WEBVTT 1 00:00:01.320 --> 00:00:03.720 Okay, we are alive. How does William Ramsey. Welcome to 2 00:00:03.759 --> 00:00:06.519 William Ramsey Investigates on today's show have a very special guest, 3 00:00:06.519 --> 00:00:09.880 returning guest. His name is hands Shaan's last name is 4 00:00:09.919 --> 00:00:15.000 spelled sh a and t z. And this will be 5 00:00:15.039 --> 00:00:18.000 our third show. We've done a show about just about 6 00:00:18.000 --> 00:00:21.280 two months ago. We covered his book, which I highly recommend. 7 00:00:21.679 --> 00:00:23.679 It's a new book. It's titled The Wives of Heart 8 00:00:24.320 --> 00:00:27.879 Modern Day Reimagining of the Scopes Monkey Trial. And then 9 00:00:27.879 --> 00:00:29.559 we also did a part one. This will be a 10 00:00:29.600 --> 00:00:32.679 part two and it's been titled on this talk which 11 00:00:32.719 --> 00:00:35.280 you will see the presentation and the slides if you're 12 00:00:35.320 --> 00:00:38.560 watching this on Rock Fann, Rumble or X. It's titled 13 00:00:38.560 --> 00:00:42.560 Einstein Relativity in Modern Physics and just kind of I 14 00:00:42.560 --> 00:00:44.920 think we covered a number of topics in the last 15 00:00:44.920 --> 00:00:49.640 one Relativity. We talked about this some of these slides, 16 00:00:49.679 --> 00:00:52.079 the theory of relativity. I can't say I'm a physics 17 00:00:52.359 --> 00:00:56.079 expert by any stretch of the imagination, but that's why 18 00:00:56.119 --> 00:00:58.159 he's here. But we talked about kind of kind of 19 00:00:58.159 --> 00:01:00.439 goes into the politicization of a lot of stuff. Everything 20 00:01:00.520 --> 00:01:03.359 seems to be political anyway. These days. We talked about 21 00:01:03.359 --> 00:01:07.879 Einstein coming to America, the eclipse of nineteen nineteen, kind 22 00:01:07.920 --> 00:01:11.920 of the foundations of gerald general relativity, and also there's 23 00:01:11.959 --> 00:01:14.920 a lot to talk about and some interesting questions. I 24 00:01:14.959 --> 00:01:18.760 remember from our conversation that we add in May about 25 00:01:19.480 --> 00:01:23.040 how it's interesting that Einstein wasn't invited onto the Manhattan 26 00:01:23.040 --> 00:01:27.359 I'm sorry. Hans has also two websites. Let me see. 27 00:01:27.400 --> 00:01:31.840 Like we have his substack which is at athers are. 28 00:01:31.879 --> 00:01:36.159 It's a E. T. H. E. R Czar dot substack 29 00:01:36.239 --> 00:01:38.719 dot com. You can see all this information on there. 30 00:01:39.519 --> 00:01:45.000 And then also there is athersr dot com, which is 31 00:01:45.079 --> 00:01:47.439 his website. You'll see his fiction books here too, The 32 00:01:47.519 --> 00:01:52.959 Hidden True Truth one call mentor Kenholders said the best 33 00:01:53.000 --> 00:01:58.439 science fiction techno thriller since whatever Neil Stevenston. Stephenston's last 34 00:01:58.439 --> 00:02:02.239 book was, so you can check those out. And he 35 00:02:02.319 --> 00:02:05.680 also goes into ultra wide I think one of his 36 00:02:05.719 --> 00:02:09.680 books was The Art and Science of Ultra wide Band Antennas. 37 00:02:10.479 --> 00:02:13.960 Pretty technical stuff, but you can see some of his 38 00:02:14.000 --> 00:02:19.039 books on Amazon. But hopefully we'll get the technical stuff 39 00:02:19.080 --> 00:02:24.639 figured out. Welcome everybody, hoping you're having a late an 40 00:02:24.719 --> 00:02:33.199 okay time considering world events, pretty strange days. Indeed, Yeah, 41 00:02:33.240 --> 00:02:34.960 we talked about this last time of the last show 42 00:02:34.960 --> 00:02:37.919 we did was April twenty second, twenty twenty five. No, 43 00:02:38.080 --> 00:02:39.759 that was the first one we did, The Wiser Heart, 44 00:02:40.159 --> 00:02:43.599 and then May twenty first. It's the first part of this. 45 00:02:44.639 --> 00:02:47.800 The Zionis clash was inevitable. I mean, this is present 46 00:02:47.840 --> 00:02:52.560 stuff like Zionism. He was one resulting from differences and standards. 47 00:02:52.599 --> 00:02:55.400 The Easterners, like many Russian Jews in this country, don't 48 00:02:55.439 --> 00:02:58.120 know what honesty is, and we simply won't entrust our 49 00:02:58.159 --> 00:03:01.159 money to them. Whitesman does not know what honesty is, 50 00:03:01.240 --> 00:03:05.639 but weekly yields to his numerous Russian associates. That's the split. 51 00:03:07.199 --> 00:03:10.639 Einstein to Frankfurter, a Jewish weakness, always and eagerly to 52 00:03:10.719 --> 00:03:15.159 try to keep the gentiles in good humor. Establishment Jewish 53 00:03:15.159 --> 00:03:18.400 press motivated to focus on Einstein to distract from Zionis. 54 00:03:18.400 --> 00:03:23.479 So Zionist Organization of America sided with Weitzman. Hello, welcome back. 55 00:03:23.800 --> 00:03:24.840 I can finally hear you. 56 00:03:26.120 --> 00:03:28.360 It's not your fault. There's something going on with Streamyard. 57 00:03:28.400 --> 00:03:30.759 I don't know what it is. It's not stable. It's 58 00:03:30.800 --> 00:03:31.439 not stable. 59 00:03:31.599 --> 00:03:33.919 Everything was going fine, and then it just all the 60 00:03:33.960 --> 00:03:34.639 sounds stopped. 61 00:03:34.840 --> 00:03:37.080 The last show did that exact same thing to me, 62 00:03:37.240 --> 00:03:38.960 Like literally mid show, I had to have a buddy 63 00:03:39.000 --> 00:03:41.319 of mine read like host it. He was my guest, 64 00:03:41.360 --> 00:03:44.759 and he flipped into others. So that's not your fault. Anyway. 65 00:03:44.800 --> 00:03:46.800 I was just kind of reading through these slides we went, 66 00:03:46.879 --> 00:03:49.520 I did a long background again, and we're back to 67 00:03:49.560 --> 00:03:52.000 Einstein comes to America. So I kind of just read 68 00:03:52.000 --> 00:03:54.759 this and just showed that there was a kind of 69 00:03:55.599 --> 00:03:59.400 propaganda or pr campaign about him, and then moved on 70 00:03:59.439 --> 00:04:01.719 to this once. So if you're ready, we can just 71 00:04:01.759 --> 00:04:03.960 take it from here. If that's okay, sure, I'll take 72 00:04:04.000 --> 00:04:05.879 it from here and i'll edit it. I'll edit this 73 00:04:05.919 --> 00:04:08.560 for the listeners on the live stream, I'll edit it 74 00:04:08.599 --> 00:04:11.240 out and put out the full audio with that five 75 00:04:11.240 --> 00:04:13.759 minutes missing. I could have restopped. I could have stopped 76 00:04:14.120 --> 00:04:17.519 the stream, but it would have been a real difficulty 77 00:04:17.560 --> 00:04:20.160 to reset it back up and redo it. So I 78 00:04:20.240 --> 00:04:23.680 apologize to everybody I've had problems with stream yard. If 79 00:04:23.680 --> 00:04:25.879 you listen to my show regularly, you'll know I'm just 80 00:04:25.920 --> 00:04:30.040 having a real, a real hard time. So anyway, Han's 81 00:04:30.079 --> 00:04:32.879 welcome back. So I apologized for that well, thank you again. 82 00:04:32.920 --> 00:04:36.000 I appreciate the opportunity to speak with you and with 83 00:04:36.079 --> 00:04:38.800 your audience. Where we left off last time, we were 84 00:04:38.839 --> 00:04:44.199 talking about Einstein's unprecedented publicity on his trip to America 85 00:04:44.199 --> 00:04:47.120 and some of the factors behind it. One of those 86 00:04:47.160 --> 00:04:52.920 factors was rivalry among various groups within the American Jewish community. 87 00:04:53.480 --> 00:04:57.399 There were newly arrived Eastern European and Russian Jews who 88 00:04:57.439 --> 00:05:01.759 were on board with the Zionist program. That Einstein was 89 00:05:01.759 --> 00:05:04.959 there raising funds with heim Weitzmann, the head of the 90 00:05:04.959 --> 00:05:09.720 World Zionist Organization, ultimately the first President of Israel, and 91 00:05:10.279 --> 00:05:12.839 they were not looked upon with favor by some in 92 00:05:13.040 --> 00:05:19.800 the establishment American Jewish community, and that ironically led to 93 00:05:19.879 --> 00:05:27.040 more publicity for Einstein because the establishment Jewish press emphasized 94 00:05:27.360 --> 00:05:32.160 the Einstein aspect of the tour by way of distracting 95 00:05:32.360 --> 00:05:43.720 from the Zionist fundraising. Got so next, let's go. And 96 00:05:43.879 --> 00:05:49.160 you know, that was no doubt frustrating for the American 97 00:05:49.439 --> 00:05:53.519 establishment Jewish community, but Einstein was also a frustration for 98 00:05:54.480 --> 00:06:01.079 heim Weitzman and the Zionist organization. Einstein's friend Blumenfelt warned 99 00:06:01.240 --> 00:06:05.240 Weisman before the trip that Einstein was not really a Zionist, 100 00:06:05.240 --> 00:06:10.319 intended to say things that perhaps he shouldn't. He also 101 00:06:13.120 --> 00:06:16.360 argued that the Zionists should work harder to make peace 102 00:06:16.839 --> 00:06:22.720 with their Arab neighbors, and Weisman in turn said that 103 00:06:23.399 --> 00:06:26.839 Einstein was a prima donnin about to lose her voice. 104 00:06:27.600 --> 00:06:31.879 The tension continued when Israel had its war for independence 105 00:06:31.879 --> 00:06:36.759 in nineteen forty eight, Einstein signed on a letter criticizing Herout, 106 00:06:37.079 --> 00:06:39.879 which is a right wing political party that ended up 107 00:06:39.920 --> 00:06:45.199 being absorbed into the Laikud party. But ultimately, I guess 108 00:06:45.199 --> 00:06:47.600 there were no hard feelings because a few years later 109 00:06:47.639 --> 00:06:51.240 he was offered the position of President of Israel, which 110 00:06:52.000 --> 00:07:01.959 he declined. Next. So, just summarizing what Einstein the facts 111 00:07:02.000 --> 00:07:07.399 around Einstein's publicity tour in America, it was clearly a 112 00:07:07.480 --> 00:07:11.720 kind of events and circumstances publicity campaign where we got 113 00:07:11.759 --> 00:07:14.480 to see, you know, the huge crowds that came out 114 00:07:14.759 --> 00:07:18.439 to see Weismann and the Zionist Party, but were interpreted 115 00:07:18.439 --> 00:07:23.279 as crowds for Einstein. But you know, even though you 116 00:07:23.319 --> 00:07:27.959 know there was the massive crowds, Einstein really contributed to 117 00:07:28.000 --> 00:07:30.920 that through his charisma, his appeal. He made a favorable 118 00:07:31.000 --> 00:07:36.639 impression on reporters and the alignment with the Zeitgeist. You know, 119 00:07:36.680 --> 00:07:41.399 the notion that relativity proved that truths were no longer 120 00:07:41.560 --> 00:07:48.920 absolute contributed to the cultural acceptance of relativity theory. Well, 121 00:07:48.920 --> 00:07:54.600 this brings us to an interesting question that needs to 122 00:07:54.639 --> 00:07:57.759 be tackled with some sensitivity. But it's a very important 123 00:07:57.800 --> 00:08:02.959 topic for understanding than narrative underlying the history of science, 124 00:08:03.160 --> 00:08:06.920 and of course had very significant influence on world history. 125 00:08:06.920 --> 00:08:12.399 And that's the conflict between Jewish physicists and the advocates 126 00:08:12.399 --> 00:08:15.399 of what was called Deutsche physics or German physics in 127 00:08:15.519 --> 00:08:18.800 the Weimar years and then after the Nazis took over. 128 00:08:19.839 --> 00:08:22.720 And it's also important to look at what was going 129 00:08:22.800 --> 00:08:27.199 on and try to set aside our modern day sensibilities, 130 00:08:27.199 --> 00:08:31.160 because people at the time had views that we today, 131 00:08:31.279 --> 00:08:34.720 with our modern perspectives, would regard as being blatantly racist 132 00:08:34.919 --> 00:08:39.799 and anti Semitic. In fact, one very prominent German physicist 133 00:08:40.120 --> 00:08:43.399 declared that Jews are a group of people unto themselves, 134 00:08:43.440 --> 00:08:47.399 that their Jewishness is visible in their physical appearance, that 135 00:08:47.840 --> 00:08:51.120 they noticed their Jewish heritage and their intellectual works, and 136 00:08:51.799 --> 00:08:54.120 they have the same way of thinking and a feeling 137 00:08:54.759 --> 00:09:00.960 now that physicist. The next slide was Albert Einstein himself 138 00:09:01.039 --> 00:09:03.840 in a pamphlet on anti Semitism that he published in 139 00:09:03.919 --> 00:09:10.120 nineteen eighteen. Next, so, if we want to ask what 140 00:09:10.279 --> 00:09:15.200 Jewish physics is and see just analyze for a moment 141 00:09:15.360 --> 00:09:18.799 Einstein's argument that there is such a thing and that 142 00:09:18.840 --> 00:09:21.440 it's of significance. One of the first ways we could 143 00:09:21.440 --> 00:09:24.440 approach it is to speculate that, well, perhaps Jewish physics 144 00:09:24.480 --> 00:09:27.960 is just what you get when Jewish physicists do physics 145 00:09:28.559 --> 00:09:32.480 for relativity. It's hard to advance that because it was 146 00:09:32.759 --> 00:09:37.159 clearly a mix of Jews and non Jews who contributed relativity. 147 00:09:37.320 --> 00:09:41.039 Now Einstein certainly had the leading voice in what became 148 00:09:41.120 --> 00:09:45.000 the modern theory of relativity, it was definitely a mixture. 149 00:09:45.519 --> 00:09:48.799 And even if we look at quantum mechanics, while Neils Borr, 150 00:09:48.840 --> 00:09:51.399 who was one of the pioneers, had a Jewish mother, 151 00:09:52.159 --> 00:09:56.559 if we go to the next slide, Berner Heisenberg really 152 00:09:56.679 --> 00:10:00.960 was the founder of the new theory. According to Einstein's 153 00:10:00.960 --> 00:10:05.200 friend Max Born Now, he was in a youth group, 154 00:10:05.279 --> 00:10:07.879 the White Knights, that got absorbed into the Hitler youth. 155 00:10:08.480 --> 00:10:13.120 Heisenberg contributed or participated in one of the paramilitary organizations 156 00:10:13.320 --> 00:10:17.360 that helped overthrow the Bavarian Socialist Republic, and he was 157 00:10:17.399 --> 00:10:20.080 trusted enough to be head of the German atomic weapons 158 00:10:20.120 --> 00:10:23.360 development program, so it's hard to make a case for 159 00:10:23.480 --> 00:10:31.279 him as being a Jewish physicist. Next, and also, Heisenberg 160 00:10:31.360 --> 00:10:36.080 wasn't alone in creating quantum mechanics. Now, some have criticized 161 00:10:36.200 --> 00:10:41.200 quantum mechanics as the quintessential sort of Jewish science, formalistic 162 00:10:41.480 --> 00:10:46.799 removed from observation, entirely concerned with symbol manipulation, but it 163 00:10:46.879 --> 00:10:51.480 was completed by Einstein's Jewish friend Max Born, and by 164 00:10:51.639 --> 00:10:55.639 Pasqual Jordan. Fact that his contribution was so significant, Einstein 165 00:10:55.919 --> 00:11:00.720 proposed that Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan should share a Nobel 166 00:11:00.840 --> 00:11:05.919 prize for their contributions. But Pascal Jordan, at the same 167 00:11:05.960 --> 00:11:09.480 time he was working on quantum mechanics, was actually contributing 168 00:11:09.679 --> 00:11:16.200 to nationalist magazines in by Our Germany like Blutenboten, Blood 169 00:11:16.240 --> 00:11:21.840 and Soil under a pseudonym and writing relatively extreme nationalist 170 00:11:22.240 --> 00:11:29.720 or right wing essays next, So clearly it was a 171 00:11:29.759 --> 00:11:34.679 mix of Jewish and non Jewish contributors responsible for quantum mechanics. 172 00:11:35.399 --> 00:11:40.519 So to uphold the argument that anyone who supported quantum 173 00:11:40.519 --> 00:11:45.240 mechanics had to be Jewish. Heisenberg's opponents coined the term 174 00:11:45.320 --> 00:11:48.120 a white Jew to describe someone who may not be 175 00:11:48.279 --> 00:11:53.120 ethnically or racially Jewish, but was upholding Jewish ideas like 176 00:11:53.279 --> 00:11:58.159 quantum mechanics was supposed to be. Now. Ironically, Heisenberg's mother 177 00:11:58.519 --> 00:12:02.279 was also friends with the mother of Heinrich Himmler, who 178 00:12:02.360 --> 00:12:08.720 was the head of the Gestapo, and Heisenberg's mom got 179 00:12:08.720 --> 00:12:12.039 together with Himmler's mom and persuaded her to talk to 180 00:12:12.080 --> 00:12:16.480 her son Heinrich about getting his people to lay off 181 00:12:16.960 --> 00:12:20.440 her son, and was successful in that. After Himmler did 182 00:12:20.440 --> 00:12:24.399 his own investigation, he concluded, I believe Heisenberg is a 183 00:12:24.440 --> 00:12:27.279 decent person, and we cannot afford to lose or kill 184 00:12:27.360 --> 00:12:30.120 this man, who is relatively young and can educate a 185 00:12:30.159 --> 00:12:31.639 new generation next. 186 00:12:33.919 --> 00:12:34.240 Now. 187 00:12:35.159 --> 00:12:38.440 These attitudes that Einstein had were shared by many of 188 00:12:38.559 --> 00:12:44.559 his non Jewish colleagues, like for instance, Somerfeld wrote to Lorentz, 189 00:12:44.559 --> 00:12:47.279 who came up with the Lorentz transforms that are key 190 00:12:47.440 --> 00:12:52.639 to relativity, and Somerfeld wrote that as ingenious as Einstein's 191 00:12:52.639 --> 00:12:55.440 approach to special relativity is it seems to me there's 192 00:12:55.480 --> 00:13:00.080 something almost unhealthy in their non constructive and non visualizable dynamic. 193 00:13:00.399 --> 00:13:03.519 An Englishman would hardly have put forth such a theory. 194 00:13:03.960 --> 00:13:07.879 Perhaps what is expressed here is the conceptually abstract nature 195 00:13:07.919 --> 00:13:10.320 of the semit I hope you'll be able to breathe 196 00:13:10.320 --> 00:13:14.320 some life into this ingenious conceptual framework. Now this was 197 00:13:14.440 --> 00:13:18.960 clearly not meant in a derogatory fashion. In fact, Summerfeld 198 00:13:19.080 --> 00:13:21.679 wrote to Vine a year earlier that he had now 199 00:13:21.799 --> 00:13:26.919 studied Einstein, who impresses me greatly, so Somemmrfeld also did 200 00:13:27.000 --> 00:13:30.360 the first class in relativity in Germany, as well as 201 00:13:30.399 --> 00:13:33.159 the first course on Boor's quantum mechanics, so he was 202 00:13:33.279 --> 00:13:36.799 on board with the physics, just objected to some of 203 00:13:36.840 --> 00:13:43.559 the esthetic aspects of it. Next now, Einstein wrote privately 204 00:13:43.799 --> 00:13:47.120 to Borr, I'm confident that Jewish physics is not to 205 00:13:47.159 --> 00:13:50.000 be killed in the middle of World War two, and 206 00:13:50.159 --> 00:13:53.480 Born wrote back, I've always appreciated your good Jewish physics. 207 00:13:53.519 --> 00:13:56.519 But it's evident from what Born wrote that he had 208 00:13:56.559 --> 00:14:00.159 a relatively narrow view of what constituted Jewish physics, that 209 00:14:00.600 --> 00:14:03.799 it was trying to get hold of the laws of 210 00:14:03.919 --> 00:14:07.320 nature by thinking alone engaging in thought experiments. 211 00:14:07.639 --> 00:14:07.960 Next. 212 00:14:10.600 --> 00:14:19.559 Next, Now, Einstein himself had a somewhat loose association between 213 00:14:19.799 --> 00:14:23.840 fact or experiment in theory. In nineteen nineteen, he was 214 00:14:23.919 --> 00:14:27.759 asked what his reaction would have been if the eclipse 215 00:14:27.759 --> 00:14:31.519 had disproved general relativity, and Einstein's reaction was to say, well, 216 00:14:31.519 --> 00:14:33.879 then I would feel sorry for the Good Lord, because 217 00:14:33.919 --> 00:14:37.360 the theory is correct anyway. In a debate with Nernst, 218 00:14:37.399 --> 00:14:41.440 on the other hand, Nerdst spoke of a certain causal relationship, 219 00:14:41.639 --> 00:14:44.679 and Einstein remarked, I don't think this relationship holds good. 220 00:14:45.639 --> 00:14:49.320 But my esteemed colleague replied, Nernst, it is justice relationship 221 00:14:49.399 --> 00:14:53.159 upon which yourself quite recently insisted in a lecture. To 222 00:14:53.200 --> 00:14:56.320 his amazement, Einstein replied, how can I help it if 223 00:14:56.320 --> 00:14:58.840 the Good Lord will not ratify what I maintained in 224 00:14:58.840 --> 00:15:03.039 my lecture. So there is a sense in which Einstein's 225 00:15:03.080 --> 00:15:09.720 approach to physics involved word games, a disconnection between experiment 226 00:15:09.840 --> 00:15:16.159 and theory. Next, So it's important to understand that what 227 00:15:16.320 --> 00:15:20.480 was so revolutionary and caused such controversy about relativity was 228 00:15:20.519 --> 00:15:26.440 Einstein's adaptation of Mack's positivism. This idea that we should 229 00:15:26.440 --> 00:15:30.039 look only at what the observer sees, and not worry 230 00:15:30.080 --> 00:15:33.600 about mechanisms or processes or an ether or anything else 231 00:15:33.600 --> 00:15:35.399 that might be going on to give rise to this. 232 00:15:35.919 --> 00:15:40.039 So that's why in special relativity Einstein reduced it to 233 00:15:40.080 --> 00:15:43.320 two principles. The speed of light appears constant to all observers, 234 00:15:43.320 --> 00:15:45.440 and the laws of physics are the same in all 235 00:15:45.440 --> 00:15:50.240 inertial reference frames. Well, when Heisenberg came to Berlin to 236 00:15:50.279 --> 00:15:54.840 present one of his first lectures on quantum mechanics, Einstein 237 00:15:54.919 --> 00:15:58.240 invited Heisenberg home, and Heisenberg wrote about this in his 238 00:15:58.240 --> 00:16:03.200 book Physics and Beyond in nightteen seventy years after Einstein's death. 239 00:16:03.759 --> 00:16:08.720 But the way Heisenberg described it, Einstein was very disturbed 240 00:16:08.759 --> 00:16:11.840 by the fact that in Heisenberg's quantum mechanics there was 241 00:16:11.879 --> 00:16:15.840 no such thing as an electron path or a trajectory, 242 00:16:16.360 --> 00:16:21.320 and Heisenberg quoted Einstein back to Einstein arguing that we 243 00:16:21.360 --> 00:16:24.639 should focus just on the observables, that we're not measuring 244 00:16:24.679 --> 00:16:28.600 the path or only measuring where it ends up. That 245 00:16:28.679 --> 00:16:33.080 bothered Einstein, and according to Heisenberg, he replied, perhaps I 246 00:16:33.200 --> 00:16:36.159 did use such a philosophy earlier, and also wrote it, 247 00:16:36.440 --> 00:16:42.399 but it is all nonsense, just the same. Next, So 248 00:16:43.120 --> 00:16:46.120 if you look at who really influenced Einstein, it's clear. 249 00:16:46.240 --> 00:16:50.120 In his early career Mack was one of the primary 250 00:16:50.480 --> 00:16:53.519 influences that physics is all about observables and we don't 251 00:16:54.080 --> 00:17:00.960 imagine fundamental physical causes like the ether Mack. But Einstein 252 00:17:01.000 --> 00:17:06.839 was also deeply influenced by a Dutch philosopher and scientist 253 00:17:07.079 --> 00:17:12.079 of Portuguese Jewish extraction, Spinoza, who argued that there were 254 00:17:12.160 --> 00:17:15.720 deep causal connections between everything in reality, even if they 255 00:17:15.720 --> 00:17:20.480 weren't obvious. So Mack, for his part, even in his 256 00:17:20.559 --> 00:17:24.880 old age, commented that he accepted relativity just as little 257 00:17:24.880 --> 00:17:29.359 as he accepted the existence of Adams. At that time, 258 00:17:29.799 --> 00:17:32.960 Einstein argued that his mode of thinking was much closer 259 00:17:33.000 --> 00:17:36.200 to positivism than it was later on, that his departure 260 00:17:36.240 --> 00:17:39.240 came only when he developed general relativity around nineteen fifteen 261 00:17:39.359 --> 00:17:47.039 or so. Next, let's go to the next slide. So 262 00:17:47.559 --> 00:17:51.200 the question is is there only one kind of physics? 263 00:17:51.279 --> 00:17:54.559 And many people who tackle this question and look at 264 00:17:54.960 --> 00:17:57.640 whether there's such a thing as Jewish physics default to 265 00:17:57.680 --> 00:18:00.599 the answer that there is no such thing as Jewish physics. 266 00:18:00.599 --> 00:18:04.720 Because really there's just physics. But even one of the 267 00:18:04.759 --> 00:18:08.640 scholars I found making that argument acknowledged one's cultural mil 268 00:18:08.759 --> 00:18:12.359 You may contribute to one's approach and the way one 269 00:18:12.599 --> 00:18:16.680 approaches problem seeking and answering questions. So it's worthwhile to 270 00:18:16.720 --> 00:18:22.440 step back and consider other approaches to physics, and three 271 00:18:22.640 --> 00:18:24.960 that I want to identify and highlight here are an 272 00:18:25.079 --> 00:18:28.519 English approach, a French or continental approach, and then the 273 00:18:28.559 --> 00:18:35.839 German nature philosophy approach. Now, the English approach to physics 274 00:18:36.039 --> 00:18:44.279 has long involved a focus on mechanisms and models. I 275 00:18:44.279 --> 00:18:48.039 already mentioned. Somemrfeld said an Englishman would never have put 276 00:18:48.079 --> 00:18:51.680 forth a theory with non constructive and non visualizable dogmatics 277 00:18:51.880 --> 00:18:58.759 like special relativity. Wilhelm Wein wrote to Ernest Rutherford that 278 00:18:58.920 --> 00:19:03.039 relativity theory something new Anglo Saxons will never understand because 279 00:19:03.039 --> 00:19:08.279 it requires a genuine German feeling for abstract speculation. Now 280 00:19:08.279 --> 00:19:11.079 we can trace English physics all the way back to 281 00:19:12.240 --> 00:19:15.119 the thirteenth century. I mean one of the first English 282 00:19:15.160 --> 00:19:19.559 physicists was Robert gross Test who did fundamental work in 283 00:19:19.680 --> 00:19:23.720 optics and the experimental method. His student, Roger Bacon, was 284 00:19:23.759 --> 00:19:27.440 one of the first experimental scientists and laid out the 285 00:19:27.480 --> 00:19:32.119 principles of induction that were taken up by Francis Bacon 286 00:19:32.160 --> 00:19:35.279 and others later. Of course, Isaac Newton was the quintessential 287 00:19:35.400 --> 00:19:41.000 English physicist, leading to the view of a clockwork universe. 288 00:19:41.599 --> 00:19:46.400 Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell applied that in electrodynamics, 289 00:19:46.400 --> 00:19:50.119 coming up with the concept of fields pervading space, and 290 00:19:50.400 --> 00:19:53.799 Oliver Heaviside and Heinrich Kurtz brought that to fruition with 291 00:19:53.839 --> 00:19:57.880 their work in electromagnetics. And of course, ironically the physicist 292 00:19:57.960 --> 00:20:02.240 responsible for putting the capstone on the English physics program 293 00:20:02.279 --> 00:20:06.440 was Heinrich Hurtz, who was not only German but also 294 00:20:06.480 --> 00:20:12.480 half Jewish, so clearly being English is not necessarily a 295 00:20:12.920 --> 00:20:17.799 requirement for practicing English physics. Next, at the same time, 296 00:20:17.799 --> 00:20:21.160 there was also a French or continental approach to physics 297 00:20:21.519 --> 00:20:25.599 that looked more at mathematical models and abstraction for gathering 298 00:20:25.640 --> 00:20:31.000 deeper knowledge. You can look at Pierre Louis Moperty, for instance, 299 00:20:31.160 --> 00:20:34.759 who generalized Newtonian dynamics with the principle of least action 300 00:20:35.240 --> 00:20:38.480 or low pital, who thought Newton's laws were a priori 301 00:20:38.519 --> 00:20:42.480 deductions of pure thought and the lagrange. You declared he 302 00:20:42.519 --> 00:20:46.720 had no use for figures and diagrams, only exact algebraic expressions. 303 00:20:46.720 --> 00:20:49.039 And this is what I talked about last time, the 304 00:20:49.079 --> 00:20:53.400 notion of a platonic or deductive approach to physics. The 305 00:20:53.440 --> 00:20:57.119 French Continental School liked physics to be kind of like 306 00:20:57.160 --> 00:21:01.799 Euclidean geometry. We have a few well described, well defined, 307 00:21:01.880 --> 00:21:05.920 well accepted axioms, and we deduce from those axioms the 308 00:21:05.920 --> 00:21:09.559 physical laws. Of course, that was very much, very similar 309 00:21:09.599 --> 00:21:17.119 to what Einstein did with special relativity. Next, but now 310 00:21:17.119 --> 00:21:20.720 we get to German physics, and one of the key 311 00:21:22.720 --> 00:21:27.880 intellectual figures of German culture is Johann GeTe. He was 312 00:21:28.240 --> 00:21:31.079 not only a scientist but also a philosopher and poet. 313 00:21:31.160 --> 00:21:35.559 Some people call him the German Shakespeare. He wrote a 314 00:21:35.759 --> 00:21:39.559 very famous play. Of course, the concept had been tackled 315 00:21:39.559 --> 00:21:42.200 by other people, but he had his own version of 316 00:21:42.240 --> 00:21:46.160 the play Faust, the famous play in which a scholar 317 00:21:46.839 --> 00:21:49.759 sells his soul to the devil in order to achieve 318 00:21:49.880 --> 00:21:55.359 knowledge and worldly gain. And one thing in that play 319 00:21:57.039 --> 00:22:01.240 caught Heisenberg's attention, and he quoted a long passage from 320 00:22:01.240 --> 00:22:04.799 which i'll just give you a small snippet where Mephistopheles 321 00:22:05.079 --> 00:22:09.400 is counseling faust I counsel you, my dear young friend, 322 00:22:09.480 --> 00:22:12.400 A course of logic to attend your mind will then 323 00:22:12.440 --> 00:22:15.839 be so well braced in Spanish boots, so tightly laced, 324 00:22:16.039 --> 00:22:20.400 that henceforth, by discretion taught will creep along the path 325 00:22:20.440 --> 00:22:22.839 of thought, and not with all the winds that blow 326 00:22:23.160 --> 00:22:28.480 go willow wisping to and fro. So that illusion of 327 00:22:28.519 --> 00:22:32.359 the Spanish boots. The infamous torture device that the Inquisition 328 00:22:32.440 --> 00:22:36.920 would clamp around the legs and feet of people to 329 00:22:37.000 --> 00:22:44.039 crush them and extract a confession, is described by Geta 330 00:22:44.119 --> 00:22:48.440 as imposing these bounds on reason. Of course, Gota's view 331 00:22:48.799 --> 00:22:52.000 was that you shouldn't tightly lace the Spanish boots, that 332 00:22:52.039 --> 00:22:57.359 you should allow your reason free realm and be willing 333 00:22:57.400 --> 00:23:05.160 to entertain paradoxical and potentially contradictory ideas. And ironically, I 334 00:23:05.200 --> 00:23:09.039 found that exact same phrase about not lacing the spirit 335 00:23:09.119 --> 00:23:13.480 in Spanish boots in the writings of nerdst when he 336 00:23:13.640 --> 00:23:18.000 was arguing back long before quantum mechanics was argued to 337 00:23:18.079 --> 00:23:21.119 have made this happen, that reality had to be a 338 00:23:21.240 --> 00:23:24.599 causal and we shouldn't lace our thoughts in Spanish boots 339 00:23:24.599 --> 00:23:29.160 by demanding causality. So this was clearly a key concept 340 00:23:29.319 --> 00:23:32.599 that the German physics community was thinking of. 341 00:23:32.880 --> 00:23:35.359 Next, right, so the Spanish boots are like an iron 342 00:23:35.400 --> 00:23:38.079 maiden for your feet. Right, So it's like that's the picture. 343 00:23:38.119 --> 00:23:42.880 There is the spiked steel put around. So that's it 344 00:23:42.920 --> 00:23:45.720 for people who just have audio. Right. Right. 345 00:23:47.640 --> 00:23:51.680 Well, now, what we talked last time a little bit 346 00:23:51.799 --> 00:23:57.920 about the beginning of the controversy on relativity leading up 347 00:23:57.960 --> 00:24:03.960 to Einstein's visit to America, and that had a really 348 00:24:04.640 --> 00:24:09.440 devastating effect not only on Einstein but also on his critics. 349 00:24:10.119 --> 00:24:14.319 Einstein dismissed his critics as ignorant or anti Semitic in 350 00:24:14.319 --> 00:24:18.160 a famous New York Times interview upon coming to America 351 00:24:18.359 --> 00:24:21.519 and elsewhere, and that really became a self fulfilling prophecy. 352 00:24:22.559 --> 00:24:25.519 Next, interesting, so. 353 00:24:25.480 --> 00:24:26.960 I want to go back and talk a little bit 354 00:24:27.000 --> 00:24:32.279 about some of his leading critics. One was Philip Leonard. 355 00:24:32.640 --> 00:24:36.599 I mentioned him a little bit earlier. Leonard's mentor was 356 00:24:36.720 --> 00:24:42.400 the German Jewish physicist Heinrich Hertz, and Leonard actually spent 357 00:24:43.160 --> 00:24:45.599 a good year or so working on the proofs of 358 00:24:45.680 --> 00:24:49.359 Hertz's book after his death and making sure that his 359 00:24:50.519 --> 00:24:53.039 mentor's last book came out correctly. He had a lot 360 00:24:53.119 --> 00:24:57.400 of respect for Hertz and later in life described what 361 00:24:57.440 --> 00:24:59.839 a great scientist he thought Hurtz was, despite the fact 362 00:24:59.839 --> 00:25:04.039 that he was half Jewish. He assisted Renken on his 363 00:25:04.440 --> 00:25:08.640 pioneering work developing X rays and was not happy that 364 00:25:08.720 --> 00:25:13.720 Renkin did not give him credit. He claimed JJ Thompson, 365 00:25:13.839 --> 00:25:17.319 a British physicist and plagiarized him. But nevertheless, through his 366 00:25:17.359 --> 00:25:21.119 diligent experimental work, he won the nineteen oh five Nobel 367 00:25:21.200 --> 00:25:25.960 Prize for his work on cathode rays and for identifying 368 00:25:26.119 --> 00:25:31.279 and measuring the photoelectric effect that was the same physical 369 00:25:31.279 --> 00:25:34.400 phenomenon that Einstein got his Nobel Prize for ultimately, but 370 00:25:34.440 --> 00:25:39.240 for providing a theoretical explanation of it. He was outstanding lecturer. 371 00:25:39.599 --> 00:25:43.359 Even Einstein's girlfriend, who became his wife, wrote a letter 372 00:25:43.400 --> 00:25:48.960 to Einstein while attending lectures from Leonard and extolling what 373 00:25:49.000 --> 00:25:51.359 a wonderful lecturer he was. He's put as much time 374 00:25:51.799 --> 00:25:55.440 into setting up experimental demonstrations for his students as he 375 00:25:55.480 --> 00:25:59.000 did for his own research, and he carried on a 376 00:25:59.039 --> 00:26:02.519 cordial of course respondents with Einstein. After Einstein's paper on 377 00:26:02.559 --> 00:26:05.640 the photo electric effect came out, they exchanged a number 378 00:26:05.680 --> 00:26:07.839 of letters and had a very you know, he didn't 379 00:26:07.880 --> 00:26:11.519 agree with Einstein's interpretation, but they had a cordial correspondence. 380 00:26:12.000 --> 00:26:14.440 But the events of World War One were really the 381 00:26:14.480 --> 00:26:23.319 turning point for Leonard. Leonard blamed England for setting France 382 00:26:23.319 --> 00:26:26.319 and Russia against Germany and World War One. And that's 383 00:26:26.720 --> 00:26:33.039 not without some justification. The British and forced a very 384 00:26:33.119 --> 00:26:37.039 strict and devastating blockade on Germany. In fact, they continued 385 00:26:37.039 --> 00:26:41.240 that even after the war ended, until the final Treaty 386 00:26:41.240 --> 00:26:46.599 of Versailles was signed. Lots of Germans experienced privation and 387 00:26:46.759 --> 00:26:52.160 even starvation. Leonard's own son, Werner, died in nineteen twenty 388 00:26:52.200 --> 00:26:55.799 two from the side effects of that long malnutrition that 389 00:26:55.839 --> 00:26:59.920 he suffered during the war years. In fact, Max Borne 390 00:27:00.039 --> 00:27:06.480 commented a mutual colleague Caro Runge in Gertingen was emaciated 391 00:27:06.759 --> 00:27:11.359 in a letter to Einstein and very angry about the fact. Well. 392 00:27:11.400 --> 00:27:14.640 In addition to his personal tragedy of losing his son, 393 00:27:15.680 --> 00:27:20.079 Leonard also became bankrupted by the hyperinflation. He like a 394 00:27:20.079 --> 00:27:22.880 good German patriot, invested all of his money and his 395 00:27:22.880 --> 00:27:27.160 Nobel Prize winnings in German war bonds, and those got 396 00:27:27.599 --> 00:27:32.880 inflated away into nothing, and he was insulted by Einstein. 397 00:27:33.279 --> 00:27:45.839 Next So, in nineteen twenty two, Einstein's Zionist friend Blumenfelt 398 00:27:46.240 --> 00:27:51.440 was good friends with a German Jewish financier, Walter Rathanow, 399 00:27:51.839 --> 00:27:54.680 and three of them would get together in Rathenau's apartment 400 00:27:54.759 --> 00:27:59.160 and talk. At that time, blumen tried to persuade Rathenow 401 00:27:59.240 --> 00:28:01.480