WEBVTT

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<v Speaker 1>Get value.

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<v Speaker 2>You can't argue with at Tesco with their amazing club

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<v Speaker 2>card prices. Serve up something special with our finest meal

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<v Speaker 2>the strip loin steaks with pepper corn butter or delicious

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<v Speaker 2>pirous chicken Parmesana served with creamy potato grit term and

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<v Speaker 2>her mix of rainbow root vegetables and enjoy Goozillionaire or

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<v Speaker 2>Salder caramel cheesecake. Can't argue with that shop in store

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<v Speaker 2>or online Tesco. Every little helps available the most stores,

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<v Speaker 2>prices very in express.

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<v Speaker 3>Your flat out and your to do list is growing

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<v Speaker 3>by the minute, but unfortunately so is your headache. And

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<v Speaker 3>now you've gone from flat out to flattened. Luckily, Panadal

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<v Speaker 3>extra film coated tablets are boosted by caffeine and they

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<v Speaker 3>get to work in as little as ten minutes for

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<v Speaker 3>powerful relief. That's more than just paracetamol. That's one for

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<v Speaker 3>Pana doll speed based on absorption data contains paracetamol.

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<v Speaker 1>Always read the label or leaflet.

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<v Speaker 4>All right, just a little up top, Hello, this is

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<v Speaker 4>an encore of a very special episode to me, and

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<v Speaker 4>I am under the summer weather with some sort of

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<v Speaker 4>tiny little plague.

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<v Speaker 1>But this is a great episode. Wow.

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<v Speaker 4>Also stick around to the very very end of the

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<v Speaker 4>episode for a new fresh secret about why this one

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<v Speaker 4>means so much to me. Also, I slept thirteen hours

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<v Speaker 4>last night and then took a nap tonight, so the

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<v Speaker 4>hell I don't know?

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<v Speaker 1>Okay?

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<v Speaker 4>Onward, Oh hey, it's a lone air pod under the

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<v Speaker 4>bench at a bus stop. Alleyward back with fresh horrors

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<v Speaker 4>for you. Let's not get ahead of ourselves though, But

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<v Speaker 4>straight up, if kids are listening with you, think about

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<v Speaker 4>high tailing it right now to asmologies episode. Instead, they're

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<v Speaker 4>in the main podcast feed. They're up at alleyward dot

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<v Speaker 4>com slash ssmologies, which is linked in the show notes.

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<v Speaker 4>Smologies are short and classroom safe. This one is not.

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<v Speaker 1>It is not. Are we good?

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<v Speaker 4>Good? Okay, let's get to otters. First off, thank you

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<v Speaker 4>listener Isaiah Nubins, who suggested this guest and particular after

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<v Speaker 4>hearing a review I read from a wis from the

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<v Speaker 4>Urology episode and a wix dreamed that Neutrology was an

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<v Speaker 4>episode and your dreams are coming true right now, all

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<v Speaker 4>of our dreams. Also, thank you just to everyone for

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<v Speaker 4>leaving and writing reviews.

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<v Speaker 1>They matter so much. I read every single one.

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<v Speaker 4>And this week we hit a really big lifelong goal

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<v Speaker 4>of mine because of your reviews and subscribing and ologies,

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<v Speaker 4>was the number one science podcast on Apple. It's been

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<v Speaker 4>five years we hit number one. People, Let's do some

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<v Speaker 4>air horns and a tiny imperceptible but dance good talk,

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<v Speaker 4>huge giant goal. I can't believe it.

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<v Speaker 1>Thank you so much.

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<v Speaker 4>Thanks also to everyone on patroon dot com slash ologies

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<v Speaker 4>for supporting the show. Each week though for reviews I

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<v Speaker 4>pick a fresh one to prove that I see them all.

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<v Speaker 4>And this week thank you to Shermworm who wrote come

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<v Speaker 4>for the science facts, stay for the fields. And also

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<v Speaker 4>thank you future ologist Mackenzie King, who described the show

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<v Speaker 4>as a massage to my brain while drinking espresso. Okay,

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<v Speaker 4>get into it. Trology it's a word. It's been cited

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<v Speaker 4>in the literature one time, but that counts. JC von Voppelklein,

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<v Speaker 4>a prominent scholar of crustaceans, coined it while describing a

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<v Speaker 4>study about sea otters that was so well written it

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<v Speaker 4>was an interesting read. Quote even for the non lutrinologist.

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<v Speaker 4>So lutriside note comes from a mix of old old

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<v Speaker 4>words for water, hence water water. And then the l

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<v Speaker 4>they think was maybe picked up from lupis like a

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<v Speaker 4>water wolf or ludo meaning to play. It's anyone's guess.

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<v Speaker 4>But otters are in the same mustelide family as weasels

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<v Speaker 4>and wolverines and minx and also badgers, and they are

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<v Speaker 4>full of must and musk and mischief. And you're about

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<v Speaker 4>to get absolutely destroyed by otter facts. Your small talk

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<v Speaker 4>will never recover. Otters will be all you think about

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<v Speaker 4>for the remainder of your life. Also with that, I

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<v Speaker 4>have to issue a trigger and a content warning without

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<v Speaker 4>spoiling too much. Otters are not not violent, and many

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<v Speaker 4>of their behaviors would result in criminal charges if water

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<v Speaker 4>weasels had a justice system. But in other ways they're

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<v Speaker 4>better at relationships than we are now. This otter expert

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<v Speaker 4>studied environmental systems for undergrad and got his PhD in

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<v Speaker 4>ecology and evolutionary biology at UC Santa Cruz and is

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<v Speaker 4>now doing a postdoc at the University of Washington in

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<v Speaker 4>connection with the American Museum of Natural History and the

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<v Speaker 4>University of Texas. So buckle up, boy, howdie hot damn

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<v Speaker 4>get ready for coastal versus Inland otters. Skull morphology that

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<v Speaker 4>tricks our brains, teeth, fur beach pastries, rock pockets, the

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<v Speaker 4>perils of selfless motherhood, kelp naps, the nostalgia of otter droppings,

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<v Speaker 4>molar crunching, and of course otter handholding with scientists and

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<v Speaker 4>certified otter expert lutrinologist, doctor Chris Law.

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<v Speaker 5>My name is Chris Law and I go.

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<v Speaker 1>By he him cool and doctor correct.

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<v Speaker 5>Yes, doctor Law.

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<v Speaker 4>Doctors, we had a suggestion for this ology a few

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<v Speaker 4>weeks ago. Someone had a dream also that there was

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<v Speaker 4>an otters episode, and they woke up and looked for it,

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<v Speaker 4>and then they realized that they just drummed it up.

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<v Speaker 4>And so that is why we hustled to find you,

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<v Speaker 4>because someone had a need for an otter episode. So

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<v Speaker 4>can you tell me how you came to be a

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<v Speaker 4>weasel wizard?

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<v Speaker 5>Yeah, So I essentially started my guest science career with

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<v Speaker 5>polycate worms during my undergrad at UC San Diego.

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<v Speaker 4>These are bristly segmented marine worms which are almost as

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<v Speaker 4>cute as otters. If you're into worms.

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<v Speaker 5>And then as I was applying grad school, I met

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<v Speaker 5>with my future Peachy advisor, Rita Meta at UC Santa

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<v Speaker 5>Cruz and we're just chatting about potential research projects, and

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<v Speaker 5>she studies more at EELS, So I was just assuming

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<v Speaker 5>I was going to be working on some fish project,

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<v Speaker 5>which is fine because that was my plan to go

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<v Speaker 5>up the food chain. But then we were just chatting

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<v Speaker 5>a little bit and she just brought up the idea,

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<v Speaker 5>why don't you just work on sea otters because we're

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<v Speaker 5>in Santa Cruz and they're just all over the place.

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<v Speaker 5>And obviously I was like, ah, yeah, of course.

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<v Speaker 4>So Chris has lived up and down the sunny Pacific

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<v Speaker 4>coast in San Diego and Santa Cruz and Orange County

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<v Speaker 4>and like nearly every California and he was familiar with

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<v Speaker 4>the otters, so the suggestion to work on them was like, hell, yes,

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<v Speaker 4>jack pot Jack Potter.

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<v Speaker 5>I've seen them before, and like there are adorable little

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<v Speaker 5>teddy bears that you just want to hug, and who

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<v Speaker 5>doesn't want to work on them? So like the moment

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<v Speaker 5>she said that, kind of just jumped on that bandwagon

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<v Speaker 5>in and started doing some research into what potential projects

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<v Speaker 5>I could could do. And since they eat all these

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<v Speaker 5>hard shell preaetoms, one of the questions we really wanted

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<v Speaker 5>to look at is just how are they actually breaking

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<v Speaker 5>into those hard items. So kind of just got started

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<v Speaker 5>on that. So basically in undergrad I come from like

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<v Speaker 5>a phylogenetics background and evolutionary background. So I'm kind of

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<v Speaker 5>halfway through working with sea otters or starting to look

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<v Speaker 5>into sea otters. I just got this idea, I have

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<v Speaker 5>to build a phylogenetic tree of all of the not

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<v Speaker 5>only otters, but the weasels, Martins, wolverine, all those guys.

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<v Speaker 5>So I just started building that phylogenic tree and then

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<v Speaker 5>just learning a bunch of natural history by reading about

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<v Speaker 5>this group, Like I have first dayn know that weasels

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<v Speaker 5>were related to otters. So learned more about weasels and

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<v Speaker 5>kind of went this down this rabbit hole to want

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<v Speaker 5>to study why they so elongate?

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah, they are like the docsins of the sea. Why

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<v Speaker 4>are they so long and squiggly?

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<v Speaker 5>The idea is that it came around fifteen or so

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<v Speaker 5>million years ago. That's during the mid mass See Client transition,

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<v Speaker 5>when temperatures drastically decrease, and this expansion of grasslands occurred,

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<v Speaker 5>which then led to diversification of rodents. So then this

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<v Speaker 5>body elongation is hypothesized to have allowed those weasel like

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<v Speaker 5>creatures to go underground to chase all those rodents and

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<v Speaker 5>these tight crevices and whatnot.

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<v Speaker 4>Wow, I had no idea that that is why bodies

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<v Speaker 4>were long. I mean, is that what doc sins are doing?

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<v Speaker 4>Aren't they kind of like the rodent hol dwellers.

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<v Speaker 5>Yeah, so that's the idea between or behind their kind

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<v Speaker 5>of artificial selection right where people really are trying to

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<v Speaker 5>breathe these elongate looking dogs so they can go in

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<v Speaker 5>these tight crevices or burrows to try to get those rodents.

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<v Speaker 5>And during hunting.

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<v Speaker 4>Are they are they just chock full of vertebrae? Do

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<v Speaker 4>they have more vertebrae or do they just have longer

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<v Speaker 4>vertebrae than other animals.

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<v Speaker 5>That is a fascinating question. So, like if you think

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<v Speaker 5>of snakes or eels, they become more elongate by just

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<v Speaker 5>simply adding more vertebrae, which makes sense right, But then

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<v Speaker 5>with mammals we're actually constrained to the number of vertebrate

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<v Speaker 5>that we have. So in carnivorans, which like dogs, bears, cats,

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<v Speaker 5>they have about twenty thoracic lumbar vertebrate and that number

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<v Speaker 5>rarely rarely changes, so it can't become elongate by just

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<v Speaker 5>adding additional vertebrate. They have to actually evolve relatively longer vertebrae.

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<v Speaker 4>I was always wondering that about like my short ish

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<v Speaker 4>poodle dog versus a dosind or like a weasel, those long,

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<v Speaker 4>almost wormy bodies just have longer backbones each individually.

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<v Speaker 5>Yeah, exactly, so they have the exact same number of vertebrae.

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<v Speaker 5>It's just some of those breeds might have relatively longer ones,

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<v Speaker 5>although no one, I don't think anybody has really looked

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<v Speaker 5>into that. So it would be really interesting to see

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<v Speaker 5>the skeletal elements of what actually contributes to those different

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<v Speaker 5>body plans in these different breeds.

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<v Speaker 4>So yes, every time you see a dog that you

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<v Speaker 4>would like to pet, know that it has thirty main

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<v Speaker 4>vertebrae and then between five to twenty three bonus tailbones.

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<v Speaker 4>And corgheese side note, they're born with tails. Did you

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<v Speaker 4>know that big bushy foxtails google It same with Australian

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<v Speaker 4>shepherds and other herding dogs, but they tend to get

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<v Speaker 4>the chop by breeders, because when they were actually used

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<v Speaker 4>for hurting, no one wanted a stomped on tail. And

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<v Speaker 4>I read one twenty eighteen study titled CE seven Vertebra

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<v Speaker 4>Homoeotic transformation in domestic Dogs are pug dogs breaking mammalian

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<v Speaker 4>evolutionary constraints which found that twenty five percent of pugs

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<v Speaker 4>have one fewer vertebra than all other breeds. And I

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<v Speaker 4>like to think that there's some be robed man in

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<v Speaker 4>the sky and God took a vertebra from a snorting,

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<v Speaker 4>farting pug dog.

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<v Speaker 1>And made humans with it. Now, how many do you have?

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<v Speaker 4>Well, you were probably born with thirty three, but you

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<v Speaker 4>now have around twenty four. What happened, Dad?

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<v Speaker 5>I think you wate Nope, they're.

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<v Speaker 4>Just kind of fused together at the bottom, like a

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<v Speaker 4>bag of raisinetes you left in a hot car, only

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<v Speaker 4>it's your sacral spine and your cocsix. For more on this,

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<v Speaker 4>see the Osteology episode. But enough about us, let's talk

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<v Speaker 4>about gazing in wonder at Otters Now. Chris also happens

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<v Speaker 4>to make really gorgeous science art charting the evolution of

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<v Speaker 4>these mammals. In this beautiful colorful detail.

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<v Speaker 1>And where in the tree of life are they?

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<v Speaker 4>Because I feel like I think of an otter, and

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<v Speaker 4>it seems like a cat, an aquatic cat, but also

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<v Speaker 4>kind of like an upside down dog.

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<v Speaker 1>What's happening?

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<v Speaker 5>Yeah, So it's in the order Carnivora, and Carnivora is

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<v Speaker 5>split into two different main grooves, the filiforms, which are

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<v Speaker 5>like your cats, and then the other group are the caniforms,

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<v Speaker 5>which are your dogs, bears, pinnipedes, and the mustelarges, which

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<v Speaker 5>are the raccoons, weaselskunks, orders, all those guys. So basically

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<v Speaker 5>in it caniforms, it goes dogs, bears, pinnipeds, then skunks,

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<v Speaker 5>the red panda, raccoons, and then the Mastellis, which includes

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<v Speaker 5>that really species rich group that includes the otters, the weasels,

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<v Speaker 5>the wolverine, the martins, the honey badger, the European badger.

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<v Speaker 5>There's like over sixty species in Mastellidae.

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<v Speaker 4>Do you dream about this stuff, because I know you

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<v Speaker 4>make art about phylogenetic trees. Does your brain is it

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<v Speaker 4>always trying to kind of construct visuals of this?

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<v Speaker 5>Yeah, I mean that's why I love like learning how

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<v Speaker 5>to make phylogenetic trees. I think it's just such a

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<v Speaker 5>cool way to just like showcase the evolutionary history of

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<v Speaker 5>like physically the tree of life and with the carnivorence

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<v Speaker 5>in general, Like, it's such a diverse group and like

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<v Speaker 5>so many different types of body plans and different sizes

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<v Speaker 5>and shape. So it's really cool to be able to

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<v Speaker 5>visualize all that and like how this one species came

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<v Speaker 5>from this group of species, or how these two closely

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<v Speaker 5>really species are from the same part of tree but

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<v Speaker 5>then look so very different. So yeah, that's part of

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<v Speaker 5>the fun parts of being in the evolutionary.

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<v Speaker 1>Are you an organized person in general?

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<v Speaker 5>I pretend to be. It comes and goes.

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<v Speaker 4>Now, question what is it like to be an autologist?

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<v Speaker 4>Do you get to touch them? Do you get to

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<v Speaker 4>hold them? Do you get to pet their fur? Do

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<v Speaker 4>you get to touch a pelt? Do you get to

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<v Speaker 4>hold their hand? Do they give you clams? What is

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<v Speaker 4>your life like?

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<v Speaker 5>Oh? I mean I wish I could do all of that.

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<v Speaker 5>The closest I've done is touched one. It is honestly

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<v Speaker 5>the softest thing, at least the sea hotter. It's the

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<v Speaker 5>softest thing I've ever felt. I totally understood or understand

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<v Speaker 5>why people back in the day really wanted to hunt

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<v Speaker 5>them just because that pelt like you just want to

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<v Speaker 5>rub your face on them because it's just so soft,

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<v Speaker 5>and I'm sure it's also pretty warm in terms of

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<v Speaker 5>doing all the other stuff in terms of like wanting

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<v Speaker 5>to hold their hands. I don't think I would ever

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<v Speaker 5>want to do that with the wild oatter because they

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<v Speaker 5>will try to eat your face or like bite your

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<v Speaker 5>face if they could. They're pure evil.

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<v Speaker 4>They are pure evil, says doctor Chris Law, a professional lucronologist.

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<v Speaker 4>You knew this was coming, didn't you. Okay, I'm glad

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<v Speaker 4>we jumped right into that because I feel like somehow

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<v Speaker 4>I became informed a few years ago that otters the

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<v Speaker 4>cutest things ever also absolute bastards, evil sexual predators. They

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<v Speaker 4>will steal your stuff and sell it at a pawn

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<v Speaker 4>shop like they're the worst.

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<v Speaker 1>Give us a dark side? How fucked up our otters?

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<v Speaker 5>Oh? I mean yeah, so basically everything you said it

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<v Speaker 5>is true. Probably the worst thing is that they can

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<v Speaker 5>also be dog killers. So apparently there are a couple

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<v Speaker 5>incidents where somebody's dog was just like barking at one

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<v Speaker 5>of the one of these otters, along like the dock

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<v Speaker 5>or something, and I guess that order just got fed up,

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<v Speaker 5>went up to it and just apparently dragged it down,

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<v Speaker 5>and I believe it might have drowned it. But again,

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<v Speaker 5>this is just through word of mouth, so who knows.

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<v Speaker 4>Okay, it's September twenty twenty one. Hurricane Ida is ruining live.

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<v Speaker 4>The pandemic rages on via the Delta variant and Squid

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<v Speaker 4>Game premieres. Yes, folks, that was less than a here

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<v Speaker 4>I go. But meanwhile, in Alaska, otters are terrorizing Anchorage citizens,

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<v Speaker 4>literally chasing and sinking teeth into a nine year old boy,

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<v Speaker 4>and this is not the first time. According to one

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<v Speaker 4>news source quote, officials are currently investigating whether the incidents

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<v Speaker 4>all involve the same group of otters. And it's not

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<v Speaker 4>just in the Last Frontier, it's also in the Sunshine State.

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<v Speaker 5>Cell phone video of a charging otter.

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<v Speaker 4>This is a picture of the alleged otter sent to

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<v Speaker 4>us by Greg Butler.

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<v Speaker 5>Butler says the otter attacked his.

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<v Speaker 1>Dog, Chester. Chester was bitten on the nose after an

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<v Speaker 1>otter charged through his screened in porch. Two of his

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<v Speaker 1>human neighbors were bitten on their heels and hands.

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<v Speaker 5>This otter comes flying out of the lake, just starts

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<v Speaker 5>to chase my bike, actually just right after my bike.

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<v Speaker 4>So while rare, these incidents are not isolated, and in

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<v Speaker 4>communities all over the globe, fearful locals demand of officials

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<v Speaker 4>you water, get that outer out of her.

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<v Speaker 5>I've heard this a couple of times, and this has

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<v Speaker 5>happened a couple of times. So it's kind of gnarly.

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<v Speaker 1>I mean, how big are they?

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<v Speaker 4>Because I feel like river otters are bigger, right, how

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<v Speaker 4>big is sea otter like?

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<v Speaker 1>And also what's the difference between a river otter and

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<v Speaker 1>a sea otter?

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<v Speaker 5>Oh? So actually a sea otter is much bigger than

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<v Speaker 5>a North American river otter. But in California then they

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<v Speaker 5>don't get that big. Those are more Alaskan otters, but

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<v Speaker 5>they are still much bigger than a little river otter.

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<v Speaker 4>And just to back up a little bit, there are

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<v Speaker 4>thirteen species of otter globally. The US has two species,

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<v Speaker 4>the little river otter, about the same weight as a pug,

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<v Speaker 4>and then the sea otters, which off California can be

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<v Speaker 4>up to ninety pounds like a rottweiler, although the beefy

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<v Speaker 4>or Alaskan variety can top one hundred libbys, think like

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<v Speaker 4>a Bernese mountain dof floating around gnawing on a crap.

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<v Speaker 4>Now they're also Eurasian otters about twenty pounds docks and size,

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<v Speaker 4>and some medium size African otters, South American giant river otters,

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<v Speaker 4>which are somewhere between an American river otter and a

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<v Speaker 4>sea otter in size, and then there's the teeny chihuahua

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<v Speaker 4>sized Asian otters. But yes, in the US, I was

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<v Speaker 4>surprised that the river otters were smaller and that the

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<v Speaker 4>sea otters were these hefty clam eating sea beasts. They're

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<v Speaker 4>big and they're not cuddly.

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<v Speaker 5>Definitely can be pretty vicious if you get too close

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<v Speaker 5>to them.

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<v Speaker 4>How did some evolve to hang out in freshwater and

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<v Speaker 4>others seawater or does it even matter because it's their

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<v Speaker 4>breathing air.

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<v Speaker 1>Right, I'm amazed. We don't want have fins and gills.

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<v Speaker 5>Yeah, So, actually all other otters are primarily freshwater. So

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<v Speaker 5>it's the sea otter that's unique. It's that odd ball

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<v Speaker 5>that evolved from all the other otters like about eight

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<v Speaker 5>to ten million years ago, and it went on basically

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<v Speaker 5>its own heavily sh your trajectory, so everything it does,

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<v Speaker 5>everything about their physiology is very different compared to other

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<v Speaker 5>river otters and sea otters are primarily just found in

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<v Speaker 5>the ocean, whereas river otters, especially like North American river

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<v Speaker 5>otters and Eurasian otters, will actually go into the marine

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<v Speaker 5>environment as well, so you can find you can be

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<v Speaker 5>in locations like in Washington where there will be both

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<v Speaker 5>river otters and sea otters.

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<v Speaker 1>Oh, where are they sleeping? Do they go home at night?

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<v Speaker 4>Sea otters either one like, do they sleep in the

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<v Speaker 4>water or do they have like a cave that they

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<v Speaker 4>hang out in on shore?

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<v Speaker 5>Yeah? So so river otters have dens that they hang out.

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<v Speaker 5>I've never actually seen one, but yeah, I'm presumably along

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<v Speaker 5>the shore. But then sea otters actually just float in

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<v Speaker 5>the water, and I'm sure you've heard stories of where

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<v Speaker 5>they can. They'll wrap themselves in some kelp so they

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<v Speaker 5>don't float away and they can take a nap that way.

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<v Speaker 5>They're relatively small marine mammals. They burn a lot of heat,

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<v Speaker 5>so they have to sleep a lot to refuel and

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<v Speaker 5>you always see them like just taking this news to

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<v Speaker 5>conserve some energy.

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<v Speaker 4>Yeah, do you think they hold hands in the wild

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<v Speaker 4>or is that just a publicity video firm a zoo.

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<v Speaker 5>So I don't I actually don't know because I had

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<v Speaker 5>I remember giving a presentation at this I think conference

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<v Speaker 5>and I had an image of that, you know, that

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<v Speaker 5>image of two crs holding hands that was taken at

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<v Speaker 5>one of the aquariums, and somebody gave me shit for

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<v Speaker 5>it without correctly doing that because she said that they

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<v Speaker 5>don't hold hands in the wild. But then apparently a

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<v Speaker 5>couple weeks or months later, there's like some photos of

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<v Speaker 5>wild hotters holding hands. So I don't know.

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<v Speaker 4>So they have a good PR team. They're like, listen,

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<v Speaker 4>TMZ's around the corner. We're going to have to do something.

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<v Speaker 4>Also shout out to otter paparazzi Drew Wharton, the founder

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<v Speaker 4>of ceotters dot com, who in twenty sixteen captured the

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<v Speaker 4>first photo of otters doing.

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<v Speaker 1>This in the wild, like.

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<v Speaker 4>A celebrity couple holding hands walking into nobood to eat

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<v Speaker 4>a bunch of Rossya food. Also, ceotters dot com has

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<v Speaker 4>a live sea otter camps if you would like to

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<v Speaker 4>stare at them with like minded people over the internet.

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<v Speaker 4>What is the autology community like, are people really focused

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<v Speaker 4>on conservation? Are they trying to figure out how to

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<v Speaker 4>increase populations? Like is there a big conservation effort around

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<v Speaker 4>these guys?

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<v Speaker 5>Oh? Yeah, there's a huge effort out all the major aquariums,

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<v Speaker 5>so like the Money Bay Aquarium in California, the Seattle

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<v Speaker 5>Aquarium in Washington. I'm sure up in BC and Alaska

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<v Speaker 5>also has great effort, But the one I'm most familiar

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<v Speaker 5>with are the ones down in Central Coast California where

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<v Speaker 5>the Minority Bear Quarium U see Standa Cruz, the US

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<v Speaker 5>Geological Survey, Fish and Wildlife. Basically all of these organizations

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<v Speaker 5>they do all of this great outreach work and also

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<v Speaker 5>a lot of work with the wild populations to make

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<v Speaker 5>sure that the population is doing well, that individuals are healthy,

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<v Speaker 5>and that you know, all the possible things that could

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<v Speaker 5>affect them are looked into.

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<v Speaker 4>How is their population like the sea otters, for example,

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<v Speaker 4>I feel like people are really rallying for the sea otters,

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<v Speaker 4>like how is their population, Like.

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<v Speaker 1>Is it rebounding at all?

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<v Speaker 4>Because we just did an episode on urchins and they

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<v Speaker 4>were like, urchins are everywhere because sea otters are not.

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<v Speaker 5>Yeah, uh so, I guess it's very different depending on

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<v Speaker 5>what population of sea otters you're talking about, so that

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<v Speaker 5>helped to urchin. The sea otter system is really describing

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00:21:34.039 --> 00:21:37.480
<v Speaker 5>the Alaskan populations pretty well, so that classic killer will

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00:21:37.559 --> 00:21:41.240
<v Speaker 5>is eating the sea otters, which then increases urchins, which

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<v Speaker 5>then decreases helpforce. But then in California the system's a

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<v Speaker 5>little bit different, where the sea otter population is actually

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<v Speaker 5>doing relatively stable. So I think there's about maybe three

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<v Speaker 5>thousand individuals in coast of California. I could be wrong

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<v Speaker 5>on that. I have to check my numbers. He's right,

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<v Speaker 5>but basically the idea is that they are kind of

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<v Speaker 5>constrained between a point conception down south and half Moon

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<v Speaker 5>Bay up north. And the reason why they can't expand

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<v Speaker 5>because they're being attacked by sharks up north, and I

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<v Speaker 5>guess fishermen are pushing them back up from the south,

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<v Speaker 5>so they can't really expand, and that why there's they're

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<v Speaker 5>more like this carrying capacity where they're running out of

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<v Speaker 5>food and that auter population can't really increase because of that.

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<v Speaker 4>So in California they're stuck between a net and a

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<v Speaker 4>shark place. And sea otters have been protected since the

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<v Speaker 4>nineteen eleven International fur Seal treaty after colonization of North

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<v Speaker 4>America led to a dangerous decline. And I looked into

419
00:22:40.039 --> 00:22:43.240
<v Speaker 4>it and yep, there's about three thousand sea otters off

420
00:22:43.279 --> 00:22:46.640
<v Speaker 4>the coast to the Pacific in California, and then ninety

421
00:22:46.680 --> 00:22:49.400
<v Speaker 4>percent of the world sea otters are off the coast

422
00:22:49.400 --> 00:22:52.319
<v Speaker 4>of Alaska. There's about twenty five thousand of them there. Now,

423
00:22:52.319 --> 00:22:55.839
<v Speaker 4>what about the river otters. It's estimated about one hundred

424
00:22:55.839 --> 00:22:59.160
<v Speaker 4>thousand of North American river otters exist in the US

425
00:22:59.160 --> 00:23:03.200
<v Speaker 4>and Canada. According to the banger of a paper river

426
00:23:03.319 --> 00:23:07.119
<v Speaker 4>otter Status, management and distribution in the United States evidence

427
00:23:07.160 --> 00:23:11.559
<v Speaker 4>of large scale population increase and range expansion. So that's good.

428
00:23:11.839 --> 00:23:16.039
<v Speaker 4>And of the world's thirteen species, eight are threatened, including

429
00:23:16.079 --> 00:23:19.559
<v Speaker 4>the Asian small clawed otter and the smooth coated otter,

430
00:23:19.799 --> 00:23:23.319
<v Speaker 4>and one called the hairy nosed otter, which sounds cute

431
00:23:23.400 --> 00:23:26.240
<v Speaker 4>but it might be ferocious. All of these otters are like,

432
00:23:26.440 --> 00:23:28.799
<v Speaker 4>we got to make more otters. Also, I'm gonna warn

433
00:23:28.799 --> 00:23:33.160
<v Speaker 4>you right now this next part contains scenarios and language

434
00:23:33.200 --> 00:23:37.319
<v Speaker 4>that might be literally triggering to victims of violence. Fucking otters,

435
00:23:37.359 --> 00:23:41.880
<v Speaker 4>dude otters, fucking dude sex, lives of otters. What's going on?

436
00:23:42.920 --> 00:23:45.839
<v Speaker 4>How are they making more otters? Is it a horror show?

437
00:23:47.960 --> 00:23:53.519
<v Speaker 5>It basically is very It's basically just yeah.

438
00:23:52.640 --> 00:23:55.440
<v Speaker 1>That's what I heard. That's what I heard. Yeah, it's

439
00:23:55.480 --> 00:23:56.160
<v Speaker 1>not great people.

440
00:23:56.559 --> 00:23:59.000
<v Speaker 4>And I'm bleeping out a word that starts with R

441
00:23:59.119 --> 00:24:01.640
<v Speaker 4>that means sexual self. I know it can be hard

442
00:24:01.640 --> 00:24:03.400
<v Speaker 4>for survivors to hear, so I'm just airing on the

443
00:24:03.400 --> 00:24:05.960
<v Speaker 4>side of bleeping otters.

444
00:24:06.640 --> 00:24:10.759
<v Speaker 5>So, so, females have it rough because basically the moment

445
00:24:10.880 --> 00:24:14.640
<v Speaker 5>they become sexually mature, they are either pregnant or have

446
00:24:14.759 --> 00:24:17.400
<v Speaker 5>a baby with them or a pup with them, until

447
00:24:17.640 --> 00:24:20.880
<v Speaker 5>they literally exhaust to themselves to death. And it's called

448
00:24:21.359 --> 00:24:25.039
<v Speaker 5>end lactation syndrome for the females where they just basically

449
00:24:25.119 --> 00:24:29.000
<v Speaker 5>just die because they're just so exhausted from, you know,

450
00:24:29.119 --> 00:24:32.920
<v Speaker 5>putting so much energy towards their pups or towards milk production,

451
00:24:33.119 --> 00:24:35.519
<v Speaker 5>and they also have to afford for their puffs. And

452
00:24:35.599 --> 00:24:38.720
<v Speaker 5>I'll say one thing, some of those pups are basically

453
00:24:38.880 --> 00:24:42.079
<v Speaker 5>just like little parasites. I remember just watching a mom

454
00:24:42.160 --> 00:24:46.720
<v Speaker 5>and a pup interact, and this pup is almost bigger

455
00:24:46.799 --> 00:24:51.000
<v Speaker 5>than the mom, and it was still hanging out with mom,

456
00:24:51.519 --> 00:24:54.640
<v Speaker 5>and the moment mom goes diving, the pup just like

457
00:24:54.720 --> 00:24:56.920
<v Speaker 5>hangs out on the surface being all cute and happy.

458
00:24:57.000 --> 00:24:59.559
<v Speaker 5>But then when the mom comes up with food, it

459
00:24:59.759 --> 00:25:02.640
<v Speaker 5>just immediately swims to the mom and just starts like,

460
00:25:02.960 --> 00:25:06.680
<v Speaker 5>you know, crying and begging for food. And again this

461
00:25:06.799 --> 00:25:11.680
<v Speaker 5>pup is almost bigger than a mom. Basically, pups usually

462
00:25:11.759 --> 00:25:13.839
<v Speaker 5>stay with the mom for six months to up to

463
00:25:13.880 --> 00:25:15.880
<v Speaker 5>a year, and it's those usually those slackers that are

464
00:25:15.920 --> 00:25:18.000
<v Speaker 5>staying up for a year are usually just as big

465
00:25:18.039 --> 00:25:20.160
<v Speaker 5>as a mom, still continually getting food from it.

466
00:25:20.960 --> 00:25:25.480
<v Speaker 4>How did evolution allow for that? How can how can

467
00:25:26.000 --> 00:25:29.759
<v Speaker 4>they sustain that? These poor ladies? And what are all

468
00:25:29.759 --> 00:25:33.200
<v Speaker 4>the bachelors doing? Are they roving in packs of otters?

469
00:25:33.240 --> 00:25:37.240
<v Speaker 4>Are there like packs of bachelor river otters just terrorizing?

470
00:25:38.440 --> 00:25:42.200
<v Speaker 5>Uh so, so yeah, the evolution question, I think it's

471
00:25:42.319 --> 00:25:44.720
<v Speaker 5>just because that pup will be like nice and fat

472
00:25:44.759 --> 00:25:46.640
<v Speaker 5>and ready to kind of go hunt on its own,

473
00:25:46.720 --> 00:25:49.160
<v Speaker 5>because if it gets weaned too early or at leaves

474
00:25:49.240 --> 00:25:51.319
<v Speaker 5>mom too early, it's not going to be able to

475
00:25:51.359 --> 00:25:53.599
<v Speaker 5>eat or get enough food and it's just going to die.

476
00:25:53.640 --> 00:25:55.319
<v Speaker 5>And in that case, you're just going to lose your

477
00:25:55.359 --> 00:25:58.680
<v Speaker 5>you know, offspring and your genetic potential. Right, if that

478
00:25:58.759 --> 00:26:01.839
<v Speaker 5>happens so evolutionarily, you know, there might be that reason

479
00:26:01.880 --> 00:26:05.599
<v Speaker 5>for why why that pup really wants to extract all

480
00:26:05.640 --> 00:26:08.480
<v Speaker 5>the nutrients from the mom before it can go off

481
00:26:08.519 --> 00:26:11.920
<v Speaker 5>on its own and do its thing. No, no, no, no,

482
00:26:12.000 --> 00:26:15.759
<v Speaker 5>I live with my mom. Oh yeah, you hungry, grayma,

483
00:26:16.319 --> 00:26:19.720
<v Speaker 5>we get some. Yeah. And in terms of the males,

484
00:26:19.759 --> 00:26:22.759
<v Speaker 5>oh yeah, those guys don't do anything once. Basically, the

485
00:26:22.839 --> 00:26:26.920
<v Speaker 5>males are constantly circling females because once that pup leaves,

486
00:26:27.440 --> 00:26:31.799
<v Speaker 5>it's gonna go, you know, reproduced to pass off its genes.

487
00:26:32.279 --> 00:26:34.920
<v Speaker 5>And then once that happens, I mean, it's a it's

488
00:26:34.960 --> 00:26:39.200
<v Speaker 5>a terrifying show that I mean, I'm happy to describe it, but.

489
00:26:39.160 --> 00:26:42.200
<v Speaker 4>You know, give us the dirt one thousand content and

490
00:26:42.240 --> 00:26:43.039
<v Speaker 4>trigger warnings.

491
00:26:43.759 --> 00:26:47.839
<v Speaker 5>So normally, once once that female is free, the male

492
00:26:47.880 --> 00:26:51.039
<v Speaker 5>would get on it and then essentially where the male

493
00:26:51.160 --> 00:26:54.359
<v Speaker 5>will bite onto the female's nose. So often you'll see

494
00:26:54.519 --> 00:26:57.480
<v Speaker 5>females with ripped noses and you can easily tell that

495
00:26:57.599 --> 00:26:59.960
<v Speaker 5>the female just because it's biting down on that note

496
00:27:00.279 --> 00:27:07.279
<v Speaker 5>and basically forcing itself on it to you know, facets

497
00:27:07.319 --> 00:27:08.119
<v Speaker 5>facet jeans.

498
00:27:08.839 --> 00:27:11.039
<v Speaker 1>Oh my god, So.

499
00:27:11.319 --> 00:27:14.920
<v Speaker 5>Once that happens, the male just leaves and you'll probably

500
00:27:15.000 --> 00:27:16.279
<v Speaker 5>never see the female ever again.

501
00:27:16.920 --> 00:27:20.799
<v Speaker 4>Oh, I like want to file for restraining orders on

502
00:27:20.880 --> 00:27:25.599
<v Speaker 4>behalf of female otters, Like this is not okay, Yeah,

503
00:27:25.680 --> 00:27:26.640
<v Speaker 4>it's not okay.

504
00:27:26.920 --> 00:27:28.319
<v Speaker 1>Do they have any defenses?

505
00:27:28.400 --> 00:27:30.279
<v Speaker 4>Like do they have thicker fur or do they have

506
00:27:30.400 --> 00:27:33.240
<v Speaker 4>like an extra claw anywhere or like mace?

507
00:27:33.880 --> 00:27:36.279
<v Speaker 5>No, I don't think so. And yeah, and also the

508
00:27:36.400 --> 00:27:39.720
<v Speaker 5>females are much smaller than the male, so they're kind

509
00:27:39.759 --> 00:27:42.359
<v Speaker 5>of defenseless in that regard.

510
00:27:42.960 --> 00:27:45.680
<v Speaker 4>Oh my god, I want them to evolve a pepper sprayland.

511
00:27:46.359 --> 00:27:50.559
<v Speaker 4>That's horrible, horrible. I want them to go on strike

512
00:27:50.720 --> 00:27:53.160
<v Speaker 4>and live in their own happy island. Me, like, get

513
00:27:53.200 --> 00:27:54.039
<v Speaker 4>your own urchins.

514
00:27:54.480 --> 00:27:58.519
<v Speaker 5>I know, if only they could otherwise. Yeah, like I said,

515
00:27:58.680 --> 00:28:01.559
<v Speaker 5>basically that's the female and they do this for maybe

516
00:28:01.599 --> 00:28:05.119
<v Speaker 5>like twelve fifteen years at the most in the wild,

517
00:28:05.200 --> 00:28:10.000
<v Speaker 5>where basically they just get pregnant a couple times or

518
00:28:10.039 --> 00:28:12.200
<v Speaker 5>like a lot of times during their lifetime and just

519
00:28:12.240 --> 00:28:16.359
<v Speaker 5>reproduce and have pups and cycle just continues over and

520
00:28:16.400 --> 00:28:20.640
<v Speaker 5>over against until they die from exhaustion. It's pretty nuts.

521
00:28:20.839 --> 00:28:24.559
<v Speaker 1>Oh what about in captivity?

522
00:28:24.599 --> 00:28:27.400
<v Speaker 4>We have no right obviously to enforce any of our

523
00:28:28.480 --> 00:28:32.480
<v Speaker 4>like assumed ethics sexual ethics on otters. But in captivity,

524
00:28:32.480 --> 00:28:35.359
<v Speaker 4>are they like, hey, dude, not at all or do

525
00:28:35.400 --> 00:28:38.039
<v Speaker 4>they just have to let nature be terrible?

526
00:28:38.480 --> 00:28:38.559
<v Speaker 1>No?

527
00:28:38.759 --> 00:28:42.039
<v Speaker 5>So, usually in captivity, all the odds that you might

528
00:28:42.079 --> 00:28:44.599
<v Speaker 5>see in aquariums are all females because a lot of

529
00:28:44.640 --> 00:28:48.000
<v Speaker 5>these bigger aquariums they actually use them as surrogates for

530
00:28:48.240 --> 00:28:50.920
<v Speaker 5>wild otters that might be orphaned. So like, if the

531
00:28:50.960 --> 00:28:54.799
<v Speaker 5>moment wild dies, there's usually this pop that's worn alone,

532
00:28:55.319 --> 00:28:59.599
<v Speaker 5>and since they're threaatened, at least in California, there's been

533
00:28:59.680 --> 00:29:03.119
<v Speaker 5>a program to basically take these otters in, especially their

534
00:29:03.160 --> 00:29:06.559
<v Speaker 5>female still have the surrogates raise them until they can

535
00:29:06.640 --> 00:29:08.680
<v Speaker 5>re release them in a wild when they're old enough.

536
00:29:09.279 --> 00:29:10.519
<v Speaker 1>Do they do that in the wild?

537
00:29:10.519 --> 00:29:15.480
<v Speaker 4>Do they like penguins, do they adopt orphaned otters in

538
00:29:15.519 --> 00:29:18.720
<v Speaker 4>the wild or is that kind of unique to captivity.

539
00:29:18.559 --> 00:29:20.680
<v Speaker 5>That's usually unique to captivity. I don't think I've ever

540
00:29:20.720 --> 00:29:23.559
<v Speaker 5>heard in any situation where a wild female would take

541
00:29:23.559 --> 00:29:26.839
<v Speaker 5>in another stray pup. And usually if the stray pup

542
00:29:26.920 --> 00:29:29.000
<v Speaker 5>is alone, it's not going to even survive for that

543
00:29:29.079 --> 00:29:32.839
<v Speaker 5>long because it's basically defenseless and helpless can't even go

544
00:29:32.920 --> 00:29:37.519
<v Speaker 5>catch its own food by itself, so it'll just die.

545
00:29:37.200 --> 00:29:39.880
<v Speaker 5>So so yeah, that's why, you know, like the Honorary

546
00:29:39.880 --> 00:29:43.759
<v Speaker 5>Barry Quereum really relies on stranding networks or like volunteers

547
00:29:44.119 --> 00:29:46.359
<v Speaker 5>or people just you know, observing or seeing a wild

548
00:29:46.440 --> 00:29:48.960
<v Speaker 5>otter by it, like a little pup, somebody will call

549
00:29:48.960 --> 00:29:51.640
<v Speaker 5>it in and they'll send out a team to bring

550
00:29:51.680 --> 00:29:53.160
<v Speaker 5>it in if they can't look at their mom or

551
00:29:53.200 --> 00:29:53.839
<v Speaker 5>something like that.

552
00:29:54.279 --> 00:29:56.000
<v Speaker 1>And I mean, they're so cute. But now I'm like

553
00:29:56.039 --> 00:29:57.400
<v Speaker 1>a little mad at the pups too.

554
00:29:57.519 --> 00:30:01.799
<v Speaker 4>But why are they so cu from a morphological as

555
00:30:01.839 --> 00:30:05.920
<v Speaker 4>someone who studied their bone structure and how long noodle

556
00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:09.200
<v Speaker 4>they are? How and why are they so cute?

557
00:30:09.400 --> 00:30:11.960
<v Speaker 5>That's a great question. I don't know why they are

558
00:30:12.039 --> 00:30:15.960
<v Speaker 5>so cute, but how it's because their skulls are very

559
00:30:16.319 --> 00:30:19.279
<v Speaker 5>flat faces. So if you look at a basically a

560
00:30:19.319 --> 00:30:24.160
<v Speaker 5>newborn curs skull, it doesn't have that snout pronounced snout yet,

561
00:30:24.759 --> 00:30:27.279
<v Speaker 5>so it's very like a puppy dog face or like

562
00:30:27.319 --> 00:30:30.640
<v Speaker 5>even like a newborn baby's face, and which I guess

563
00:30:30.920 --> 00:30:33.559
<v Speaker 5>in our brains it's hardwired to you know, want to

564
00:30:33.640 --> 00:30:35.839
<v Speaker 5>like take it and hold it and protect it and

565
00:30:35.880 --> 00:30:36.319
<v Speaker 5>all that.

566
00:30:37.039 --> 00:30:39.920
<v Speaker 4>This side note is called baby schema, and it's when

567
00:30:39.920 --> 00:30:42.799
<v Speaker 4>a juvenile organism has a large head and a round

568
00:30:42.880 --> 00:30:46.279
<v Speaker 4>face and big eyes and smaller other features like ears

569
00:30:46.319 --> 00:30:49.799
<v Speaker 4>and snout and mouth and fun fact, Mickey Mouse has

570
00:30:49.920 --> 00:30:53.519
<v Speaker 4>aged in reverse, his features have grown more, maybe like

571
00:30:53.680 --> 00:30:58.599
<v Speaker 4>with each decade. And when adults retain some cute characteristics,

572
00:30:58.799 --> 00:31:01.880
<v Speaker 4>our brains get confus used and say, protect them at

573
00:31:01.920 --> 00:31:05.720
<v Speaker 4>all costs, even if they are ghoules like your tiny

574
00:31:06.039 --> 00:31:07.240
<v Speaker 4>racist grandma.

575
00:31:07.200 --> 00:31:08.039
<v Speaker 1>Or a sea otter.

576
00:31:08.240 --> 00:31:10.960
<v Speaker 5>But in terms of why they might be like that

577
00:31:11.079 --> 00:31:14.039
<v Speaker 5>in the wild, I have no idea, Like what kind

578
00:31:14.039 --> 00:31:18.079
<v Speaker 5>of selective advantage that is. Maybe other other animals think

579
00:31:18.119 --> 00:31:21.319
<v Speaker 5>it's cute, or maybe they're mom or in other otter

580
00:31:21.480 --> 00:31:24.480
<v Speaker 5>in the individuals might might have some kind of selective

581
00:31:24.839 --> 00:31:26.680
<v Speaker 5>pressure on it. But I have no idea.

582
00:31:26.839 --> 00:31:28.839
<v Speaker 4>I'm going to go back to school. I'm going to

583
00:31:28.880 --> 00:31:33.799
<v Speaker 4>get a PhD in otters. They're so cute because their

584
00:31:33.880 --> 00:31:37.279
<v Speaker 4>babies are such assholes that you would literally not feed

585
00:31:37.319 --> 00:31:41.039
<v Speaker 4>them if they weren't so cute. Ugh, Can I ask

586
00:31:41.079 --> 00:31:43.640
<v Speaker 4>you some questions from listeners who know that you're coming

587
00:31:43.680 --> 00:31:46.519
<v Speaker 4>on the show. Yeah, okay, we're just gonna lightning around.

588
00:31:46.519 --> 00:31:47.680
<v Speaker 4>We're going to see how many we can get through.

589
00:31:47.759 --> 00:31:48.119
<v Speaker 1>Is that cool?

590
00:31:48.279 --> 00:31:49.079
<v Speaker 5>Yep? Sounds great.

591
00:31:49.839 --> 00:31:53.160
<v Speaker 4>But before we crack into your questions, we're going to

592
00:31:53.200 --> 00:31:55.759
<v Speaker 4>toss some coins into an ocean of need. And Chris

593
00:31:55.839 --> 00:31:59.359
<v Speaker 4>chose sea otter Savvy, which increases awareness of protecting sea

594
00:31:59.400 --> 00:32:03.039
<v Speaker 4>otters and courage is responsible viewing guidelines and for more

595
00:32:03.079 --> 00:32:06.680
<v Speaker 4>about what they do and check out volunteer opportunities see

596
00:32:06.880 --> 00:32:11.559
<v Speaker 4>settersavvy dot org. And savvy has two v's and not

597
00:32:11.839 --> 00:32:13.960
<v Speaker 4>two a's and I always mess it up, but yes,

598
00:32:14.119 --> 00:32:17.480
<v Speaker 4>a donation went to see ottersavvy dot org thanks to

599
00:32:17.519 --> 00:32:18.839
<v Speaker 4>sponsor get value.

600
00:32:18.880 --> 00:32:21.319
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601
00:32:21.400 --> 00:32:24.079
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602
00:32:24.079 --> 00:32:27.119
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603
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604
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605
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606
00:32:36.319 --> 00:32:39.160
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607
00:32:39.559 --> 00:32:43.000
<v Speaker 2>Can't argue with that shop in store or online Tesco.

608
00:32:43.480 --> 00:32:46.880
<v Speaker 2>Every little helps available in most stores, prices varying. Express

609
00:32:48.079 --> 00:32:48.960
<v Speaker 2>your flat.

610
00:32:48.640 --> 00:32:50.960
<v Speaker 3>Out and your to do list is growing by the minute,

611
00:32:51.599 --> 00:32:54.480
<v Speaker 3>but unfortunately so is your headache. And now you've gone

612
00:32:54.480 --> 00:33:00.839
<v Speaker 3>from flat out to flattened. Luckily, Panadal X film coated

613
00:33:00.839 --> 00:33:03.599
<v Speaker 3>tablets are boosted by caffeine and they get to work

614
00:33:03.640 --> 00:33:07.240
<v Speaker 3>in as little as ten minutes for powerful relief. That's

615
00:33:07.279 --> 00:33:11.680
<v Speaker 3>more than just paracetamol. That's one for Panadal speed based

616
00:33:11.680 --> 00:33:15.240
<v Speaker 3>on absorption data. Contains paracetamol. Always read the label or leaflet.

617
00:33:19.319 --> 00:33:22.480
<v Speaker 4>Okay, your questions, the first being from an actual patron

618
00:33:22.559 --> 00:33:26.359
<v Speaker 4>of the show. Okay, first question from a very important

619
00:33:26.400 --> 00:33:30.640
<v Speaker 4>listener named Larry Ward, also known as a grand pod

620
00:33:30.759 --> 00:33:31.240
<v Speaker 4>around here.

621
00:33:31.279 --> 00:33:33.519
<v Speaker 1>It's my dad. He wanted to know.

622
00:33:34.079 --> 00:33:38.119
<v Speaker 4>They eat kilt or living.

623
00:33:39.240 --> 00:33:40.000
<v Speaker 5>That's a good question.

624
00:33:40.799 --> 00:33:44.039
<v Speaker 1>I don't know. Do they eat kelp or do they

625
00:33:44.200 --> 00:33:45.319
<v Speaker 1>just live in the kelp?

626
00:33:45.799 --> 00:33:48.599
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, so otters don't eat the kelp. They just live

627
00:33:48.640 --> 00:33:50.960
<v Speaker 5>in it. So they'll use it and wrap it, wrap

628
00:33:51.039 --> 00:33:53.359
<v Speaker 5>themselves in it to you know, stay in one place

629
00:33:53.400 --> 00:33:56.720
<v Speaker 5>if they're sleeping. But they really rely on it indirectly

630
00:33:56.839 --> 00:34:01.119
<v Speaker 5>just because it's such an important ecosystem in Calfornia where

631
00:34:01.160 --> 00:34:04.839
<v Speaker 5>all they're basically invertebrate prey that they're eating live off it,

632
00:34:04.960 --> 00:34:07.359
<v Speaker 5>or live under it, or live on it. So is

633
00:34:07.400 --> 00:34:09.480
<v Speaker 5>it really essential to them indirectly?

634
00:34:09.840 --> 00:34:12.079
<v Speaker 4>A ha, So it's like their apartment and the grocery

635
00:34:12.119 --> 00:34:14.400
<v Speaker 4>store all at once, exactly.

636
00:34:14.599 --> 00:34:17.079
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, and yeah, they rarely leave it just because it's

637
00:34:17.079 --> 00:34:20.039
<v Speaker 5>a nice protected area, so it's harder for predators to

638
00:34:20.039 --> 00:34:21.480
<v Speaker 5>find them. Nice.

639
00:34:22.400 --> 00:34:24.239
<v Speaker 1>Are they meat eaters? Only?

640
00:34:24.280 --> 00:34:27.760
<v Speaker 4>They are carnivores, right? They typically just exist on just

641
00:34:27.840 --> 00:34:30.159
<v Speaker 4>sushi buffet yep.

642
00:34:30.199 --> 00:34:32.519
<v Speaker 5>They essentially eat your favorite types of seafood. So you

643
00:34:32.559 --> 00:34:35.800
<v Speaker 5>got your snails, your clams, your muscles, your avalony, your

644
00:34:35.960 --> 00:34:39.480
<v Speaker 5>crabs and urchins. They also eat these kind of gross

645
00:34:39.519 --> 00:34:41.840
<v Speaker 5>looking things called fat innkeeper worms. I don't know if

646
00:34:41.880 --> 00:34:43.679
<v Speaker 5>you ever see pick yes, I have.

647
00:34:43.800 --> 00:34:50.119
<v Speaker 1>They look like dicks. They look like disembodied, horrible fluby dildos. Listen, okay, listen.

648
00:34:50.800 --> 00:34:54.639
<v Speaker 4>These worms are also called penis fish, and I'm a

649
00:34:54.679 --> 00:34:57.840
<v Speaker 4>fan of a phallus, trust me on that. But you

650
00:34:58.039 --> 00:35:01.920
<v Speaker 4>have to imagine them just poking up like whack a

651
00:35:02.000 --> 00:35:04.519
<v Speaker 4>moles in the mud, just like slop slop slop going

652
00:35:04.800 --> 00:35:07.840
<v Speaker 4>and when it's time to go potty. Fat innkeeper worms

653
00:35:08.239 --> 00:35:13.440
<v Speaker 4>squirt a steady liquid stream out of one end, and

654
00:35:13.639 --> 00:35:18.360
<v Speaker 4>sometimes beaches are littered with these flaccid worms. They're beached

655
00:35:18.360 --> 00:35:22.400
<v Speaker 4>by the thousands, like the most surreal dumb truck accident

656
00:35:22.639 --> 00:35:25.800
<v Speaker 4>you've ever seen. But they're also a delicacy and they're

657
00:35:25.800 --> 00:35:29.599
<v Speaker 4>considered an aphrodisiac, And like most things, it's really just

658
00:35:29.920 --> 00:35:30.800
<v Speaker 4>set and setting.

659
00:35:31.360 --> 00:35:32.159
<v Speaker 1>They're not as.

660
00:35:32.039 --> 00:35:34.679
<v Speaker 4>Picturesque as maybe you would want them to be. But yeah,

661
00:35:34.719 --> 00:35:36.760
<v Speaker 4>so fat innkeeper worms is what they're called.

662
00:35:37.119 --> 00:35:39.920
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, so they'll eat those as well, But most of

663
00:35:39.920 --> 00:35:42.400
<v Speaker 5>their prey are usually hard shell pray because they contain

664
00:35:42.440 --> 00:35:43.159
<v Speaker 5>more calories.

665
00:35:43.360 --> 00:35:45.360
<v Speaker 4>A ha, okay, that brings us to a question that

666
00:35:45.400 --> 00:35:50.079
<v Speaker 4>everybody asked. Jamie McNeil Jaco's first time question asker, Francesca Huggins,

667
00:35:50.360 --> 00:35:54.679
<v Speaker 4>Lenny Ozolith, Jesse Herlbort, Alicia Henning, Emma Sherwood.

668
00:35:54.440 --> 00:35:55.320
<v Speaker 1>Mariah McGregor.

669
00:35:55.800 --> 00:36:00.679
<v Speaker 4>Everyone wanted to know, in Jaco's words, is there commonality

670
00:36:00.760 --> 00:36:04.760
<v Speaker 4>between otter's favorite rocks? Like? Do most otters use one

671
00:36:04.880 --> 00:36:07.639
<v Speaker 4>particular kind of rock? Do they have a favorite rock?

672
00:36:07.719 --> 00:36:10.199
<v Speaker 4>Jamie mcdeal wants to know, how do they pick a

673
00:36:10.280 --> 00:36:12.880
<v Speaker 4>lot of people need to know what's up with their rocks?

674
00:36:14.239 --> 00:36:16.719
<v Speaker 5>So that is a myth. They do not have a

675
00:36:16.760 --> 00:36:17.519
<v Speaker 5>favorite rock.

676
00:36:17.679 --> 00:36:22.920
<v Speaker 1>What no flam flam busted? What? Wow?

677
00:36:23.079 --> 00:36:26.679
<v Speaker 5>Okay, so often these rocks are pretty big and they

678
00:36:26.719 --> 00:36:29.320
<v Speaker 5>do have like a little I guess you could call

679
00:36:29.360 --> 00:36:31.000
<v Speaker 5>it a pocket, but it's just a flap of skin

680
00:36:31.079 --> 00:36:34.480
<v Speaker 5>that they can keep praying. But these rocks are usually

681
00:36:34.719 --> 00:36:37.519
<v Speaker 5>too big to do that. So normally what they do

682
00:36:37.639 --> 00:36:39.719
<v Speaker 5>is that they come up with the rock and they're preyed.

683
00:36:39.760 --> 00:36:42.039
<v Speaker 5>They put the rock on their belly, use it as

684
00:36:42.039 --> 00:36:45.360
<v Speaker 5>an anvil and break things, eat the things, and they

685
00:36:45.519 --> 00:36:47.440
<v Speaker 5>keep doing that and basically when they're done with the rock,

686
00:36:47.480 --> 00:36:50.840
<v Speaker 5>they just do a little turn, the rock falls down,

687
00:36:51.039 --> 00:36:52.440
<v Speaker 5>and then they go on with their lives.

688
00:36:53.480 --> 00:36:54.199
<v Speaker 1>Wow.

689
00:36:54.199 --> 00:36:56.760
<v Speaker 5>So they don't they don't really have that favorite rock.

690
00:36:56.760 --> 00:36:58.960
<v Speaker 5>I mean, they might reuse the rock if it's the

691
00:36:59.000 --> 00:37:02.320
<v Speaker 5>only rock that's available, because they are just right there

692
00:37:02.320 --> 00:37:03.920
<v Speaker 5>and just decide to go back down to get more

693
00:37:03.960 --> 00:37:05.639
<v Speaker 5>food and that rock happens to be here, so they

694
00:37:05.679 --> 00:37:08.159
<v Speaker 5>might pick it up again to use it, but they're

695
00:37:08.199 --> 00:37:10.880
<v Speaker 5>definitely not traveling around with it.

696
00:37:11.239 --> 00:37:13.960
<v Speaker 4>It's hilarious. I completely thought like they had a fanny

697
00:37:14.039 --> 00:37:14.960
<v Speaker 4>pack and they're.

698
00:37:14.800 --> 00:37:16.840
<v Speaker 1>Like, where's my good rock? Not this rock?

699
00:37:17.280 --> 00:37:21.360
<v Speaker 4>What about you know, from like a philosophical perspective, is

700
00:37:21.360 --> 00:37:23.679
<v Speaker 4>that tool use or is it only a tool if

701
00:37:23.679 --> 00:37:25.599
<v Speaker 4>you use the rock to smash the clams and not

702
00:37:25.679 --> 00:37:27.639
<v Speaker 4>the clams to smash on the rock, you know what

703
00:37:27.679 --> 00:37:28.000
<v Speaker 4>I mean?

704
00:37:28.320 --> 00:37:30.119
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, I mean no, we call it. We still call

705
00:37:30.159 --> 00:37:32.320
<v Speaker 5>it as a tool use because it is still you know,

706
00:37:32.400 --> 00:37:36.239
<v Speaker 5>you're still putting an object onto your you know, stomach

707
00:37:36.280 --> 00:37:38.920
<v Speaker 5>and then actually using it as a tool essentially to

708
00:37:39.079 --> 00:37:42.239
<v Speaker 5>break something open. And I'll say that otters can also

709
00:37:42.360 --> 00:37:44.960
<v Speaker 5>use other objects as tools. So sometimes they'll use another

710
00:37:45.039 --> 00:37:47.639
<v Speaker 5>shell to break open in their shell, they'll use like bottles.

711
00:37:47.840 --> 00:37:52.199
<v Speaker 5>They'll even use like docks in people's boats, which like

712
00:37:52.519 --> 00:37:55.639
<v Speaker 5>to break things open. So they will use anything.

713
00:37:55.760 --> 00:37:58.239
<v Speaker 1>Now from using tools to being tools.

714
00:37:58.559 --> 00:38:02.920
<v Speaker 4>I'm sorry, Daniel Manuel wants to know about their As

715
00:38:02.960 --> 00:38:04.440
<v Speaker 4>long as we're just we're going to go back to

716
00:38:04.440 --> 00:38:09.280
<v Speaker 4>them being terrible. Are the observations of sea otters assaulting

717
00:38:10.079 --> 00:38:14.280
<v Speaker 4>sexually and killing baby seals? Are those common or is

718
00:38:14.280 --> 00:38:15.199
<v Speaker 4>that exaggerated?

719
00:38:15.480 --> 00:38:17.719
<v Speaker 5>I don't know how common it is, but it definitely

720
00:38:17.960 --> 00:38:20.840
<v Speaker 5>is to a point where there's multiple observations of them

721
00:38:20.960 --> 00:38:24.239
<v Speaker 5>doing that. So the way male's territories work is that

722
00:38:24.239 --> 00:38:27.440
<v Speaker 5>the dominant males have territories that you know, exclude other

723
00:38:27.440 --> 00:38:30.480
<v Speaker 5>males from their territories, right, And in that kind of competition,

724
00:38:30.559 --> 00:38:33.719
<v Speaker 5>there's always going to be losers and they're excluded from

725
00:38:33.760 --> 00:38:37.599
<v Speaker 5>these territories. So if they can't have their own territory

726
00:38:37.599 --> 00:38:40.880
<v Speaker 5>to mate with females, they just get I guess, frustrated

727
00:38:41.079 --> 00:38:44.360
<v Speaker 5>and find that little baby seal to do it's you know,

728
00:38:44.519 --> 00:38:49.280
<v Speaker 5>to basically bit I guess, and that's usually doesn't end

729
00:38:49.320 --> 00:38:50.000
<v Speaker 5>well with the seal.

730
00:38:50.719 --> 00:38:51.320
<v Speaker 1>Wow.

731
00:38:51.800 --> 00:38:55.559
<v Speaker 4>Sometimes it doesn't end well even for the otters. And

732
00:38:55.639 --> 00:39:00.280
<v Speaker 4>according to a healthscape of a study titled Pattern of

733
00:39:00.320 --> 00:39:04.800
<v Speaker 4>Mortality in Southern sea Otters, about eleven percent of dearly

734
00:39:04.800 --> 00:39:09.639
<v Speaker 4>departed sea otters spotted by researchers died by mating trauma

735
00:39:09.960 --> 00:39:13.440
<v Speaker 4>eleven percent. And the violence is not just male to

736
00:39:13.480 --> 00:39:17.800
<v Speaker 4>female within same species. Boy bottles sea otters can also

737
00:39:17.880 --> 00:39:21.559
<v Speaker 4>hit below the proverbial anthropomorphized beltline.

738
00:39:21.760 --> 00:39:24.639
<v Speaker 5>One thing that's crazy about these male to male conflicts

739
00:39:24.719 --> 00:39:28.400
<v Speaker 5>is that when they fight each other, they essentially go

740
00:39:28.519 --> 00:39:34.320
<v Speaker 5>after each other's vaculums, which in carnivorans, there's a Carnivorans

741
00:39:34.360 --> 00:39:37.559
<v Speaker 5>have a bone called vaculum in their penis, so they

742
00:39:37.599 --> 00:39:41.800
<v Speaker 5>go after each each other's vaculum to try to break it. Oh,

743
00:39:41.880 --> 00:39:43.920
<v Speaker 5>it's pretty brutal out there.

744
00:39:45.280 --> 00:39:49.280
<v Speaker 4>How did they learn how to be such assholes? Are

745
00:39:50.000 --> 00:39:56.440
<v Speaker 4>most like North American mammals? Are most animals this ferocious

746
00:39:57.280 --> 00:39:59.719
<v Speaker 4>And we're just surprised because they're pretty adorable.

747
00:40:01.159 --> 00:40:04.159
<v Speaker 5>Honestly, I have no idea how that compares to other

748
00:40:04.320 --> 00:40:06.880
<v Speaker 5>mammals groups. One of the nice things about sea otters

749
00:40:07.000 --> 00:40:08.920
<v Speaker 5>is that they have to come to the surface and

750
00:40:08.960 --> 00:40:11.000
<v Speaker 5>they just float, so it's just so easy to get

751
00:40:11.000 --> 00:40:14.119
<v Speaker 5>these observations because they're also really close to shore, so

752
00:40:14.239 --> 00:40:16.800
<v Speaker 5>like we are aware to get these detailed information, whereas

753
00:40:16.840 --> 00:40:20.320
<v Speaker 5>like other smaller animals, like even river otters, it's really

754
00:40:20.360 --> 00:40:22.400
<v Speaker 5>hard to spot them and actually see what they're doing

755
00:40:22.400 --> 00:40:25.039
<v Speaker 5>in the wild. In the wild, so who knows what

756
00:40:25.280 --> 00:40:26.559
<v Speaker 5>they're doing out there?

757
00:40:27.000 --> 00:40:28.559
<v Speaker 3>Weird lucky stuff.

758
00:40:28.639 --> 00:40:30.159
<v Speaker 4>You know what's funny is I just looked at Emma

759
00:40:30.159 --> 00:40:32.360
<v Speaker 4>Sherwood asked, I learned on a high school field trip

760
00:40:32.400 --> 00:40:34.440
<v Speaker 4>to the zoo that mail orders break each other's dicks

761
00:40:34.440 --> 00:40:35.360
<v Speaker 4>to reduce competition.

762
00:40:35.559 --> 00:40:36.079
<v Speaker 1>Is this true?

763
00:40:36.440 --> 00:40:40.159
<v Speaker 4>Oh, there you go, Emma Sherwood knows what's up. Yeah,

764
00:40:40.559 --> 00:40:42.760
<v Speaker 4>Kathleen Sachs wants to know, can a troop of dedicated

765
00:40:42.840 --> 00:40:45.320
<v Speaker 4>river otters really kill an alligator or a crocodile?

766
00:40:45.599 --> 00:40:46.559
<v Speaker 1>Is that flim flam?

767
00:40:46.599 --> 00:40:50.079
<v Speaker 5>So there's these things called giant river otters in South

768
00:40:50.119 --> 00:40:52.840
<v Speaker 5>America and the Amazon, and these things are a little

769
00:40:52.880 --> 00:40:56.400
<v Speaker 5>bit longer than the sea otters. And if you ever

770
00:40:56.400 --> 00:40:59.599
<v Speaker 5>see pictures of these ones, they are so weird looking.

771
00:40:59.639 --> 00:41:02.920
<v Speaker 5>And they they are another older lineage of otters that

772
00:41:03.000 --> 00:41:05.760
<v Speaker 5>kind of offshoot from other otters, like ten million years

773
00:41:05.800 --> 00:41:08.480
<v Speaker 5>ago or so. But they got really like buggy eyes,

774
00:41:08.599 --> 00:41:10.480
<v Speaker 5>and they got their their faces just like at like

775
00:41:10.679 --> 00:41:12.760
<v Speaker 5>like an alien otter. But these guys are huge, and

776
00:41:12.800 --> 00:41:15.920
<v Speaker 5>they actually are in family units and they will actually

777
00:41:15.960 --> 00:41:20.199
<v Speaker 5>go after sometimes go after like Cayman's And there are

778
00:41:20.320 --> 00:41:25.079
<v Speaker 5>even reports of them like fighting off jaguars no, which

779
00:41:25.119 --> 00:41:26.079
<v Speaker 5>is pretty and crazy.

780
00:41:26.440 --> 00:41:29.199
<v Speaker 4>For more on this, join the four point two million

781
00:41:29.239 --> 00:41:32.280
<v Speaker 4>other humans who have watched a YouTube video titled Giant

782
00:41:32.320 --> 00:41:35.639
<v Speaker 4>Otter bite Jaguar Head seriously injured for daring to attack

783
00:41:35.679 --> 00:41:39.880
<v Speaker 4>its comrades, uploaded by user Wildlife Today, and this and

784
00:41:40.440 --> 00:41:44.360
<v Speaker 4>the other like fourteen videos I subsequently watched taught me

785
00:41:44.440 --> 00:41:47.960
<v Speaker 4>that a brawl with giant river otters sounds a lot

786
00:41:48.000 --> 00:42:04.639
<v Speaker 4>like the worst game of Marco Polo. Why well, according

787
00:42:04.679 --> 00:42:08.639
<v Speaker 4>to the paper Airborne Vocal Communication in adult neotropical otters,

788
00:42:09.000 --> 00:42:12.119
<v Speaker 4>these creatures have like a menu of sounds they make

789
00:42:12.159 --> 00:42:15.280
<v Speaker 4>to chit chat, from a ha it's like their own

790
00:42:15.559 --> 00:42:20.039
<v Speaker 4>personal siren, to infant babbling, and something called a hum

791
00:42:20.039 --> 00:42:22.559
<v Speaker 4>gradation that means yo, bear left, go left. We're going

792
00:42:22.639 --> 00:42:26.559
<v Speaker 4>left to direct the group. And yes, some otters have

793
00:42:26.599 --> 00:42:29.039
<v Speaker 4>more friends than us, but let's try to forget that fact.

794
00:42:29.519 --> 00:42:31.719
<v Speaker 5>I mean, well, yeah, the advantage for those guys is

795
00:42:31.760 --> 00:42:34.079
<v Speaker 5>that they are in a group setting, so they have

796
00:42:34.400 --> 00:42:36.239
<v Speaker 5>kind of each other's back to try to, you know,

797
00:42:36.440 --> 00:42:40.000
<v Speaker 5>fight off predators that might try to attack their young Dang.

798
00:42:40.159 --> 00:42:42.280
<v Speaker 1>I do not want to be on the wrong side

799
00:42:42.280 --> 00:42:43.360
<v Speaker 1>of an otter vendetta.

800
00:42:43.679 --> 00:42:48.679
<v Speaker 4>Ever, I will have my vengeance, you know what. Let's

801
00:42:48.719 --> 00:42:51.360
<v Speaker 4>try to steer this towards the positives again. Okay, life

802
00:42:51.440 --> 00:42:54.199
<v Speaker 4>is such a bummer. It's such a bummer, but it's imperative.

803
00:42:54.760 --> 00:42:57.239
<v Speaker 4>We find the good and we grasp it and we

804
00:42:57.320 --> 00:43:00.920
<v Speaker 4>clutch at it like a booie and the cold roiling sea,

805
00:43:01.280 --> 00:43:05.719
<v Speaker 4>and we hug the booy hug the good. What about playfulness?

806
00:43:05.760 --> 00:43:10.519
<v Speaker 4>And cuteness. Anna Thompson, Maury Pelte, Nicole Kleinman, Michelle Tang,

807
00:43:10.840 --> 00:43:15.199
<v Speaker 4>Becky the Sassy Seagrass, scientist Pierce Franklin. They all want

808
00:43:15.239 --> 00:43:17.679
<v Speaker 4>to know how cute does it get? Pierce wants to know,

809
00:43:17.719 --> 00:43:20.159
<v Speaker 4>what's the cutest thing you've ever seen an otter do.

810
00:43:22.519 --> 00:43:25.920
<v Speaker 5>The cutest thing I've ever seen is probably just like

811
00:43:25.960 --> 00:43:28.480
<v Speaker 5>a little baby sea otter pup that's just floating by

812
00:43:28.519 --> 00:43:30.880
<v Speaker 5>itself waiting for its mom. I mean, I know I

813
00:43:30.960 --> 00:43:33.440
<v Speaker 5>told you about how just waiting for mom to bring

814
00:43:33.519 --> 00:43:36.639
<v Speaker 5>up dinner essentially, but before that, it's just floating by

815
00:43:36.679 --> 00:43:41.000
<v Speaker 5>itself like a little cork, closed eyes all fluffy and like,

816
00:43:41.199 --> 00:43:43.440
<v Speaker 5>just look at me. I'm so adorable. Like it's got

817
00:43:43.440 --> 00:43:46.400
<v Speaker 5>like ten photographers just around, like along the coast or

818
00:43:46.679 --> 00:43:49.400
<v Speaker 5>coast trying to take up its picture, including me, Like

819
00:43:49.440 --> 00:43:53.440
<v Speaker 5>it's adorable. Probably the most playful time I've seen otters

820
00:43:53.559 --> 00:43:57.159
<v Speaker 5>actually river otters. They actually play so like they will

821
00:43:57.440 --> 00:43:59.760
<v Speaker 5>swim next to each other or like go up and

822
00:43:59.760 --> 00:44:02.320
<v Speaker 5>down or just run all over the place. So I've

823
00:44:02.360 --> 00:44:04.159
<v Speaker 5>seen that in river otters, but I've never really seen

824
00:44:04.199 --> 00:44:04.960
<v Speaker 5>that sea otters.

825
00:44:05.599 --> 00:44:08.079
<v Speaker 4>Ronan Taylor An and Kate Tim's all want to know

826
00:44:08.119 --> 00:44:10.639
<v Speaker 4>why do they love ice so much? In Kate's words,

827
00:44:10.800 --> 00:44:14.000
<v Speaker 4>and Rona want snow? Do they get cold? Roda says,

828
00:44:14.039 --> 00:44:16.559
<v Speaker 4>we have otters in our local river in Scotland and

829
00:44:16.599 --> 00:44:17.800
<v Speaker 4>it's magical when you see them.

830
00:44:17.800 --> 00:44:20.280
<v Speaker 1>But oh boy, it gets so chilly. How do they

831
00:44:20.320 --> 00:44:21.639
<v Speaker 1>stay cold in an icy river?

832
00:44:21.880 --> 00:44:25.440
<v Speaker 5>Yeah? So sea otters have the densest fur I think

833
00:44:25.519 --> 00:44:29.079
<v Speaker 5>of all mammals, So basically sea otters have no fat

834
00:44:29.079 --> 00:44:31.679
<v Speaker 5>on them whatsoever, so they're really relying on that dense

835
00:44:31.760 --> 00:44:36.320
<v Speaker 5>fur and it does keep them warm, super warm. So

836
00:44:36.320 --> 00:44:38.719
<v Speaker 5>that's why they're able to tolerate living in all these freezing,

837
00:44:38.800 --> 00:44:42.679
<v Speaker 5>frigid environments just fine. And I would imagine river otters

838
00:44:42.800 --> 00:44:45.280
<v Speaker 5>also have similarly dense fur, so that's why they're able

839
00:44:45.320 --> 00:44:47.920
<v Speaker 5>to live in like Scotland and all these other cold

840
00:44:47.920 --> 00:44:49.199
<v Speaker 5>places and play in the snow.

841
00:44:50.119 --> 00:44:50.599
<v Speaker 1>That's right.

842
00:44:50.719 --> 00:44:54.719
<v Speaker 4>Sea otters, unlike most marine mammals, do not have layers

843
00:44:54.719 --> 00:44:57.360
<v Speaker 4>of blubber. This is news to me, and this is

844
00:44:57.400 --> 00:45:00.679
<v Speaker 4>also why their fur is so soft, up to illustrous

845
00:45:00.679 --> 00:45:05.039
<v Speaker 4>one hundred and sixty five thousand hairs per square centimeter.

846
00:45:05.519 --> 00:45:09.679
<v Speaker 4>Eurasian river otters about seventy thousand hairs per square centimeter.

847
00:45:09.960 --> 00:45:13.960
<v Speaker 4>What about us, a species that has fewer friends than otters, Well,

848
00:45:13.960 --> 00:45:16.239
<v Speaker 4>we only have one hundred and twenty four to two

849
00:45:16.320 --> 00:45:20.119
<v Speaker 4>hundred hairs per square centimeter. Talking about the business end

850
00:45:20.119 --> 00:45:24.239
<v Speaker 4>of one, Francesca Huggins, Miranda Panda, Claire Johnson, and Specsowl

851
00:45:24.280 --> 00:45:27.639
<v Speaker 4>all would love to talk about their poop, and several

852
00:45:27.639 --> 00:45:31.039
<v Speaker 4>people wanted to know what they smell like. Francesca asked,

853
00:45:31.039 --> 00:45:34.119
<v Speaker 4>I heard that otter poop smells like violets. What in

854
00:45:34.159 --> 00:45:35.920
<v Speaker 4>the otter shit? Is this true?

855
00:45:36.480 --> 00:45:36.880
<v Speaker 1>Why?

856
00:45:37.559 --> 00:45:39.559
<v Speaker 4>Clara says that they went to the zoo and the

857
00:45:39.559 --> 00:45:42.519
<v Speaker 4>guide said that otter poop is noteworthy, but then said

858
00:45:42.559 --> 00:45:46.119
<v Speaker 4>nothing else, So what is noteworthy about otter poop?

859
00:45:46.559 --> 00:45:50.679
<v Speaker 5>I definitely have never heard otter poop being described as violets.

860
00:45:51.880 --> 00:45:54.920
<v Speaker 5>I have never smelled I've never smelled otter poop, but

861
00:45:55.000 --> 00:45:57.239
<v Speaker 5>I would imagine it smells like the worst shit you

862
00:45:57.239 --> 00:46:00.599
<v Speaker 5>could ever smell, because they're eating seafood, like a seafoodude,

863
00:46:00.800 --> 00:46:04.760
<v Speaker 5>and that doesn't smell good. So I don't think I

864
00:46:04.760 --> 00:46:06.920
<v Speaker 5>ever want to smell it. But I've never smelled it,

865
00:46:06.960 --> 00:46:09.000
<v Speaker 5>but I would imagine it smelling the worst thing you

866
00:46:09.000 --> 00:46:09.480
<v Speaker 5>could smell.

867
00:46:09.840 --> 00:46:11.119
<v Speaker 1>Right, That's what I would think.

868
00:46:11.159 --> 00:46:15.039
<v Speaker 4>Also, you know, we had a scatologist on who works

869
00:46:15.039 --> 00:46:17.760
<v Speaker 4>at the Chicago Zoo and just has like thirteen freezers

870
00:46:17.760 --> 00:46:20.039
<v Speaker 4>full of different zoo animal shit, so I may.

871
00:46:19.920 --> 00:46:20.679
<v Speaker 1>Have to ask her.

872
00:46:21.039 --> 00:46:24.079
<v Speaker 4>But first I asked the Internet about the smell of

873
00:46:24.119 --> 00:46:27.039
<v Speaker 4>an otter turd, which is known scientifically as a sprint,

874
00:46:27.280 --> 00:46:30.679
<v Speaker 4>and it can be accompanied by a musky glop known

875
00:46:30.760 --> 00:46:34.159
<v Speaker 4>as anal jelly. And Ian Craft of the website total

876
00:46:34.159 --> 00:46:38.039
<v Speaker 4>Ecology writes when fresh spray emits a distinct sweet odor

877
00:46:38.039 --> 00:46:40.960
<v Speaker 4>that is not at all unpleasant, and her friend Tias

878
00:46:41.000 --> 00:46:44.880
<v Speaker 4>Williams aka Science with Tyas on Twitter said it's similar

879
00:46:44.960 --> 00:46:48.119
<v Speaker 4>to the odorous, sleep hungent waft of dog poop, but

880
00:46:48.800 --> 00:46:51.800
<v Speaker 4>least with the fishiness of their marine diet. And doctor

881
00:46:51.880 --> 00:46:55.280
<v Speaker 4>Danny Raviotti, author of the best selling book Does It Fart,

882
00:46:55.480 --> 00:46:58.960
<v Speaker 4>told me it's acrid and fishy. Quote like a tin

883
00:46:59.159 --> 00:47:01.960
<v Speaker 4>of anchovis and oil were left in the sun for

884
00:47:02.039 --> 00:47:05.280
<v Speaker 4>four days and then a bunch of musky man perfume

885
00:47:05.440 --> 00:47:07.639
<v Speaker 4>was sprayed on top of it. I also saw that

886
00:47:07.639 --> 00:47:11.320
<v Speaker 4>Twitter user Forrester Sahita described the smell as similar to

887
00:47:11.440 --> 00:47:16.440
<v Speaker 4>jasmine tea. Others said herrings in an ash tray freshly

888
00:47:16.519 --> 00:47:18.000
<v Speaker 4>mown hay lavender.

889
00:47:18.440 --> 00:47:19.480
<v Speaker 1>But no one's.

890
00:47:19.239 --> 00:47:22.719
<v Speaker 4>First hand account topped that of Jim Manthorpe, who penned

891
00:47:22.760 --> 00:47:27.159
<v Speaker 4>the BBC op ed quote the Delicious Scent of Otter Pooh,

892
00:47:27.400 --> 00:47:32.519
<v Speaker 4>which contains this journey of a paragraph. Otter sprint is

893
00:47:32.559 --> 00:47:35.199
<v Speaker 4>one of the least defensive smells in the world of excrement.

894
00:47:35.440 --> 00:47:38.440
<v Speaker 4>It has a slightly fishy punch and odor. It is

895
00:47:38.599 --> 00:47:41.840
<v Speaker 4>a delight. Whenever I see it, I plant my knees

896
00:47:41.840 --> 00:47:45.679
<v Speaker 4>in the grass, lean over and draw its delicious smell

897
00:47:45.719 --> 00:47:50.039
<v Speaker 4>into my lungs. Okay, Jim, I needed fact, though not opinion,

898
00:47:50.119 --> 00:47:54.199
<v Speaker 4>so I reached out to scatology guest Rachel Santomoor aka

899
00:47:54.400 --> 00:47:59.760
<v Speaker 4>Doctor Pooh, and she responded with alacrity, bless her, writing

900
00:47:59.800 --> 00:48:02.239
<v Speaker 4>me quote. Otters live in and around water, so they

901
00:48:02.280 --> 00:48:05.480
<v Speaker 4>eat fish, among other aquatic and non aquatic species, so

902
00:48:05.719 --> 00:48:09.519
<v Speaker 4>otter poo can be quite smelly. After reading the Delicious

903
00:48:09.559 --> 00:48:11.880
<v Speaker 4>Scent of Otter Pooh, she writes, it seems to me

904
00:48:11.920 --> 00:48:14.280
<v Speaker 4>that Otter Pooh reminds the author of the sea.

905
00:48:14.360 --> 00:48:15.440
<v Speaker 1>Think about when you go to.

906
00:48:15.400 --> 00:48:17.760
<v Speaker 4>The ocean and it smells a little fishy and salty.

907
00:48:18.119 --> 00:48:20.519
<v Speaker 4>It smells like the ocean, a place where you want

908
00:48:20.519 --> 00:48:22.800
<v Speaker 4>to be, a place that reminds you of summer vacation,

909
00:48:23.280 --> 00:48:27.320
<v Speaker 4>sand castles, body surfing, being with your family and relaxing,

910
00:48:27.480 --> 00:48:31.519
<v Speaker 4>she writes. She continues, so even though otter pooh is smelly,

911
00:48:31.800 --> 00:48:34.519
<v Speaker 4>it reminds the author of something they like and where

912
00:48:34.559 --> 00:48:36.960
<v Speaker 4>they want to be. So y'all, as long as it

913
00:48:36.960 --> 00:48:41.679
<v Speaker 4>doesn't hurt anyone, find your joy, cut bangs, text your crush,

914
00:48:42.000 --> 00:48:45.159
<v Speaker 4>sniff on a sprint. Now, what do you do if

915
00:48:45.159 --> 00:48:47.239
<v Speaker 4>you would like to use different holes in your face

916
00:48:47.360 --> 00:48:51.000
<v Speaker 4>to experience and otter? Any tips on seeing them rather

917
00:48:51.039 --> 00:48:51.679
<v Speaker 4>than sniffing?

918
00:48:52.000 --> 00:48:52.159
<v Speaker 5>Well?

919
00:48:52.239 --> 00:48:56.639
<v Speaker 4>Patrons Kate Alward, Sheila Zinc, Kelly Salmon, Winny's Witch, and

920
00:48:56.760 --> 00:49:00.880
<v Speaker 4>Miranda Panda all desperately wanted otter spotter tips. What about

921
00:49:01.039 --> 00:49:03.599
<v Speaker 4>some of the field work that you have gotten to do?

922
00:49:03.840 --> 00:49:06.639
<v Speaker 4>And there are several folks and all listen to and

923
00:49:06.679 --> 00:49:08.840
<v Speaker 4>aside who want to know if you have any tips

924
00:49:08.920 --> 00:49:11.400
<v Speaker 4>for spotting them in the wild. Do you get to

925
00:49:11.760 --> 00:49:16.000
<v Speaker 4>get out there with like, you know, fleece and down

926
00:49:16.199 --> 00:49:19.039
<v Speaker 4>vests and binoculars and get out there to look for them?

927
00:49:19.440 --> 00:49:21.559
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, so I've done that. A couple of times. I

928
00:49:21.719 --> 00:49:25.079
<v Speaker 5>was primarily trying to film their toolsing behavior so we

929
00:49:25.119 --> 00:49:28.079
<v Speaker 5>could try to quantify the kinematics behind it. So, I mean,

930
00:49:28.360 --> 00:49:30.440
<v Speaker 5>I call it. It's not really I mean, I guess

931
00:49:30.480 --> 00:49:32.960
<v Speaker 5>you could technically call it field work, but it's basically

932
00:49:33.400 --> 00:49:36.440
<v Speaker 5>you go to the beach and you just have a

933
00:49:36.440 --> 00:49:38.760
<v Speaker 5>little camping chairs, set up the camera and just hang

934
00:49:38.800 --> 00:49:41.239
<v Speaker 5>out there until you see an audit that's close enough

935
00:49:41.280 --> 00:49:44.639
<v Speaker 5>to start filming or take photos of it. And like,

936
00:49:44.719 --> 00:49:48.320
<v Speaker 5>it's California, so it's like, what a nice seventy sunny day,

937
00:49:49.079 --> 00:49:54.199
<v Speaker 5>can't complain? Yeah, so it's not. Yeah, yeah, it's obviously

938
00:49:54.320 --> 00:49:55.280
<v Speaker 5>very rough field work.

939
00:49:55.840 --> 00:49:57.360
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, that sounds absolutely terrible.

940
00:49:57.440 --> 00:49:59.199
<v Speaker 4>I hope you don't have like a sandwich or anything,

941
00:49:59.400 --> 00:50:03.920
<v Speaker 4>or nice cold beverage like, ugh, that's awful.

942
00:50:04.119 --> 00:50:07.320
<v Speaker 5>I usually I usually go with the chocolate croissants.

943
00:50:08.360 --> 00:50:09.920
<v Speaker 1>That sounds like the best thing ever.

944
00:50:11.239 --> 00:50:14.320
<v Speaker 4>Becky the Secret Scientist again, you know, Becky wanted to know,

945
00:50:14.440 --> 00:50:16.679
<v Speaker 4>is a group of otters really called a frolic? And

946
00:50:16.719 --> 00:50:18.840
<v Speaker 4>if not, can you make that official?

947
00:50:19.880 --> 00:50:21.440
<v Speaker 1>Is that real? Are they called a frolic?

948
00:50:22.039 --> 00:50:24.840
<v Speaker 5>I've never heard of that, but I like it. It makes sense.

949
00:50:25.360 --> 00:50:27.360
<v Speaker 1>Okay, well then good, it's called that now.

950
00:50:27.559 --> 00:50:29.920
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, I just if we all just start using that,

951
00:50:30.519 --> 00:50:32.119
<v Speaker 5>it'll eventually catch on. I think.

952
00:50:32.360 --> 00:50:36.559
<v Speaker 4>Yeah, it's hereby known as a frolic. Horrible news. Again,

953
00:50:36.840 --> 00:50:39.280
<v Speaker 4>I'm so sorry we jumped the gun here. It's already

954
00:50:39.280 --> 00:50:41.719
<v Speaker 4>got a name, and it's not a frolic. A group

955
00:50:41.719 --> 00:50:45.559
<v Speaker 4>of otters is called a romp. On land in the water,

956
00:50:45.920 --> 00:50:49.440
<v Speaker 4>it's called a raft. And I searched for literally hours.

957
00:50:49.840 --> 00:50:53.119
<v Speaker 4>Nowhere in the literature could I find any mention of

958
00:50:53.159 --> 00:50:56.159
<v Speaker 4>them being called a frolic. Romp goes back to the

959
00:50:56.280 --> 00:50:59.360
<v Speaker 4>fourteen hundreds when there was a tome called the Book

960
00:50:59.360 --> 00:51:03.599
<v Speaker 4>of Saint Albert, and it listed plural nouns for different animals, including,

961
00:51:03.840 --> 00:51:06.440
<v Speaker 4>let's just do it. Let's list a couple, an embarrassment

962
00:51:06.480 --> 00:51:11.159
<v Speaker 4>of pandas passel of possums, a conspiracy of lemurs, a

963
00:51:11.199 --> 00:51:15.639
<v Speaker 4>committee of mongooses, a thunder of hippopotami, and many others,

964
00:51:15.880 --> 00:51:20.360
<v Speaker 4>including a grumble of pugs, perhaps grouchy from having a

965
00:51:20.480 --> 00:51:24.360
<v Speaker 4>vertebra stolen. But Nature writer Nicholas Lund has gone on

966
00:51:24.440 --> 00:51:28.519
<v Speaker 4>record and reported, no, these terms are not widely used scientifically,

967
00:51:28.840 --> 00:51:30.000
<v Speaker 4>no matter how old they are.

968
00:51:30.280 --> 00:51:32.519
<v Speaker 1>But romp is legit. It's established.

969
00:51:32.639 --> 00:51:35.119
<v Speaker 4>If you were to visit the Wikipedia page list of

970
00:51:35.159 --> 00:51:38.320
<v Speaker 4>animal names. I'm telling you right now, the lead image

971
00:51:38.360 --> 00:51:40.320
<v Speaker 4>they have on the page is of a sea otter,

972
00:51:40.480 --> 00:51:43.880
<v Speaker 4>so romp it is sorry babies, Amelia Frank wants to know.

973
00:51:43.920 --> 00:51:45.920
<v Speaker 4>I always hear on nature shows about how vital it

974
00:51:46.000 --> 00:51:48.480
<v Speaker 4>is that otter moms keep their babies dry. But then

975
00:51:49.000 --> 00:51:50.840
<v Speaker 4>like they hold them on their bellies and there is

976
00:51:50.920 --> 00:51:54.239
<v Speaker 4>inevitably some flipper or tail dropping the water. So do

977
00:51:54.280 --> 00:51:56.360
<v Speaker 4>they have to keep them one hundred percent dry? Because

978
00:51:56.400 --> 00:52:00.239
<v Speaker 4>that sounds anxiety provoking, Amelia says, should they not get soaked?

979
00:52:00.280 --> 00:52:01.719
<v Speaker 1>Can you get it? Can you get one wet? Or

980
00:52:01.760 --> 00:52:02.480
<v Speaker 1>is it like a gremlin?

981
00:52:04.320 --> 00:52:07.639
<v Speaker 5>No, they're definitely waterproof. They can get wet. The reason

982
00:52:07.679 --> 00:52:09.480
<v Speaker 5>why the mom is trying to dry it out, it's

983
00:52:09.559 --> 00:52:13.039
<v Speaker 5>just to conserve heat. It's also cleaning the furs. So

984
00:52:13.199 --> 00:52:16.079
<v Speaker 5>otters spend like a third of their life just cleaning, grooming,

985
00:52:16.599 --> 00:52:19.360
<v Speaker 5>just to make because they rely on that fur as

986
00:52:19.400 --> 00:52:22.519
<v Speaker 5>that insulation, they have to make sure that it's clean

987
00:52:22.599 --> 00:52:25.239
<v Speaker 5>from all that dirt or debris or whatever, to make

988
00:52:25.280 --> 00:52:28.079
<v Speaker 5>sure it's actually functioning so that fur doesn't clump up

989
00:52:28.079 --> 00:52:31.079
<v Speaker 5>and expose its skin to the cold environment. So they

990
00:52:31.119 --> 00:52:34.119
<v Speaker 5>really really want to get those pups nice and clean,

991
00:52:34.239 --> 00:52:36.480
<v Speaker 5>and usually it also happened to dry them out.

992
00:52:36.679 --> 00:52:38.920
<v Speaker 4>Okay, all right, so it's not It's definitely not like

993
00:52:38.920 --> 00:52:41.159
<v Speaker 4>if a drop of water gets on this, it's you're

994
00:52:41.159 --> 00:52:43.480
<v Speaker 4>screwed forever, right Okay?

995
00:52:43.559 --> 00:52:46.400
<v Speaker 5>Oh no, yeahs sears are born to be in the water.

996
00:52:46.559 --> 00:52:49.559
<v Speaker 4>So Courtney Ka wants to know if river otters actually

997
00:52:49.559 --> 00:52:50.920
<v Speaker 4>have a communal toilet?

998
00:52:51.119 --> 00:52:54.360
<v Speaker 5>Do they have, like midtens, I think so, but don't

999
00:52:54.440 --> 00:52:58.079
<v Speaker 5>quote me on that. What river otters do a lot, though,

1000
00:52:58.360 --> 00:53:03.159
<v Speaker 5>is that they'll mark territory, So they'll basically leave scent

1001
00:53:03.239 --> 00:53:05.840
<v Speaker 5>marks all over the place, and they might go to

1002
00:53:05.880 --> 00:53:07.960
<v Speaker 5>the same location all the time just to make sure

1003
00:53:08.000 --> 00:53:10.519
<v Speaker 5>that that's, you know, the boundary of their territory. So

1004
00:53:10.599 --> 00:53:11.960
<v Speaker 5>maybe that is related to that.

1005
00:53:12.320 --> 00:53:15.760
<v Speaker 4>The otter potties side note, are called latrines, and they

1006
00:53:15.800 --> 00:53:19.760
<v Speaker 4>are considered to be hangout destinations where dude otters catch

1007
00:53:19.840 --> 00:53:23.159
<v Speaker 4>up and exchange information, kind of like walking onto the

1008
00:53:23.159 --> 00:53:27.400
<v Speaker 4>set of Cheers, but instead of Bruce Ki's, it's Pooh Pooski's.

1009
00:53:27.679 --> 00:53:29.760
<v Speaker 4>Also speaking of chilling, I feel like this is an

1010
00:53:29.800 --> 00:53:32.400
<v Speaker 4>appropriate place to inform you that an otter's den is

1011
00:53:32.440 --> 00:53:35.280
<v Speaker 4>also called a couch. You know what, let's talk teeth

1012
00:53:35.519 --> 00:53:40.679
<v Speaker 4>patrons jesseb Jesse Hurlbert and even had questions. A few

1013
00:53:40.679 --> 00:53:44.840
<v Speaker 4>people wanted to know about their teeth. Anna Zimmer says,

1014
00:53:44.840 --> 00:53:47.360
<v Speaker 4>I recently heard an otter chewing. I was tens of

1015
00:53:47.360 --> 00:53:49.920
<v Speaker 4>feet away across the water and could barely believe my ears.

1016
00:53:49.960 --> 00:53:51.159
<v Speaker 1>Tell me about their chompers.

1017
00:53:51.400 --> 00:53:54.559
<v Speaker 5>So otters, or at least see otter teeth look very

1018
00:53:54.599 --> 00:53:57.599
<v Speaker 5>similar to ours. They're at least their molars. It's nice

1019
00:53:57.639 --> 00:54:01.159
<v Speaker 5>and big and flat, perfect just to crunch things. So

1020
00:54:01.800 --> 00:54:04.480
<v Speaker 5>often if you go to where sars are and you're

1021
00:54:04.559 --> 00:54:08.119
<v Speaker 5>really quiet, you can actually hear them crunching on that

1022
00:54:08.280 --> 00:54:12.039
<v Speaker 5>hard shell. And it's actually pretty amazing. And what's super

1023
00:54:12.079 --> 00:54:16.079
<v Speaker 5>cool about those the adaptations that is that they're enamel

1024
00:54:16.199 --> 00:54:20.599
<v Speaker 5>on their molars are actually fracture resistant, So they've evolved

1025
00:54:21.000 --> 00:54:24.960
<v Speaker 5>to basically be able to sustain all that fracture forces

1026
00:54:24.960 --> 00:54:26.960
<v Speaker 5>from the prey they're eating. Because if you imagine, if

1027
00:54:27.000 --> 00:54:30.199
<v Speaker 5>you are trying to eat through clam shells, your teeth

1028
00:54:30.239 --> 00:54:31.239
<v Speaker 5>would get destroyed.

1029
00:54:31.440 --> 00:54:34.480
<v Speaker 4>Oh you'd be so ect Yeah, your dentist would be like,

1030
00:54:34.559 --> 00:54:36.920
<v Speaker 4>thank you. What makes it fracture resistant? Do they have

1031
00:54:36.920 --> 00:54:39.400
<v Speaker 4>a ton of people in like DARPA trying to figure

1032
00:54:39.440 --> 00:54:42.679
<v Speaker 4>out otter teeth so they can make better weapons or something.

1033
00:54:42.840 --> 00:54:45.159
<v Speaker 5>So I don't know about that, but there are definitely

1034
00:54:45.159 --> 00:54:48.480
<v Speaker 5>people that have looked at the material properties of those teeth,

1035
00:54:48.480 --> 00:54:50.880
<v Speaker 5>and I don't remember exactly what the kind of minerals

1036
00:54:50.880 --> 00:54:54.480
<v Speaker 5>they have, but they've done comparisons with like ancient humans

1037
00:54:54.480 --> 00:54:57.639
<v Speaker 5>that had much bigger jaws and bigger molars to crush

1038
00:54:57.679 --> 00:55:00.400
<v Speaker 5>those types of seeds as well, and it's very similar

1039
00:55:01.039 --> 00:55:03.920
<v Speaker 5>morphologies and it's pretty pretty impressive. So it's like kind

1040
00:55:03.920 --> 00:55:06.840
<v Speaker 5>of through convergent evolution that this type of molars have

1041
00:55:06.840 --> 00:55:09.519
<v Speaker 5>have evolved to be a perfect teeth to crush things.

1042
00:55:09.880 --> 00:55:10.239
<v Speaker 5>Mm hmm.

1043
00:55:10.480 --> 00:55:12.559
<v Speaker 4>For more on this, you can see the two thousand

1044
00:55:12.599 --> 00:55:17.719
<v Speaker 4>and nine paper enthusiastically titled the Remarkable Resilience of Teeth,

1045
00:55:18.199 --> 00:55:21.400
<v Speaker 4>which straight up compares the strength of a human molar

1046
00:55:21.800 --> 00:55:25.920
<v Speaker 4>to a sea otters and humans maximum load eighty seven

1047
00:55:26.039 --> 00:55:29.519
<v Speaker 4>pounds of byte force, but otters over one hundred more

1048
00:55:29.559 --> 00:55:32.880
<v Speaker 4>than a cheetah, almost as much as a wolf. But

1049
00:55:33.199 --> 00:55:37.440
<v Speaker 4>how do see Otter molars not split while they're chopping

1050
00:55:37.480 --> 00:55:40.599
<v Speaker 4>on clamshells? Oh, they do, they do split, but this

1051
00:55:40.679 --> 00:55:43.920
<v Speaker 4>paper said that they're molars and ours crack all the

1052
00:55:44.000 --> 00:55:48.639
<v Speaker 4>time in microfissures and then proteins rush in to spackle them,

1053
00:55:48.840 --> 00:55:52.079
<v Speaker 4>but still don't eat rocks. On the topic of hardness,

1054
00:55:52.480 --> 00:55:55.000
<v Speaker 4>what about the hardest thing about your job, the hardest

1055
00:55:55.000 --> 00:55:56.840
<v Speaker 4>thing about being an utologist.

1056
00:55:57.199 --> 00:55:58.320
<v Speaker 1>There's got to be soilu sex.

1057
00:56:00.480 --> 00:56:03.559
<v Speaker 5>There's just so many things to learn about them, there's

1058
00:56:03.639 --> 00:56:07.280
<v Speaker 5>not enough time. So like, we know so much about

1059
00:56:07.400 --> 00:56:11.199
<v Speaker 5>sea otters, oh relatively, just because they're easier to study,

1060
00:56:11.639 --> 00:56:14.119
<v Speaker 5>But in terms of the other otters, especially the ones

1061
00:56:14.159 --> 00:56:18.559
<v Speaker 5>that are like in Asia or South America, those ones

1062
00:56:18.559 --> 00:56:21.440
<v Speaker 5>are very are much harder to study, just because their

1063
00:56:21.519 --> 00:56:25.119
<v Speaker 5>locations and because their population sizes are either shrinking or

1064
00:56:25.159 --> 00:56:28.599
<v Speaker 5>we have no idea. There's actually another otter species down

1065
00:56:28.800 --> 00:56:32.960
<v Speaker 5>in South America called the marine otter, and it looks

1066
00:56:33.079 --> 00:56:35.639
<v Speaker 5>like a river otter, but it actually lives in a

1067
00:56:35.639 --> 00:56:38.679
<v Speaker 5>marine environment too, and it actually eats a lot of

1068
00:56:38.760 --> 00:56:42.800
<v Speaker 5>hardshell prey too, But we have barely any idea of

1069
00:56:42.800 --> 00:56:46.440
<v Speaker 5>like what exactly it's doing, what it's population sizes, it

1070
00:56:47.079 --> 00:56:49.199
<v Speaker 5>it might not be doing well just because there's not

1071
00:56:49.239 --> 00:56:50.960
<v Speaker 5>a lot of work done on them, and just in

1072
00:56:51.000 --> 00:56:52.199
<v Speaker 5>these remote locations.

1073
00:56:53.239 --> 00:56:55.599
<v Speaker 4>What do you love the most about them? What do

1074
00:56:55.639 --> 00:56:57.199
<v Speaker 4>you just fall in love with when it comes to

1075
00:56:57.440 --> 00:56:58.119
<v Speaker 4>doing this work.

1076
00:56:58.920 --> 00:57:02.719
<v Speaker 5>It's just there's just such interesting animals. The fact that

1077
00:57:02.800 --> 00:57:07.320
<v Speaker 5>they have this integration between their tool using behavior, their

1078
00:57:07.360 --> 00:57:10.360
<v Speaker 5>morphology is just unique compared to other things, Like, it's

1079
00:57:10.400 --> 00:57:13.480
<v Speaker 5>just interesting that they are able to gain access to

1080
00:57:13.519 --> 00:57:16.400
<v Speaker 5>these harder prey. One thing I didn't touch on is

1081
00:57:16.400 --> 00:57:21.000
<v Speaker 5>that in Monterey Bay, these orters actually exhibit dietary specialization.

1082
00:57:21.599 --> 00:57:25.159
<v Speaker 5>So some ters will only eat urchins, others won't only

1083
00:57:25.159 --> 00:57:27.519
<v Speaker 5>eat clams, others will only eat crabs, and so on.

1084
00:57:27.760 --> 00:57:30.039
<v Speaker 5>So part of my research now is actually trying to

1085
00:57:30.079 --> 00:57:33.519
<v Speaker 5>investigate why that is or how they're actually able to

1086
00:57:33.599 --> 00:57:35.440
<v Speaker 5>eat these different type of prey. So how is it

1087
00:57:35.519 --> 00:57:38.360
<v Speaker 5>relating to the tool using behavior, and how is it

1088
00:57:38.400 --> 00:57:41.800
<v Speaker 5>relating back to their variation and their biting ability? So

1089
00:57:41.920 --> 00:57:44.840
<v Speaker 5>as in, are some orders just able to generate larger

1090
00:57:44.880 --> 00:57:47.400
<v Speaker 5>bite forces than other orders? So that's type of questions

1091
00:57:47.400 --> 00:57:49.599
<v Speaker 5>that we're hoping to be able to answer soon.

1092
00:57:50.480 --> 00:57:54.639
<v Speaker 4>Is that regional like little pockets or is it completely

1093
00:57:54.679 --> 00:57:58.079
<v Speaker 4>individual like one sister might be eating urchins while the

1094
00:57:58.119 --> 00:57:59.360
<v Speaker 4>brothers eating clams.

1095
00:57:59.639 --> 00:58:02.840
<v Speaker 5>Yes, so right, now that's I think primarily found just

1096
00:58:02.880 --> 00:58:06.079
<v Speaker 5>in California, and it goes back to that carrying capacity.

1097
00:58:06.199 --> 00:58:11.440
<v Speaker 5>So because that population is limited in terms of resources

1098
00:58:11.519 --> 00:58:15.400
<v Speaker 5>and food, instead of each individual being a journalist basically

1099
00:58:15.480 --> 00:58:19.119
<v Speaker 5>eat everything they can get, they just become super specialized

1100
00:58:19.199 --> 00:58:23.000
<v Speaker 5>and just become really good at eating a particular prey.

1101
00:58:23.079 --> 00:58:25.800
<v Speaker 5>So one individual will just become a really good urchent

1102
00:58:25.880 --> 00:58:29.039
<v Speaker 5>specialist and an urchin sposteralists. There's a certain way you

1103
00:58:29.039 --> 00:58:31.119
<v Speaker 5>have to extract them, a certain way. You have to

1104
00:58:31.159 --> 00:58:34.639
<v Speaker 5>like open them and eat them, versus like an abalone specialist,

1105
00:58:34.679 --> 00:58:37.440
<v Speaker 5>which uses completely different behaviors in order to get the

1106
00:58:37.480 --> 00:58:41.800
<v Speaker 5>abalony and eat it. So they just become these really

1107
00:58:41.880 --> 00:58:46.199
<v Speaker 5>highly specialized individuals that really are able to get access

1108
00:58:46.239 --> 00:58:48.519
<v Speaker 5>to these different prey items and do it so well

1109
00:58:48.559 --> 00:58:51.079
<v Speaker 5>that and efficiently, And that's just the way that they

1110
00:58:51.079 --> 00:58:54.239
<v Speaker 5>can increase that caloric income versus just becoming just a

1111
00:58:54.320 --> 00:58:55.719
<v Speaker 5>journalist and eat everything they see.

1112
00:58:55.920 --> 00:58:57.480
<v Speaker 1>Yeah, that's so funny.

1113
00:58:57.639 --> 00:59:02.400
<v Speaker 4>It's absolutely me eating scrambled egg for dinner like it's fine.

1114
00:59:03.000 --> 00:59:04.840
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, I mean yeah, once you once you know how

1115
00:59:04.840 --> 00:59:07.559
<v Speaker 5>to do it, just go for it. Right, Well, I

1116
00:59:07.639 --> 00:59:08.800
<v Speaker 5>learned something new. Yeah.

1117
00:59:08.880 --> 00:59:10.719
<v Speaker 4>I love the idea of someone peeking through my windows

1118
00:59:10.719 --> 00:59:13.360
<v Speaker 4>being like, make a note she's having she's having scrambled

1119
00:59:13.400 --> 00:59:14.360
<v Speaker 4>eggs for dinner too.

1120
00:59:14.719 --> 00:59:17.679
<v Speaker 5>Well, that's the thing with these otters that you know

1121
00:59:17.800 --> 00:59:21.719
<v Speaker 5>they're there. They're flipper tag so people can actually id them,

1122
00:59:21.800 --> 00:59:24.960
<v Speaker 5>and usually the Moneray Bay Aquarium has lots of volunteers

1123
00:59:24.960 --> 00:59:28.119
<v Speaker 5>to go out to observe these otters on a daily basis,

1124
00:59:28.119 --> 00:59:30.320
<v Speaker 5>so they're basically if you were out there, they would

1125
00:59:30.360 --> 00:59:32.920
<v Speaker 5>be tracking how many eggs did you use, how did

1126
00:59:32.920 --> 00:59:36.039
<v Speaker 5>you pretty salt, did you use a fork? How did

1127
00:59:36.039 --> 00:59:39.000
<v Speaker 5>you cook your eggs? So essentially they're basically tracking all

1128
00:59:39.039 --> 00:59:41.440
<v Speaker 5>of that informations that are tracking how many pray ams

1129
00:59:41.440 --> 00:59:44.039
<v Speaker 5>they're eating, what kind of prey items, and estimate the

1130
00:59:44.079 --> 00:59:46.880
<v Speaker 5>size of those prey items where they use tools for

1131
00:59:46.920 --> 00:59:50.800
<v Speaker 5>that prey item. It's pretty nuts. Wow, it's pretty amazing data.

1132
00:59:50.960 --> 00:59:54.239
<v Speaker 4>I bet the people who have to organize the volunteer

1133
00:59:54.320 --> 00:59:56.960
<v Speaker 4>staff at the Monterey Bay Aquarium they must get so

1134
00:59:57.559 --> 01:00:00.079
<v Speaker 4>many folks who are like, if you need a you

1135
01:00:00.119 --> 01:00:02.239
<v Speaker 4>need a volunteer to watch the ut, I'm available.

1136
01:00:02.280 --> 01:00:05.679
<v Speaker 1>I'm available. That's gotta be a long list of right.

1137
01:00:05.840 --> 01:00:10.079
<v Speaker 5>I mean, who doesn't want to spend a nice, nice

1138
01:00:10.079 --> 01:00:12.480
<v Speaker 5>morning hanging out by the coast and watching some sea

1139
01:00:12.519 --> 01:00:15.039
<v Speaker 5>otters eat their dinner or eat their breakfast.

1140
01:00:15.079 --> 01:00:17.599
<v Speaker 4>I mean yeah, well, meanwhile, someone's watching you and being

1141
01:00:17.639 --> 01:00:20.079
<v Speaker 4>like doctor Law is having another chocolate croissant.

1142
01:00:20.639 --> 01:00:21.559
<v Speaker 1>We don't know why.

1143
01:00:23.639 --> 01:00:25.280
<v Speaker 5>I mean, yeah, the artist could totally be just watch

1144
01:00:25.360 --> 01:00:25.679
<v Speaker 5>me back.

1145
01:00:26.480 --> 01:00:27.119
<v Speaker 1>I hope they are.

1146
01:00:27.960 --> 01:00:29.920
<v Speaker 4>Thank you so so much for being on. This is

1147
01:00:30.199 --> 01:00:30.719
<v Speaker 4>a joy.

1148
01:00:32.159 --> 01:00:32.400
<v Speaker 5>Yeah.

1149
01:00:32.440 --> 01:00:34.760
<v Speaker 1>I hate hotters more than I thought.

1150
01:00:36.239 --> 01:00:38.440
<v Speaker 5>Yeah, thanks for definitely having me on.

1151
01:00:40.920 --> 01:00:44.480
<v Speaker 4>So ask smart people shameless questions as always, and then

1152
01:00:44.559 --> 01:00:47.960
<v Speaker 4>just sit back and real and horror. You can follow

1153
01:00:48.039 --> 01:00:51.320
<v Speaker 4>doctor Chris Law on Twitter at Chris underscore j Underscore Law,

1154
01:00:51.679 --> 01:00:54.239
<v Speaker 4>and you can enjoy otters from a distance. You can

1155
01:00:54.320 --> 01:00:57.199
<v Speaker 4>join them online if you sniff a sprain. I'd like

1156
01:00:57.239 --> 01:00:59.639
<v Speaker 4>to hear about it. I don't know if I do

1157
01:00:59.719 --> 01:01:01.400
<v Speaker 4>want to Actually, I do want to hear about it.

1158
01:01:01.440 --> 01:01:03.320
<v Speaker 4>I do want to hear about it. We're at ologies

1159
01:01:03.440 --> 01:01:06.440
<v Speaker 4>on Twitter and Instagram. I'm at Ali Ward with one

1160
01:01:06.559 --> 01:01:10.039
<v Speaker 4>L on both Ologiesmarch dot Com has bucket hats, has

1161
01:01:10.079 --> 01:01:13.440
<v Speaker 4>t shirts, totes, bathing suits all available if you happen

1162
01:01:13.440 --> 01:01:16.800
<v Speaker 4>to get one. Hashtag ologies merch and pictures and we'll

1163
01:01:16.840 --> 01:01:19.199
<v Speaker 4>repost you. Also, thank you to every patron who makes

1164
01:01:19.199 --> 01:01:22.159
<v Speaker 4>the show possible. At patreon dot com, slash Ologies cost

1165
01:01:22.199 --> 01:01:23.599
<v Speaker 4>a dollar a month to join and then you can

1166
01:01:23.599 --> 01:01:26.239
<v Speaker 4>submit questions. Thank you to Aaron Talbert for admitting the

1167
01:01:26.280 --> 01:01:28.760
<v Speaker 4>Ologies podcast Facebook group, with assists from Bonnie Dutch and

1168
01:01:28.760 --> 01:01:31.199
<v Speaker 4>Shannon Feltis of the comedy podcast Do You Are That?

1169
01:01:31.559 --> 01:01:34.400
<v Speaker 4>Thank you Noel Dilworth for all the scheduling, so much help,

1170
01:01:34.920 --> 01:01:37.639
<v Speaker 4>Susan Hale handles merch and so much more. Thank you

1171
01:01:37.679 --> 01:01:41.440
<v Speaker 4>to Zeke Rodriguez Thomas and Mercedes Maitland of mindgam Media

1172
01:01:41.480 --> 01:01:45.840
<v Speaker 4>for making Smologies episodes, which are classroom friendly filth free

1173
01:01:45.880 --> 01:01:49.239
<v Speaker 4>short versions of classics up for free in the feed

1174
01:01:49.320 --> 01:01:52.039
<v Speaker 4>and at aliward dot com slash Smologies. Emily White of

1175
01:01:52.079 --> 01:01:54.760
<v Speaker 4>the word Toree makes our professional transcripts and Caleb patten

1176
01:01:54.800 --> 01:01:57.559
<v Speaker 4>Bleep's episodes those are available for free on our website

1177
01:01:57.599 --> 01:02:00.519
<v Speaker 4>at aliward dot com slash Ologies dash Extras. Kelly ar

1178
01:02:00.599 --> 01:02:03.480
<v Speaker 4>Dwyer makes the website and can make yours. Nick Thorburn

1179
01:02:03.559 --> 01:02:06.159
<v Speaker 4>made the theme music and editing was done by the

1180
01:02:06.239 --> 01:02:11.199
<v Speaker 4>quite handsome writer and published poet Jared Sleeper, who just

1181
01:02:11.280 --> 01:02:14.639
<v Speaker 4>debuted his first ever book. It's called one hundred Poems.

1182
01:02:14.639 --> 01:02:16.320
<v Speaker 4>I'm putting a link in the show notes to it

1183
01:02:16.400 --> 01:02:20.239
<v Speaker 4>because he has a gorgeous, beautiful brain that strings together

1184
01:02:20.280 --> 01:02:23.519
<v Speaker 4>words so well on hundred Poems by Jarret Sleeper.

1185
01:02:23.639 --> 01:02:26.119
<v Speaker 1>I'm so thrilled about it. I literally could cry.

1186
01:02:27.320 --> 01:02:28.639
<v Speaker 4>If you listen to the end of the episode, you know,

1187
01:02:28.719 --> 01:02:30.920
<v Speaker 4>I tell you a secret, And this week it's that

1188
01:02:31.159 --> 01:02:32.239
<v Speaker 4>we fought off COVID.

1189
01:02:33.000 --> 01:02:33.800
<v Speaker 1>So that's good.

1190
01:02:34.000 --> 01:02:36.920
<v Speaker 4>I'm still back in LA for a little bit since

1191
01:02:36.960 --> 01:02:39.159
<v Speaker 4>my dad was feeling stronger and we were just hovering

1192
01:02:39.159 --> 01:02:42.320
<v Speaker 4>too much. In the last few weeks have maybe been

1193
01:02:42.320 --> 01:02:43.280
<v Speaker 4>the most anxiety I.

1194
01:02:43.280 --> 01:02:45.440
<v Speaker 1>Maybe have ever fought in my life. But we're taking

1195
01:02:45.480 --> 01:02:46.599
<v Speaker 1>it day by day. Okay.

1196
01:02:46.599 --> 01:02:49.280
<v Speaker 4>So the new fresh secret for this encore is that

1197
01:02:49.320 --> 01:02:52.159
<v Speaker 4>this episode went up on a Tuesday in July of

1198
01:02:52.199 --> 01:02:56.199
<v Speaker 4>twenty twenty two, and a few days later, before the

1199
01:02:56.239 --> 01:02:59.400
<v Speaker 4>next episode even came out, my sweet sweet dad, your

1200
01:02:59.400 --> 01:03:03.320
<v Speaker 4>grandpa had passed away into the as we say, the

1201
01:03:03.400 --> 01:03:06.679
<v Speaker 4>granule everything of the universe. It was so it was

1202
01:03:06.719 --> 01:03:08.760
<v Speaker 4>so weird, and it was also so sweet. And all

1203
01:03:08.760 --> 01:03:12.119
<v Speaker 4>the episodes I'd ever done, my dad's voice had never

1204
01:03:12.159 --> 01:03:14.840
<v Speaker 4>been in one before, and it was in all of

1205
01:03:14.840 --> 01:03:18.920
<v Speaker 4>your ears that week, the very week that he passed away. Also,

1206
01:03:19.199 --> 01:03:23.719
<v Speaker 4>you wonderful Aligites were so caring and so lovely to

1207
01:03:23.760 --> 01:03:27.000
<v Speaker 4>me through all of this, And I remember telling Jared

1208
01:03:27.079 --> 01:03:30.280
<v Speaker 4>in the weeks after, just how I felt very lucky

1209
01:03:30.280 --> 01:03:32.719
<v Speaker 4>that so many people were mourning my dad at the

1210
01:03:32.760 --> 01:03:36.599
<v Speaker 4>same time I was, because you know, I know he

1211
01:03:36.679 --> 01:03:39.000
<v Speaker 4>was dear to you. He cared so much about critters.

1212
01:03:39.559 --> 01:03:41.760
<v Speaker 4>He had a lot of curiosity. He was a very

1213
01:03:41.760 --> 01:03:44.880
<v Speaker 4>gentle dude. So this Otter's episode always been a lot

1214
01:03:44.880 --> 01:03:46.679
<v Speaker 4>to me because it had his voice in it, and

1215
01:03:46.719 --> 01:03:51.039
<v Speaker 4>it came out right as he kind of slipped away. Also,

1216
01:03:51.280 --> 01:03:55.599
<v Speaker 4>just horrific trivia. The gossip you will have for days.

1217
01:03:56.000 --> 01:04:02.039
<v Speaker 4>The lives ruined, the Otter pr absolutely destroyed. Okay, that's

1218
01:04:02.079 --> 01:04:05.880
<v Speaker 4>it for me, Back to soup, Back to bed, new

1219
01:04:05.920 --> 01:04:08.639
<v Speaker 4>episode next week. I'm going to be on the menda,

1220
01:04:08.719 --> 01:04:20.719
<v Speaker 4>I promise. Okay, bye bye, pacadermatology, amiology, your doo, zoology, lithology, technology, meteorology, peratology,

1221
01:04:21.000 --> 01:04:30.920
<v Speaker 4>the apology, seriology, seology. What are we looking at?

1222
01:04:31.079 --> 01:04:33.840
<v Speaker 3>We're looking at sea otters, six of them. Here.

1223
01:04:34.760 --> 01:04:36.400
<v Speaker 1>They go down to the bottom. They get a stone

1224
01:04:36.440 --> 01:04:37.280
<v Speaker 1>and they go down to the bottom.

1225
01:04:37.320 --> 01:04:39.559
<v Speaker 3>They get a seashell and then they smash the shell

1226
01:04:39.599 --> 01:04:42.159
<v Speaker 3>with the stone at that it's cooling.

1227
01:04:42.000 --> 01:04:43.920
<v Speaker 1>It get value.

1228
01:04:43.960 --> 01:04:47.199
<v Speaker 2>You can't argue with Auntesco with their amazing club card prices.

1229
01:04:47.440 --> 01:04:49.800
<v Speaker 2>Have the perfect night in with their finest frozen pizza

1230
01:04:49.840 --> 01:04:52.599
<v Speaker 2>meal deal. Get the finest frozen pizza, chips and ice

1231
01:04:52.599 --> 01:04:55.920
<v Speaker 2>cream all for six euro Like our delicious spicy Soalami,

1232
01:04:55.960 --> 01:04:58.800
<v Speaker 2>hot honey and do ye or Margarito wood fired pizzas,

1233
01:04:59.039 --> 01:05:01.559
<v Speaker 2>served up with their Chris Speed chunky chips and ice

1234
01:05:01.639 --> 01:05:04.920
<v Speaker 2>cream like sea salta caramel or pistachio for dessert. Can't

1235
01:05:05.000 --> 01:05:09.159
<v Speaker 2>argue with that shopping store or online Tesco. Every little

1236
01:05:09.159 --> 01:05:11.920
<v Speaker 2>helps available in most stories, Prices varying Express