some foreign control or interest. They would have

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done that more easily in that smaller unit than they

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would have done collectively, where we have a common interest

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to pursue national interest or collect our collective interests in

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the federal government. So all that said, we see a

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party form behind the scenes. So while the Articles of

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Confederation are kind of stumbling along, the Continental Congress really

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isn't getting any of these needful things done. The Federalists organize.

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George Washington starts writing his friends, people like Alexander Hamilton,

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people like James Madison, and he starts organizing behind the

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scenes for the replacement of the Articles of Confederation. Now

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that's not what they actually pitch. Alexander Hamilton goes to

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a meeting of the Continental Congress in Annapolis in Maryland.

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Their meeting at the Maryland State House. Because they don't

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have any permanent seat of government, they go around, They

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move around and meet in different places at various times.

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Hamilton is lucky enough to find a quorum of the

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Continental Congress because frequently there weren't enough representatives from the

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various states to conduct official business. This is the point

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at which the Continental Congress had declined that there may

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be elected representatives to the Continental Congress, but they wouldn't

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even bother to come because nothing of consequence would take

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place there. All the action was at the state level.

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That's where all the authority was, and the states had

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really pressing problems. They had crushing war debts because all

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the states had financed their own war efforts independent of

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one another, and then they collectively finance a consolidated effort

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with the Continental Congress. But that's only one part of

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what's going on. So all the states have these incredible

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bills from the war, and they're all pursuing various measures

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to try to directify those problems. But Hamilton finds a

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quorum of the Continental Congress in Annapolis and he proposes

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a convention to amend the articles, and this receives a

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mostly positive response. So twelve of the thirteen states then

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send delegates to the proposed convey that meets in Philadelphia

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in seventeen eighty nine. At the convention, Hamilton is one

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of the first there, and he is one of these

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really dynamic Federalist actors. He's what we call this group,

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the Federalists. These are the men that are contending for

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a new constitution and a new organization of the American Union.

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And they say that it will preserve both the liberty

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that had been one from King George. We're going to

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have an independent government here, and it's going to guarantee

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American liberties, the concerns that were widespread among the patriots

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back in seventeen seventy six when independence is declared. But

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it will also preserve union. So they're talking about a

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functional union, and they are emphasizing the unity of the

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American States. But there's a big problem that comes with that.

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If they are states, if they are sovereign powers that

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have won their sovereignty in the War of Independence, how

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can they collectively act without imperiling the liberties they've won.

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What powers do they cede to a general government to

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act in their name? And this is what the Constitution

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portends to do. The Constitution is not a list of

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the abstract philosophy of man and his happiness, but the

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list of things delegated to the federal government in its

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three branches, the things those branches can and cannot do,

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and also a list of things the states can and

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cannot do, and the powers that create this general government

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that is all vested in the states themselves. It's ultimately

241
00:20:13,880 --> 00:20:16,799
up to the states whether or not they will join

242
00:20:17,039 --> 00:20:25,200
this union. So the Philadelphia Convention is a very fascinating episode.

243
00:20:25,720 --> 00:20:31,960
It is not publicized. There are no journalists allowed to participate,

244
00:20:32,119 --> 00:20:35,119
take notes, or to publicize the proceedings of the convention.

245
00:20:35,519 --> 00:20:38,960
It's a closed meeting. And this was done so that

246
00:20:39,039 --> 00:20:43,279
everyone could freely speak their mind and freely propose anything

247
00:20:43,559 --> 00:20:50,319
that might solve American problems without fear of retribution or

248
00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:54,960
public backlash. And with that in mind, Hamilton is one

249
00:20:55,039 --> 00:20:58,359
of the first to arrive, and once he has an

250
00:20:58,400 --> 00:21:03,119
audience there the dell gets start to arrive, he proposes

251
00:21:03,160 --> 00:21:09,480
something very controversial. He proposes a president that is elected

252
00:21:09,519 --> 00:21:14,240
for life, that the president has the power to veto

253
00:21:14,839 --> 00:21:21,680
state legislation, and that the president appoints the governors of

254
00:21:21,720 --> 00:21:30,519
the various states. Now this is a model an inspiration

255
00:21:31,160 --> 00:21:37,039
from the British Empire itself, and for this, for this

256
00:21:37,160 --> 00:21:42,480
kind of reputation that the Federalists have Hamilton's proposal in

257
00:21:42,559 --> 00:21:48,279
this instance, it is not publicized until decades later, when

258
00:21:48,359 --> 00:21:52,920
the notes of his speeches finally are published, So no

259
00:21:52,960 --> 00:21:57,720
one at the time knows in the reading public what

260
00:21:57,799 --> 00:22:03,799
Hamilton had proposed at then when it sits. But this

261
00:22:03,799 --> 00:22:09,759
this comes back much later when Hamilton's goals Hamilton's ambitions

262
00:22:10,240 --> 00:22:15,079
are a more contentious matter. After the ratification of the

263
00:22:15,079 --> 00:22:21,480
Constitution many many years later, but the Federalists come to

264
00:22:21,640 --> 00:22:26,920
Philadelphia with a plan for a new a new government,

265
00:22:27,039 --> 00:22:30,680
a new union government for the states. What they come

266
00:22:30,759 --> 00:22:36,799
up with is the Philadelphia Constitution that we are nominally

267
00:22:36,920 --> 00:22:43,839
using today. The real fight isn't at the convention where

268
00:22:43,880 --> 00:22:49,720
the Federalists have organized beforehand. They they put Washington as

269
00:22:49,920 --> 00:22:54,599
the chair of the convention, so the Federalists are running

270
00:22:54,640 --> 00:22:59,359
this convention. They don't get unanimous approval. Even at the convention.

271
00:22:59,559 --> 00:23:03,000
There are a lot of dissatisfied delegates that were sent

272
00:23:03,079 --> 00:23:05,440
by their states to the convention that they go home,

273
00:23:06,759 --> 00:23:12,200
they become anti Federalists. They vote against the Philadelphia Constitution

274
00:23:12,519 --> 00:23:17,880
in its ratification debates in the state conventions. But the

275
00:23:17,920 --> 00:23:23,039
convention has been organized by the Federalists. The Federalists are

276
00:23:23,279 --> 00:23:27,799
the ones proposing the big ideas there. But that isn't

277
00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:33,160
where the Constitution is decided as a political question. The

278
00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:37,880
convention only creates the Constitution. It's up to the states

279
00:23:38,119 --> 00:23:40,960
to decide whether or not they will be part of

280
00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:47,160
that union. So it goes back to state conventions. Now

281
00:23:47,519 --> 00:23:51,039
I mentioned before only twelve states showed up at the

282
00:23:51,039 --> 00:23:55,960
Philadelphia Convention. Rhode Island decided to sit it out entirely.

283
00:23:56,599 --> 00:24:01,640
Rhode Island was of a very libertarian mindset. Rhode Island

284
00:24:01,799 --> 00:24:05,640
was known before this time to be the veto vote

285
00:24:06,279 --> 00:24:11,519
in every sensible financial measure proposed in the Continental Congress.

286
00:24:12,079 --> 00:24:14,400
When it came time to raise revenue to pay the

287
00:24:14,440 --> 00:24:19,039
troops or anything, Rhode Island would always veto the legislation.

288
00:24:19,279 --> 00:24:26,359
So they didn't want a general government doing anything financially

289
00:24:26,440 --> 00:24:31,359
responsible in that instance, they did not. They were particularly

290
00:24:31,440 --> 00:24:34,519
jealous of the taxing power, we might say, but the

291
00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:40,079
result was financial irresponsibility to the point where we're looking

292
00:24:40,119 --> 00:24:45,279
at the mutiny of the Continental Army. Well. Rhode Island

293
00:24:45,519 --> 00:24:48,079
is also the very first state to vote on the Constitution.

294
00:24:48,480 --> 00:24:50,839
They're the only state to put the Constitution up to

295
00:24:50,880 --> 00:24:56,519
a popular vote, a plebiscite, and it is overwhelmingly voted

296
00:24:56,559 --> 00:25:01,799
down in Rhode Island. The two other conventions that are

297
00:25:01,880 --> 00:25:06,119
worth noting are the New York Convention, where the Constitution

298
00:25:06,599 --> 00:25:10,920
is passed by a single vote in the majority. I

299
00:25:10,920 --> 00:25:15,960
think it's fifty one to forty nine and the Virginia Convention,

300
00:25:16,759 --> 00:25:21,759
which is maybe the most artful of the debates held

301
00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:26,039
about the constitution. The leader of the anti Federalists in

302
00:25:26,160 --> 00:25:30,839
Virginia was none other than Patrick Henry, who was perhaps

303
00:25:30,920 --> 00:25:36,880
the greatest orator of his generation. So the opponents of

304
00:25:36,920 --> 00:25:42,880
the constitution, the anti federalists so called, they did not

305
00:25:43,039 --> 00:25:48,480
choose that name for themselves. They they like the term federalists.

306
00:25:48,799 --> 00:25:54,920
Everyone likes the term because it means a liberty union government,

307
00:25:55,920 --> 00:26:01,680
a government that safeguards the prerogatives of the state. And

308
00:26:01,839 --> 00:26:07,000
when we use the term federalism in a modern context,

309
00:26:07,440 --> 00:26:12,519
like if we were to describe a federal constitution in

310
00:26:13,400 --> 00:26:20,440
Brazil or Mexico, we would be describing a constitution that

311
00:26:21,799 --> 00:26:25,920
has two levels of authority. It has a state level

312
00:26:26,039 --> 00:26:34,680
authority where the institutions or are more responsive to representation,

313
00:26:36,319 --> 00:26:40,799
more responsive to local concerns and such. Just because of

314
00:26:40,880 --> 00:26:43,559
the of the ratio of representation, it's always going to

315
00:26:43,599 --> 00:26:51,240
be a far more a far more responsive sort of

316
00:26:51,640 --> 00:26:55,359
organization at a local level or regional level. So federal

317
00:26:55,440 --> 00:26:57,920
a federal government means that you have two levels of government.

318
00:26:57,960 --> 00:27:00,039
You have a general government that that is over the

319
00:27:00,079 --> 00:27:04,839
states that conducts foreign policy, a common economic policy, a

320
00:27:04,839 --> 00:27:09,480
common defense policy, perhaps a monetary system, and the rest.

321
00:27:09,920 --> 00:27:13,880
And then you have a local level government, a state

322
00:27:13,960 --> 00:27:17,000
level government, if you will, and that these things exist

323
00:27:17,119 --> 00:27:20,880
side by side and they serve one another in some way.

324
00:27:22,119 --> 00:27:26,039
So the anti federalists, they like the term federalism, They

325
00:27:26,599 --> 00:27:32,319
want that as a union government. What they say is

326
00:27:32,359 --> 00:27:35,720
that the Philadelphia Constitution is not a good plan for this.

327
00:27:37,480 --> 00:27:43,799
The Federalists, led by Washington, Hamilton Madison, John Jay of

328
00:27:43,880 --> 00:27:49,039
New York, and other great minds of that generation, these

329
00:27:49,079 --> 00:27:54,599
are all brilliant statesmen. They are contending that the Philadelphia

330
00:27:54,640 --> 00:27:58,319
Constitution is a good solution to the questions that beset

331
00:27:58,319 --> 00:28:02,920
the American States and their union at this time. So

332
00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:09,160
now we turn to the anti federalists themselves. The anti

333
00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:17,359
federalists are not anything to be sniffed at. My students

334
00:28:17,400 --> 00:28:20,359
are always surprised by this when I addressed the issue

335
00:28:20,359 --> 00:28:25,680
that there were people that found themselves arrayed against George Washington,

336
00:28:27,480 --> 00:28:30,440
that they didn't like the Philadelphia Constitution. What is what

337
00:28:30,559 --> 00:28:33,960
is better for America than our constitution? We all venerate

338
00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:37,960
the constitution. And this is you know, these are just

339
00:28:38,119 --> 00:28:43,079
high schoolers. They don't know so much about modern arguments

340
00:28:43,160 --> 00:28:47,599
about how the government's working. But I always remind them, no,

341
00:28:47,759 --> 00:28:52,000
these were men of the best reputations of their day.

342
00:28:52,160 --> 00:28:56,720
They have their bona fides from the War for Independence.

343
00:28:57,079 --> 00:29:01,160
These are people like John Hancock of Massachusett. These are

344
00:29:01,240 --> 00:29:06,119
people like Sam Adams and Patrick Henry and George Mason.

345
00:29:07,480 --> 00:29:11,599
These are really remarkable men of their generation, and we

346
00:29:11,720 --> 00:29:17,599
should certainly take their ideas about the Constitution seriously in retrospect.

347
00:29:18,720 --> 00:29:23,160
At our point today, the anti federalist concerns about the

348
00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:30,200
Constitution look like visionary prophecy of what the federal government

349
00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:34,200
is going to do to the states. And this was

350
00:29:34,279 --> 00:29:38,839
the major concern of the anti federalists. They said, yes,

351
00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:43,240
this will accomplish union, but this will be a national

352
00:29:43,359 --> 00:29:49,440
government and not a federation. This will be a consolidation

353
00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:55,480
of political power in the national government and it will

354
00:29:55,519 --> 00:29:59,839
strip the powers from the states. It may even do

355
00:30:00,079 --> 00:30:05,240
this by force of arms. So we see a lot

356
00:30:05,279 --> 00:30:10,799
of concern among the anti federalists that the Constitution is

357
00:30:10,839 --> 00:30:15,599
going to create a permanent, standing army that will eventually

358
00:30:15,680 --> 00:30:21,960
be used to collect taxes, which is precisely the way

359
00:30:22,039 --> 00:30:27,039
that the War for Independence began. So the anti federalists

360
00:30:27,039 --> 00:30:31,920
are thinking back to the circumstances in which Americans declare

361
00:30:31,960 --> 00:30:36,920
their independence from the Kingdom of Britain, and they say,

362
00:30:37,559 --> 00:30:41,920
we do not want to recreate here in America the

363
00:30:43,640 --> 00:30:48,920
same form of government that we just want independence from.

364
00:30:49,319 --> 00:30:54,160
We don't want to copy the British model. We don't

365
00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:57,359
want to imperil our liberties that we had so recently

366
00:30:57,599 --> 00:31:02,359
and dearly won. So these are the talking points of

367
00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:08,359
the anti federalists. Incidentally, if you want a brief the

368
00:31:08,680 --> 00:31:13,759
most concise list of anti federalist concerns, you can do

369
00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:17,559
no better than to read the Bill of Rights. The

370
00:31:17,599 --> 00:31:23,319
Bill of Rights is the articles of major concern that

371
00:31:23,359 --> 00:31:28,559
you hear from anti federalist writers. That was amended to

372
00:31:28,640 --> 00:31:33,440
the Constitution right after its ratification. It was one of

373
00:31:33,480 --> 00:31:37,480
the first things Congress does when they assemble in New

374
00:31:37,559 --> 00:31:43,240
York City, our first capital city under Washington's administration. They

375
00:31:44,240 --> 00:31:46,440
ratify the Bill of Rights and send it to the

376
00:31:46,480 --> 00:31:50,240
States and it's added to the Constitution. So it's an amendment.

377
00:31:51,400 --> 00:31:55,279
It's an addition to the Constitution to satisfy the anti

378
00:31:55,319 --> 00:32:00,000
federalist concerns. So it's actually a wonderful example of politicians

379
00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:05,480
keeping their promises and a real compromise in American politics.

380
00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:11,039
So the Bill of Rights is a brief of the

381
00:32:11,079 --> 00:32:14,480
anti federalist concerns, but we're going to be talking about

382
00:32:14,640 --> 00:32:20,359
other particular concerns of the anti federalists today. We're going

383
00:32:20,400 --> 00:32:28,440
to start with Brutus number five. Brutus was a pseudonym

384
00:32:28,799 --> 00:32:32,359
for an anti federalist writer in the state of New York,

385
00:32:33,680 --> 00:32:38,680
and Brutus was He takes his name from the classics.

386
00:32:38,680 --> 00:32:42,319
Of course, he's the enemy of tyranny, the assassin of

387
00:32:42,440 --> 00:32:49,720
Julius Caesar, the ambitious King. And in Brutus number five,

388
00:32:49,880 --> 00:32:53,480
which was published in seventeen eighty seven December December of

389
00:32:53,480 --> 00:33:00,279
seventeen eighty seven, he titles his essay on the Nesi

390
00:33:00,599 --> 00:33:06,559
and Proper and the General Welfare Clauses, and on Congress's

391
00:33:06,640 --> 00:33:13,480
power to tax the States will be destroyed. This is

392
00:33:13,559 --> 00:33:18,960
the title of his essay. So opposed to these essays

393
00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:21,400
that we're going to sample from today are of course

394
00:33:21,480 --> 00:33:27,480
the famous Federalist essays, the so called Federalist Papers, which

395
00:33:27,480 --> 00:33:31,400
were written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison,

396
00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:39,279
some of the great leaders of the Federalist faction. So

397
00:33:39,359 --> 00:33:47,359
brutus he says about the clauses. He says. In the

398
00:33:47,359 --> 00:33:52,039
first article, eighth section, it is declared that Congress shall

399
00:33:52,079 --> 00:33:55,000
have the power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts,

400
00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:58,119
and excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the

401
00:33:58,160 --> 00:34:03,640
common defense and general welfare of the United States. In

402
00:34:03,680 --> 00:34:08,000
the preamble, the intent of the Constitution, among other things,

403
00:34:08,119 --> 00:34:11,239
is declared to be to provide for the common defense

404
00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:14,800
and promote the general welfare. And in this clause the

405
00:34:14,880 --> 00:34:19,920
power is in express words given to Congress to provide

406
00:34:19,960 --> 00:34:22,880
for the common defense in general welfare. And in the

407
00:34:22,960 --> 00:34:25,519
last paragraph of the same section there is an express

408
00:34:25,559 --> 00:34:29,719
authority to make all laws which shall be necessary and

409
00:34:29,920 --> 00:34:35,559
proper for carrying into execution this power. It is therefore

410
00:34:35,599 --> 00:34:40,599
evident that the legislature under this Constitution may pass any

411
00:34:40,719 --> 00:34:45,280
law which they may think proper. It is true the

412
00:34:45,360 --> 00:34:49,599
ninth section restrains their power with respect to certain objects.

413
00:34:50,039 --> 00:34:53,920
But these restrictions are very limited, some of them improper,

414
00:34:54,280 --> 00:34:59,079
some unimportant, and others not easily understood. As I shall

415
00:34:59,199 --> 00:35:03,280
hereafter show, it has been urged that the meaning I

416
00:35:03,360 --> 00:35:05,400
give to this part of the Constitution is not the

417
00:35:05,559 --> 00:35:09,079
true one. That the intent of it is to confer

418
00:35:09,159 --> 00:35:12,760
on the legislature the power to lay and collect taxes, etc.

419
00:35:13,639 --> 00:35:16,519
In order to provide for the common defense in general welfare.

420
00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:21,199
To this, I would reply that the meaning and intent

421
00:35:21,320 --> 00:35:24,360
of the Constitution is to be collected from the words

422
00:35:24,480 --> 00:35:28,079
of it. And I submit to the public whether the

423
00:35:28,079 --> 00:35:31,559
construction I've given it is not the most natural and easy,

424
00:35:32,239 --> 00:35:35,480
But admitting the contrary opinion to prevail, I shall nevertheless

425
00:35:35,639 --> 00:35:39,039
be able to show the same powers are substantially vested

426
00:35:39,039 --> 00:35:42,119
in the general government by several other articles in the Constitution.

427
00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:45,440
It invests the legislature with the authority to lay and

428
00:35:45,480 --> 00:35:50,519
collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises in order to provide

429
00:35:50,559 --> 00:35:54,440
for the common defense and promote the general welfare, and

430
00:35:54,480 --> 00:35:57,599
to pass all laws which may be necessary and proper

431
00:35:57,880 --> 00:36:04,039
for carrying this power into effect. He says, what limitation,

432
00:36:04,880 --> 00:36:09,360
if any, is to set the exercise of this power

433
00:36:09,719 --> 00:36:15,280
by the Constitution, And he predicts that the supremacy of

434
00:36:15,400 --> 00:36:24,599
the general government will overrule the states on any contentious point. Now,

435
00:36:25,719 --> 00:36:29,880
in retrospect we see this is, in fact, how the

436
00:36:29,880 --> 00:36:35,239
Constitution has worked at any point in our history where

437
00:36:35,280 --> 00:36:38,960
the states have found themselves in conflict with the general government,

438
00:36:39,920 --> 00:36:47,280
particularly after the Civil War. Brutus's prediction is entirely correct.

439
00:36:47,800 --> 00:36:51,280
Brutus goes on to say later in his essay, I

440
00:36:51,440 --> 00:36:55,480
remark that the power given to the federal legislature directly

441
00:36:55,920 --> 00:37:01,199
annihilates all the powers of the state legislatures. There cannot

442
00:37:01,239 --> 00:37:04,960
be a greater solicism in politics than to talk of

443
00:37:05,119 --> 00:37:09,119
power in government without the command of any revenue. It

444
00:37:09,199 --> 00:37:12,800
is as absurd as to talk of an animal without blood,

445
00:37:13,599 --> 00:37:17,920
or the subsistence of one without food. Now, the general government,

446
00:37:18,119 --> 00:37:21,639
having in their control every possible source of revenue and

447
00:37:21,760 --> 00:37:25,639
authority to pass any law they may deem necessary to

448
00:37:25,719 --> 00:37:30,280
draw them forth or to facilitate their collection. No source

449
00:37:30,280 --> 00:37:33,719
of revenue is therefore left in the hands of any state.

450
00:37:36,159 --> 00:37:42,760
So he predicts, in so many words, that the conflicts

451
00:37:42,840 --> 00:37:47,480
which will inevitably arise between the powers of the states,

452
00:37:47,880 --> 00:37:52,000
in the powers of this new central government, not adequately

453
00:37:52,159 --> 00:37:58,239
protected in the sphere of the states, the general government

454
00:37:58,280 --> 00:38:06,440
will always prevail. Now I turn to another essay of Brutus,

455
00:38:07,079 --> 00:38:12,360
Brutus eleven, which was published in January of seventeen eighty eight,

456
00:38:12,800 --> 00:38:19,480
again in New York. So in this essay. It's a

457
00:38:19,519 --> 00:38:24,199
particular argument, as his essays are organized rather like the

458
00:38:24,199 --> 00:38:30,760
federalist papers, concerned particular concerns about the constitution. He says

459
00:38:31,159 --> 00:38:36,639
that the proposed Supreme Court is a great danger to

460
00:38:36,880 --> 00:38:43,320
the States, and this is the bete noir of the

461
00:38:43,599 --> 00:38:48,280
anti federalists. They're very concerned about the new proposed institutions

462
00:38:48,280 --> 00:38:56,360
of the general government. He says, I'm not competent to

463
00:38:56,440 --> 00:39:00,320
give a perfect explanation of the powers granted to this department,

464
00:39:00,480 --> 00:39:04,400
that is, the Judiciary. I shall attempt to trace some

465
00:39:04,440 --> 00:39:07,159
of the leading features of it, from which I presume

466
00:39:07,199 --> 00:39:11,760
it will appear they will operate to a total subversion

467
00:39:11,880 --> 00:39:16,519
of the state judiciaries, if not to the legislature of

468
00:39:16,639 --> 00:39:21,159
the States. In Article third, section second, it is said,

469
00:39:21,519 --> 00:39:24,760
the judicial power shall extend in all cases in law

470
00:39:24,760 --> 00:39:28,519
and equity arising under this Constitution the Laws of the

471
00:39:28,639 --> 00:39:32,440
United States, and treaties made or which shall be made

472
00:39:32,840 --> 00:39:37,039
under their authority, etc. The first article to which the

473
00:39:37,079 --> 00:39:41,159
power extends is all cases in law and equity arising

474
00:39:41,239 --> 00:39:46,639
under this Constitution. What latitude of constitution this clause should

475
00:39:46,679 --> 00:39:50,599
receive It is not easy to say, or what latitude

476
00:39:50,639 --> 00:39:53,440
of construction under this clause, it's not easy to say.

477
00:39:53,639 --> 00:39:56,639
At first view, one would suppose that it is meant

478
00:39:56,840 --> 00:39:59,360
no more than this that the courts under the General

479
00:39:59,400 --> 00:40:02,920
Government should exercise not only the powers of courts of law,

480
00:40:03,159 --> 00:40:06,159
but also that of courts of equity in the manner

481
00:40:06,320 --> 00:40:09,639
in which these powers are usually exercised in the different states.

482
00:40:10,400 --> 00:40:13,639
But this cannot be the meaning, because the next clause

483
00:40:13,679 --> 00:40:16,840
authorizes the courts to take cognizance of all cases in

484
00:40:16,920 --> 00:40:20,199
law and equity arising under the laws of the United States.

485
00:40:21,039 --> 00:40:23,760
This last article, I conceive, conveys as much power to

486
00:40:23,800 --> 00:40:27,760
the general judicial as any of the state courts possesses.

487
00:40:28,679 --> 00:40:31,800
The case is arising under the Constitution must be different

488
00:40:31,840 --> 00:40:34,920
from those arising under the laws, or else the two

489
00:40:34,960 --> 00:40:39,920
clauses mean exactly the same thing. A case arising under

490
00:40:39,920 --> 00:40:42,800
the Constitution must include such as bring into question its

491
00:40:42,880 --> 00:40:46,960
meaning and will require an explanation of the nature and

492
00:40:47,039 --> 00:40:49,840
extent of the powers of the different departments under it.

493
00:40:51,639 --> 00:40:57,239
He goes on to say that the Constitution, in setting

494
00:40:57,360 --> 00:41:04,159
up the Supreme Court, is going to overpower all state judiciaries.

495
00:41:05,119 --> 00:41:09,079
It is going to overrule them. The anti federalists are

496
00:41:09,119 --> 00:41:13,760
adamant about this though they are not organized. This is

497
00:41:13,760 --> 00:41:17,159
one of the remarkable things about the Anti Federalists as

498
00:41:17,199 --> 00:41:22,760
a faction. They were not organized for this fight. They

499
00:41:22,800 --> 00:41:26,679
were not corresponding with one another beforehand, as the Federalists did.

500
00:41:27,599 --> 00:41:32,440
The Anti Federalists had no alternative to the Philadelphia Constitution.

501
00:41:32,559 --> 00:41:35,639
They did not have their own convention in which they

502
00:41:35,719 --> 00:41:41,440
draft their own articles of union, and so what they

503
00:41:41,519 --> 00:41:48,760
have is fears prognostications about the political future of the country.

504
00:41:48,800 --> 00:41:50,480
They don't have a good alternative.

505
00:41:51,639 --> 00:41:56,159
Speaker 1: Let's see here, isn't that something that you see with

506
00:41:57,159 --> 00:42:02,639
proper right wingers. Historically they can diagnose the problem, but

507
00:42:02,719 --> 00:42:08,400
when it comes to initiating the solution, that's where they

508
00:42:08,480 --> 00:42:09,159
tend to falter.

509
00:42:10,760 --> 00:42:16,280
Speaker 2: Yes, I think so they are a conservative force and

510
00:42:16,400 --> 00:42:21,599
that they are opposing a new innovation. They are conservative

511
00:42:21,719 --> 00:42:27,000
in the sense that they are advocating for the political

512
00:42:27,079 --> 00:42:34,280
rights they just so recently won in independence. They are disorganized.

513
00:42:36,800 --> 00:42:41,280
They don't have a clearly considered alternative, and that is

514
00:42:41,480 --> 00:42:45,559
one of the key reasons that they fail. Not to

515
00:42:45,599 --> 00:42:47,800
say that they were not an elite of their day,

516
00:42:47,880 --> 00:42:51,519
not to say that they were not very capable, but

517
00:42:51,559 --> 00:42:56,159
they were not coordinated. They're coming from various points of view,

518
00:42:58,440 --> 00:43:04,800
and they fail to carry public opinion, though we do

519
00:43:04,920 --> 00:43:08,039
have a couple. We have several examples where they came

520
00:43:08,159 --> 00:43:11,800
very close New York where it came down to a

521
00:43:11,840 --> 00:43:18,960
single vote. The outstanding states that reject the Constitution initially

522
00:43:19,599 --> 00:43:25,559
North Carolina and Rhode Island. North Carolina rejects it in Convention,

523
00:43:26,760 --> 00:43:30,079
but they do ratify it later on after the Union

524
00:43:30,159 --> 00:43:39,199
is organized. So brutus to summarize this piece. He's saying

525
00:43:39,239 --> 00:43:42,280
that the Supreme Court is going to strike down state

526
00:43:42,360 --> 00:43:49,119
laws and even state constitutions, that the supremacy of the

527
00:43:49,159 --> 00:43:52,920
courts in this construction, it will lead to that result.

528
00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:58,800
And certainly it did, and it did much earlier than

529
00:43:59,639 --> 00:44:07,719
the other fears manifested. So now I turn to Sentinel.

530
00:44:09,639 --> 00:44:15,400
Sentinel was the pseudonym of one Samuel Bryan of Pennsylvania,

531
00:44:16,199 --> 00:44:20,119
who also wrote a series of essays against the Philadelphia Constitution,

532
00:44:21,679 --> 00:44:28,159
and he outlines general concerns here. He says, the late

533
00:44:28,280 --> 00:44:32,079
Convention have submitted to your consideration a plan of a

534
00:44:32,159 --> 00:44:35,840
new federal government. The subject is highly interesting to your

535
00:44:35,840 --> 00:44:39,880
future welfare, whether it be calculated to promote the great

536
00:44:40,000 --> 00:44:43,519
ends of civil society, vis a VI the happiness and

537
00:44:43,599 --> 00:44:49,480
prosperity the community. It behooves you well to consider uninfluenced

538
00:44:49,519 --> 00:44:53,480
by the authority of names, instead of that frenzy of

539
00:44:53,639 --> 00:44:57,920
enthusiasm that has actuated the citizens of Philadelphia in their

540
00:44:57,960 --> 00:45:03,159
approbation of the proposed plan. Before it was possible that

541
00:45:03,199 --> 00:45:07,159
it could be the result of rational investigation into its principles,

542
00:45:07,840 --> 00:45:11,519
it ought to be dispassionately and deliberately examined in its

543
00:45:11,559 --> 00:45:16,800
own intrinsic merit, the criterion of your patronage. If ever,

544
00:45:16,920 --> 00:45:20,880
free and unbiased discussion was proper or necessary, it is

545
00:45:21,000 --> 00:45:24,119
on such an occasion all the blessings of liberty and

546
00:45:24,159 --> 00:45:27,719
the dearest privileges of freemen are now at stake and

547
00:45:27,760 --> 00:45:32,280
dependent on your present conduct. Those who are competent to

548
00:45:32,360 --> 00:45:35,239
the task of developing the principles of government ought to

549
00:45:35,239 --> 00:45:38,880
be encouraged to come forward, and thereby to better enable

550
00:45:38,960 --> 00:45:42,360
the people to make a proper judgment. For the science

551
00:45:42,360 --> 00:45:45,599
of government is so abtruse that few are able to

552
00:45:45,679 --> 00:45:49,800
judge for themselves without such assistance. The people are too

553
00:45:49,840 --> 00:45:54,000
apt to yield an implicit assent to their opinions of

554
00:45:54,039 --> 00:45:58,119
those characters whose abilities are held in the highest esteem

555
00:45:59,039 --> 00:46:04,440
here Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Hamilton, and the rest the

556
00:46:04,519 --> 00:46:13,880
leaders of the Federalists. He says, the pure intention may

557
00:46:13,920 --> 00:46:17,920
be made instruments of despotism in the hands of the

558
00:46:18,119 --> 00:46:23,960
artful and designing. He goes on to say, the wealthy

559
00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:27,679
and ambitious, who in every community think that they have

560
00:46:27,760 --> 00:46:32,599
the right to lord it over their fellow creatures, have

561
00:46:32,679 --> 00:46:38,559
availed themselves very successfully of this favorable disposition for the people,

562
00:46:38,840 --> 00:46:42,920
thus unsettled in their sentiments, have been prepared to accede

563
00:46:43,199 --> 00:46:47,400
to any extreme of government. All the distresses and difficulties

564
00:46:47,480 --> 00:46:51,960
they experience proceeding from various causes have been ascribed to

565
00:46:52,039 --> 00:46:56,880
the impotency of the present Confederation. Now we've talked about

566
00:46:57,079 --> 00:47:02,400
the ways in which the Articles were not operating. Nevertheless,

567
00:47:02,960 --> 00:47:07,480
the anti federalists are very interested in saying, well, we

568
00:47:07,559 --> 00:47:10,960
need to amend the existing constitution. We don't need to

569
00:47:11,000 --> 00:47:15,519
replace it, and they point to the successes of the Articles.

570
00:47:15,800 --> 00:47:18,920
They did win their War of Independence under the Articles.

571
00:47:19,960 --> 00:47:24,639
They did organize the Northwest Territory under the Articles. There

572
00:47:24,639 --> 00:47:28,440
were several major accomplishments in our early history done under

573
00:47:28,480 --> 00:47:33,159
the Articles. But here we see the worry of the

574
00:47:33,199 --> 00:47:38,760
anti federalists that the articles will be used by an

575
00:47:38,880 --> 00:47:47,639
interested elite to subvert the liberties of Americans. He says,

576
00:47:47,760 --> 00:47:51,760
I'm fearful the principles of government inculcated in mister Adams's

577
00:47:51,840 --> 00:47:55,159
treatise and enforced in the numerous essays and paragraphs in

578
00:47:55,199 --> 00:47:59,239
the newspapers have misled some well designing members of the

579
00:47:59,320 --> 00:48:02,719
Late Convention. But it will appear in the sequel that

580
00:48:02,760 --> 00:48:06,360
the construction of the proposed plan of government is infinitely

581
00:48:06,559 --> 00:48:15,960
more extravagant. He worries that the government proposed in Philadelphia

582
00:48:16,920 --> 00:48:21,199
is going to be a consolidationist regime. It's going to

583
00:48:21,239 --> 00:48:26,760
consolidate all political power under one general government, and it's

584
00:48:26,800 --> 00:48:32,280
going to render the more responsive authorities of the individual

585
00:48:32,320 --> 00:48:39,400
states null and void, basically make them impotent in political matters.

586
00:48:42,639 --> 00:48:47,159
This is the regular concern of the anti federalists. They're

587
00:48:47,280 --> 00:48:53,639
very worried about the implied powers in the Constitution for

588
00:48:53,719 --> 00:49:00,920
the general government, and as we immediately see in Washington's administration,

589
00:49:01,800 --> 00:49:11,079
those worries were well founded. Sentinel continues. He says, Congress

590
00:49:11,119 --> 00:49:14,599
will have the power to lay and collect taxes. Once again,

591
00:49:14,639 --> 00:49:17,320
we see the taxing power is a major concern of

592
00:49:17,360 --> 00:49:22,880
the anti federalists. These are people that are very concerned

593
00:49:22,880 --> 00:49:28,280
to keep the power of taxation, the power of getting money,

594
00:49:28,320 --> 00:49:32,320
getting government revenue, and spending that revenue. They want to

595
00:49:32,400 --> 00:49:36,800
keep that power as close to home as possible, because

596
00:49:36,840 --> 00:49:41,800
the further away that power is, the less accountable it becomes.

597
00:49:42,360 --> 00:49:45,840
And as you remember, this is precisely the kind of

598
00:49:45,960 --> 00:49:49,320
argument that we had in seventeen seventy six when independence

599
00:49:49,440 --> 00:49:55,239
was declared, that Parliament in far away Westminster in England

600
00:49:55,880 --> 00:50:01,880
was passing taxes and regulations over the American colonies, and

601
00:50:01,920 --> 00:50:05,280
that they were unaccountable to the Americans. The Americans had

602
00:50:05,320 --> 00:50:09,719
no representation there and also did not want representation there.

603
00:50:09,880 --> 00:50:15,239
They had their own legislatures in their own capitals. And

604
00:50:15,280 --> 00:50:19,719
this was all charges against King George that he allowed

605
00:50:19,760 --> 00:50:23,719
this to happen. He gave the assent of his authority

606
00:50:24,159 --> 00:50:30,199
for Parliament to regulate the American colonies and to tax them.

607
00:50:30,599 --> 00:50:35,760
So he says again the general welfare clause granted to

608
00:50:35,800 --> 00:50:41,039
Congress for these taxing powers is a particular danger. He

609
00:50:41,119 --> 00:50:45,920
actually highlights general welfare and says this is a dangerous

610
00:50:47,199 --> 00:50:51,840
expansive clause. It can be interpreted in any possible way.

611
00:50:52,840 --> 00:50:55,639
It's not limited. And this is going to be a

612
00:50:55,679 --> 00:51:00,440
point of contention. He says, Now, what can be more

613
00:51:00,440 --> 00:51:05,079
comprehensive than these words, not content by other sections of

614
00:51:05,079 --> 00:51:08,440
this plan to grant all the great executive powers of

615
00:51:08,480 --> 00:51:13,320
a confederation and a standing army in time of peace,

616
00:51:14,119 --> 00:51:18,920
that great engine of oppression, And moreover, the absolute control

617
00:51:19,000 --> 00:51:22,000
over the commerce of the United States, and all external

618
00:51:22,039 --> 00:51:26,920
objects of revenue, such as unlimited imposts, upon imports, etc.

619
00:51:28,280 --> 00:51:31,760
They are to be vested with every species of internal taxation,

620
00:51:32,480 --> 00:51:36,000
whatever taxes, duties, and excises that they may deem requisite

621
00:51:36,280 --> 00:51:40,840
for the general welfare by any imposed on the citizens

622
00:51:40,840 --> 00:51:43,880
of these or may be imposed on the citizens of

623
00:51:43,920 --> 00:51:49,599
these states levied by the officers of Congress. He also

624
00:51:49,719 --> 00:51:52,800
warrants of the judicial power that it will overrule the

625
00:51:52,840 --> 00:52:02,320
state governments and state constitutions, even declaring constitutions null. Now

626
00:52:02,360 --> 00:52:10,119
we turn to a piece of oratory June fourth, seventeen

627
00:52:10,280 --> 00:52:15,960
eighty eight, the Virginia Ratifying Convention, where the anti Federalists

628
00:52:16,079 --> 00:52:20,559
are led by the Great Patrick Henry. Henry gives the

629
00:52:20,679 --> 00:52:23,800
opening speech at the convention, which is a sign of

630
00:52:23,840 --> 00:52:29,400
the anti federalist strength in Virginia. Now the eyes of

631
00:52:29,679 --> 00:52:34,800
all concerned are very focused on Virginia for this. Madison

632
00:52:35,199 --> 00:52:40,480
is the Federalist delegate in the Virginia Convention, of course,

633
00:52:40,559 --> 00:52:43,639
an author of the famous Federalist essays in New York.

634
00:52:44,719 --> 00:52:49,440
Madison is a small and quiet sort of man, and

635
00:52:49,519 --> 00:52:53,719
Henry is this great force of nature. So the anti

636
00:52:53,719 --> 00:53:00,199
federalists really have their best chance to stop this, this

637
00:53:00,320 --> 00:53:05,119
Philadelphia Constitution there in Virginia, in spite of many other

638
00:53:05,159 --> 00:53:08,639
states ratifying it famously, Delaware is the very first to

639
00:53:08,719 --> 00:53:15,639
ratify the Constitution and Convention if Virginia opted out. Virginia

640
00:53:15,960 --> 00:53:22,840
is such a vital state in the Union. You could

641
00:53:23,039 --> 00:53:27,519
not imagine an American Union working without Virginia's assent because

642
00:53:27,559 --> 00:53:33,039
it would geographically divide the Union. And Virginia was of

643
00:53:33,079 --> 00:53:36,639
the most populous states up there with Pennsylvania and New York.

644
00:53:36,840 --> 00:53:43,159
As one of the most populated states, it was in

645
00:53:43,199 --> 00:53:48,760
some ways the largest state territorially. It's a very interesting question,

646
00:53:49,519 --> 00:53:54,840
so Patrick Henry, he says, the public mind, as well

647
00:53:54,880 --> 00:53:58,559
as my own, is extremely uneasy at the proposed change

648
00:53:58,599 --> 00:54:02,800
of government. Give me leave to form one of a

649
00:54:02,920 --> 00:54:06,880
number of those who who wish to be thoroughly acquainted

650
00:54:06,920 --> 00:54:10,880
with the reasons of this perilous and uneasy situation, and

651
00:54:10,960 --> 00:54:13,519
why we are brought hither to decide on this great

652
00:54:13,920 --> 00:54:17,639
national question. I consider myself as the servant of the

653
00:54:17,719 --> 00:54:22,000
people of this Commonwealth, as a sentinel over their rights, liberty,

654
00:54:22,039 --> 00:54:26,039
and happiness. I represent their feelings when I say they

655
00:54:26,039 --> 00:54:30,639
are exceedingly uneasy, being brought from that state of full

656
00:54:30,679 --> 00:54:36,199
security which they enjoyed, to the present delusive appearance of things.

657
00:54:37,039 --> 00:54:39,840
A year ago, the minds of our citizens were a

658
00:54:39,840 --> 00:54:44,039
at perfect repose. Before the meeting of the Late Federal

659
00:54:44,079 --> 00:54:49,360
Convention at Philadelphia, a general peace and a universal tranquility

660
00:54:49,440 --> 00:54:52,719
prevailed in this country. But since that period they are

661
00:54:52,760 --> 00:54:57,519
exceedingly uneasy and disquieted. When I wished for an appointment

662
00:54:57,559 --> 00:55:00,519
to this convention, my mind was extremely agitive for the

663
00:55:00,559 --> 00:55:04,559
situation in public affairs. I conceive the Republic to be

664
00:55:04,559 --> 00:55:09,199
in extreme danger if our situation be thus uneasy. Whence

665
00:55:09,239 --> 00:55:13,840
has arisen this fearful jeopardy. It arises from this fatal system.

666
00:55:14,320 --> 00:55:18,079
It arises from a proposal to change our government, a

667
00:55:18,119 --> 00:55:21,840
proposal that goes to the utter annihilation of the most

668
00:55:21,880 --> 00:55:26,440
solemn engagements of the states, a proposal of establishing nine

669
00:55:26,480 --> 00:55:32,880
states into a confederacy to the eventual exclusion of four states. Now,

670
00:55:32,920 --> 00:55:39,519
in this he mentions the Constitution's means of establishing the

671
00:55:39,599 --> 00:55:43,800
new union. It required only the assent of nine states

672
00:55:43,840 --> 00:55:47,840
to form the new federal government four states. Up to

673
00:55:47,920 --> 00:55:51,679
four states could remain out, and the federal government would

674
00:55:51,719 --> 00:55:59,079
become a functioning authority. So he goes on to say,

675
00:55:59,280 --> 00:56:06,679
now I'm looking for the quote. He mentions the preamble

676
00:56:06,960 --> 00:56:11,159
of the Constitution as the focus. He says, sir, give

677
00:56:11,199 --> 00:56:15,079
me leave to demand what right had they to say,

678
00:56:15,599 --> 00:56:19,480
we the people. He's referring to the preamble, we the

679
00:56:19,480 --> 00:56:21,559
people of the United States, in order to form a

680
00:56:21,920 --> 00:56:26,159
more perfect union, established justice, insure domestic tranquility, and so on.

681
00:56:27,519 --> 00:56:31,000
He says, what right do they have to say we

682
00:56:31,079 --> 00:56:36,559
the people? My political curiosity, exclusive of my anxious solicitude

683
00:56:36,599 --> 00:56:40,440
for the public welfare, leads me to ask who authorized

684
00:56:40,480 --> 00:56:43,199
them to speak in the language of we the people

685
00:56:43,360 --> 00:56:49,800
instead of we the states. States are the characteristic and

686
00:56:49,840 --> 00:56:53,599
the soul of a confederation. If the states be not

687
00:56:53,840 --> 00:56:59,920
the agents of this compact, it must be one great

688
00:57:00,480 --> 00:57:08,360
consolidated national government of the people of the States. I

689
00:57:08,480 --> 00:57:11,960
have the highest respect for those gentlemen who formed the convention,

690
00:57:12,639 --> 00:57:15,679
and were some of them not there, I would express

691
00:57:15,719 --> 00:57:19,920
some testimonial of my esteem for them. America had on

692
00:57:19,960 --> 00:57:23,519
a former occasion put the utmost confidence in them, a

693
00:57:23,599 --> 00:57:27,000
confidence which was well placed. And I am sure, Sir,

694
00:57:27,440 --> 00:57:30,960
I would give up anything for them. I would cheerfully

695
00:57:31,000 --> 00:57:34,719
confide in them as my representatives. But Sir, on this

696
00:57:34,760 --> 00:57:38,159
great occasion, I would demand the cause of their conduct,

697
00:57:38,920 --> 00:57:43,360
even from the illustrious man who saved us by his valor.

698
00:57:44,280 --> 00:57:48,599
He's mentioning George Washington. There, I would have a reason

699
00:57:48,760 --> 00:57:53,079
for his conduct, that liberty which he has given us

700
00:57:53,119 --> 00:57:57,480
by his valor. Tells me to ask this reason, and

701
00:57:57,679 --> 00:58:01,440
I am sure I am. Were he here, he would

702
00:58:01,440 --> 00:58:04,480
give us that reason. But there are other gentlemen here

703
00:58:04,559 --> 00:58:08,840
who can give us this information. The people gave them

704
00:58:08,880 --> 00:58:14,119
no power to use their name. That they exceeded their

705
00:58:14,159 --> 00:58:17,840
power is perfectly clear. It is not mere curiosity that

706
00:58:17,960 --> 00:58:21,760
actuates me. I wish I could hear the real, actual

707
00:58:21,920 --> 00:58:25,159
existing danger which should lead us to take those steps

708
00:58:25,159 --> 00:58:31,840
so dangerous in my conception. So he says, they are

709
00:58:31,920 --> 00:58:38,400
claiming democratic mandate, that the people of the United States

710
00:58:38,800 --> 00:58:43,840
form the Union. Now we can be technical about this,

711
00:58:43,960 --> 00:58:49,199
and we can say the only people who actually voted

712
00:58:49,199 --> 00:58:55,119
on this constitution were the plebisite in Rhode Island. That

713
00:58:55,280 --> 00:58:56,800
was the only place where it was put up to

714
00:58:56,840 --> 00:58:59,400
a popular vote. Now this is not this is not

715
00:58:59,519 --> 00:59:04,039
to disavow conventions as a means of designing of deciding

716
00:59:04,039 --> 00:59:10,639
political questions. But Henry's point is very important. The Constitution

717
00:59:10,880 --> 00:59:14,440
does not start out with the authority of the states,

718
00:59:15,159 --> 00:59:19,400
that the states form the federal government as their agent,

719
00:59:20,360 --> 00:59:25,119
and it should have said that. And Henry himself, he

720
00:59:25,239 --> 00:59:28,880
was invited to go to the Philadelphia convention as a

721
00:59:28,920 --> 00:59:35,480
delegate for Virginia. He refused. He said he smelt a

722
00:59:35,719 --> 00:59:42,119
rat in Philadelphia. He sensed that there was an interested

723
00:59:42,199 --> 00:59:46,480
party that was organizing the affair, and he suspected their

724
00:59:46,519 --> 00:59:51,400
motives even then. And here he is giving us some

725
00:59:51,559 --> 00:59:57,039
reasons why. And this this becomes very important, as we

726
00:59:57,079 --> 01:00:02,480
will see in the many arguments about roalism in American history.

727
01:00:03,599 --> 01:00:09,320
The agent that grants the federal government its authority is

728
01:00:09,519 --> 01:00:14,159
a key element in these debates. And Henry realized it

729
01:00:14,199 --> 01:00:19,039
even before the Constitution comes into effect. He says this phrase,

730
01:00:19,320 --> 01:00:23,000
we the people is going to be used as the

731
01:00:23,119 --> 01:00:29,639
democratic authority to overrule the states. That the federal government

732
01:00:29,840 --> 01:00:32,400
has a greater mandate of power in that it has

733
01:00:32,480 --> 01:00:39,880
this democratic phrase that undergirds its authority, and it's not

734
01:00:40,760 --> 01:00:44,159
the states that are said in the document itself to

735
01:00:44,199 --> 01:00:49,840
set it up. That is no mere rhetoric. That becomes

736
01:00:50,039 --> 01:00:56,960
a very powerful argument, as we will see now. Finally,

737
01:00:58,239 --> 01:01:02,599
in my survey of anti federalist literature, here I turned

738
01:01:02,599 --> 01:01:06,119
to George Mason. Now, he is a very interesting fellow

739
01:01:06,840 --> 01:01:15,440
anti federalist leader from Virginia, representative governor, a founding father.

740
01:01:15,639 --> 01:01:19,480
He's called the father of the Bill of Rights. And

741
01:01:19,880 --> 01:01:26,440
this is because Mason makes a very consequential decision in

742
01:01:26,639 --> 01:01:31,000
the Virginia Convention. He goes to the convention as one

743
01:01:31,039 --> 01:01:37,039
of the key anti federalist delegates. While he is there,

744
01:01:38,000 --> 01:01:44,760
James Madison, the federalist, brokers with Mason and several other

745
01:01:44,840 --> 01:01:51,320
federalist anti federalist delegates. He brings them into the federalist camp.

746
01:01:51,480 --> 01:01:55,159
So Mason actually changes his position in the course of

747
01:01:55,239 --> 01:02:00,159
the convention and its debates. This happens because Madison and

748
01:02:00,800 --> 01:02:03,840
pledges the Bill of Rights as his first order of

749
01:02:03,880 --> 01:02:11,079
business to satisfy anti federalist concerns. And that is very important.

750
01:02:11,119 --> 01:02:16,079
And this is obviously going to develop in other episodes

751
01:02:16,079 --> 01:02:22,679
when we address these concerns and how the interpretations develop

752
01:02:22,760 --> 01:02:25,599
based on the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights

753
01:02:25,880 --> 01:02:33,880
is the Jeffersonian concern as opposed to the Hamiltonians and

754
01:02:32,960 --> 01:02:37,400
their scheme to develop the powers of the federal government

755
01:02:37,480 --> 01:02:41,920
through inference. So at this point, George Mason, when he

756
01:02:41,960 --> 01:02:44,960
gives this speech the very same day Patrick Henry gave

757
01:02:45,000 --> 01:02:50,199
his opening remarks June fourth, seventeen eighty eight, he is

758
01:02:50,239 --> 01:02:55,960
an anti federalist in this he says, mister Chairman, whether

759
01:02:56,119 --> 01:02:59,199
the Constitution be good or bad, the present clause clearly

760
01:02:59,239 --> 01:03:04,639
discovers that it is a national government and no longer

761
01:03:04,760 --> 01:03:08,320
a confederation. I mean the clause which gives the first

762
01:03:08,400 --> 01:03:13,559
hint of the general government laying direct taxes, again the

763
01:03:13,599 --> 01:03:19,039
tax power of focus of anti federalist concern. The assumption

764
01:03:19,159 --> 01:03:22,880
of this power of laying direct taxes does of itself

765
01:03:23,199 --> 01:03:27,760
entirely change the confederation of the States into one consolidated government.

766
01:03:28,199 --> 01:03:33,480
The power, being at discretion, unconfined and without any kind

767
01:03:33,519 --> 01:03:38,199
of control, must carry everything before it The very idea

768
01:03:38,199 --> 01:03:42,599
of converting what was formally a confederation to a consolidated

769
01:03:42,639 --> 01:03:46,760
government is totally subversive of every principle which has hitherto

770
01:03:46,840 --> 01:03:52,239
governed us. The power is calculated to annihilate totally the

771
01:03:52,320 --> 01:03:56,800
state governments. Will the people of this great community submit

772
01:03:56,840 --> 01:04:03,800
to be individually taxed by two different and distinct powers.

773
01:04:03,840 --> 01:04:08,480
Will they suffer themselves to be doubly harassed? These two

774
01:04:08,639 --> 01:04:14,559
concurrent powers cannot exist long together. The one will destroy

775
01:04:14,719 --> 01:04:19,000
the other. The general government being paramount to and in

776
01:04:19,039 --> 01:04:23,639
every respect more powerful than, the state governments, the latter

777
01:04:23,920 --> 01:04:27,440
must give way to the former. Is it to be

778
01:04:27,519 --> 01:04:34,360
supposed that one national government will suit so extensive a country,

779
01:04:34,440 --> 01:04:39,960
embracing so many climates, and containing inhabitants so very different

780
01:04:40,440 --> 01:04:46,559
in manners, habits, and customs. Is it ascertained by history

781
01:04:46,599 --> 01:04:50,480
that there never was a government over a very extensive

782
01:04:50,519 --> 01:04:55,679
country without destroying the liberties of the people. History, also

783
01:04:55,920 --> 01:04:59,480
supported by the opinion of the best writers, show us

784
01:04:59,679 --> 01:05:04,760
that monarchy may suit a large territory and despotic government

785
01:05:05,360 --> 01:05:09,719
ever so extensive a country, but that popular governments can

786
01:05:09,760 --> 01:05:14,719
only exist in small territories. Is there a single example

787
01:05:15,079 --> 01:05:18,840
on the face of the earth to support a contrary opinion?

788
01:05:20,000 --> 01:05:23,679
Where is there one exception to this general rule? Was

789
01:05:23,719 --> 01:05:27,280
there ever an instance of a great national government extending

790
01:05:27,320 --> 01:05:31,039
over so extensive a country, abounding in such a variety

791
01:05:31,039 --> 01:05:36,079
of climates, etc. Where the people retained their liberty? I

792
01:05:36,239 --> 01:05:39,599
solemnly declare that no man is a greater friend to

793
01:05:39,679 --> 01:05:42,480
a firm union of the American States than I am.

794
01:05:43,320 --> 01:05:47,039
But Sir, if this great end can be obtained without

795
01:05:47,119 --> 01:05:50,639
hazarding the rights of the people, why should we recur

796
01:05:51,000 --> 01:05:57,000
to such dangerous principles? So we see with Mason here

797
01:05:58,719 --> 01:06:07,360
he again identifies the main theme of the series. How

798
01:06:07,599 --> 01:06:13,719
might we rectify the vast expanse of the American States?

799
01:06:15,679 --> 01:06:20,440
How can we organize them in a union government and

800
01:06:20,840 --> 01:06:26,039
retain the liberties that had been sought with our independence?

801
01:06:28,119 --> 01:06:34,119
An interesting note here, just to put a cherry on top,

802
01:06:34,239 --> 01:06:40,159
if you will, The Treaty of Paris, which resolves our

803
01:06:40,239 --> 01:06:47,039
independence after war, is one, especially with the climactic Battle

804
01:06:47,079 --> 01:06:55,039
of Yorktown. King George did not treat with the Continental Congress. Instead,

805
01:06:56,039 --> 01:07:03,760
King George declared the thirteen individual American states as independent.

806
01:07:04,440 --> 01:07:08,719
He lists them out, He rights them all by name,

807
01:07:09,679 --> 01:07:15,239
and he says, I recognize them as independent states, that

808
01:07:15,280 --> 01:07:19,199
they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances,

809
01:07:19,239 --> 01:07:21,800
and do all those other things which independent states may

810
01:07:21,800 --> 01:07:26,239
have right do. That's what the Treaty of Paris says.

811
01:07:27,960 --> 01:07:33,800
And the question here is to what degree do the

812
01:07:33,880 --> 01:07:42,239
states surrender certain powers or surrender all of their powers

813
01:07:42,360 --> 01:07:47,800
to some other agent. This is what the anti federalists

814
01:07:47,800 --> 01:07:52,639
are very concerned about, and they are saying explicitly this

815
01:07:52,840 --> 01:07:59,440
is not being done, frankly, openly, clearly. It will be

816
01:07:59,559 --> 01:08:06,320
done by inference of clauses in the Constitution. Lawyers and

817
01:08:06,440 --> 01:08:09,360
future generations are going to read the Constitution and they're

818
01:08:09,360 --> 01:08:13,800
going to use the implied powers of the Constitution to

819
01:08:14,000 --> 01:08:21,199
abrogate the prerogatives of the state governments, and they will

820
01:08:21,239 --> 01:08:26,640
do that to consolidate power, especially the taxing power. That

821
01:08:26,720 --> 01:08:30,880
will be the reason why the institutions founded under the

822
01:08:30,880 --> 01:08:38,760
Philadelphia Constitution start abrogating the prerogatives of the states. And

823
01:08:39,079 --> 01:08:43,680
we look over these anti federalist writings these days, there

824
01:08:43,720 --> 01:08:48,520
happens to be an excellent collection of anti federalist literature

825
01:08:49,439 --> 01:08:54,279
edited by Joseph Sobrin which I recommend to you all.

826
01:08:55,000 --> 01:08:58,159
My copy is packed up in my storage unit because

827
01:08:58,199 --> 01:09:00,880
I'm in the middle of the move right now. But

828
01:09:01,640 --> 01:09:05,199
it's it's this beautiful cloth bound edition with a with

829
01:09:05,319 --> 01:09:11,159
a forward by Soberin himself. When we when we review

830
01:09:11,239 --> 01:09:20,680
these documents, we see in in uh prognostication the debates

831
01:09:20,920 --> 01:09:24,560
that later take place in American history, and indeed have

832
01:09:24,760 --> 01:09:30,520
not left us even now. The tension between local authorities

833
01:09:30,520 --> 01:09:35,439
in the states and the federal government remain a very

834
01:09:35,479 --> 01:09:40,359
important part of our political life and concerns today. So

835
01:09:40,520 --> 01:09:43,199
that is my brief on the anti federalists.

836
01:09:45,319 --> 01:09:48,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, it all comes down to things that you know,

837
01:09:48,880 --> 01:09:56,359
Sam Francis wrote about extensively, mass and scale. Absolutely, people

838
01:09:56,399 --> 01:09:59,720
are still arguing, Oh, if we don't keep the union

839
01:09:59,800 --> 01:10:05,359
to together, the leftists win China comes in. It's like, okay,

840
01:10:08,960 --> 01:10:14,920
so keep you know, keep doing something that doesn't work,

841
01:10:17,640 --> 01:10:19,960
trying to keep trying to keep three hundred and fifty

842
01:10:20,000 --> 01:10:27,920
million people now of what seventy five one hundred different cultures,

843
01:10:29,359 --> 01:10:34,800
multiple races, you're trying to hold that together. Good luck

844
01:10:34,840 --> 01:10:35,079
with that.

845
01:10:35,960 --> 01:10:41,479
Speaker 2: It's really interesting that George Mason touches on that exact question.

846
01:10:43,159 --> 01:10:46,640
He says he wants union for the American States. He

847
01:10:46,720 --> 01:10:52,800
says he's always advocated it. I'm genuinely curious to what

848
01:10:52,840 --> 01:10:55,520
the anti federalists would have come up with if they

849
01:10:55,560 --> 01:11:00,880
had as symboled together in a convention. But contrary to

850
01:11:01,399 --> 01:11:05,479
John Jay, and I know in our circles we frequently

851
01:11:05,520 --> 01:11:09,600
talk about federalists too, John Jay is emphasizing the things

852
01:11:09,600 --> 01:11:12,479
that Americans have in common. He says, we have the

853
01:11:12,520 --> 01:11:16,079
same ancestors, we have the same religion, we have same manners.

854
01:11:17,600 --> 01:11:21,479
It's one united people, and the federalists are always playing

855
01:11:21,720 --> 01:11:33,399
to those optimistic takes on the collective country. Mason recognizes

856
01:11:33,560 --> 01:11:36,159
the things that are going to set us at odds

857
01:11:36,199 --> 01:11:40,239
with one another. He says, we have many different climates,

858
01:11:40,920 --> 01:11:47,960
we have different manners in different regions. He does not

859
01:11:48,159 --> 01:11:52,159
say that we have a diversity of national origins, which

860
01:11:52,239 --> 01:11:56,239
indeed at that time we didn't. It was overwhelmingly British

861
01:11:56,239 --> 01:12:01,680
in origin. We don't have a variety of languages. He

862
01:12:02,000 --> 01:12:06,720
doesn't say that we do. We have a small number

863
01:12:06,720 --> 01:12:13,960
of German speakers in Pennsylvania somewhere. We were overwhelmingly Protestant

864
01:12:14,720 --> 01:12:20,600
at this point in our history. But obviously we have

865
01:12:20,720 --> 01:12:26,119
to have some things in common now in our American reckoning.

866
01:12:26,319 --> 01:12:29,880
We look at the Constitution as the thing that we

867
01:12:30,000 --> 01:12:32,680
all have in common, the supreme law of the land.

868
01:12:34,479 --> 01:12:40,920
But unwisely we did not codify other things other than

869
01:12:40,920 --> 01:12:45,279
this document that can be read in such widely divergent ways.

870
01:12:46,439 --> 01:12:49,640
We needed other things, more organic things to unite us,

871
01:12:49,960 --> 01:12:53,880
and other empires had things like this. In the Roman Empire,

872
01:12:54,560 --> 01:12:58,039
they required everyone to have Latin to be a citizen,

873
01:12:59,239 --> 01:13:03,279
and for the very simple reason you can't. You can't

874
01:13:03,359 --> 01:13:07,640
participate in citizenship without being able to read the law

875
01:13:07,840 --> 01:13:13,680
and interpret it. They required a standard of religion. Everyone

876
01:13:13,840 --> 01:13:19,560
had to be a Greco Roman polytheist, and this is

877
01:13:20,239 --> 01:13:27,079
the start of various persecutions against Christians and others. The

878
01:13:27,159 --> 01:13:35,319
human sacrificing Druids of Gaul were prescribed, the human sacrificing

879
01:13:35,399 --> 01:13:40,520
Carthaginians in North Africa were banned. They were not allowed

880
01:13:40,520 --> 01:13:43,880
to practice through religion, and the Romans felt strongly about that.

881
01:13:45,319 --> 01:13:48,800
They had an official religion, and this was supposed to

882
01:13:48,960 --> 01:13:53,840
unite them under a common government, and that was an

883
01:13:53,840 --> 01:13:58,840
empire is made of various nations. But the Romans had

884
01:13:59,079 --> 01:14:02,640
a more official policy on that than we ever did,

885
01:14:03,119 --> 01:14:11,560
and are optimistic liberalism that people of any number of backgrounds, languages, religions,

886
01:14:11,600 --> 01:14:14,640
and laws could all live under the same government somehow

887
01:14:15,479 --> 01:14:22,199
is obviously untenable. We talk about this frequently in other contexts.

888
01:14:23,159 --> 01:14:26,000
There has to be more in common. Citizens must have

889
01:14:26,079 --> 01:14:31,359
some things in common, as Aristotle wisely observed in his politics.

890
01:14:31,840 --> 01:14:35,800
And yet Mason says, we have these different regions, We

891
01:14:35,920 --> 01:14:39,279
have different economies in the different regions, We have different

892
01:14:39,319 --> 01:14:45,439
manners in different regions because different parts of the British

893
01:14:45,479 --> 01:14:49,760
colonial effort they concentrated in certain regions in the Americas.

894
01:14:50,880 --> 01:14:55,199
And he identifies that as a problem for the union.

895
01:14:55,920 --> 01:15:00,840
And yet he still wants a union. And yet he

896
01:15:00,960 --> 01:15:03,319
also comes over to the federalists when they finally call

897
01:15:03,359 --> 01:15:08,960
a vote at the convention, so he turns more optimistic

898
01:15:09,119 --> 01:15:12,880
as the convention goes on about the constitution. He gets

899
01:15:12,880 --> 01:15:18,640
his Bill of Rights, a liberal construction obviously, freedom of speech,

900
01:15:18,680 --> 01:15:23,520
freedom of the press, freedom of religion, so on, But

901
01:15:23,640 --> 01:15:26,439
he still recognizes those differences, and that I think that's

902
01:15:26,479 --> 01:15:31,680
really fascinating. There is a lot to be mined out

903
01:15:31,720 --> 01:15:36,319
of the anti federalist literature as far as political observation,

904
01:15:36,560 --> 01:15:42,560
wisdom about the American situation goes. And they foresee the

905
01:15:42,600 --> 01:15:46,720
political problems in our future at this early stage.

906
01:15:48,640 --> 01:15:54,680
Speaker 1: Awesome, awesome, thank you, professor. I would encourage you now,

907
01:15:54,760 --> 01:15:58,600
please tell people where they can find you and show

908
01:15:58,720 --> 01:16:00,840
anything you wish through the shillings.

909
01:16:01,359 --> 01:16:06,039
Speaker 2: Absolutely. I am running a small publishing house. It is

910
01:16:06,119 --> 01:16:10,920
called Tall Men Books. You can find it at www

911
01:16:11,000 --> 01:16:18,760
dot Tallmen books dot com. And today, incidentally, my catalog

912
01:16:18,920 --> 01:16:22,399
has almost doubled in size on the website. I have

913
01:16:23,039 --> 01:16:24,840
a lot of books that I've been working on that

914
01:16:25,359 --> 01:16:30,319
I've been piling up for my website admin to add

915
01:16:30,720 --> 01:16:35,079
to the site. And so I've got like twenty books

916
01:16:35,079 --> 01:16:40,279
that I added onto the site today, including a new series, well,

917
01:16:40,279 --> 01:16:44,800
a couple new serieses histories of the Mississippi Valley which

918
01:16:44,800 --> 01:16:49,720
are called Riverbooks, and also a new series on outlaws

919
01:16:49,760 --> 01:16:55,119
and lawmen of the Old West. A new offering a

920
01:16:55,159 --> 01:16:58,520
biography of Billy the Kid by Pat Garrett, the man

921
01:16:58,600 --> 01:17:02,880
who killed Billy the Kid, MHM and his friend. Wow.

922
01:17:03,000 --> 01:17:07,000
That is uh, that is uh newly posted on the website.

923
01:17:07,039 --> 01:17:08,279
You can find it there right now.

924
01:17:10,800 --> 01:17:13,880
Speaker 1: Awesome. I'll make sure to link to it and I

925
01:17:13,960 --> 01:17:18,000
look forward to part two. Thank you very much. Be Yes,

926
01:17:18,039 --> 01:17:40,600
it is take care of it h h Yah