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Speaker 1: Radiant energy. The kinds of energy are very few, although

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the methods of using, applying, and manifesting same are innumerable.

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Let us begin with one of the best known forms

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of energy, namely heat. Heat was formally regarded as a

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very fine fluid or substance called caloric, which was supposed

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to enter into substance and then manifest the phenomenon of heat.

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This idea has long been relegated to the scrap pile

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of science. The present theory, which is supported by a

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mass of evidence obtained through investigation and experimentation, is that

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heat is a form of energy arising from the vibratory

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motions of the particles of substance, a mode of motion.

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The degrees of heat are termed temperature. Temperature depends upon

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the rate of the heat vibrations of the particles of substance,

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either arising from the original motion of the particles, or

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else from vibrations or motion aroused in them by transmission

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from particles of other bodies of substance, these vibrations being contagious.

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Temperature then means the measure of the vibrations of the particles.

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All bodies of substance have some degree of temperature some

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degree of heat vibration of its particles. Science has a

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pleasant scientific friction of an absolute zero at the degree

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of four hundred and ninety one below zero fahrenheit. But

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this is merely an imaginary something with which the grown

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up children of science amuse themselves. When two bodies are

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brought near each other, the nearness being comparative and in

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some cases meaning a distance of millions of miles, heat

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is transmitted from the warmer to the cooler body until

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the temperatures are equalized, that is, until the two bodies

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vibrate in unison. In physics, we are taught that the

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transmission of heat may be accomplished in three ways, although

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the writer is of the opinion that the three ways

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are but three forms of one way. The first form

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is called conduction, whereby the vibration or heat is conveyed

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along a body of substance from its warmer to its

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cooler parts, for instance, an iron poker with one end

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in the fire. The second form is called convection, whereby

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the visible motion of heated substance moving along the air

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for instance hot air, hot water, steam, et cetera, either

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by means of pipes or by allowing them to pass

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freely through the air. The third form is called radiation,

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whereby the vibrations are believed to be transformed into waves

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of the ether, which will be spoken of later. In

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addition to what has been said on the subject in

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our chapter entitled the Paradox of Science, the writer thinks

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that a little consideration will show us that the same

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rule operates in all of the above cases, and that

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conduction and convection are but forms of radiation. For instance,

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in conduction, there must be a few particles first set

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into vibration, the saying gradually passing on to the others

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farther and farther away. Passing, how by contact replies physics.

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But the particles are never in absolute contact. There always

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is plenty of space between them, and so there must

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be some kind of waves passing through the space between them,

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which space is not filled with air or other form

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of substance, but only with the ether or something that

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takes its place, So that after all, conduction is but

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a form of radiation, and the same rule will apply

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in the case of convection. Heat arises from several causes,

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all of which, however, manifest through the vibration of the

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particles of the body evidencing the heat. These causes may

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be stated as one original motion of the particles of

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a body of substance, arising from some workings of the

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law of attraction and including motion arising from chemical action, combustion, etc.

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Two from transmission or contagion from some other body of substance,

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the particles of which are vibrating at the rate of heat.

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Three from interrupted motion, including friction both of the moving

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body with the air or other substance, and the friction

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of a current or electricity passing through the body. In

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each of the above cases, the actual and immediate cause

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of the heat is the vibration of the particles of

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the substance manifesting the heat. Although the transmitted vibratory waves

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or the interrupted motion friction, current, etc. May have been

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the instigator or provoker of such vibration, the interrupted motion, friction,

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or wave does not produce the heat, but merely arouses

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or provokes the increased vibration of the particles that really

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manifest the heat. At the least, Remember, the heat is

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in the particles of the body that feels or experiences it.

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The vibrations of heat seem to have the properties of

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causing the molecules to draw further apart and to manifest

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less attraction or more repulsion, whichever way one cares to

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express it. This moving away of the molecules tends to

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cause the body to increase in volume or size, and

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occasions what is known as expansion in substance. In this way,

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heat transforms solids into liquids, liquids into gases or vapors,

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the change being wholly a matter of the relative distances

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of the molecules. Magnetism is another form of energy and

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is generally believed to be a part of the phenomena

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of electricity, if indeed not a form of electricity itself.

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Science knows very little about the nature of magnetism, but

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in a general way holds to the theory that it results

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from the vibration or motion of the particles of substance.

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As do all other forms of energy, the magnet genetic

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qualities of a body may be increased or decreased by

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motion affecting the relation of the molecules, which fact has

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been regarded as having some bearing on the theory. Electricity

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is a form of energy that science regards as also

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arising from the vibration or motion of the particles of substance.

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It is transmitted, like heat, by conduction and radiation, the

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waves tending to provoke similar vibrations in the particles of substances,

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receiving them. By many careful investigators, Electricity is believed to

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be very closely related to the phenomenon called light, both

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having much in common, Science seems to be discovering new

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points of resemblance between them, and it is possible that

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in the near future they will be seen to be

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but varying forms of the same thing. The purposes of

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this book do not call for an extended consideration of

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the properties of electricity, the same being served by a

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consideration of its nature being ade akin to that of

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the other forms of energy, namely vibration or motion in

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or among the particles of matter. Light is a form

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of energy, the study of which is of the greatest

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interest to science, for the reason that the field seems

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to be widening out continuously and reaching out into the

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territory formally thought to be the special region of electricity,

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and in another direction, it seems to be reaching out

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into the territory of heat, the latter being considered by

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many to be but a form of light in its

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lower vibrations. In fact, the writer of this book so

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considers the subject, and for the purposes of this book,

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in latter chapters, he will combine electricity, heat, and light,

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including also the phenomena known as the X rays, Becquerel rays,

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radium waves, et cetera, as forms of light. The combined

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forms of energy to be called radiant energy. In this combination,

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he believes that he is in line with the latest

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and best thought of modern science. However, he does not

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insist upon his readers following this idea, and so if

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they prefer they may think of each of these forms

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as separate and distinct, and yet not run contrary to

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the line of thought of the book. Light is not

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the simple thing that it is considered to be by

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the general public. It is composed of many parts, qualities,

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and manifestations. Its rays, when separated by the spectrum, are

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seen to consist of waves or vibrations of differing degrees

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of rate and intensity. The lower range contains the heat rays,

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and it is interesting to know that there are rays

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of heat too far down in the scale to be

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evidenced by human senses that may be distinguished by delicate instruments.

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But there are rays still further down in the scale

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that are known to exist theoretically that cannot be registered

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even by the finest instruments. To gain an idea of

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the delicacy of these instruments, let us remember that Professor

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Langley has an instrument called the bolometer that is so

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delicate that it registers a change of temperature of one

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millionth of a degree and will register the heat of

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a candle one in one half miles distance from it.

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Light vibrations arise from combustion, friction, electricity, et cetera, causing

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the particles to assume increased motion. Let us consider the

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report of the spectrum. Beginning with waves or vibrations far

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below the sensibility of man, the scale shows in advance

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until the first warm vibration of iron was reached. This

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first indication of warmth comes when the vibrations reach the

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rate of thirty five trillion per second. Then gradually they

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increase until a dull red glow is noticed the lowest

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visible light ray when the vibrations are four hundred and

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fifty trillion per second. Then come the orange rays, then

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the golden yellow then the pure yellow, then the greenish yellow,

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then the pure green, then the greenish blue, then the

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ocean blue, then the cyanic blue, then the indigo, then

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the violet, the latter evidencing when the vibrations reach the

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rate of seven hundred and fifty trillion per second. Then

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come the ultraviolet rays, invisible to human sight but evidenced

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by chemical media. In this ultraviolet region lies the X

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rays et cetera, and also the actinic rays that produce photographs,

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sunburn one's face and blister the nose, that cause violent

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explosions in chemicals, that transform forms of substance that are

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employed to cure skin diseases, et cetera. These actinate or

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chemical rays have an important role to play in plant life,

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for they act upon the green leaves of the plant,

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causing a chemical change by which carbonic acid and water

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are transformed into sugar and starches. Some of the rays

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of the ultraviolet region of life penetrate substances formally considered

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solid and impenetrable, and some of them, emitted from radium

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et cetera, would destroy organic life if applied in sufficient quantities.

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Some of them are practically waves of electricity, so that

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light and electricity are seen to be closely related. To

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give one an idea of the differences produced by different

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rates of vibration, let us imagine a mass of iron

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shaped like a great top, capable of being impelled to

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spin at a constantly increasing rate of speed by some

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mighty will. At first, it is seen as a slowly

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spinning top, manifesting nothing but slow motion to our senses.

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Now imagine our top spinning at a rate doubling each second.

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The first second, the top spins at the rate of

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two revolutions per second, we notice no change, except that

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we can see the movement. The next second, the revolutions

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are doubled to four per second, then doubling each second,

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we have, respectively revolutions of eight per second, then sixteen,

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and then in the fifth second, thirty two per second.

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Then we begin to notice a change. When the revolutions

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reach thirty two per second. The friction of the moving

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top on the air causes it to give forth a

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very low, deep base note of sound. This note is

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like a low, deep hum, and is the lowest possible

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of perception by the human hearing. Although it is possible

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that some of the lower forms of life may be

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conscious of still lower vibrations. The six second, the revolutions

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reach sixty four, and the low note has grown much

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higher in the scale. The seven second records a rate

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of one hundred and twenty eight, and the note has

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correspondingly increased. Then, as the seconds pass, we have successively

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two hundred and fifty six, five hundred and twelve, one

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thousand and twenty four, two thousand and forty eight, four

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thousand and ninety six, eight thousand, one hundred and ninety two,

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sixteen thousand, in three hundred eighty four thirty two thousand,

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seven hundred sixty eight, the latter in the fifteenth second,

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and representing the highest note recognizable by the human ear,

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although it is believed that some of the lower animals

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may recognize sounds too acute for our sense of hearing.

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During this increase in revolutions, from the fifth second to

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the fifteenth the sound note has risen rapidly in the scale,

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from the low sullen hum on through the notes of

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the musical scale and beyond the range of instruments, until

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the shrillness becomes so intense as to be almost unbearable,

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and finally terminating in a shrill, piercing shriek like the

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squeak of the bat, only long drawn out. Then, from

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the termination of the sound, by reason of the rate

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of vibration having become too high, silence reigns for thirty

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seconds absolute silence, in spite of the rapidly increasing rate

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of vibrations, in fact, because of it. When the forty

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fifth second is reached and the revolutions have reached the

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rate of thirty five trillion, one hundred and eighty four billion,

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three hundred and seventy two million, eighty eight thousand, eight

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hundred and thirty two per second, our top begins to

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emit heat rays, increasing each second. Then a little later,

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a dull, dim glow may be noticed. Then, as the

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seconds fly, the dull glow manifests a deep dark red color,

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such as one notices in the iron of the blacksmith's shop.

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Soon after it begins to glow, then on and on,

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as the seconds fly, the deep red grows lighter and brighter,

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gradually changing into orange, then into yellow, then into green,

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then into blue, then into indigo, then into violet, and

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then into the color of white heat. Then this white

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heat changes into a still more dazzling white, and then

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a white impossible to describe, appears so bright, clear and

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brilliant that the eye cannot bear the sight. Then suddenly

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the intense brightness is succeeded by absolute darkness, and the

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moving top cannot be seen by the eye, and yet

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it moves on. The highest recorded chemical rays of light

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are estimated to equal a rate of vibration of one quadrillion,

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eight hundred and seventy five trillion per second. The vibration

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of the lowest shade of red light is estimated at

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four hundred and fifty trillion, and the highest of violet

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at seven hundred and fifty trillion per second. So we

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may imagine what the highest line on the spectrum is like,

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still vibrating our top, which has become now a mass

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of vaporized iron, rapidly tending towards still more ethereal forms.

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It has passed out from the region of light waves

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into another unknown region of vibrations, in which region, however,

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exists the vibrations known to us as the X rays,

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et cetera. It is throwing off great quantities of electrons.

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If we were to use a floor rescent screen, we

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would be able to observe the phenomena of the rankin

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rays and similar manifestations of radiant energy, on and on

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vibrates the top of what we once called iron, cold iron,

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warm iron, hot iron, melted iron, gaseous iron, etherealized iron.

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If you like what it is like now, the imagination

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of man cannot conceive. Still the revolutions continue doubling each

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second what is being produced. The imagination cannot conceive of

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what this state of substance now being reached is like.

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By a scientific form of poetry, we might think of

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it as melting into energy, pure energy, if there were

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such a thing. Long since it has been resolved into

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its original particles, its corpuscles, and perhaps into the stuff

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from which particles are made. But we must let the

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curtain drop. The wildest fancy cannot follow the dance of

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substance any further. The theory of the transmission of vibrations

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of radiant energy by means of waves in the ether

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or something that takes the place of the ether has

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been mentioned in other parts of the book. Referring again

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to it, the writer would say that he thinks it's

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probable that the waves coming in contact with the countless

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corpuscles in the Earth's atmosphere communicate a high rate of

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motion to them, the result being that they take on

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the vibrations immediately and pass along with the wave current.

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The result being that much that we consider as waves

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of light, heat, and electricity are but streams of these

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corpuscles in which vibrations have been awakened by the waves.

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This idea will help to explain some of the phenomena

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of light, which seemed more understandable under the old light

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corpuscle theory of Newton than under the wave theory of

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recent years. The ideas advanced merely for the purpose of

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setting down the thought, for it plays no important part

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in the theory of the book. Another matter that should not

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be overlooked in connection with light and heat and electricity

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is that particles absorb or catch the vibrations in different

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degrees their receptivity depending upon their particular vibratory mode or

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custom of their kind. If unable to absorb the vibrations,

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they reflect them. Substance of any particular kind absorb heat

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in the degree of its atomic weight. In the next

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chapter we shall learn something of the law of attraction.

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That wonderful law that makes possible any motion or radiant

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energy