WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.880 --> 00:00:04.000 Welcome. This is Marcia for Radio I and today I 2 00:00:04.040 --> 00:00:10.199 will be reading National Geographic History Magazine. As a reminder, 3 00:00:10.439 --> 00:00:13.359 RADIOI is a reading service intended for people who are 4 00:00:13.359 --> 00:00:16.679 blind or have other disabilities that make it difficult to 5 00:00:16.719 --> 00:00:20.079 read printed material. Please join me now for the first 6 00:00:20.160 --> 00:00:28.120 article titled Glory of Cordoba by Yolanda Victoria Olmedo Sanchez. 7 00:00:29.399 --> 00:00:33.000 From the late eighth century, new stewards added to the 8 00:00:33.039 --> 00:00:38.039 Mosque Cathedral of Cordoba. The glorious monument embodied the artistic 9 00:00:38.119 --> 00:00:42.320 legacy of Muslim Spain as it blended with successive styles 10 00:00:42.359 --> 00:00:48.079 of Christian art. On June thirtieth, twelve thirty six, King 11 00:00:48.240 --> 00:00:52.119 Ferdinand the Third of Castile entered the city of Cordoba, 12 00:00:52.560 --> 00:00:55.240 putting an end to the five months siege that his 13 00:00:55.359 --> 00:01:00.880 troops had staged around the square. The Spanish reconquista of 14 00:01:01.119 --> 00:01:06.920 Islamic Andalusia was advancing, and Cordeba, capital of the Umayad 15 00:01:07.359 --> 00:01:10.560 Caliphate in the tenth century, was the latest to fall. 16 00:01:11.359 --> 00:01:14.280 It had once been the brightest and most populous city 17 00:01:14.359 --> 00:01:17.519 in el Andalous. It was also home to one of 18 00:01:17.519 --> 00:01:23.159 the world's marvels of architecture, the Alhambras Mosque. A day 19 00:01:23.239 --> 00:01:26.599 before the king entered Kordiba, after the Muslims had already 20 00:01:26.599 --> 00:01:30.480 abandoned it, a group of Castilians left the place where 21 00:01:30.519 --> 00:01:34.359 they were encamped, entered the walled city through the El 22 00:01:34.599 --> 00:01:39.120 Jesiras gate and went to the great mosque. They placed 23 00:01:39.159 --> 00:01:42.200 a cross and a flag of Castile atop the minaret. 24 00:01:42.760 --> 00:01:45.920 A few hours later, the Bishop of Osma sanctified the 25 00:01:45.920 --> 00:01:50.640 building and celebrated a dedication mass after consecrating the altar. 26 00:01:52.159 --> 00:01:56.400 In a few moments, the magnificent Eljndra Mosque had become 27 00:01:56.480 --> 00:02:01.920 a Christian cathedral. The New Begins, decreed by Ferdinand Third 28 00:02:02.000 --> 00:02:04.799 in twelve thirty six, was not the first transformation of 29 00:02:04.840 --> 00:02:07.920 the site. At the foot of the Sierra Morena in 30 00:02:08.039 --> 00:02:12.400 southern Spain. Legend has it that when Romans founded Cordiba 31 00:02:12.479 --> 00:02:15.719 in the second century BC, they built a temple there 32 00:02:15.759 --> 00:02:19.520 dedicated to Janus, the two faced god of new beginnings. 33 00:02:20.120 --> 00:02:23.080 Some eight hundred years later, the Visigoths took control of 34 00:02:23.199 --> 00:02:26.840 much of the Iberian peninsula. In AD five seven, two 35 00:02:27.680 --> 00:02:34.479 Visigothic king Leoviglido captured Cordiba and a Christian basilica was 36 00:02:34.520 --> 00:02:39.360 built there. The next new beginning came nearly two centuries later, 37 00:02:39.479 --> 00:02:44.000 when the expanding Umayad Empire pushed into the Iberian Peninsula 38 00:02:44.039 --> 00:02:48.560 from North Africa around seven eleven. Muslim forces would soon 39 00:02:48.719 --> 00:02:52.319 control most of the peninsula and named it Al Andalous. 40 00:02:53.280 --> 00:02:56.879 A provincial capital was established at Cordiba, while the caliphate 41 00:02:57.080 --> 00:03:02.199 capital remained in Damascus, Syria. A few decades later, around 42 00:03:02.280 --> 00:03:06.280 seven fifty, power in Damascus changed hands from the Yumayads 43 00:03:06.599 --> 00:03:11.680 to another powerful Muslim faction, the Abbasids. Afraid for his life, 44 00:03:12.159 --> 00:03:16.840 Abd al Rahman, a son of an Umayad prince, fled 45 00:03:16.840 --> 00:03:22.240 from Damascus after a harrowing flight across North Africa, he 46 00:03:22.400 --> 00:03:25.919 escaped to the Iberian Peninsula and crossed into al an Dulus. 47 00:03:26.520 --> 00:03:32.319 Al Rahman contracted several allies and defeated the existing governor, 48 00:03:32.400 --> 00:03:35.560 setting up his new capital in Corduba, which now became 49 00:03:35.680 --> 00:03:40.599 a Muslim Aramit Emirate, with Abdul al Rahman the first 50 00:03:40.680 --> 00:03:43.479 ruling as its emir. It was the beginning of a 51 00:03:43.520 --> 00:03:47.120 period of growth and glory for the city. When susposition 52 00:03:47.280 --> 00:03:51.879 seemed secure, Al Rahman demolished the Visigothic Basilica and in 53 00:03:51.960 --> 00:03:56.000 seven eighty six began construction of a new sacred structure 54 00:03:56.039 --> 00:03:59.159 on the site. The city flourished, becoming a center of 55 00:03:59.240 --> 00:04:03.159 learning and culture as splendid works of architecture arose throughout 56 00:04:03.199 --> 00:04:07.360 the whole of Alndulous. The death of ah Raman in 57 00:04:07.439 --> 00:04:11.000 seven eighty eight did not halt work on the Grand Mosque, 58 00:04:11.280 --> 00:04:14.719 which had yet to be completed. His son Hisham and 59 00:04:14.759 --> 00:04:18.839 their successors would continue the work for two centuries. One 60 00:04:18.839 --> 00:04:22.800 of the mosque's most iconic features is its massive hypostyle 61 00:04:22.879 --> 00:04:27.759 prayer hall, filling filled with soaring, symmetrical columns, some of 62 00:04:27.800 --> 00:04:32.240 which were salvaged from ancient Roman structures, topped by colorful 63 00:04:32.360 --> 00:04:35.600 arches of stone and red brick. These columns stretch out 64 00:04:35.680 --> 00:04:39.040 almost endlessly, as row upon row, makes the room feel 65 00:04:39.120 --> 00:04:43.040 larger and more expansive. A focal point in the prayer 66 00:04:43.120 --> 00:04:46.959 hall is the miirab, a prayer niche used in mosques 67 00:04:47.040 --> 00:04:52.000 to signify which wall faces mecha birthplace of Islam, and 68 00:04:52.120 --> 00:04:57.279 intricately decorated golden arch frames the miirab, calling attention to 69 00:04:57.319 --> 00:05:01.519 the sacred space. Soaring above a roof of intersexting ribs 70 00:05:01.959 --> 00:05:08.160 form a spectacular, segmented dome, sparing no expense. The Umayad 71 00:05:08.560 --> 00:05:13.319 rulers who followed continued to embellish the mosque. A courtyard, 72 00:05:13.439 --> 00:05:16.560 fountains and orange grove, and a covered walkway were all 73 00:05:16.600 --> 00:05:20.240 added to the complex. Perhaps most notable was a minaret. 74 00:05:20.360 --> 00:05:23.800 The tower used to call Muslims to prayer. Abd al 75 00:05:23.920 --> 00:05:27.720 Rahman the Third built what some historians consider the mosque's 76 00:05:28.040 --> 00:05:31.680 first true minaret in nine fifty one nine fifty two. 77 00:05:32.680 --> 00:05:36.839 The original minaret's floorplan was square and the structure narrowed 78 00:05:36.920 --> 00:05:40.720 as it rose. On the top perched a gilt bronze 79 00:05:40.800 --> 00:05:46.319 dome topped by an iron finial called ayamor in Islamic architecture. 80 00:05:48.000 --> 00:05:52.360 Civil war weakened Umayad control of Allandalous in the early 81 00:05:52.399 --> 00:05:55.800 eleventh century, which would later allow Fernand the Third and 82 00:05:55.839 --> 00:05:58.959 its forces to take the city in twelve thirty six. 83 00:05:59.560 --> 00:06:02.720 The kest Billians might have radically changed the Great Mosque's 84 00:06:02.759 --> 00:06:06.199 spiritual function, but they certainly weren't going to destroy it. 85 00:06:06.720 --> 00:06:10.399 They recognized the magnificence of the architecture, and many Christian 86 00:06:10.399 --> 00:06:15.360 writers praised it. Don Juan Manuel, grandson of Ferdinand the Second, 87 00:06:15.480 --> 00:06:18.920 mentions the Great Mosque in his story collection The Tales 88 00:06:18.959 --> 00:06:24.360 of Count Lucanor thirteen thirty five, with a character describing 89 00:06:24.399 --> 00:06:26.720 it as one of the most beautiful mosques the Moors 90 00:06:26.800 --> 00:06:30.040 had in Spain, Glory to God. It is now a 91 00:06:30.120 --> 00:06:34.199 church called Saint Mary of Cordova. It was dedicated by 92 00:06:34.199 --> 00:06:36.800 the Good King Ferdinand to Saint Mary after he had 93 00:06:36.800 --> 00:06:41.199 taken Cordova from the Moors in the mid fifteenth century. 94 00:06:41.240 --> 00:06:46.160 The Cordiban writer Hieronimo Sanchez also expressed his great admiration 95 00:06:46.720 --> 00:06:50.759 a temple worthy of all praise, whose exceedingly pleasing beauty 96 00:06:50.879 --> 00:06:54.199 revives the spirit of those who behold it, even a 97 00:06:54.240 --> 00:06:58.079 wonder of the world. In the first two centuries of 98 00:06:58.160 --> 00:07:02.199 Christian rule, existing spaces were adapted for Christian worship, but 99 00:07:02.279 --> 00:07:06.000 structural alterations were few. Much of it was carried out 100 00:07:06.160 --> 00:07:11.120 in the Mudahar style, which combined Christian artistic currents with 101 00:07:11.240 --> 00:07:16.040 Muslim architectural and decorative traditions. The so called Royal Chapel 102 00:07:16.199 --> 00:07:19.000 was one of the earliest, built in the thirteen seventies. 103 00:07:19.040 --> 00:07:23.279 It combines a tiled plinth, plasterwork, a beautiful ribbed vault, 104 00:07:23.800 --> 00:07:30.720 and stalactite like mukarnas ornamented vaulting. After the building's consecration 105 00:07:30.879 --> 00:07:34.040 as a Christian church, the minaret was converted into a 106 00:07:34.079 --> 00:07:37.480 bell tower. The most obvious change made to the mosque 107 00:07:37.600 --> 00:07:40.639 during the first phase of Christian rule was the addition 108 00:07:40.720 --> 00:07:43.959 of numerous private chapels along the inner walls of the complex. 109 00:07:44.800 --> 00:07:48.439 The city's most illustrious families were buried here, and there 110 00:07:48.480 --> 00:07:52.040 is evidence that the chapel construction began shortly after the 111 00:07:52.120 --> 00:07:55.879 Christian conquest of the city. One of the earliest was 112 00:07:55.920 --> 00:07:59.480 in twelve sixty two, when a man named Juan Perez 113 00:07:59.680 --> 00:08:04.639 Eshan signed in agreement allowing him to construct a chapel 114 00:08:04.680 --> 00:08:08.240 delimited by lattices and with an altar inside. The end 115 00:08:08.319 --> 00:08:11.079 of the fifteenth century and beginning of the sixteenth saw 116 00:08:11.120 --> 00:08:15.240 the most significant alterations to the structure. The first significant 117 00:08:15.319 --> 00:08:18.920 transformation of its interior took place between fourteen eighty six 118 00:08:19.279 --> 00:08:24.439 and fourteen ninety six, when Bishop Enigo Manrique had a 119 00:08:24.519 --> 00:08:27.399 long Gothic nave built in front of the main chapel, 120 00:08:27.879 --> 00:08:33.240 a complex later called the Chapel of Villaviciosa. This space 121 00:08:33.440 --> 00:08:36.360 had served as the focal point of Christian worship since 122 00:08:36.399 --> 00:08:40.360 Ferdinand the Third's forces captured Corduba thanks to the skylight 123 00:08:40.600 --> 00:08:44.960 installed by Jakam the Second in the tenth century. Later 124 00:08:45.039 --> 00:08:49.120 renovations were largely directed by the Ruiz dynasty of architects. 125 00:08:49.360 --> 00:08:53.159 Nernan Rui's father, son and then grandson held the position 126 00:08:53.240 --> 00:08:57.240 of Master builder the cathedral. They designed and oversaw construction 127 00:08:57.399 --> 00:09:01.879 and were responsible for dealing with any techie problems. Hernan 128 00:09:02.039 --> 00:09:05.360 Ruiz the First, also known as Hernan Ruiz the Elder, 129 00:09:05.879 --> 00:09:09.879 oversaw the transformation of the mosque's courtyard into a Gothic 130 00:09:10.000 --> 00:09:14.159 Moudahar cloister. The building of a new main chapel and 131 00:09:14.240 --> 00:09:17.480 a new choir designed by Hernan Ruiz, was a turning 132 00:09:17.519 --> 00:09:21.799 point in the mosque's transformation. The project involved moving the 133 00:09:21.840 --> 00:09:25.240 main chapel to the cathedral's center, where, according to Bishop 134 00:09:25.360 --> 00:09:29.480 Alonso Manrique, it would be better than where it is now, 135 00:09:29.639 --> 00:09:33.360 as that is a corner of the church. The project 136 00:09:33.480 --> 00:09:37.399 caused great controversy and huge classes between members of the 137 00:09:37.440 --> 00:09:42.000 city council and the cathedral chapter. Various councilors, then known 138 00:09:42.120 --> 00:09:47.960 as Ventiquaro's the twenty four, owned private chapels in and 139 00:09:48.000 --> 00:09:52.559 around the cathedral's main original main chapel. They worried that 140 00:09:52.600 --> 00:09:56.039 these would be lost prestige if they If the main 141 00:09:56.159 --> 00:09:59.720 worship space were moved, spaces closer to the central place 142 00:09:59.720 --> 00:10:04.159 of wa worship were higher status. It was also concerned 143 00:10:04.159 --> 00:10:07.600 about destroying a considerable section of the original mosque, which, 144 00:10:07.600 --> 00:10:10.679 according to one of the statements in protest, because of 145 00:10:10.720 --> 00:10:13.320 the way it is built, is unique in the world. 146 00:10:14.679 --> 00:10:19.720 The dispute became so heated that the antique Cuarros argued 147 00:10:19.799 --> 00:10:22.399 that the workmanship that is being undone is of a 148 00:10:22.480 --> 00:10:25.759 quality that could not be remade with the same goodness 149 00:10:25.799 --> 00:10:29.320 and perfection. They even threatened to harm those working on 150 00:10:29.360 --> 00:10:33.320 the demolition, but Bishop Alonso Manrique determined that the work 151 00:10:33.360 --> 00:10:38.440 should proceed. Response responded by excommunicating them, and then appealed 152 00:10:38.480 --> 00:10:41.600 to the crown. King Charles the Fifth gave his approval 153 00:10:41.639 --> 00:10:45.879 for additions at the old mosque complex's center, and construction 154 00:10:45.960 --> 00:10:50.200 began in fall fifteen twenty three. Three years into the project, 155 00:10:50.320 --> 00:10:52.919 Charles the Fifth traveled to Cordoba with his new wife, 156 00:10:53.159 --> 00:10:56.559 Isabella of Portugal and visited the cathedral to see how 157 00:10:56.600 --> 00:11:00.480 the project was progressing. Allegedly, he was disappoint pointed with 158 00:11:00.519 --> 00:11:04.039 the renovations that he himself had approved. Tradition has it 159 00:11:04.120 --> 00:11:06.799 that he delivered a rather scathing critique of the job. 160 00:11:07.320 --> 00:11:12.080 You have destroyed something unique to build something commonplace. For 161 00:11:12.200 --> 00:11:14.960 the new main chapel, hErenn Ruiz the First designed a 162 00:11:15.000 --> 00:11:18.679 rectangular chapel that would stand at the complex center. It 163 00:11:18.759 --> 00:11:21.519 had three naves, the central one higher and wider than 164 00:11:21.519 --> 00:11:25.519 the two to the side. A magnificent dome rose above 165 00:11:25.519 --> 00:11:29.080 the central crossing. He used slightly pointed arches for the 166 00:11:29.120 --> 00:11:33.279 central nave and ribbed vaults for the lateral ones. The 167 00:11:33.320 --> 00:11:36.519 sense of height was accentuated by incorporating arches from the 168 00:11:36.559 --> 00:11:40.000 old Mosque. His aim was to integrate the Christian temple 169 00:11:40.360 --> 00:11:46.399 without losing the original Muslim's oratory splendor. Opinions remained divided 170 00:11:46.440 --> 00:11:50.799 on the result. Building work continued for several decades. His son, 171 00:11:50.919 --> 00:11:54.000 Hernan Ruiz the Younger, built the apse and the arms 172 00:11:54.000 --> 00:11:56.320 of the transept and vault in the apse of the 173 00:11:56.360 --> 00:11:59.759 main chapel, which he had decorated with Gothic open work 174 00:11:59.759 --> 00:12:03.360 and the images of the Virgin Mary. When Hernan Ruiz 175 00:12:03.399 --> 00:12:06.840 the Second died in fifteen sixty nine, the crossing's construction 176 00:12:07.000 --> 00:12:09.919 was halted for thirty years, Starting again at the end 177 00:12:09.960 --> 00:12:14.120 of the sixteenth century, during the time of Bishop Francisco Ruinso, 178 00:12:15.120 --> 00:12:20.559 the master builder Juan de Juaca added a lowered, bareau 179 00:12:20.679 --> 00:12:27.639 vault decorated with intricate plasterwork by Francisco Utires Garrido. Another 180 00:12:27.679 --> 00:12:30.720 new place dedicated to worship was the chapel of the 181 00:12:30.759 --> 00:12:34.240 Socrarium in the southeast corner of the complex, with a 182 00:12:34.279 --> 00:12:37.759 facade built by her Nan Ruiz the third. The wall 183 00:12:37.799 --> 00:12:40.879 paintings inside were made in fifteen eighty three by the 184 00:12:40.919 --> 00:12:46.000 Italian painter Cesare Arbasia and depict the Eucharist and various 185 00:12:46.080 --> 00:12:51.120 Cordiban martyrs. Following and designed by the Cordibon humanist Ambrosio 186 00:12:51.240 --> 00:12:55.279 de Morales. In fifteen eighty nine, an earthquake caused major 187 00:12:55.399 --> 00:12:58.279 structural damage to the bell tower, and a new one 188 00:12:58.399 --> 00:13:01.799 was built, incorporating remnants of the old minaret. It was 189 00:13:01.799 --> 00:13:05.799 designed by Hernan Ruiz the Third and crowned with a 190 00:13:05.840 --> 00:13:10.720 sculpture of Saint Rafael. Later, during the Renaissance. In Baroque 191 00:13:10.720 --> 00:13:14.440 period's private chapels were added to the mosque cathedral, some 192 00:13:14.559 --> 00:13:17.960 sumptuous in their decoration. The Chapel of Our Lady of 193 00:13:18.039 --> 00:13:21.279 Conception carved in marble. On the west flank of the 194 00:13:21.320 --> 00:13:25.960 cathedral was the work of Malquar de Auguare between sixteen 195 00:13:26.000 --> 00:13:29.480 seventy nine and sixteen eighty two, who was endowed by 196 00:13:29.519 --> 00:13:34.879 Bishop Frey Alonzo de Medina Celezanes as a burial chapel. 197 00:13:35.679 --> 00:13:37.919 Between the end of the seventeenth century and the beginning 198 00:13:37.960 --> 00:13:41.120 of the eighteenth another funerary space was built at the 199 00:13:41.159 --> 00:13:44.440 south end, the Chapel of Saint Teresa, also known as 200 00:13:44.480 --> 00:13:48.240 the Chapel of Cardinal Salazar, a work in Baroque style 201 00:13:48.320 --> 00:13:55.679 by Francisco Urtado is Cuerrado and Teodosio Sanchez de Rueda. 202 00:13:56.559 --> 00:13:59.879 The Chapel of Saint Ynez was built in Neoclassical style 203 00:14:00.320 --> 00:14:03.840 in the later half of the eighteenth century. Visitors to 204 00:14:03.879 --> 00:14:06.399 the Mosque cathedral have never failed to be impressed by 205 00:14:06.440 --> 00:14:09.240 its beauty and the way it embraces the visual styles 206 00:14:09.279 --> 00:14:12.840 of two separate faiths. In nineteen eighty four, the Mosque 207 00:14:12.879 --> 00:14:17.320 Cathedral of Cordoba became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 208 00:14:17.399 --> 00:14:21.240 nineteen ninety four, UNESCO added nearly two hundred acres to 209 00:14:21.279 --> 00:14:24.879 its listing, including part of the city's historic center, the 210 00:14:24.919 --> 00:14:30.440 Fortress or al Khazar and the south to the Guadalquiverer 211 00:14:30.639 --> 00:14:34.679 River's far bank, the Roman Bridge and the Kalajora Tower. 212 00:14:35.480 --> 00:14:38.480 With this designation, the Mosque, Cathedral of Cordeba and its 213 00:14:38.519 --> 00:14:42.679 site will be studied, appreciated, and renewed for many generations 214 00:14:42.679 --> 00:14:47.519 to come. Changing faith time line. Circa seven eleven, forces 215 00:14:47.559 --> 00:14:51.399 of the Umayad Caliphate enter Iberia from North Africa. They 216 00:14:51.440 --> 00:14:55.559 will establish a provincial capital at Cordoba. Seven eighty six, 217 00:14:55.799 --> 00:14:58.879 Abd al Roman the First orders the construction of a 218 00:14:58.960 --> 00:15:02.759 large mosque in Cordaba. Several extensions are added over the 219 00:15:02.799 --> 00:15:06.600 next two centuries. Twelve thirty six, the troops of Ferdinand 220 00:15:06.639 --> 00:15:10.279 the Third of Castile take control of Cordeba. The mosque 221 00:15:10.320 --> 00:15:14.080 is used as a site of Christian worship. Thirteen seventy one, 222 00:15:14.200 --> 00:15:17.960 the Royal Chapel, a masterpiece of Mudahar art, is built 223 00:15:18.000 --> 00:15:21.600 to house the tombs of two kings of Castile. Fifteen 224 00:15:21.639 --> 00:15:25.759 twenty three, master builder Hernan Ruvis the First starts construction 225 00:15:25.960 --> 00:15:28.159 of a new main chapel to become the focus of 226 00:15:28.279 --> 00:15:35.919 Christian worship. Next Choga Zanbil, the Zigurat of Elam. Excavations 227 00:15:35.919 --> 00:15:38.919 in southern Iran revealed the remains of a towering ancient 228 00:15:38.960 --> 00:15:42.159 tembile in the nineteen fifties. One of the few zigurats 229 00:15:42.159 --> 00:15:45.519 outside of Mesopotamia, it was built by a culture that 230 00:15:45.639 --> 00:15:49.840 scholars named after the biblical kingdom of Elam. Flying a 231 00:15:49.879 --> 00:15:55.039 reconnaissance miss mission in nineteen thirty five over the Khuzistan 232 00:15:55.159 --> 00:15:59.960 region in southwestern Iran, oil prospectors noted in odd looking 233 00:16:00.120 --> 00:16:04.159 hill on the landscape. The Iranian Archeological Service was notified 234 00:16:04.159 --> 00:16:08.039 of the sighting. They in turn contacted the French archaeological 235 00:16:08.080 --> 00:16:12.600 delegation to Iran, which was excavating at nearby Susa, the 236 00:16:12.639 --> 00:16:17.480 ancient capital of the Elamite kingdom. When French archaeologists, led 237 00:16:17.480 --> 00:16:22.559 by Rolande Makuernem inspected the mound, they found it contained 238 00:16:22.559 --> 00:16:25.279 the ruins of a city. Later studies would reveal a 239 00:16:25.360 --> 00:16:30.240 ziggurat at its heart, the largest outside of Mesopotamia city 240 00:16:30.240 --> 00:16:33.759 of Elam. Local people knew the hill as Choga Zambil, 241 00:16:34.159 --> 00:16:38.720 meaning basket shaped mound. It became the official name for 242 00:16:38.879 --> 00:16:42.440 the site, whose excavation began in nineteen thirty six under 243 00:16:42.480 --> 00:16:46.960 the direction of Maquinem. The French team identified the mound 244 00:16:47.039 --> 00:16:51.240 as ancient dur Untash the city of Untash, built by 245 00:16:51.399 --> 00:16:57.759 Untashe Naperchia and Elamite king Untash Napisha, who descended from 246 00:16:57.799 --> 00:17:00.919 the long line of Elamite kings who had dominated the 247 00:17:00.960 --> 00:17:04.000 region for centuries, reigned around the heart of the thirteenth 248 00:17:04.039 --> 00:17:08.160 century b C. Extending across the plateau east and north 249 00:17:08.200 --> 00:17:12.440 of the Persian Gulf, Elam straddled today's border of Iran 250 00:17:12.519 --> 00:17:16.519 and Iraq. It comprises a loose federation of leaders whose 251 00:17:16.759 --> 00:17:20.400 chief monarch ruled from the ancient city of Suza. The 252 00:17:20.400 --> 00:17:23.960 people of this region called themselves the Hatami. The name 253 00:17:24.079 --> 00:17:28.680 Elam fell into popular use when archaeologists adopted the Hebrew 254 00:17:28.799 --> 00:17:31.799 term from the Old Testament, in which there are numerous 255 00:17:31.839 --> 00:17:35.440 references to the kingdom. A king of Elam in Genesis 256 00:17:35.640 --> 00:17:42.440 fourteen one is named as Chedo Laomer and, according to tradition, 257 00:17:42.640 --> 00:17:45.640 ruled Elam in the wider region at the same time 258 00:17:45.720 --> 00:17:49.480 as the Sumerian king Hamarabi in the eighteenth century BC. 259 00:17:50.400 --> 00:17:54.920 Historians do not know if Cheddo Laomer was a historical figure, 260 00:17:54.960 --> 00:18:01.200 but the Biblical references reflect Elam's regional importance, revealing the Zigarat. 261 00:18:01.279 --> 00:18:03.720 In nineteen thirty nine, the outbreak of World War II 262 00:18:04.039 --> 00:18:08.319 suspended the work of the French archaeologists at Chogha Zanbil 263 00:18:08.440 --> 00:18:11.359 and the Mother's site at Suza. More than a decade 264 00:18:11.359 --> 00:18:15.319 would pass before work finally resumed. The newly appointed head 265 00:18:15.359 --> 00:18:20.640 of the French Archaeological Delegation in Iran, Roman Gershman, would 266 00:18:20.720 --> 00:18:26.200 now continue the excavations at the site. Born in Khardif Kharkiv, Ukraine, 267 00:18:26.599 --> 00:18:31.039 Gershmann emigrated following the Russian Revolution of nineteen seventeen and 268 00:18:31.160 --> 00:18:34.359 established a career in archaeology in France. He chocked up 269 00:18:34.400 --> 00:18:38.839 a series of successful projects, including excavations at the Sasanian 270 00:18:38.880 --> 00:18:44.279 Persian city of Bishapur, Iran and the ancient Khushan city 271 00:18:44.359 --> 00:18:49.119 of Begram in Afghanistan. His nineteen forty six appointment to 272 00:18:49.119 --> 00:18:54.599 France's archaeological delegation in Iran centered on the ongoing excavation 273 00:18:54.680 --> 00:18:59.160 at Susa and from the space Gershman restarted the excavation 274 00:18:59.359 --> 00:19:03.359 at Chogai Zanbil in nineteen fifty one. Turning their attention 275 00:19:03.440 --> 00:19:05.880 to the mound, his team peeled away the earth to 276 00:19:05.960 --> 00:19:10.000 reveal a stepped pyramid or a zigarat. Girshman established that 277 00:19:10.039 --> 00:19:13.400 the three story structure once had five stories, including the 278 00:19:13.440 --> 00:19:16.599 temple on top, and originally stood more than one hundred 279 00:19:16.599 --> 00:19:20.039 seventy feet tall by some estimates, double the height of 280 00:19:20.079 --> 00:19:24.480 the existing ruins. The zigarat was the highest expression of 281 00:19:24.519 --> 00:19:29.440 Mesopotamian architecture because these structures were built with mud baked bricks. 282 00:19:29.799 --> 00:19:33.559 Most Mesopotamian ziggurats have been unearthed in a poor state 283 00:19:33.640 --> 00:19:37.960 of preservation. Chogat Zanbil is an exception, is the largest 284 00:19:38.000 --> 00:19:42.440 outside Mesopotamia and the best preserved of its kind. Kirshman 285 00:19:42.559 --> 00:19:45.759 and his team of archaeologists would spend nine season at 286 00:19:45.759 --> 00:19:50.160 the Choga Zanbil site methodically working to uncover the remains 287 00:19:50.200 --> 00:19:54.039 of the Elamite structures. There. A royal quarter had been 288 00:19:54.079 --> 00:19:58.000 built near the productive city walls, which surrounded several smaller 289 00:19:58.039 --> 00:20:02.799 temples and the towering zigarat. The zigurat dominates the central 290 00:20:02.920 --> 00:20:08.680 sacred area of dur Untashi, where Girshman uncovered temples dedicated 291 00:20:08.720 --> 00:20:13.839 to Elamite gods, including Pinikir, the mother goddess. Beyond the 292 00:20:13.880 --> 00:20:17.799 sacred area lay the royal quarter, consisting of richly decorated 293 00:20:17.839 --> 00:20:23.960 palaces built using brick, plaster, stucco, majolica, and glass. Underground, 294 00:20:24.799 --> 00:20:30.400 a hypogium contains vaulted burial chambers. The Zigurat was dedicated 295 00:20:30.799 --> 00:20:36.559 to in Shushinak, god of the Earth, and Napirisha, god 296 00:20:36.680 --> 00:20:41.440 of Suza, the two principal Elamite deities. Choosing these gods, 297 00:20:41.599 --> 00:20:45.799 Untash Napirisha may have intended the new city to transcend 298 00:20:45.839 --> 00:20:48.880 the role of a local religious center and become an 299 00:20:48.880 --> 00:20:53.319 equal to or even outshine Suza. Coinciding with a surge 300 00:20:53.359 --> 00:20:58.839 of Elamite regional power and confidence, Untash Napirisha's reign produced 301 00:20:58.960 --> 00:21:03.000 notable artworks, which is the magnificent detailed bronze statue of 302 00:21:03.079 --> 00:21:07.039 his queen Napiasu found at Suza, along with the works 303 00:21:07.039 --> 00:21:13.920 of art found at Shoga Zanvil. After Untash Napirisha's death, however, 304 00:21:14.000 --> 00:21:17.519 the complex was not finished. Tiles were stacked unused, and 305 00:21:17.559 --> 00:21:21.240 the royal burial vaults remained empty. The site was spared 306 00:21:21.319 --> 00:21:25.000 plundering and became a place of pilgrimage until around one 307 00:21:25.039 --> 00:21:29.279 thousand BC, when it was abandoned. By the first millennium BC, 308 00:21:29.519 --> 00:21:32.559 elam was a worthy competitor to the great powers of 309 00:21:32.599 --> 00:21:36.119 the region. It was no match, however, for Asherbanopol and 310 00:21:36.200 --> 00:21:40.200 the Assyrians, whose troops sacked but did not destroy, chogat 311 00:21:40.279 --> 00:21:44.400 Zanbil in the mid seventh century BC. One hundred years later, 312 00:21:44.519 --> 00:21:48.119 Elam was absorbed into the Persian Empire. Its treasures were 313 00:21:48.319 --> 00:21:52.079 entombed and forgotten until its rediscovery twenty five hundred years 314 00:21:52.160 --> 00:21:56.200 later in the Age of colonialism and oil. This article 315 00:21:56.240 --> 00:22:02.519 by Antonio RATIAKX Cannons in the Savannah A Blast from 316 00:22:02.599 --> 00:22:08.559 Georgia's Past by Braden Phillips. Dredging operations on Georgia's Savannah 317 00:22:08.640 --> 00:22:12.240 River have turned up nineteen cannons likely to be linked 318 00:22:12.240 --> 00:22:15.480 to the American War for Independence. To deepen the shipping 319 00:22:15.559 --> 00:22:19.160 channel of Georgia's Savannah River, contractors for the Army Corps 320 00:22:19.160 --> 00:22:22.559 of Engineers have been hauling up not only twenty four 321 00:22:22.559 --> 00:22:25.759 million cubic guards of sand and clay, but also something 322 00:22:25.799 --> 00:22:30.039 even more impressive. Artifacts from the Revolutionary War. To date, 323 00:22:30.119 --> 00:22:33.319 as many as nineteen cannons have been recovered. The weapons 324 00:22:33.319 --> 00:22:36.279 appeared to have come from British Navy ships involved in 325 00:22:36.319 --> 00:22:39.640 the war. The Red Coats captured the port of Savannah 326 00:22:39.640 --> 00:22:42.559 in seventeen seventy eight. A year later, the British Navy 327 00:22:42.640 --> 00:22:47.000 scuttled the HMS Savannah and HMS Venus to create a 328 00:22:47.039 --> 00:22:52.559 blockage and prevent French ships from aiding the colonialists. Their 329 00:22:52.599 --> 00:22:55.880 tactics seceded succeeded, and the British were able to hold 330 00:22:55.880 --> 00:23:00.359 Savannah until July seventeen eighty two. The cannons were not 331 00:23:00.400 --> 00:23:04.480 the only recovered objects. Parts of US ship's bell, ammunition, 332 00:23:04.720 --> 00:23:09.319 including cannonballs and bar shot, and anchors from the Revolutionary 333 00:23:09.319 --> 00:23:13.119 War era have been pulled from the murky water. Archaeologists 334 00:23:13.160 --> 00:23:15.880 hope conservation work on the cannons and the bell will 335 00:23:15.920 --> 00:23:20.839 connect them to a specific vessel. Current archival research points 336 00:23:20.839 --> 00:23:24.160 to the HMS Savannah as the origin of most of 337 00:23:24.200 --> 00:23:29.119 the found artifacts, including anchors and armament. Researchers are requesting 338 00:23:29.160 --> 00:23:32.640 access to the ship's logs for both the Savannah and Venus, 339 00:23:32.920 --> 00:23:36.480 which are held by the United Kingdom's National Maritime Museum 340 00:23:36.559 --> 00:23:41.240 in Greenwich, London. These documents would help definitely identify the 341 00:23:41.279 --> 00:23:44.160 origins of the cannons. We know the river is full 342 00:23:44.200 --> 00:23:47.240 of undiscovered history, but didn't expect to find anything in 343 00:23:47.279 --> 00:23:53.400 this area due to past investigations, said Andrea Farmer, Corps 344 00:23:53.440 --> 00:23:58.880 District Archaeologists. It's a remarkable find. In the meantime, historians 345 00:23:58.880 --> 00:24:01.359 have plenty of clues to go on the style. The 346 00:24:01.400 --> 00:24:05.039 shape of the muzzle and breech indicates their classic Armstrong 347 00:24:05.119 --> 00:24:08.759 type British ordinance from the mid to late seventeen hundreds, 348 00:24:09.200 --> 00:24:13.920 said Stephen James, an archaeologist with Commonwealth Heritage Group. James 349 00:24:13.960 --> 00:24:17.079 believes that fourteen of the guns came from the Savannah, 350 00:24:17.240 --> 00:24:21.480 with others belonging to the Venus or other scuttled transport ships. 351 00:24:22.000 --> 00:24:25.160 The Savannah was scuttled with all of its fourteen cannons 352 00:24:25.160 --> 00:24:29.680 on board, which was unusual. Typically weapons were removed before 353 00:24:29.720 --> 00:24:34.519 scuttling a ship. Corp archaeologist Farmer noted the British must 354 00:24:34.599 --> 00:24:37.519 have had to move quickly to keep French forces from advancing. 355 00:24:38.119 --> 00:24:41.720 This is giving us an opportunity to investigate a story 356 00:24:41.720 --> 00:24:44.440 of Savannah that hasn't been looked at in a very 357 00:24:44.480 --> 00:24:50.880 long time, said Farmer. Next, Europa Regina a continent personified. 358 00:24:51.599 --> 00:24:55.240 Johannes Putch's fifteen thirty map depicts the continent as a 359 00:24:55.319 --> 00:24:59.400 queen pleading for peace and unity, personification that sparked a 360 00:24:59.480 --> 00:25:04.519 sixteen century cartographic craze. In the late fourteen hundreds, map 361 00:25:04.519 --> 00:25:08.440 making in Europe was flourishing. Many maps were practical produced 362 00:25:08.480 --> 00:25:12.480 for navigating expanding trade routes, but a few notable creations 363 00:25:12.519 --> 00:25:16.680 contained more than just geography. These reflected cultural, social, and 364 00:25:16.680 --> 00:25:19.839 political concerns of the time. One of the most notable 365 00:25:19.839 --> 00:25:22.799 maps was produced in the fifteen thirties by the Austrian 366 00:25:22.839 --> 00:25:28.119 scholar and courtier Johannes Pusch, whose most famous work personified 367 00:25:28.119 --> 00:25:31.599 Europe as a crowned and gowned queen holding an orb 368 00:25:31.720 --> 00:25:37.119 and scepter. PUSH's original map, a somewhat crude woodcut, became 369 00:25:37.240 --> 00:25:41.839 known by a variety of titles, including Europa Regina Queen Europe. 370 00:25:42.240 --> 00:25:44.920 The progression from the queen's head to foot moves from 371 00:25:44.920 --> 00:25:49.240 west to east, which labeling each region with a Latin name. 372 00:25:49.400 --> 00:25:54.079 Hispania Iberian Peninsula in the west is the figure's head, 373 00:25:54.200 --> 00:25:58.559 and eastern regions of Bulgaria and Mascovia from her form 374 00:25:58.640 --> 00:26:01.680 her feet on the left of Italy and Sicily is 375 00:26:01.720 --> 00:26:05.359 represented by an orb in its hand, the arm on 376 00:26:05.400 --> 00:26:08.400 the right of Denmark. Seeing Europe as a woman must 377 00:26:08.400 --> 00:26:11.680 have come naturally to readers of classical myths, who would 378 00:26:11.720 --> 00:26:14.680 have known the continent was named for Europa. The princess 379 00:26:14.799 --> 00:26:20.079 kidnapped by the Greek god Zeus. Personifications of Europe circulated 380 00:26:20.079 --> 00:26:22.920 in the form of drawings by the fourteenth century Italian 381 00:26:23.000 --> 00:26:27.960 mystic Opiciginus de Canistris. Although it is not known off 382 00:26:28.000 --> 00:26:32.759 Pusch had seen Opisinus's works, it is likely he witnessed 383 00:26:33.000 --> 00:26:38.200 imperial processions stage by the Habsburg rulers, in which continents 384 00:26:38.200 --> 00:26:43.519 were often personified as women. Putch's beautiful image sent a 385 00:26:43.559 --> 00:26:48.519 powerful message by showing Europe as one entity. The Habsburg Empire, 386 00:26:48.880 --> 00:26:51.599 centered on Spain and the Holy Roman Empire in Germany, 387 00:26:52.039 --> 00:26:55.480 was Europe's most powerful military force, and its role in 388 00:26:55.599 --> 00:26:59.759 holding Europe together is central to Pucha's theme of unity. 389 00:27:00.319 --> 00:27:04.000 Accompanying the map where verses, Pooch wrote in Latin, speaking 390 00:27:04.039 --> 00:27:07.359 in the first person, Queen Europe pleas for unity and 391 00:27:07.440 --> 00:27:10.960 directly addresses Charles, the fifth Holy Roman Emperor and King 392 00:27:11.079 --> 00:27:15.000 of Spain and his brother Fernan, the First of Austria, 393 00:27:15.440 --> 00:27:19.799 in whose court Pooch worked. The Queen addresses them as 394 00:27:19.839 --> 00:27:22.880 the most brilliant stars of the world and entreats them 395 00:27:22.920 --> 00:27:25.920 to end the wars in Italy and between Protestants and 396 00:27:26.039 --> 00:27:30.960 Catholics that are tearing her apart with additional threats from 397 00:27:31.000 --> 00:27:33.880 the Ottoman Turks in the east. Her safety depends on 398 00:27:34.039 --> 00:27:39.440 the faithful and mighty offices of Habsburg, Germany, located near 399 00:27:39.480 --> 00:27:44.160 her heart, and Spain in her head. Few biographical details 400 00:27:44.200 --> 00:27:46.599 are known of Pusch. He died a young man in 401 00:27:46.680 --> 00:27:50.400