WEBVTT 1 00:00:42.840 --> 00:00:47.159 Yeah, that is the official, and i'd say official, I 2 00:00:47.200 --> 00:00:53.799 mean official announcement that our YouTube channel is back online 3 00:00:54.679 --> 00:00:59.600 after over a year and a half. We have finally 4 00:01:00.079 --> 00:01:03.079 got our act together and we have a team that 5 00:01:03.320 --> 00:01:09.920 is actually processing our feed and every week we're gonna 6 00:01:09.959 --> 00:01:13.799 have a new subject, a new topic, a new guest 7 00:01:14.560 --> 00:01:17.200 on our YouTube channel. So you have to go to 8 00:01:17.719 --> 00:01:21.439 YouTube and just punch in Earth Ancients. You'll see the logo, 9 00:01:21.680 --> 00:01:24.799 go ahead and click it. We're slowly ramping up. I 10 00:01:24.799 --> 00:01:30.280 think we only have about five, maybe six new videos, 11 00:01:30.799 --> 00:01:34.840 but we're bringing back the A listers. We're currently editing 12 00:01:35.159 --> 00:01:39.200 Graham Hancock. This week's Randall Carlson Randall will be up 13 00:01:39.200 --> 00:01:44.719 on Saturday, the twenty six, could be earlier, but we're 14 00:01:44.760 --> 00:01:48.879 going back. We have all the greats, Robert Temple, early 15 00:01:49.560 --> 00:01:53.879 versions of John, Anthony West, Robert Schock, A listers, all 16 00:01:53.879 --> 00:01:57.239 the top people, Chris Donne and so on and so on. 17 00:01:57.560 --> 00:02:01.040 So you know, it's been tough, tough. I have to 18 00:02:01.079 --> 00:02:03.200 admit I've run into some bad luck. I had a 19 00:02:03.239 --> 00:02:08.639 production company in London that was working on our videos. 20 00:02:09.479 --> 00:02:13.439 They were purchased by another company and they didn't like 21 00:02:13.759 --> 00:02:17.840 our material and so they dropped us, even though we 22 00:02:17.919 --> 00:02:21.199 had over one hundred thousand likes and we were rocking it. 23 00:02:21.800 --> 00:02:24.000 They didn't like us, and so they dropped us without 24 00:02:24.080 --> 00:02:30.800 really any fanfare, any transitional support. And it's funny because 25 00:02:31.159 --> 00:02:36.080 when you have somebody editing your work, you got to 26 00:02:36.120 --> 00:02:38.919 be really careful who you're working with because they could 27 00:02:39.080 --> 00:02:42.560 edit out some important material. So to have a team 28 00:02:42.639 --> 00:02:47.199 in place that is kind of understanding of your material, 29 00:02:47.919 --> 00:02:52.879 they won't edit out key details, they will make the 30 00:02:52.919 --> 00:02:55.439 product better. That is a challenge. And I want to 31 00:02:55.479 --> 00:03:00.199 say the team of Face Sale Parves and everyone who 32 00:03:00.199 --> 00:03:04.120 works at his company, facil You guys rock and you 33 00:03:04.280 --> 00:03:10.639 are a wonderful addition to the earth Ansians family. And 34 00:03:10.840 --> 00:03:14.840 I really appreciate you and what you're doing. So when 35 00:03:14.840 --> 00:03:18.400 you hear me acknowledge face All at the end of 36 00:03:18.479 --> 00:03:22.680 every program, you'll know who I'm talking about. And he 37 00:03:22.840 --> 00:03:27.080 happens to be in Pakistan. I'm here in San Francisco, California, 38 00:03:27.400 --> 00:03:30.039 and I love that. You know, a few years ago, 39 00:03:31.080 --> 00:03:37.560 you know, international trade or international consultants were iffy, but 40 00:03:37.680 --> 00:03:40.360 this is part of the growth. This is part of 41 00:03:41.000 --> 00:03:45.879 international trade working with other companies and trusting that they'll 42 00:03:45.879 --> 00:03:47.120 do a good job. And I got to tell you, 43 00:03:47.639 --> 00:03:51.919 Fasil has done a wonderful job. I trust him implicitly, 44 00:03:52.960 --> 00:03:55.879 and he is so talented. We're going to do the 45 00:03:55.879 --> 00:03:59.039 best of Graham Hancock, the best of Randall Carlson. We're 46 00:03:59.039 --> 00:04:01.039 gonna do see some of these best of because remember 47 00:04:01.080 --> 00:04:04.800 Earth Ancients was launched in twenty fourteen, in the infancy, 48 00:04:05.520 --> 00:04:10.360 or I should say during the infancy of podcasting. Now, 49 00:04:11.280 --> 00:04:17.120 we didn't start doing the zoom until twenty twenty, and 50 00:04:17.199 --> 00:04:20.920 so we won't have anything before twenty twenty. But we 51 00:04:20.959 --> 00:04:25.360 all have some fantastic early interviews with some of the 52 00:04:25.399 --> 00:04:32.240 most brilliant, brightest and wonderfully and insightful guests that Earth 53 00:04:32.240 --> 00:04:36.720 Ancients has had over the years, and we're slowly repopulating 54 00:04:37.959 --> 00:04:45.519 these the channel so that you get a sense of 55 00:04:45.519 --> 00:04:48.279 the past, you can get a sense of the present, 56 00:04:48.319 --> 00:04:50.879 and in some cases we have people that are speaking 57 00:04:50.920 --> 00:04:51.759 about the future. 58 00:04:51.800 --> 00:04:52.079 Now. 59 00:04:52.839 --> 00:04:57.759 One area that I am still working on is getting 60 00:04:58.000 --> 00:05:01.079 Destiny up and running in the manner because we've been 61 00:05:01.120 --> 00:05:05.000 recording Destiny around the same amount of time twenty twenty 62 00:05:05.560 --> 00:05:08.879 and there are some brilliant people on Destiny, and I 63 00:05:10.000 --> 00:05:13.839 consider Destiny our little sister, because it came out of, 64 00:05:14.120 --> 00:05:17.439 you know, the work we have done with Earth ancients, 65 00:05:18.079 --> 00:05:21.600 and if you really follow Destiny closely, you'll know that 66 00:05:22.240 --> 00:05:26.319 it's a wonderful support for Earth ancients. It's a wonderful 67 00:05:26.519 --> 00:05:31.240 addition to Earth ancients because in many cases it is 68 00:05:31.319 --> 00:05:36.319 about the subtleties of our past. The meditation practice is 69 00:05:36.600 --> 00:05:42.000 understanding the physiology, understanding how our ancestors walk the planet 70 00:05:42.720 --> 00:05:46.959 and use psychic abilities, understood the energetics of the Earth 71 00:05:47.240 --> 00:05:51.040 simply by closing their eyes and being more in touch 72 00:05:51.360 --> 00:05:54.959 with nature. And so Destiny is wonderful because we're talking 73 00:05:55.000 --> 00:05:58.560 about DMT, we're talking about ayahuasca. When I had Graham 74 00:05:58.560 --> 00:06:05.399 Hancock on the program presenting information on Visionary at the time, 75 00:06:05.759 --> 00:06:11.800 that was all about ayahuasca and his journeying seventy plus 76 00:06:11.839 --> 00:06:18.240 times on ayahuasca. So that's a critical, critical part of 77 00:06:18.279 --> 00:06:21.160 the program. So my point is that we're not quite 78 00:06:21.240 --> 00:06:26.399 up to speed with Destiny. We are still building a website, 79 00:06:27.399 --> 00:06:32.120 but I would like to fully represent the guests with 80 00:06:32.240 --> 00:06:36.319 its own YouTube channel. So but we're mostly known, I 81 00:06:36.319 --> 00:06:41.160 should say, Cliff Dunning myself, yours truly is known mostly 82 00:06:41.240 --> 00:06:44.720 for Earth Ancients, and Earth Ancients is an international phenomenon, 83 00:06:45.720 --> 00:06:49.079 and I think it's you know, it's very fitting that 84 00:06:49.120 --> 00:06:53.600 we have a new channel, with a new team and 85 00:06:53.959 --> 00:06:59.480 with a whole new brand. The introduction, by the way, 86 00:06:59.839 --> 00:07:03.240 for people who want to know what the introduction, the 87 00:07:05.199 --> 00:07:07.680 music at every at the beginning of very show is 88 00:07:07.720 --> 00:07:11.959 it's called Atlantis and it's a studio artist. You can 89 00:07:12.000 --> 00:07:14.000 actually look it up and find it. It's called Atlantis 90 00:07:14.040 --> 00:07:19.040 by Olive Music. I think it's a French band there, 91 00:07:19.120 --> 00:07:24.160 studio artist, and I think you can actually order a 92 00:07:24.199 --> 00:07:29.399 copy of it. It's studio music, though there's it's not 93 00:07:29.439 --> 00:07:31.560 something you want to play all the time. I took 94 00:07:31.600 --> 00:07:34.879 only a few seconds of it. It's running at two 95 00:07:34.879 --> 00:07:38.279 minutes forty five seconds, so it kind of repeats itself. 96 00:07:38.279 --> 00:07:43.399 It's made for commercials. So if you're really desperate for 97 00:07:43.439 --> 00:07:46.279 a copy, send me an email. Send it to Earth 98 00:07:46.319 --> 00:07:48.759 Agents the number four of the letter. You a Gmail, 99 00:07:49.079 --> 00:07:51.079 and I promise to get it back to you. I'll 100 00:07:51.079 --> 00:07:55.240 get you a copy that you can listen to. So 101 00:07:55.360 --> 00:08:01.000 there you go. We are officially on YouTube and it's 102 00:08:01.040 --> 00:08:05.600 getting it's growing on a daily basis, on a weekly basis, 103 00:08:06.079 --> 00:08:09.480 and I will be announcing today's guest is Randall Carlson. 104 00:08:10.160 --> 00:08:17.680 He has a ton of visual items including graphs, photographs, 105 00:08:17.720 --> 00:08:21.879 and images to promote his talk today, and it's always 106 00:08:21.920 --> 00:08:23.879 fun to have Randall. We haven't had Randall on for 107 00:08:23.920 --> 00:08:27.839 about a year. He was scheduled to be part of 108 00:08:27.920 --> 00:08:33.799 the Cosmic Summit team of guests, but we couldn't get 109 00:08:33.879 --> 00:08:36.960 him on quite at the same time, so we are 110 00:08:37.000 --> 00:08:41.480 presenting him today and I want to mention that he 111 00:08:41.600 --> 00:08:45.080 is talking about some things that are a little different, 112 00:08:45.200 --> 00:08:51.080 most notably this turid meteor stream, which I've only learned 113 00:08:51.080 --> 00:08:55.200 about recently in the last year, and the fact that 114 00:08:56.360 --> 00:09:00.279 Earth passes through this twice a year, twice a year year. 115 00:09:01.399 --> 00:09:06.720 And you'll hear that Randall is sounding the alarm for 116 00:09:06.919 --> 00:09:12.480 more awareness of this stream because it's likely to have 117 00:09:12.600 --> 00:09:15.799 hit once about sixty six million years ago that wiped 118 00:09:15.799 --> 00:09:19.559 out the dinosaurs and caused it was a terminating event. 119 00:09:20.440 --> 00:09:25.480 If there were human like civilizations or groups, they were destroyed, 120 00:09:25.639 --> 00:09:30.519 as well as the MegaFon of the big animals, pretty 121 00:09:30.559 --> 00:09:34.720 much the dinosaurs too. Everything was destroyed. It was it 122 00:09:34.759 --> 00:09:39.919 was terminating. Obviously, there were enough of these early hominin 123 00:09:40.080 --> 00:09:47.200 people or beings that we could reboot. But again we 124 00:09:47.279 --> 00:09:51.279 went through the stream, this toward media stream again around 125 00:09:51.320 --> 00:09:55.879 nine thousand, five hundred BC hundred twelve thousand, seven hundred 126 00:09:55.919 --> 00:10:00.000 years ago, and it disturbed. We got nailed with another 127 00:10:00.080 --> 00:10:05.000 their asteroid that ended the Younger Driest definitely wiped out 128 00:10:05.879 --> 00:10:09.519 a great deal of animal life, and we're gonna learn 129 00:10:09.600 --> 00:10:11.440 all about that today and why it's important to be 130 00:10:11.480 --> 00:10:16.600 more aware of passing through this and really being prepared, 131 00:10:17.120 --> 00:10:20.039 and so we kind of end the show on that 132 00:10:20.200 --> 00:10:24.919 on that theme. So today's program is the Great Upheaval, 133 00:10:25.720 --> 00:11:05.919 and my guest is Randall Carlson, so he's good at checking. 134 00:11:06.000 --> 00:11:09.799 With Randall Carlson. We missed Randall at the Cosmic Summit recently. 135 00:11:09.960 --> 00:11:13.240 He was the keynote there. From all indications, he rocked 136 00:11:13.279 --> 00:11:15.399 the boat as he always does, and people were just 137 00:11:15.440 --> 00:11:19.559 astounded at his material. Today's theme with Randall is the 138 00:11:19.600 --> 00:11:23.120 Great Upheaval, and we'll get to exactly what that means shortly. 139 00:11:23.200 --> 00:11:26.799 But Randall is a what you can consider a rogue 140 00:11:26.840 --> 00:11:30.720 geologist who's traveling the country constantly. And by the way, 141 00:11:31.039 --> 00:11:33.240 if you ever want to get a sense of what 142 00:11:33.759 --> 00:11:38.159 has happened to our planet, join when Randall's tours are 143 00:11:38.200 --> 00:11:40.879 excellent and he goes all over the United States pointing 144 00:11:40.879 --> 00:11:45.320 out geological disasters front and center. So hey, Randal, good 145 00:11:45.320 --> 00:11:46.399 to see you. Man, how you been. 146 00:11:47.000 --> 00:11:47.639 I've been bright. 147 00:11:47.919 --> 00:11:50.840 Good to see you, Cliff fantastic. Hey, how was a 148 00:11:51.519 --> 00:11:54.039 cosmic summit? What's your What was your impression? 149 00:11:54.519 --> 00:11:57.720 My impression is it just overwhelming? You know, don't have 150 00:11:57.879 --> 00:12:01.720 it really well? I gave it was in a ninety 151 00:12:01.720 --> 00:12:07.480 minute presentation and then on I think that was on Sunday, Saturday, 152 00:12:07.559 --> 00:12:11.559 and then Monday I did a three hour workshop for 153 00:12:11.639 --> 00:12:13.120 anybody who wanted to take it on. 154 00:12:13.840 --> 00:12:16.159 Oh you did a special presentation on Monday. 155 00:12:16.240 --> 00:12:18.799 Yeah, yeah, I did a class. It was like a 156 00:12:18.840 --> 00:12:20.600 classroom on sacred geometry. 157 00:12:21.080 --> 00:12:21.679 Amazing. 158 00:12:21.840 --> 00:12:25.480 So I took people through some of the preliminary drawing exercises. 159 00:12:26.159 --> 00:12:30.080 Yeah. It's funny because George Howard does a good job. 160 00:12:30.159 --> 00:12:33.399 He makes sure that everything is streamed and so we 161 00:12:33.440 --> 00:12:35.799 have a lot of people that listen to Earth the 162 00:12:35.840 --> 00:12:38.840 Ancients from around the world that actually just dial in 163 00:12:38.919 --> 00:12:43.960 and capture the streaming. So that's really a good idea. 164 00:12:44.559 --> 00:12:47.559 Yeah, it is. And you know, the people that come together, 165 00:12:47.559 --> 00:12:53.600 there's a broad spectrum of people from hardcore, solid academic scientists. Yeah, 166 00:12:53.639 --> 00:12:56.320 all the way to more. I guess you know what 167 00:12:56.360 --> 00:13:00.440 you consider a fringe, although what used to be pretty 168 00:13:00.519 --> 00:13:04.799 much you know, defined as fringe isn't so fringe anymore. 169 00:13:05.200 --> 00:13:08.519 You know, like Graham Hancock says, everything keeps getting older, 170 00:13:09.120 --> 00:13:12.960 and you know, there's constantly new discoveries that are hard 171 00:13:12.960 --> 00:13:15.039 to keep up with, you know, that are really changing 172 00:13:15.080 --> 00:13:18.399 our own understanding of the past. And there's a whole 173 00:13:18.440 --> 00:13:22.639 lot more to it than was assumed even a generation 174 00:13:22.799 --> 00:13:25.879 or two ago. You know, the human past on planet Earth, 175 00:13:26.039 --> 00:13:28.279 and I know you of all people are well aware 176 00:13:28.320 --> 00:13:31.200 of this is a little much deeper and much more 177 00:13:31.240 --> 00:13:35.080 complex than the textbook versions of prehistory. 178 00:13:35.320 --> 00:13:40.039 Yet yet archaeologists have a really hard stop when it 179 00:13:40.080 --> 00:13:44.840 comes to pre civilization prehistory, and so you're looking at 180 00:13:45.200 --> 00:13:50.440 cultures that may have been around prior to what we're 181 00:13:50.440 --> 00:13:55.120 going to talk about today, the younger Dreest hypothesis. Before 182 00:13:55.159 --> 00:13:57.320 we move on, did you get a chance to see 183 00:13:57.360 --> 00:14:02.799 the bell collection of a stone artifacts that he brought 184 00:14:02.799 --> 00:14:03.960 with him the vase. 185 00:14:04.039 --> 00:14:07.440 Yes, yes, and i'd actually see you those when I 186 00:14:07.559 --> 00:14:11.960 visited him in Florida at his Oh, you've actually been okay. Yeah, 187 00:14:12.000 --> 00:14:14.679 So he he he had him in a a in 188 00:14:14.720 --> 00:14:17.320 a secured room and let me go in there and 189 00:14:17.480 --> 00:14:21.759 along with my buddy Mike Robertson, who you know, he's 190 00:14:21.799 --> 00:14:26.000 the the who does the how Tube. He was with me, 191 00:14:26.200 --> 00:14:29.279 and so he matt led us into the room there 192 00:14:29.320 --> 00:14:30.879 and we were able to handle the vases. 193 00:14:30.960 --> 00:14:32.840 And oh, you actually picked him up. Did you put 194 00:14:32.840 --> 00:14:35.559 on some gloves just before you could touch him or what? 195 00:14:36.559 --> 00:14:39.320 No? I didn't really I yeah, I asked him, you know, 196 00:14:39.399 --> 00:14:41.600 when we can, I can I take this vase when 197 00:14:41.600 --> 00:14:43.600 we go in to do the interview. Maybe I could 198 00:14:43.960 --> 00:14:48.759 have some coffee in here and see, No, I didn't 199 00:14:48.799 --> 00:14:51.200 ask him that. So, yeah, it's impressive. I mean they're 200 00:14:51.200 --> 00:14:57.480 they're very highly polished, very very accurate, precision made. So 201 00:14:58.600 --> 00:15:02.879 I don't know enough about pottery and that side of 202 00:15:02.919 --> 00:15:05.000 the thing to have much of an opinion other than 203 00:15:05.039 --> 00:15:08.120 the fact it seems to me that you know, people 204 00:15:08.200 --> 00:15:12.200 like Ben van Kirkwick and who's the other guy who's 205 00:15:12.200 --> 00:15:13.960 been doing a lot of work on there, you know. 206 00:15:14.440 --> 00:15:15.960 You Mark Young? 207 00:15:16.279 --> 00:15:16.919 Yeah? 208 00:15:17.039 --> 00:15:17.879 Yeah, Mark Young? 209 00:15:18.360 --> 00:15:19.120 Is it Mark Young? 210 00:15:19.240 --> 00:15:21.240 Because he has a couple of pieces that he's got 211 00:15:21.320 --> 00:15:25.279 years ago and he's presenting him personally. 212 00:15:25.519 --> 00:15:27.080 So yeah, I mean, do. 213 00:15:27.039 --> 00:15:28.840 You think they were cut on a lathe Does it 214 00:15:28.840 --> 00:15:30.200 look like they are? Definitely sure? 215 00:15:30.279 --> 00:15:31.360 Does look like it to me. 216 00:15:32.039 --> 00:15:33.960 Yeah, like a machine cut of some kind. 217 00:15:34.039 --> 00:15:38.840 Yeah, they do look like their precision machine made. I 218 00:15:38.879 --> 00:15:42.960 have a hard time understanding how those vases could be 219 00:15:43.080 --> 00:15:46.120 made by hand. It's just yeah. But again, I'm not 220 00:15:46.159 --> 00:15:49.120 an expert in that. So you know, if I had 221 00:15:49.120 --> 00:15:52.279 been looking at lots of pottery, lots of vases and 222 00:15:53.480 --> 00:15:56.480 things like that over the years and had a comparison 223 00:15:56.519 --> 00:15:58.720 in my mind, I might be able to say, well, yeah, 224 00:15:58.720 --> 00:16:02.120 this one's obviously made by hand, and this one is 225 00:16:02.240 --> 00:16:05.240 very much more precise. Yeah, but I don't have that 226 00:16:05.360 --> 00:16:06.399 level of expertise. 227 00:16:06.600 --> 00:16:09.200 But I know, I'm just curious because that was kind 228 00:16:09.200 --> 00:16:11.919 of a highlight of the conference, and George Howard, the producer, 229 00:16:11.960 --> 00:16:14.960 had mentioned it. I was like, I couldn't get myself 230 00:16:14.960 --> 00:16:17.799 out there this year because of other commitments, but I 231 00:16:17.879 --> 00:16:20.600 really wanted to see those. Hey, let's talk about the 232 00:16:20.639 --> 00:16:26.360 great upheaval. This is such a compelling topic. One thing 233 00:16:26.600 --> 00:16:29.879 that I didn't realize is that our planet Earth goes 234 00:16:29.919 --> 00:16:34.559 through this. I guess it's called torred meteor stream twice yearly, 235 00:16:35.840 --> 00:16:40.559 and for the most part the meteors and other solid 236 00:16:40.600 --> 00:16:44.360 objects are so small that they burn up an Earth's atmosphere. 237 00:16:45.240 --> 00:16:48.559 But it's the feeling, your feeling and a few other 238 00:16:48.879 --> 00:16:53.799 people's feelings that during this impact. This is where this 239 00:16:54.679 --> 00:16:56.879 terminating meteor came from. 240 00:16:56.960 --> 00:17:01.159 Right, Well, okay, so a couple of things here. Young, 241 00:17:01.519 --> 00:17:06.039 let's some sketch out the broad picture for people listening. 242 00:17:06.599 --> 00:17:10.799 The younger driest boundary, I mean, which has been known 243 00:17:10.839 --> 00:17:16.480 about for decades but never had a really satisfactory explanation. 244 00:17:16.599 --> 00:17:19.440 The more they begin to learn about the younger Dryest boundary, 245 00:17:19.720 --> 00:17:24.359 the weirder it got. And finally somebody says, well, I 246 00:17:24.359 --> 00:17:27.079 think we need to broaden our perspective. And so in 247 00:17:27.119 --> 00:17:29.400 two thousand and seven a paper came out. It was 248 00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:36.240 lead author was Richard Firestone, Alan West, and I think 249 00:17:36.279 --> 00:17:39.160 there was seventeen co authors, including George Howard I think 250 00:17:39.200 --> 00:17:42.880 his name was on that paper as well. Where they 251 00:17:43.519 --> 00:17:47.640 begin to look at this well defined layer, can in 252 00:17:47.680 --> 00:17:49.920 a minute here we can pull up so people can 253 00:17:49.960 --> 00:17:53.759 see what actually defines that layer. It's called the black mate. 254 00:17:55.960 --> 00:17:58.680 You've heard of that, Yeah, Now there are black mats 255 00:17:58.680 --> 00:18:03.880 that are basically they are creating in environments where there's moisture, 256 00:18:03.920 --> 00:18:08.279 where algae blooms, and so there are different black matte 257 00:18:08.319 --> 00:18:11.440 layers with different dating, but there is a very prominent 258 00:18:11.480 --> 00:18:14.160 one at the Younger Drives boundary, and so they took 259 00:18:14.160 --> 00:18:16.279 a closer look at that, and what they found there 260 00:18:16.400 --> 00:18:21.400 was proxies for impact for an impact of some kind 261 00:18:21.400 --> 00:18:25.039 of a cosmic object, an asteroid or a comet or 262 00:18:25.079 --> 00:18:28.680 something in between. Like we now know that the whole 263 00:18:29.079 --> 00:18:33.880 definition of comet an asteroid has gotten very plastic, because 264 00:18:34.400 --> 00:18:38.000 used to be they were very distinct objects in space. 265 00:18:38.519 --> 00:18:41.480 But now what's happened there's a lot of hybrids and 266 00:18:41.480 --> 00:18:44.759 there's almost a continuum of objects. There are comet like 267 00:18:44.880 --> 00:18:49.880 asteroids and there are asteroid like comets. So whatever it was, 268 00:18:50.079 --> 00:18:53.839 and the critics of the hypothesis, one of the things 269 00:18:53.880 --> 00:18:58.960 that they kept emphasizing was that the proxies you know 270 00:18:59.000 --> 00:19:01.440 what I mean by a proc see in other words, 271 00:19:02.160 --> 00:19:05.920 we're not seeing the impact itself for the actual object. 272 00:19:06.039 --> 00:19:10.240 So we have to look at the secondary consequences. For example, 273 00:19:10.559 --> 00:19:14.799 if you have diamonds, nanodiamonds that are only created under 274 00:19:14.880 --> 00:19:19.480 extremely high pressure, right, that's a proxy, So you go, Okay, 275 00:19:19.759 --> 00:19:22.240 there had to be something here. We don't see the 276 00:19:22.279 --> 00:19:25.559 actual object, but we see the effects of that object, 277 00:19:25.599 --> 00:19:29.279 so that's a proxy. A proxy might be little marble 278 00:19:29.440 --> 00:19:34.640 like spherals that form when you have a hypervelocity impact. 279 00:19:34.759 --> 00:19:38.079 One of the things that it does is it rapidly 280 00:19:38.160 --> 00:19:42.160 melts not only itself but the target material that it 281 00:19:42.240 --> 00:19:45.160 crashes into, and that will create a vapor, and when 282 00:19:45.200 --> 00:19:48.799 that vapor cools and crystallizes out, it'll rain back to 283 00:19:48.839 --> 00:19:54.799 Earth and you'll get these small little microspherals. They're very shiny. 284 00:19:54.880 --> 00:19:59.279 That's a proxy. And you have metals platinum group metals 285 00:19:59.319 --> 00:20:01.319 that are rare in the surface of the Earth but 286 00:20:01.440 --> 00:20:08.480 abundant in asteroids, and meteors like a radium and platinum, osmium, ruthenium, 287 00:20:08.920 --> 00:20:11.279 and so if you see, and this is how they 288 00:20:11.400 --> 00:20:15.559 discovered back in seventy nine to eighty when the scientists 289 00:20:16.160 --> 00:20:21.519 Walter Alvarez and his father and their team discovered that 290 00:20:21.680 --> 00:20:25.359 there had been an impact at the KT boundaries. It's 291 00:20:25.440 --> 00:20:27.920 called that's the one sixty six million years ago where 292 00:20:27.920 --> 00:20:33.160 the dinosaurs went extinct. For years and years, the question 293 00:20:33.279 --> 00:20:36.359 had been what caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. Well, 294 00:20:36.960 --> 00:20:39.839 so Walter Alvarez and his team, they were looking at 295 00:20:39.839 --> 00:20:43.759 this boundary layer very kind of in a way similar 296 00:20:43.759 --> 00:20:47.680 to the Younger Dryas boundary layer, except separated by sixty 297 00:20:47.720 --> 00:20:51.519 six million years, right, But they're looking at this boundary layer, 298 00:20:51.559 --> 00:20:55.359 and they wanted to know over this little thick layer, 299 00:20:55.400 --> 00:20:57.240 they want to know, Okay, how long did it take 300 00:20:57.640 --> 00:21:00.920 for this layer here to be deposited. Was it a 301 00:21:00.920 --> 00:21:03.319 couple of days or was it a couple of centuries 302 00:21:03.559 --> 00:21:07.920 or what was it? So they knew that there's a 303 00:21:08.000 --> 00:21:12.559 steady rain of cosmic material, a gentle, steady rain of 304 00:21:12.680 --> 00:21:18.960 microscopic cosmic material to the Earth from space. Right, Iridium 305 00:21:19.200 --> 00:21:21.720 is one of those things that comes down in this 306 00:21:22.759 --> 00:21:27.160 cosmic dusting that's taking place constantly even as we speak. 307 00:21:27.640 --> 00:21:29.680 But so what they were going to do is they 308 00:21:29.680 --> 00:21:32.359 were going to look at the iridium and try to 309 00:21:32.359 --> 00:21:35.200 figure out because they pretty much assumed the rate at 310 00:21:35.200 --> 00:21:39.279 which the iridium dust is accreating to the Earth. But 311 00:21:39.400 --> 00:21:42.200 then they looked there and they realized that, wait a second, 312 00:21:42.240 --> 00:21:46.119 this is like more than one hundred times more dense 313 00:21:46.319 --> 00:21:50.359 than the background amount. So just so right there at 314 00:21:50.359 --> 00:21:54.079 that kt boundary, you have this big spike of iridium 315 00:21:54.359 --> 00:21:57.079 above it, it goes back to the background, which is 316 00:21:57.160 --> 00:22:01.079 less than a hundredth and below it. So you've this 317 00:22:01.279 --> 00:22:05.480 much iridium below it, you've got this much iridium above it, 318 00:22:05.519 --> 00:22:08.000 and then in that one little little naire layer you've 319 00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:11.799 got a huge amount of a radium. So they contacted 320 00:22:11.799 --> 00:22:15.359 their colleagues around the world and to go, I said, 321 00:22:15.400 --> 00:22:17.880 go back and take a look at that KT boundary 322 00:22:18.119 --> 00:22:20.960 and see if there's an iridium spie. So there was 323 00:22:21.079 --> 00:22:24.440 scientists in Denmark and scientists in New Zealand that were 324 00:22:24.440 --> 00:22:27.839 early on. They go and they found the KT boundary 325 00:22:27.880 --> 00:22:30.519 in Denmark and they looked at it, and sure enough, 326 00:22:30.519 --> 00:22:33.839 there was a huge iridium spie in New Zealand. They 327 00:22:33.880 --> 00:22:38.720 looked huge iridium spike. Well over the next year or two, 328 00:22:39.160 --> 00:22:42.119 sites all over the world from that sixty six million 329 00:22:42.200 --> 00:22:47.640 year dinosaur killing era all had this cosmic metal. So 330 00:22:47.759 --> 00:22:50.680 then you sort of reverse engineer and you go, Okay, 331 00:22:51.160 --> 00:22:55.559 it looks like the entire planet got dusted with a radium. 332 00:22:56.039 --> 00:22:59.599 Now we know the percentage the content of iridium that's 333 00:22:59.599 --> 00:23:02.759 say in an asteroid, right, we know how much is 334 00:23:02.799 --> 00:23:07.319 in a meteorite. So in order to get enough iridium 335 00:23:07.559 --> 00:23:10.240 to dust the whole world. How big of an asteroid 336 00:23:10.279 --> 00:23:13.880 do you need to deliver that volume of iridium? Well, 337 00:23:13.920 --> 00:23:18.039 the calculations were about a six mile in diameter asteroid. 338 00:23:18.160 --> 00:23:18.920 Oh my god. 339 00:23:19.319 --> 00:23:21.119 Well, I mean, if you've got a six mile in 340 00:23:21.200 --> 00:23:25.440 diameter asteroid coming in at you know, say fifteen miles 341 00:23:25.480 --> 00:23:29.920 per second, Think about fifteen miles per second that thing 342 00:23:30.039 --> 00:23:33.880 is moving it, you know, ten to ten to twenty 343 00:23:34.000 --> 00:23:37.039 times the speed of a high power for high powered 344 00:23:37.160 --> 00:23:43.440 rifle bullet. It's the size of Mount Everest. Right. Boom, Okay, 345 00:23:43.480 --> 00:23:46.839 that was it. That's set into motion this whole set 346 00:23:46.880 --> 00:23:51.319 of feedbacks that it looks like that ultimately took out 347 00:23:51.319 --> 00:23:54.240 the dinosaurs. And it may have not been overnight, but 348 00:23:54.319 --> 00:23:56.759 it was probably it was in a very very short 349 00:23:56.799 --> 00:23:57.440 period of time. 350 00:23:57.680 --> 00:24:00.960 And you're telling me that's a planetary wide event. That's 351 00:24:01.000 --> 00:24:03.319 what they call a true terminating event. 352 00:24:03.599 --> 00:24:08.000 That's a terminating event. Yes. Now, the event of younger 353 00:24:08.079 --> 00:24:12.160 Dryest Boundary, which is now dated to just a little 354 00:24:12.160 --> 00:24:16.319 bit younger than twelve nine hundred years, has similarities and 355 00:24:16.519 --> 00:24:21.480 parallels with the dinosaur killing event, but on a smaller scale. 356 00:24:21.559 --> 00:24:25.400 Because if a six mile asteroid cliff had struck the 357 00:24:25.480 --> 00:24:29.039 Earth twelve nine hundred years ago. We wouldn't be having 358 00:24:29.079 --> 00:24:32.839 this conversation today. In fact, we wouldn't even be here 359 00:24:32.880 --> 00:24:36.119 because human beings, unless they had figured out how to 360 00:24:36.160 --> 00:24:41.039 get into space, wouldn't have survived an event of that severity. 361 00:24:41.200 --> 00:24:42.880 You know, it was just it was worldwide. There was 362 00:24:42.920 --> 00:24:47.519 worldwide firestorms, There were vulcanism on a huge scale that 363 00:24:47.680 --> 00:24:52.319 was triggered. There was seismic responses like earthquakes ten to 364 00:24:52.359 --> 00:24:56.119 one hundred times more powerful than anything we've experienced in 365 00:24:56.240 --> 00:25:00.480 modern times. The list of acid rain with a of 366 00:25:00.559 --> 00:25:04.119 like one, so you know, it's like battery ass a 367 00:25:04.240 --> 00:25:08.839 rainstorm of battery acid. Then then there was the cosmic 368 00:25:08.880 --> 00:25:12.079 winter that you know, there was so for decades. Then 369 00:25:12.160 --> 00:25:15.000 the whole planet froze over. I mean, yeah, it was 370 00:25:15.079 --> 00:25:19.000 really bad time to be alive. Now, that's sixty six 371 00:25:19.039 --> 00:25:23.200 million years ago, the younger, dryest boundaries, like I said, 372 00:25:23.200 --> 00:25:25.599 a little bit less than twelve nine hundred years ago, 373 00:25:26.119 --> 00:25:29.359 and it's not of the same scale, and yet relative 374 00:25:29.400 --> 00:25:33.319 to what we've experienced in modern civilization and since the 375 00:25:33.440 --> 00:25:37.000 rise of modern science, it was extreme. It was an 376 00:25:37.079 --> 00:25:39.960 extreme event in its own right, and the more we 377 00:25:40.119 --> 00:25:44.200 learn about it, the more widespread it gets, like at 378 00:25:44.200 --> 00:25:47.920 first it was maybe just regional to North America. Well 379 00:25:47.920 --> 00:25:51.279 then you know, then then evidence is being found in Chile, 380 00:25:51.880 --> 00:25:58.240 in Argentina, in Patagonia, even looks like in Antarctica. Now 381 00:25:58.240 --> 00:26:03.640 it's being found recently, younger, driest evidence was found in Siberia. 382 00:26:04.079 --> 00:26:06.839 So it looks like it's worldwide. 383 00:26:07.119 --> 00:26:10.640 But it's not considered a terminating event because there obviously 384 00:26:10.759 --> 00:26:13.960 was some humanoids that were left. It killed most of 385 00:26:13.960 --> 00:26:17.279 the North American according to the writing the North American 386 00:26:17.440 --> 00:26:21.359 megafund of the big land animals, but obviously other parts 387 00:26:21.400 --> 00:26:27.160 of Europe and Asia and perhaps the South American area 388 00:26:27.359 --> 00:26:29.039 weren't affected as much, were they. 389 00:26:29.480 --> 00:26:33.119 Well, okay, that's a very good question, Cliff. So we 390 00:26:33.200 --> 00:26:36.599 can consider that the loss of species is going to 391 00:26:36.599 --> 00:26:40.720 be directly a function of the loss of habitat. If 392 00:26:40.720 --> 00:26:45.119 you destroy the habitat that the particular species is adapted 393 00:26:45.160 --> 00:26:49.160 to and survives in and on that habitat, there's a 394 00:26:49.279 --> 00:26:51.720 very good chance that they will go extinct if they 395 00:26:51.759 --> 00:26:57.079 don't adapt. And what we see is that both North 396 00:26:57.119 --> 00:27:02.920 and South America lost about seventy five percent, about three 397 00:27:03.000 --> 00:27:08.640 quarters of their megafaunal species by the younger dryas. It 398 00:27:08.720 --> 00:27:11.319 looks like some of the extinctions might have started a 399 00:27:11.400 --> 00:27:15.480 little earlier. There may have been a few survivals past 400 00:27:15.559 --> 00:27:18.799 the younger dryests, but they died out shortly thereafter. But 401 00:27:18.880 --> 00:27:22.000