Speaker 1: Welcome to Bedtime Astronomy. Explore the wonders of the cosmos
Speaker 1: with our soothing Bedtime Astronomie podcast. Each episode offers a
Speaker 1: gentle journey through the stars, planets, and beyond, perfect for
Speaker 1: unwinding after a long day. Let's travel through the mysteries
Speaker 1: of the universe as you drift off into a peaceful
Speaker 1: slumber under the night sky.
Speaker 2: I want you to tray something for me real quick.
Speaker 2: Just close your eyes for a second. Imagine you are
Speaker 2: standing outside on a really perfect day. It's mid July.
Speaker 2: Maybe you're at the beach or just hanging out in
Speaker 2: your backyard, and you feel that warmth hitting your face.
Speaker 2: It feels totally consistent, right. It feels a steady, like
Speaker 2: a reliable old radiator that just you know, keeps the
Speaker 2: whole planet alive.
Speaker 3: It is a very comforting sensation. Yeah, honestly, it is
Speaker 3: the definition of stability for most of us.
Speaker 2: But here's the thing about that feeling. It is a
Speaker 2: complete lie. Ah, It is a total illusion, because if
Speaker 2: we could strip away the distance, if we could zoom in,
Speaker 2: and I mean really really zoom in, that steady ball
Speaker 2: of light is actually a screaming, chaotic nightmare of nuclear fire.
Speaker 3: Well, nightmare might be a bit subjective, but chaotic is
Speaker 3: definitely scientifically precise to us. It's a light bulb, but
Speaker 3: up close it's a battlefield, right.
Speaker 2: And usually when we talk about this, we talk about
Speaker 2: the big explosions, the flares, the coronal mass ejections that
Speaker 2: sound like doomsday.
Speaker 3: Weapons, dramatic events.
Speaker 2: Yeah, But today, for this exploration, we are looking at
Speaker 2: something different, something strangely organized amidst all that chaos. I
Speaker 2: want you to picture a giant blast of glowing gas,
Speaker 2: but instead of just exploding everywhere randomly, it forms a shape,
Speaker 2: a very specific shape.
Speaker 3: We are talking about turbulence, but not just random turbulence.
Speaker 3: We're talking about structure.
Speaker 2: We are talking about smoke rings. We are giant planet
Speaker 2: size smoke rings rolling off the surface of the Sun.
Speaker 2: It sounds completely impossible, but we are going to unpack
Speaker 2: a major new study that says this is exactly what
Speaker 2: is happening right now.
Speaker 3: And this is an old news by the way, this
Speaker 3: is very fresh from the.
Speaker 2: Lab, literally days old. This study comes from the University
Speaker 2: of Hawaii at MANOAH, published just two days ago February eighteenth,
Speaker 2: twenty twenty six. It's in the Astrophysical Journal, which I'm
Speaker 2: told is a pretty huge deal.
Speaker 3: Oh, it is the gold standard for this kind of research.
Speaker 3: If it is in there, the data has been put
Speaker 3: through the absolute ringer.
Speaker 2: The research is led by A. Shadia Habal at the
Speaker 2: Institute for Astronomy, and what her team found it basically
Speaker 2: changes how we understand the Sun's atmosphere. They found that
Speaker 2: the Sun is pumping out these aerodynamic shapes vortex rings
Speaker 2: that actually travel through space. It's literally like the Sun
Speaker 2: is blowing smoke rings at us.
Speaker 3: It is a fantastic image, but the physics behind it
Speaker 3: are even more interesting because this is about energy transfer,
Speaker 3: It is about the invisible machinery that drives space weather,
Speaker 3: and ultimately it is about understanding the environment we actually live.
Speaker 2: In, because, as you always remind me, we don't just
Speaker 2: live on Earth. We actually live inside the atmosphere of
Speaker 2: the Sun.
Speaker 3: We do, we absolutely do, and that atmosphere is a
Speaker 3: lot more turbulent than we ever thought.
Speaker 2: So let's start this investigation. We have the what is
Speaker 2: the smoke rings on the Sun, But I really want
Speaker 2: to start with the how, because when I was reading
Speaker 2: through the study, one thing stood out immediately. They didn't
Speaker 2: find this using the ten billion dollar James Webb telescope.
Speaker 2: They didn't find it using the Solar Dynamics Observatory or
Speaker 2: some giant satellite can use the moon, right, They used
Speaker 2: a solar eclipse. And I have to ask the really
Speaker 2: obvious question. Here we are in twenty twenty six. We
Speaker 2: have probes that can literally touch the Sun as atmosphere.
Speaker 2: Why are we still relying on a rock floating in
Speaker 2: front of the Sun to do cutting edge science? Why
Speaker 2: is the moon a better tool than our best technology?
Speaker 3: It is a fair question. It feels a bit analog,
Speaker 3: doesn't it Like using a sun dial in the age
Speaker 3: of the Apple Watch?
Speaker 2: Exactly? It feels complete nage.
Speaker 3: But it all comes down to a very specific problem
Speaker 3: in optics called dynamic range. Think about it this way.
Speaker 3: Imagine you were driving at night and a car is
Speaker 3: coming towards you with its high beams blaring. You are
Speaker 3: completely blinded. Yeah, Now imagine a moth flies right in
Speaker 3: front of those headlights. Can you see the moth?
Speaker 2: No? Way, The glare is way too strong.
Speaker 3: Right, The signal to noise ratio is impossible. The Sun
Speaker 3: is millions of times brighter than its outer atmosphere, which
Speaker 3: we call the corona. To see the corona, that faint,
Speaker 3: wispy moth, you have to block.
Speaker 2: The headlight, which is what we do with satellites, isn't it.
Speaker 2: They have those little metal disks inside them, corona graphs
Speaker 2: they do.
Speaker 3: We build artificial eclipses inside our telescopes. We put a
Speaker 3: little disk right in front of the sensor to block
Speaker 3: the sun. But here's the problem with that diffraction.
Speaker 2: Okay, walk us through diffraction.
Speaker 3: When light hits the edge of that metal disk inside
Speaker 3: the telescope, it bends, it scatters, It creates this fuzzy
Speaker 3: bright edge. To keep that stray light from completely ruining
Speaker 3: the image, we have to make the blocking disc slightly
Speaker 3: larger than the sun itself. We have to overblock.
Speaker 2: Oh so you're covering the Sun, but you're also covering
Speaker 2: the most interesting part, the edge where the surface actually
Speaker 2: meets the atmosphere exactly.
Speaker 3: We lose the inner corona, We lose the shore line
Speaker 3: basically because we are blocking the view of the ocean
Speaker 3: just to save our eyes. But the moon, the moon
Speaker 3: is perfect nature's lens cap. It really is. It is
Speaker 3: effectively infinitely far away from the observer on Earth, so
Speaker 3: there's no scattering inside your eye or inside the telescope.
Speaker 3: It fits over the Sun with incredible precision. When the
Speaker 3: Moon blocks that bright disc, we can see right down
Speaker 3: to the surface. We get this eclipse view that reveals
Speaker 3: details no satellite can match.
Speaker 2: And the study mentions this specifically. It says that standard
Speaker 2: satellite observations show a smoothed out view of the corona.
Speaker 3: Right, if you look at a satellite image, the corona
Speaker 3: looks like this soft, growing halo. It looks almost static,
Speaker 3: like a painting.
Speaker 2: But the eclipse view, the eclipse.
Speaker 3: View reveals the truth. It isn't a soft halo at all.
Speaker 3: It is made of thousands of sharp, distinct threads. It
Speaker 3: is far more dynamic.
Speaker 2: Dynamic is just the polite scientist word for chaos.
Speaker 3: Right in this context, yes, it means everything is moving,
Speaker 3: twisting and changing constantly. These threads are magnetic field lines,
Speaker 3: and they are guiding the plasma in very complex ways.
Speaker 3: But here is the real kicker with this specific study
Speaker 3: from the University of Hawaii. They didn't just take one
Speaker 3: picture of one eclipse and call it a day.
Speaker 2: That's the other part that blew my mind and eclipse
Speaker 2: last what four minutes?
Speaker 3: If you are lucky, sometimes it's two minutes.
Speaker 2: So you have two minutes of data. How do you
Speaker 2: build a massive scientific paper on two minutes of data?
Speaker 3: You don't, You wait, you travel, and you do it again.
Speaker 3: Shadiyahabal and her team didn't just chase one shadow. This
Speaker 3: study utilizes data collected over nearly twelve years.
Speaker 2: Twelve years. That is incredible dedication just chasing two minute
Speaker 2: windows around the world.
Speaker 3: It is fundamental though. Think about the Sun's heartbeat. The
Speaker 3: Sun isn't the same every single day. It goes through
Speaker 3: a cycle, the solar cycle, which is roughly eleven years long.
Speaker 2: Right, solar minimum and solar maximum.
Speaker 3: Exactly. At solar minimum, the sun is relatively quiet, the
Speaker 3: magnetic field is organized. At solar maximum, the magnetic field
Speaker 3: is a tangled mess, and the Sun is firing off
Speaker 3: flares left and right. If you only looked at one
Speaker 3: eclipse in say twenty fifteen, you wouldn't know if what
Speaker 3: you saw was normal or just a weird Tuesday.
Speaker 2: You need the whole movie, not just a screenshot.
Speaker 3: Precisely, by tracking this over a full twelve year cycle,
Speaker 3: have All's team can see the evolution they could prove
Speaker 3: that these structures they found weren't just accidents. They are
Speaker 3: a fundamental part of how the sun works.
Speaker 2: Okay, so we have the perfect tool, the eclipse. We
Speaker 2: have the long term data, twelve years of chasing shadows
Speaker 2: across the globe. Now let's get to the thing they
Speaker 2: actually found, the smoke rings.
Speaker 3: The vortex rings.
Speaker 2: Use the fancy term if you want, but they look
Speaker 2: like smoke rings to me. The study describes turbulent structures
Speaker 2: forming in the corona.
Speaker 3: Yes, and this is a big deal because for a
Speaker 3: long time the corona was thought to be fairly laminar, smooth,
Speaker 3: flowing in straight lines like water in a calm river. Ay,
Speaker 3: But what they found was turbulence, eddies, swirls, and specifically,
Speaker 3: these vortex rings explain.
Speaker 2: The physics of a vortex ring. To us, how do
Speaker 2: you get a donut shape made of gas?
Speaker 3: It is a fluid dynamics classic. A vortex ring forms
Speaker 3: when a fast moving slug of fluid pushes through a
Speaker 3: stationary or slower moving fluid. The friction at the edges
Speaker 3: basically rolls the fluid back on itself.
Speaker 2: Like blowing a smoke ring, you push the smoke out
Speaker 2: quickly through your lips, and the air in the room
Speaker 2: drags on the edges and it spins into a doughnut exactly.
Speaker 3: Seeing this on the Sun tells us something very specific.
Speaker 3: There is a massive speed difference involved. There is a
Speaker 3: pulse of energy pushing plasma through the atmosphere at incredible speeds.
Speaker 2: And the study also mentions rolling waves. They compared them
Speaker 2: to clouds on Earth.
Speaker 3: Yes, likely Kelvin Helmoltz instabilities. You have seen these before.
Speaker 3: Have you ever looked up at the sky and seen
Speaker 3: a cloud layer that looks like ocean waves breaking like
Speaker 3: a perfect row of surfer curls.
Speaker 2: Yeah, they look like a van go painting. It's super trippy.
Speaker 3: Yeah, that happens when two layers of air moving past
Speaker 3: each other in different speeds, the sheer force rolls the
Speaker 3: boundary up into a wave. Finding that on the Sun
Speaker 3: is remarkable, means the solar atmosphere isn't just hot gas
Speaker 3: hanging there. It has weather, It has wind shear, it
Speaker 3: has storms.
Speaker 2: Makes the Sun feel so much more tangible. It's not
Speaker 2: just a light source. It's a place, a place with
Speaker 2: really really violent weather.
Speaker 3: Violent is the right word, because remember on Earth, those
Speaker 3: clouds are water vapor On the Sun, there are a
Speaker 3: million degree plasma.
Speaker 2: Which leads me to the next big question. On Earth
Speaker 2: storms are caused by hot air meeting cold air, or
Speaker 2: high pressure meeting low pressure. What causes a storm on
Speaker 2: a star? What is the engine creating these smoke rings?
Speaker 3: That is the core discovery of this paper. They trace
Speaker 3: these smoke rings back to their source, and the culprit
Speaker 3: is a structure called a prominence.
Speaker 2: A prominence, I've seen pictures of these. They look like
Speaker 2: big l loop sticking out of the sun like handlebars.
Speaker 3: A good visual. A prominence is a large, bright feature
Speaker 3: extending outward from the Sun's surface. It is anchored to
Speaker 3: the Sun, usually in a loop shape. But here's the
Speaker 3: thing that makes them chaotic. They are cold.
Speaker 2: Okay, you keep doing this, you say cold when we
Speaker 2: are talking about the Sun explained.
Speaker 3: It is all relative. The corona, the outer atmosphere where
Speaker 3: these things live, is bafflingly hot. It is over a
Speaker 3: million degrees celsius. Okay, But the prominence, the material inside
Speaker 3: that loop, it is much much cooler, maybe tens of
Speaker 3: thousands of degrees.
Speaker 2: So it's basically an ice cube in.
Speaker 3: That specific environment. Yes, it is a dense, heavy, cool
Speaker 3: iceberg of plasma sitting right in the middle of a
Speaker 3: sparse million degree furnace.
Speaker 2: And I'm guessing those two things don't get along.
Speaker 3: Nature hates a sharp gradient. Nature wants equilibrium. When you
Speaker 3: have cool, dense matter right next to hot, thin matter,
Speaker 3: you create an incredibly unstable boundary. It's a plash. It
Speaker 3: is a war zone of physics. The study explained that
Speaker 3: where these two extremes meet, you get sharp changes in
Speaker 3: temperature and density. This creates massive instability. The hot plasma
Speaker 3: tries to rush in the cold plasma is heavy and
Speaker 3: tries to fall. The magnetic fields are twisting to hold
Speaker 3: it all together.
Speaker 2: It sounds like a pressure cooker lid rattling before it blows.
Speaker 3: That is a great analogy. And when it rattles, it
Speaker 3: creates turbulence. It sheds these layers. The instability triggers the
Speaker 3: formation of these vortex rings. It basically peels them off
Speaker 3: the main structure.
Speaker 2: So the smoke rings are essentially the exhaust from this
Speaker 2: clash between the hot atmosphere and the cool loop.
Speaker 3: Exactly. They're the visible sign of the Sun trying to
Speaker 3: balance out this massive temperature difference.
Speaker 2: Okay, so we have the storm, we have the smoke
Speaker 2: rings forming, but usually turbulence just stops. If I stir
Speaker 2: my coffee, the swirl lasts for a few seconds and
Speaker 2: then friction kills it right.
Speaker 3: In normal fluid dynamics, viscosity eats up the energy, the
Speaker 3: turbulence dissipates into heat.
Speaker 2: But Hubball's team says, these things don't just sit there
Speaker 2: and fade out. They travel.
Speaker 3: They do, and this is the part that connects the
Speaker 3: Sun to us.
Speaker 2: There's a quote from Haball in the notes. For the
Speaker 2: first time, we were able to watch these turbulent structures
Speaker 2: form near the Sun and then follow them as they
Speaker 2: float outward.
Speaker 3: Flowed outward. That implies survival.
Speaker 2: But how did they track them? You just said the
Speaker 2: eclipse only last a few minutes. You can't watch a
Speaker 2: smoke ring travel a million miles and four minutes.
Speaker 3: No, you can't. This is where they had to get
Speaker 3: really clever and combine their ancient eclipse method with the
Speaker 3: absolute cutting edge. They took the high resolution images from
Speaker 3: the ground, the eclipse data, and they overlaid them with
Speaker 3: data from space, which satellite the Parker Solar Probe, specifically,
Speaker 3: the whisper instrument, the wide fueled imager for solar probe.
Speaker 2: The Parker Solar Probe. That's the one that's basically hugging
Speaker 2: the Sun right. Yeah.
Speaker 3: It is the fastest man made object in history, and
Speaker 3: it is actively diving into the solar corona. It is
Speaker 3: flying through the very atmosphere we are discussing right now.
Speaker 2: That is bonkers. So they take the picture from Earth
Speaker 2: and they take the picture from the probe inside the corona.
Speaker 3: And they match the structure. They saw the exact same
Speaker 3: vortex rings in the eclipse data and in the space
Speaker 3: based images.
Speaker 2: That is the smoking gun.
Speaker 3: It is, and it proves that these features remain intact
Speaker 3: over enormous distances. They survive the journey away from the
Speaker 3: Sun moving out into the Solar system.
Speaker 2: How how does a swirl of gas hold its shape
Speaker 2: for millions of miles magnetism.
Speaker 3: If this were just normal gas, it would dissipate, Okay,
Speaker 3: but this is plasma. It is highly charged. It carries
Speaker 3: a magnetic field. These vortex rings are essentially magnetic capsules.
Speaker 3: The magnetic field locks the plasm in place, holding the
Speaker 3: shape together as it travels through the vacuum.
Speaker 2: So it's not just a puff of smoke. It's a
Speaker 2: magnetic bullet.
Speaker 3: That is a very evocative and somewhat concerning way to
Speaker 3: put it.
Speaker 2: But yes, which brings us to the part of the
Speaker 2: show where we ask, so what why should you or
Speaker 2: I care? I'm sitting here on Earth drinking my coffee.
Speaker 2: Why do I care if the Sun is firing magnetic
Speaker 2: bullets into space?
Speaker 3: Because you are in the line of fire? Comforting, We
Speaker 3: need to talk about the solar wind.
Speaker 2: Okay, the solar wind, I know it exists. It's the
Speaker 2: stuff that makes the northern lights right, that is.
Speaker 3: The beautiful side of it. Yes, the solar wind is
Speaker 3: a constant stream of charged particles flowing out from the
Speaker 3: Sun in all directions. It fills the entire solar system.
Speaker 3: But we have always had a really hard time explaining
Speaker 3: exactly how it gets so fast. It actually accelerates as
Speaker 3: it moves away from the Sun.
Speaker 2: Which makes no sense at all. Gravity should be pulling
Speaker 2: it back and slowing it down.
Speaker 3: Exactly. Something is pushing it, something is adding energy to
Speaker 3: the flow.
Speaker 2: And let me guess the smoke rings.
Speaker 3: The smoke rings. The study suggests that this turbulence, these
Speaker 3: vortex rings and rolling waves plays a key role in
Speaker 3: accelerating the solar.
Speaker 2: Winds, so they are like little booster rockets.
Speaker 3: They are packets of energy and momentum. As they travel outward,
Speaker 3: they transfer that energy to the surrounding particles, kicking the
Speaker 3: wind up to higher and higher speeds.
Speaker 2: So the storms on the Sun are basically the engine
Speaker 2: that drives the wind that hits Earth.
Speaker 3: Correct And that wind isn't just a gentle breeze when
Speaker 3: it hits Earth. We call it space weather.
Speaker 2: Space weather. It always sounds like a bad sci fi
Speaker 2: movie title to me, But it's a real problem for
Speaker 2: our tech, isn't it.
Speaker 3: It is a critical vulnerability for modern society. When the
Speaker 3: solar wind is turbulent, when it is full of these
Speaker 3: dense magnetic structures, it impacts Earth's magnetic field. It compresses it,
Speaker 3: it shakes.
Speaker 2: It, and that shaking breaks things.
Speaker 3: It disrupts things heavily. The study explicitly lists the consequences. First,
Speaker 3: up satellites GPS. GPS, your phone knows exactly where you
Speaker 3: are because it receives a signal from a satellite with
Speaker 3: nanosecond precision. That signal has to pass through the ionosphere,
Speaker 3: the upper part of our.
Speaker 2: Atmosphere, and when a solar storm hits.
Speaker 3: The honosphere gets churned up. It gets thicker in places,
Speaker 3: thinner in others. It delays the signal, and.
Speaker 2: A delay means an error.
Speaker 3: A delay means your phone thinks the satellite is further
Speaker 3: away than it actually is. Suddenly your GPS says you're
Speaker 3: driving in the middle of a lake.
Speaker 2: Which is annoying for me trying to mind a coffee shop,
Speaker 2: but probably a catastrophic for a self driving car or
Speaker 2: an airplane landing in fog exactly.
Speaker 3: Then there is radio communication, high frequency radios used by airlines,
Speaker 3: and the military can be completely blacked out.
Speaker 2: And the big one the power grid a grid.
Speaker 3: This is the black Swan event everyone fears in this field.
Speaker 2: Explain how a storm on the Sun turns off the
Speaker 2: lights in Chicago.
Speaker 3: It is basic physics. A changing magnetic field creates an
Speaker 3: electric current. That's literal how a generator works. When a
Speaker 3: solar storm hits Earth, it causes our planet's magnetic field
Speaker 3: to fluctuate wildly. It wiggles, it wiggles, and that wiggling
Speaker 3: field induces electrical currents in any long conductor on the ground,
Speaker 3: like power lines, like power lines, oil pipelines, undersea internet cables.
Speaker 3: Suddenly you have massive amounts of uncontrolled electricity flowing through
Speaker 3: wires that were definitely not designed.
Speaker 2: For it, and the transformers explode, they melt.
Speaker 3: It has happened before. The nineteen eighty nine Quebec blackout
Speaker 3: is the classic example. Six million people lost power in
Speaker 3: ninety seconds because of the solar storm.
Speaker 2: And that was nineteen eighty nine. We didn't have nearly
Speaker 2: as much tech dependency then.
Speaker 3: Exactly, we are far more vulnerable now. So bringing it
Speaker 3: back to Shorty A. Hubball's research, this isn't just about
Speaker 3: finding cool shapes in the corona.
Speaker 2: It is about prediction, right, because if we know how
Speaker 2: these things form in the first.
Speaker 3: Place, exactly, Hubball says, understanding where this turbulence comes from
Speaker 3: is key to predicting those impacts. If we know that
Speaker 3: a specific type of prominence interacting with the corona in
Speaker 3: a specific way generates these vortex.
Speaker 2: Ranks, we can spot it before it hits us.
Speaker 3: We can look at the sun and say, okay, see
Speaker 3: that loop on the eastern edge. It's unstable, it's pumping
Speaker 3: out turbulence. We're going to see a spike in solar
Speaker 3: wind velocity in three days.
Speaker 2: And that actually gives us time to prepare.
Speaker 3: We can put satellites in safe mode. We can d
Speaker 3: couple parts of the power grid to prevent a cascading failure.
Speaker 3: We can reroute flights away from the poles.
Speaker 2: It moves us from just reacting to disaster to actually
Speaker 2: forecasting it.
Speaker 3: It turns a potential disaster into a manageable event. Is
Speaker 3: the ultimate goal of all this space weather research.
Speaker 2: It is wild to think about the chain of events here.
Speaker 2: We started with a shadow a moon blocking the sun
Speaker 2: Step one. Then we saw the threads, then the prominence,
Speaker 2: the cold loop step two, then the clash, the temperature
Speaker 2: fight that creates.
Speaker 3: The smoke rings step three.
Speaker 2: Then the rings travel boosts the solar wind fly across
Speaker 2: ninety three million miles of empty.
Speaker 3: Space and potentially knock out your Wi Fi.
Speaker 2: The butterfly effect, but with million degree.
Speaker 3: Plasma, the plasma effect.
Speaker 2: I like that. You know, this whole investigation has really
Speaker 2: changed how I look at the Sun. I mean, usually
Speaker 2: I just try not to get a sunburn. I don't
Speaker 2: think about the machinery of it all.
Speaker 3: It is humbling. I often think about the dual nature
Speaker 3: of the sun it is the giver of life. Without it,
Speaker 3: we are just a frozen rock in the dark. Photosynthesis, warmth, rain,
Speaker 3: it all comes from that energy. But at the same time,
Speaker 3: it is a monster. It is a source of constant,
Speaker 3: violent change. It is a nuclear bomb that literally never
Speaker 3: stops exploding.
Speaker 2: And the eclipse is the only time we really get
Speaker 2: to peek under the hood.
Speaker 3: It's the only time the glare stops long enough for
Speaker 3: us to see the gears turning, to see the vortex
Speaker 3: ring spinning out.
Speaker 2: It reminds us that we are living next to a
Speaker 2: very active, very powerful neighbor.
Speaker 3: A neighbor that throws wild parties and occasionally tosses a
Speaker 3: smoke ring over the.
Speaker 2: Fence, and we just have to hope our windows don't break.
Speaker 3: Yeah, precisely.
Speaker 2: So here's the thought I want to leave you with, Listener,
Speaker 2: We are moving toward a time where solar eclipses are
Speaker 2: going to happen again. The next time you see a
Speaker 2: picture of one, maybe on your feed, or maybe you
Speaker 2: are lucky enough to be in the path of totality.
Speaker 2: Don't just look at the beauty.
Speaker 3: Don't just look at the halo.
Speaker 2: Yeah, don't just admire the diamond ring effect. Look closer,
Speaker 2: look at the texture. Ask yourself, what invisible storms are
Speaker 2: rolling off that edge right now? What magnetic vortexes are
Speaker 2: spinning out into the dark, headed right toward us.
Speaker 3: It is a beautiful view, but there is a massive
Speaker 3: amount of physics happening in the dark.
Speaker 2: It's not just a shadow, it's a laboratory, and thanks
Speaker 2: to researchers like Shadia Habal, we are finally learning how
Speaker 2: to read the data.
Speaker 3: Always more to learn out there, always.
Speaker 2: Thanks for joining us on this trip to the edge
Speaker 2: of the sun.
Speaker 3: It was a pleasure.
Speaker 2: We'll see you on the next investigation. Stay curious, characters,
Speaker 2: U