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Speaker 2: Oh hey, it's the string on the spine of a
Speaker 2: string pe. What am I doing here? And why am
Speaker 2: I stronger than navy rope Ali Ward? And finally, finally
Speaker 2: you can stop looking to see if we have a
Speaker 2: geology episode, because it's here rocks, rocks, What are they?
Speaker 2: Where do they come from? And how do you become
Speaker 2: a person who suddenly has context for everything surrounding you
Speaker 2: so that you appreciate it. You talked to a geologist.
Speaker 2: So this ologist is beloved in the science community, and
Speaker 2: I was introduced to them via Sarah McNaughty of the
Speaker 2: Twothology Squid episodes and Sarah Ron's Skype a scientist, and
Speaker 2: this ologist helps write Geology Corner Trivia for Skype of
Speaker 2: Scientists Trivia Nights. And while I'm here, it is squid Temper,
Speaker 2: so enjoy the encore of the Squid episode. If you
Speaker 2: haven't heard it, there's a link in the show notes.
Speaker 2: But this ologist, this geologist is on their way to
Speaker 2: a PhD in geology via Oregon State, having studied paleoclimate
Speaker 2: and glacial geology with an undergrad degree in geology and
Speaker 2: mathematics at Northland College, which is an Ashland, Wisconsin, Hello Wisconsin,
Speaker 2: on the south shore of Lakespirior. And they're already listed
Speaker 2: as an author on published papers such as a Global
Speaker 2: Database of Marine Isotope Stage five A and five C,
Speaker 2: marine terraces and Paleo Shoreline Indicators. And you'll know exactly
Speaker 2: what all of those words mean in a second, just kidding, No,
Speaker 2: you won't. You'll know why a rock is heavy, though,
Speaker 2: and that's what we're here for. Okay, But before we
Speaker 2: get into it, thank you to everyone on Patreon who
Speaker 2: supports the show. You can join first littlest twenty five
Speaker 2: cents an episode, and that lets you submit questions to
Speaker 2: theologists ahead of time. Thank you, patrons. Thanks to everyone
Speaker 2: who tweets and tiktoks about the show, and to everyone
Speaker 2: rating and leaving reviews and subscribing, which helps the show
Speaker 2: so much. And I read every single one, and to
Speaker 2: prove it, here is the steamy freshie from up Way
Speaker 2: Too Early who left the review. The information about the
Speaker 2: natural world is fascinating and the unabashed enthusiasm of the
Speaker 2: guests is a real treat. Thank you, Thank you up
Speaker 2: Way too Early for that, and everyone who left reviews
Speaker 2: this week I read them all. Okay, geology, geo, the Earth,
Speaker 2: the study of the Earth. So consider this like a
Speaker 2: one oh one course of what is this big rock
Speaker 2: that we live on made of? And how can we
Speaker 2: appreciate gravel, hard rocks, soft rocks, stone skipping, edible stones?
Speaker 2: How large is a small boulder? How old are diamonds?
Speaker 2: Where do geodes come from? Why are different rocks different colors?
Speaker 2: Why you should stare at your countertop? What are the
Speaker 2: rock punts? Why road trips can take forever? And just
Speaker 2: wonder at the natural world. With part one of this
Speaker 2: two parter with your new favorite geologist, Schmitty Thompson.
Speaker 1: My name is.
Speaker 3: Schmitty Thompson and I use they in them pronouns.
Speaker 2: And you are a geologist.
Speaker 3: I am a geologist. I am currently a geologist in training,
Speaker 3: so hopefully a would you be doctor geologist.
Speaker 2: Soon if you're studying it? You are an ologist, So
Speaker 2: you are a geologist.
Speaker 3: I am a geologist.
Speaker 2: Yes, Okay. I've wanted to do this episode for so
Speaker 2: so long because rocks are something that I do not
Speaker 2: understand a thing about. I want you to know that
Speaker 2: I know nothing about rocks and you know so much.
Speaker 2: So I guess let's start with since ologists are people
Speaker 2: who study things, how long have you been a geologist?
Speaker 2: Because you've liked rocks for I'm going to guess more
Speaker 2: than one minute.
Speaker 3: Yes I have. I have liked rocks for a very
Speaker 3: long time. I do remember I met my first geologist
Speaker 3: when I was going into eighth grade. I went on
Speaker 3: a canoe trip for a few days in the middle
Speaker 3: of nowhere in Minnesota, and the trip leader had just
Speaker 3: graduated with her undergraduate degree in geology, and she's telling
Speaker 3: us about her what she was studying, and she was
Speaker 3: showing us all these rocks, and I remember we're packing
Speaker 3: up our food to go on our trip, and I
Speaker 3: just looked over at her and I said, I'm going
Speaker 3: to be a geologist someday. And so it's been sort
Speaker 3: of a meandering path ever since then.
Speaker 2: So it's been a real rocky road in that it's
Speaker 2: been full of beautiful wonders. Really, because rocks are cool.
Speaker 2: What was it about rocks that you thought I'll dedicate
Speaker 2: my life to that ology.
Speaker 3: That's a really good question. It's just they're so they're
Speaker 3: so beautiful and they're so interesting. Because you know, when
Speaker 3: you're walking in a grocery store parking lot. This is
Speaker 3: the example I always use. You can look down at
Speaker 3: the rocks in the weird medians there, and if you
Speaker 3: know how to talk to those and you can read
Speaker 3: their stories, you know, even similarly, the most mundane rocks
Speaker 3: ever have the most amazing stories. You can go into
Speaker 3: the middle of nowhere, like on a long cree a
Speaker 3: trip or along backpacking trip, and you can see these beautiful,
Speaker 3: magnificent outcrops and mountains and rivers and everything. You can
Speaker 3: go drive down the side of the highway and I'm
Speaker 3: sure you know, many people have been driving and seen
Speaker 3: a beautiful road cut. Roadcuts are great. If you see
Speaker 3: someone stop inside of the road, there's a good chance
Speaker 3: they're geologists looking at the road cut. So just they're
Speaker 3: so beautiful and getting to learn about the history of
Speaker 3: our planet and like understanding just how beautiful and like
Speaker 3: dynamic the Earth is because our planet has been around
Speaker 3: for four point five billion years and that's an unimaginably
Speaker 3: long stretch of time, and just so much interesting stuff
Speaker 3: has happened since then.
Speaker 2: Just by the by an outcrop is any visible exposed
Speaker 2: bedrock or like a naturally occurring geologic goodness where you're like, WHOA,
Speaker 2: what's that? And a road cut is when they cut
Speaker 2: a road and kind of like a piece of cake,
Speaker 2: you can just drool over the layers.
Speaker 3: And when you do, even if you can't live the
Speaker 3: outcrop and say, I know exactly what's going on here,
Speaker 3: getting to sit there and think about, like, what's the
Speaker 3: story here? How did these rocks get where they were today?
Speaker 3: Like were they born deep into the earth? Like were
Speaker 3: they born on a beach? Did a dinosaur walk in
Speaker 3: this rock? Just the stories that they can tell are amazing,
Speaker 3: and I think there's also something there that I don't
Speaker 3: know if I can explain it. I just love rocks.
Speaker 2: I love this kind of love. Let's define a rock.
Speaker 2: Number one, what's the difference between a boulder, a pebble,
Speaker 2: a rock, like a geological formation? At what point is
Speaker 2: something sand and what point is something a rock? Like?
Speaker 2: What is a fucking rock?
Speaker 1: Yeah?
Speaker 3: What is a rock? That's a really good question. So
Speaker 3: a rock is sort of a broad definition for an
Speaker 3: earth material that has come out of the Earth, that
Speaker 3: is made of minerals. And so that's a really common question.
Speaker 3: Is what's the difference between a rock and a mineral?
Speaker 3: And so a mineral is essentially they're like the ingredients
Speaker 3: that make up a rock. So a mineral is a
Speaker 3: chemical compound that has a crystal structure that formed for
Speaker 3: the most part under natural circumstances. And so, for example,
Speaker 3: a mineral that a lot of people have heard of
Speaker 3: is quartz. Quarts is really beautiful mineral. It's really common,
Speaker 3: and rocks are going to be made up of Sometimes
Speaker 3: you have a rock made up of just one mineral,
Speaker 3: Like if you have a big chunk of rock, salt,
Speaker 3: salt is its mineral name is haylite, and then a
Speaker 3: lot of other rocks for the most part, are made
Speaker 3: out of combinations of different minerals. So, for example, if
Speaker 3: you've ever gone to someone's house or a nice bar
Speaker 3: and you see that they have a granite countertop, granite
Speaker 3: is a rock those forms deep under the earth, and
Speaker 3: the mineral sort of the ingredients or the components that
Speaker 3: make it up are for example, quartz, you have quartz
Speaker 3: and granite. You also can get a mineral called feldspar,
Speaker 3: which is this beautiful little pink mineral that has lots
Speaker 3: of shiny surfaces. It's made up of a mineral called mica,
Speaker 3: which has two forms by a tight and muscovite, which
Speaker 3: are like these beautiful flaky rocks that you can form.
Speaker 3: So a mineral is sort of they're like the ingredients
Speaker 3: that make up rocks, and then rocks are just their
Speaker 3: materials that come out of the earth. So if you,
Speaker 3: for example, like a rock that you pick up again
Speaker 3: just off the ground is just going to be just
Speaker 3: as much of a rock as you know, a cliff
Speaker 3: you see in a hilltop. Now, words like silt or
Speaker 3: sand or pebble or boulder can be technical terms to
Speaker 3: talk about how big the rock is. So if we're
Speaker 3: talking about the size of a rock, we can split
Speaker 3: into categories. We have the tiniest sizes of earth materials,
Speaker 3: but if we're thinking about the size of rocks, you
Speaker 3: can start all the way up to a boulder, which
Speaker 3: is a technical term, so rocks above a certain size
Speaker 3: or boulders.
Speaker 2: Okay, I looked this up. It's a very technical term.
Speaker 2: A boulder has to be greater than twenty five point
Speaker 2: six centimeters or ten point one inches in diameter. That
Speaker 2: is the threshold of when a rock becomes a boulder.
Speaker 2: So in common usage, though some people define a boulder
Speaker 2: as one that's too big for one person to move.
Speaker 2: That's how people classify it. But one time my dad
Speaker 2: moved a giant person sized boulder out of the road
Speaker 2: so that other cars wouldn't hit it. And at the
Speaker 2: time he was seventy years old and on chemo. So
Speaker 2: I think that metric of who can move what is
Speaker 2: pretty subjective. There are many non boulders I probably could
Speaker 2: not move. But yes, a boulder can be gigantic, but
Speaker 2: at its smallest, the smallest boulder is a little under
Speaker 2: a foot in diameter. So what's smaller than a boulder,
Speaker 2: and you can.
Speaker 3: Go down a step to a cobble, which is just
Speaker 3: maybe the size of like a softball or a football.
Speaker 3: And then you can get down to a pebble, which
Speaker 3: just kind of like what he expects like a pebble
Speaker 3: and an fish tank to be. And then you have sand,
Speaker 3: and there's all sorts of different sizes of sand, and
Speaker 3: then you get down to silt, and then you get
Speaker 3: down to the tiniest particles, which are clay.
Speaker 2: Wait, clay is a type of rock, is it? What?
Speaker 3: Yeah, it's well, that's the hard thing is when you
Speaker 3: get down to these you know, sand and silts and clay,
Speaker 3: they're all earth materials, so they're all involved in the
Speaker 3: way that stuff moves through the earth system. Clay is
Speaker 3: really fun because clay particles are so tiny that you
Speaker 3: have to look with a microscope to look at the
Speaker 3: individual clay particles.
Speaker 2: No, and they just stick together with water. Is that
Speaker 2: how we mold clay?
Speaker 3: That's how we mold clay. Actually, this is a really
Speaker 3: fun tip if you want to look like a geologist
Speaker 3: in front of your friends, is if you're like a
Speaker 3: river bank or you have some really fine silty clayey material.
Speaker 3: If you want to figure out whether you're holding silt
Speaker 3: or clay, what you do is you take a little
Speaker 3: bit of that really fine powdery stuff and if you're
Speaker 3: being really casual, you can spit in your hand, or
Speaker 3: if you're being fancy, you can take some water from
Speaker 3: a water bottle and mix it the little bit of
Speaker 3: like dusty material and then try and leave us like,
Speaker 3: try and paint with it. See if it leaves a
Speaker 3: streak across your palm. So if it doesn't lea leave
Speaker 3: a streak, that means it's silt, which means that it's
Speaker 3: made out of slightly larger particles. And if it does
Speaker 3: leave a streak, that means it's clay.
Speaker 2: Oh, I never knew that. I never knew that clay
Speaker 2: was a bunch of little rocks. That's so thrilling. What
Speaker 2: about like different types of rocks? You know how when
Speaker 2: you are an absolute nubi And there have been several
Speaker 2: times I've picked up a rock and been like, this
Speaker 2: is probably a meteorite, and it absolutely has not been.
Speaker 2: But things between like sedimentary and igneous. And I know
Speaker 2: that there are fourth graders that know a lot more
Speaker 2: about this than me, But what are the types of
Speaker 2: rock and some of their hallmarks? Would you say for
Speaker 2: a total rock Newby who.
Speaker 3: Appreciated that is you are excited. That is a great
Speaker 3: That's all you need to start learning about rocks is excitement.
Speaker 3: So the three main types of rocks that we have
Speaker 3: are are we have igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks.
Speaker 3: And which kind of rock they are is all dependent
Speaker 3: on how they formed. And so igneous rocks formed as
Speaker 3: lava or magma cooled, and so you can sort of
Speaker 3: break igneous rocks into two categories. You have sort of
Speaker 3: the classic ones, which are volcanic igeneous rocks. And so
Speaker 3: these are rocks that when you have you know, for example,
Speaker 3: like Mount Saint Helens or any of our other volcanoes,
Speaker 3: you have a volcano erupting, You're getting lava and ash
Speaker 3: and all this really hot molten rock, lava being erupted
Speaker 3: out of the volcano. When that lava cools, it forms
Speaker 3: an igneous rock. Now, actually, these igeaus rocks coming out
Speaker 3: of volcanoes are one of the most common types of
Speaker 3: rock we have on the planet. Because if you go
Speaker 3: down all the way to the ocean floor and look
Speaker 3: underneath all of our oceans, it's just these huge plates
Speaker 3: of an igeous rock called the salt.
Speaker 2: Oh, and there's big giant plates. Would they each be
Speaker 2: one huge boulder.
Speaker 3: That's a really good question, and I think that's something
Speaker 3: that you need to go to a coffee shop on
Speaker 3: Sunday morning and debate amongst yourselves. Yeah, So aus rocks form.
Speaker 3: Volcanic amusrock's form when a volcano or some kind of
Speaker 3: lava moving up to the up from the middle of
Speaker 3: the Earth onto the surface of the Earth cools. You
Speaker 3: can also get what's called a plutonic igneous rock. And
Speaker 3: so essentially, if you go deep, deep onto the surface
Speaker 3: of the Earth, you have all of this really hot,
Speaker 3: squishy rock moving around in what's called the mantle. So
Speaker 3: the mantle is sort of this really large layer between
Speaker 3: the center of the Earth and the crust that's on
Speaker 3: the outside. And so when a blob of the mantle
Speaker 3: gets really hot and starts to move around, you can
Speaker 3: get these blobs of magma. So when you have really
Speaker 3: hot molten rock, the difference between it being called lava
Speaker 3: or magma is lava is when it's on the surface
Speaker 3: of the Earth. So it's come out from the inside
Speaker 3: of the Earth and magmas when it's still inside of
Speaker 3: the Earth, and so sometimes you get these blobs of
Speaker 3: magma that's slowly move up through the crust and sometimes
Speaker 3: they'll erupt and become a volcano, and sometimes they don't
Speaker 3: quite make it to the surface. They just sit underneath
Speaker 3: the surface of the Earth and for like hundreds of
Speaker 3: thousands of millions of years, they cool and as they're cooling,
Speaker 3: all of that liquid rock has time to grow really
Speaker 3: large crystals. So again you can go find a granite
Speaker 3: countertop and you can just put your hand on it
Speaker 3: and look at all those big crystals, because granite is
Speaker 3: a plutonic aneas rock, and so any granite countertop that
Speaker 3: you're gonna be looking at can look at it and
Speaker 3: think about the fact that that forms deep, deep under
Speaker 3: the surface of the Earth and cooled over millions of years,
Speaker 3: over hundreds of thousands to millions of years, to form
Speaker 3: these big beautiful crystals.
Speaker 2: So igneous rock comes in two main flavors. There's extrusive
Speaker 2: aka volcanic, and that is a fountain of lava or
Speaker 2: intrusive or plutonic, and that is an underground cooling blob
Speaker 2: that cools more slowly, which may be what your counters
Speaker 2: are made of. But your floor is definitely made up lava.
Speaker 2: The floor is melting lava.
Speaker 3: The floor is lava.
Speaker 2: Uh. You know what it always gets me is in
Speaker 2: like home renovation, when people like I'm over my quartz countertops,
Speaker 2: I'm over my granite countertops, and then they just demo
Speaker 2: them and then they get a new rock countertop. I'm
Speaker 2: always like, do we have enough rock for that?
Speaker 3: Yeah, that's a good question. So there's some kinds of
Speaker 3: rock that we do have a lot of. But I
Speaker 3: do think it is it is a waste to get
Speaker 3: rid of any good stone countertop, like you know, you
Speaker 3: went through the effort to get that out of the earth, Like,
Speaker 3: why would you demo it? Though I do in one
Speaker 3: of my undergraduate professors had a when he was showing
Speaker 3: us different kinds of igneous rocks. He had a little
Speaker 3: board with different countertop samples on it, and really nice,
Speaker 3: like clean cut samples of these rocks. So countertops are
Speaker 3: a great way to see some cool rocks because people
Speaker 3: like to take you know, really hard durable rocks can
Speaker 3: be good for countertops, So you can see lots of
Speaker 3: fun rocks.
Speaker 2: There, okay, So to recap, rocks can be made of
Speaker 2: different minerals, and minerals can be made of straight up
Speaker 2: elements or chemical compounds. But a mineral is, according to
Speaker 2: the US Geological Survey, something with an orderly internal structure
Speaker 2: in a crystal form. And minerals you may know are quartz, feldtz,
Speaker 2: bar mica, olivine, and calcite, and amphibole, which when I
Speaker 2: read it it looks like amphibole, which sounds like some
Speaker 2: kind of Italian frogman superhero. But to recap of rock
Speaker 2: is a lump of minerals, sometimes just one mineral, sometimes
Speaker 2: a bunch of them. Also, not to confuse you, but
Speaker 2: a lot of quartz countertops aren't naturally occurring slabs. Most
Speaker 2: of them are about ninety to ninety five percent ground
Speaker 2: up quartz or silicon dioxide, with about ten percent of
Speaker 2: it being resin binders. Did you know that? I didn't.
Speaker 2: So now when you're sitting at your countertop, you won't
Speaker 2: take it for granted unless it's marble, which is not
Speaker 2: igneous but first sedimentary.
Speaker 3: My dear Watson, when you're talking about IGAs smart, you
Speaker 3: can kind of go in a cycle because rocks and
Speaker 3: earth material on the planet is always cycling, like nothing
Speaker 3: is ever still or sedentary on the planet. And so
Speaker 3: when you get rocks that start to break down. For example,
Speaker 3: if you have a granite cliff, things like rain moving
Speaker 3: on it and wind blowing on it, and just the
Speaker 3: weight of the rock face pulling it down is going
Speaker 3: to start to break up that granite into smaller particles.
Speaker 3: And so as rocks weather, they start to fall apart
Speaker 3: and you get the individual crystals in it. For example,
Speaker 3: the quartz crystals in a granite, they fall apart and
Speaker 3: they become loose sediment. And so sediment is just any
Speaker 3: of these it's just any material that's like a loose
Speaker 3: scathering of like smaller grains of rock that a weathered
Speaker 3: out of something else.
Speaker 2: I'm totally falling apart.
Speaker 3: And so all of you can go to the beach
Speaker 3: and you can pick up your you know, really pretty
Speaker 3: sand that probably started as an igneous rock somewhere teep
Speaker 3: underneath the earth. And so as you get sediment like
Speaker 3: clay in silt and sand moving around the surface to
Speaker 3: the other the earth. It's in our oceans, it's in
Speaker 3: our rivers, it's in it's sand dunes in the desert. Eventually,
Speaker 3: sometimes that stuff stays still for a long time or
Speaker 3: it gets buried, and over time, as water's moving through
Speaker 3: it and as it's compressing together, loose sediment like sand, silt,
Speaker 3: or clay is going to harden. Then a fun process
Speaker 3: called lith fying, and it's going to become a new
Speaker 3: kind of rock. So that's a sedimentary rock is a
Speaker 3: rock that formed out of sediments that have been weathered
Speaker 3: out of other rocks, Like sandstone is a really great
Speaker 3: sedimentary rock. And then you can also get sedimentary rocks
Speaker 3: that form out of lots of shells in the ocean.
Speaker 3: If you're in the ocean, you have big shells, you
Speaker 3: can have the microscopic shells. When those shells settle to
Speaker 3: the bottom of the ocean, they will also squeeze together
Speaker 3: and form a rock called limestone. And so you know,
Speaker 3: sedimentary rocks are just what happened when loose earth material
Speaker 3: and the surface of the earth or the oceans compacts together.
Speaker 2: So is it kind of like if you were baking
Speaker 2: biscuits and there are a bunch of leftover peace and
Speaker 2: then you made another biscuit out of that biscuit exactly.
Speaker 3: Yeah, that's a great way to put it. So it's
Speaker 3: sort of it's it's materially recycled through the earth system.
Speaker 2: And then what is cooking it though, Like I know
Speaker 2: that if I reform that biscuit and I put in
Speaker 2: the oven, I got a new biscuit. But that lithifying
Speaker 2: what's hardening it into a whole other rock.
Speaker 3: Yeah, so that's gonna be Sometimes you have just pressure
Speaker 3: over time is gonna meld those grains together. And then
Speaker 3: oftentimes rocks if you like pick up a again you
Speaker 3: look at your ground at countertop where you look at
Speaker 3: a nice for example, a marble countertop, sometimes you look
Speaker 3: at a rock and you're like, there's no way water
Speaker 3: can get in that. But even if especially in sedimentary
Speaker 3: rocks where you have lots of loose spaces between the grains,
Speaker 3: you can get water moving through it and that's going
Speaker 3: to depose a little bits of essentially cement in between them.
Speaker 3: So that's going to hold that together.
Speaker 2: Oh I don't even know what cement is, but I
Speaker 2: understand it's different from concrete. And I'm like, I need's
Speaker 2: a whole masonology episode.
Speaker 3: Yeah, fun. Yeah, So this in this case, cement is
Speaker 3: just you know, one of the ways that minerals can
Speaker 3: exist is you can have little bits of the components
Speaker 3: of minerals dissolved in water. And so sometimes as the
Speaker 3: water is moving through loose sediment, that's going to deposs
Speaker 3: a little tiny bits of the mineral in between the
Speaker 3: loose pieces of sediment, and that's going to weld them together.
Speaker 3: So it's kind of glue. It's gluing the rock together.
Speaker 2: And then what about metamorphic.
Speaker 3: Yes, metamorphic rocks. So this is where the really this
Speaker 3: is where the fun stuff comes in. And so a
Speaker 3: lot of rocks, even if whether they form steep underneath
Speaker 3: the earth in a volcano or on surface of the Earth,
Speaker 3: they can get buried again and they can get pushed
Speaker 3: into the Earth's crust. And so what happens sometimes is
Speaker 3: when you get a rock that formed either from a
Speaker 3: volcano or from loose sediment, i e.
Speaker 2: Take an igneous or a sedimentary rock, which you now
Speaker 2: know what those are. Congrats.
Speaker 3: If it gets put under really intense heat and pressure,
Speaker 3: then everything in there will get kind of squishy and stuff.
Speaker 3: It won't melt all the way because if you melt
Speaker 3: the rock all the way, then it becomes an igneous
Speaker 3: rock again. But if it just gets really if things
Speaker 3: get loose in there, then minerals can start to rerange
Speaker 3: themselves into a new rock. One example of a metamorphic
Speaker 3: rock is I talked about limestone. Limestone forms the bottom
Speaker 3: of the ocean when tiny shells gather up in layers
Speaker 3: over time and stick together. If limestone gets buried deep
Speaker 3: underneath the surface of the Earth, all of those little
Speaker 3: grains of calcium carbonate that make up the shells are
Speaker 3: going to kind of meld together and become more solid,
Speaker 3: and that's what forms marble. So if you've ever again
Speaker 3: seen a marble countertop, or like been in a really
Speaker 3: fancy like a marble statue and a really fancy building
Speaker 3: that started off its life as shells or some kind
Speaker 3: of marine creature in the ocean and then got buried
Speaker 3: and metamorphosed and everything got squishy and rearranged itself and
Speaker 3: so made it into your countertop.
Speaker 2: So some extrusive volcanic igneous rocks are basalt and pomus
Speaker 2: and obsidian. And then remember intrusive or plutonic rocks quite
Speaker 2: literally chill beneath the Earth's surface and thus they cool
Speaker 2: more slowly, which tends to let crystals form, and granite
Speaker 2: and doriite and pegamatite are intrusive igneous rocks. Also, did
Speaker 2: you know that you shouldn't throw rocks in a fire,
Speaker 2: especially wet ones. Rocks can straight up absorb water and
Speaker 2: then explode at your face, which is not the relaxing
Speaker 2: fire pit atmosphere that you were going for. So don't
Speaker 2: make a fire pit with sandstone or river rocks or
Speaker 2: pumus because they can sponge up water and then harder
Speaker 2: rocks like granite and marble and slate plus lava rocks
Speaker 2: are a better bet, but you should ask a firepit
Speaker 2: person or the internet first and don't sue me. But
Speaker 2: some sedimentary rocks are sandstone, shale, limestone. Even coal is
Speaker 2: the sedimentary rock, which I didn't know it's an organic
Speaker 2: sedimentary rock because it's made of old dead plants. Coal
Speaker 2: is a rock, Chalk is a rock. Chalk is a rock, yes,
Speaker 2: a sedimentary one made up of old shells. So this
Speaker 2: pot is just chocol block with cocktail party facts. Metamorphic rocks,
Speaker 2: once again, they get stronger under pressure or high temperatures,
Speaker 2: but not high enough so that they melt to magma.
Speaker 2: They just kind of get molded and folded. And some
Speaker 2: metamorphic rocks are philight shist quartzite. Marble is a metamorphic rock.
Speaker 2: But marbles, those are not rocks. Those are glass, and
Speaker 2: glass is cooled heated sand and silica and some other stuff,
Speaker 2: and it's not a mineral or a rock because glass
Speaker 2: doesn't have a crystalline structure. But I learned this on
Speaker 2: accident this week, so now you have to learn it.
Speaker 2: One time, marbles were embedded in highways and road signs
Speaker 2: for reflectivity, and they were called cataphone when they were
Speaker 2: used that way, and it was invented by a guy
Speaker 2: named Percy Shaw in nineteen thirty seven who thought that
Speaker 2: marbles were pretty shiny in headlights like a cat's eye,
Speaker 2: and marbles and road signs were like, okay, these are
Speaker 2: pretty good until World War Two and then marbles and
Speaker 2: roadsides or cataphone took off because back then military vehicle
Speaker 2: headlights had utters on them like eyelids to cloak them
Speaker 2: from being visible from above. And in World War Two,
Speaker 2: since the entire world was a battlefield, shuttered headlights were
Speaker 2: standard on a lot of cars. Meaning that reflector marbles
Speaker 2: on road sides were discreete and helpful, so they were everywhere.
Speaker 2: And when I learned that, I lost my marbles, which
Speaker 2: is an idiom first coined in eighteen eighty six in
Speaker 2: a newspaper article which read, he has roamed the block
Speaker 2: all morning like a boy who has lost his marbles. Also,
Speaker 2: it was researching this aside that I realized that this
Speaker 2: episode needed to be a two parter because I'm sorry,
Speaker 2: there's just a lot of cool shit to learn about
Speaker 2: rocks and rock adjacent things, but all the glimmers is
Speaker 2: not class What about things like diamonds and sapphires and
Speaker 2: rubies and quartz crystals? Those are igneous or those are metamorphic.
Speaker 3: A lot of them can be both. The situation which
Speaker 3: in big typically jumpsed on crystals grow is when you
Speaker 3: have either magma cooling over really long periods of time
Speaker 3: that lets those crystals grow. For example, if you who
Speaker 3: are thinking about a tormaline crystal, I've been to outcrops.
Speaker 3: You can see big, beautiful tormaline crystals that have grown
Speaker 3: in granites that have poled over a really long period
Speaker 3: of time that allows those big crystals to grow and
Speaker 3: then a lot of other gemstones form in metamorphic rocks. Essentially,
Speaker 3: you can get the right ingredients there and if you
Speaker 3: put them under heat and pressure, it'll have time for
Speaker 3: those ingredients to sort of come together and grow into
Speaker 3: these new gemstones. So most gemstones for the most part,
Speaker 3: are going to be either coming out of an igniance
Speaker 3: for a metamorphic rock.
Speaker 2: When we're looking out at rocks lay in the yard
Speaker 2: or gravel in the driveway or scattered around. Maybe not
Speaker 2: a smart question, but is there like a garden variety
Speaker 2: that we see probably more than anything, Like if we
Speaker 2: see a bug in our house, like ninety percent chance
Speaker 2: as a house fly or something. Are there types of
Speaker 2: rock that it's like you probably see this all the time,
Speaker 2: you don't realize what it is.
Speaker 3: Yeah, I'd say there's a kind of rock club the salt,
Speaker 3: and there's a lot of it around. It's formed in
Speaker 3: a lot of different conditions. So it's an aeneous rock,
Speaker 3: so that forms when lava comes out of the earth
Speaker 3: and cools really fast, so it's usually gray and really
Speaker 3: fine grain and basalt is what makes up the tectonic
Speaker 3: plates at the bottom of the ocean, So basalt forms.
Speaker 3: That was called this basalt forms, it's called mid ocean ridges,
Speaker 3: where in the center of a lot of these tectonic
Speaker 3: plates the thought of the ocean, they're kind of split
Speaker 3: in half and they're spreading apart where magma is sort
Speaker 3: of coming up underneath them in a plume, and you
Speaker 3: just get this long, skinny sort of volcano splitting the plate,
Speaker 3: and the plate is moving out slowly from that center
Speaker 3: line where the basalt is being produced. And so there's
Speaker 3: a lot of basalta out there. And so you can
Speaker 3: take a look around and a lot of gravel pits
Speaker 3: and you see a fine grain, sometimes really smooth rock
Speaker 3: that's probably the salt. And it is very common, which
Speaker 3: is not to say that it's not beautiful in its
Speaker 3: own way, but that's probably a good garden variet.
Speaker 2: What about colors of rock, because I texted you before
Speaker 2: this to tell you that I sometimes will pick up
Speaker 2: a gravel in a driveway and then I'll arrange it
Speaker 2: in a beautiful ombre color, and for some reason I
Speaker 2: find it very soothing. I mean, it's the cheapest and
Speaker 2: most low stakes hobby a person can have. And when
Speaker 2: Jarrett and I were staying at my sister's helping out
Speaker 2: with my dad. I'd sometimes go outside for a minute.
Speaker 2: I'd just grab a few rocks and then arrange them
Speaker 2: in color order, and then sigh and just toss them
Speaker 2: back and return to the house. I even started drilling
Speaker 2: holes in a few with a drumml to make driveway
Speaker 2: rock necklaces. But I just found out researching this that
Speaker 2: there are naturally occurring rocks that have a whole straight room,
Speaker 2: maybe from a mollusc track as they formed, and those
Speaker 2: are called hag rocks. And to drill a hole in
Speaker 2: a rock and say it's a natural hag rock is
Speaker 2: to invite a curse on you. But I promise I
Speaker 2: just wanted to put a few drive rocks on a string.
Speaker 2: It was a time, It was a hard time, it
Speaker 2: was a good time. It was a time anyway. But
Speaker 2: why are some rocks white, summer yellowish, some are gray,
Speaker 2: some are brown? What's going on in there?
Speaker 3: Yeah, So you can trace that all back to the
Speaker 3: chemistry and the physical structure.
Speaker 2: Of the rock.
Speaker 3: So again, all rocks are going to be made out
Speaker 3: of minerals, and then all those minerals are just based
Speaker 3: on various combinations of chemical elements arranged in different structures,
Speaker 3: and so sometimes a rocks color will be based on
Speaker 3: just the plain structure of the mineral in it, and
Speaker 3: then sometimes within minerals you'll get little tea tiny trace elements,
Speaker 3: so just like a little bit of dye into the
Speaker 3: crystal structure, and so that's going to give it its color.
Speaker 3: So a lot of rock color is going to be
Speaker 3: based on its chemistry. Though. A fun thing I learned
Speaker 3: a while back was that if you're looking at a rock,
Speaker 3: pick a granite and you see little kind of clearish
Speaker 3: gray crystals, a lot of the times those are going
Speaker 3: to be quartz crystals. And the reason that they look
Speaker 3: gray is not because they're colored that. It's because a
Speaker 3: lot of the times quarts will form clear. And the
Speaker 3: reason in a rock it looks like dark colored or
Speaker 3: gray because there's no light in there. Oh, it's so
Speaker 3: dark in here, So it's clear looking into a lightless
Speaker 3: interior of a rock.
Speaker 2: So for people who collect crystals or rocks, your purple
Speaker 2: amethysts have some iron in them to give it that
Speaker 2: lavender color. Rose quartz has traces of titanium or manganese
Speaker 2: or iron, and smoky quartz gets that kind of tinted
Speaker 2: window look via some natural irradiation affecting the aluminum in it.
Speaker 2: Milk quartz, that's just quartz with some liquid or gas
Speaker 2: trapped inside, which can be really helpful for people with
Speaker 2: bowel issues. Just kidding, I think it's just fun to
Speaker 2: think of milk quartz doing little farts. Your citrine in
Speaker 2: nature has colloidal ferric hydroxide impurities. But if you have
Speaker 2: an ombree amber crystal that was sold to you as citrine,
Speaker 2: it's more than likely it's an amethyst baked at nine
Speaker 2: hundred degrees which turns the purple parts golden yellow at
Speaker 2: the tips. But hey, if it's a citrin in your heart,
Speaker 2: and then you can think of it as a citrin
Speaker 2: all you want, because as far as crystal's having powers,
Speaker 2: if it makes you happy, then it makes you happy.
Speaker 2: And I said this in the Gemology episode, but our
Speaker 2: brains are just a jiggling mess of nerves and wires
Speaker 2: and memories and shit we don't fully understand. And one
Speaker 2: of those things is the placebo effect. So if you
Speaker 2: think a stone is going to distress you, it might
Speaker 2: distress you from a behavioral standpoint. If a gem or
Speaker 2: a rock reminds you to take actionable steps toward, like
Speaker 2: keeping your heart open for love, or being kinder to yourself,
Speaker 2: or managing your money more wisely. Then that stone is
Speaker 2: working by way of reminding you to change your behaviors
Speaker 2: which affect your life. But the placebo effect is not medicine.
Speaker 2: And there are people sadly literally banking on your fears
Speaker 2: and your hopes, and those people are sometimes doing a
Speaker 2: lot of dangerous mining using child labor in some country,
Speaker 2: which is never good vibes people. My point is that
Speaker 2: some rocks get all the attention, they're sold for a
Speaker 2: lot of money, but really all rocks are special like dogs.
Speaker 2: What about as someone who probably has to haul around
Speaker 2: rock samples and things like that, Why are they heavy?
Speaker 4: Yeah?
Speaker 3: Why are they heavy? So that's all about just the
Speaker 3: density of the minerals. When a mineral or a rock
Speaker 3: is forming, how many atoms can they pack in there?
Speaker 3: So a lot of them because they're in these really
Speaker 3: rigid crystal structures, they can pack in a lot of
Speaker 3: elements that are pretty heavy. So again a lot of
Speaker 3: the rocks that form, for example, the plates at the
Speaker 3: bottom of the ocean are really heavy. In things like
Speaker 3: magnesium and iron. It's all going to come back to
Speaker 3: the crystal structure of the rock in chemistry. So there's
Speaker 3: a lot of stuff packed in there.
Speaker 2: I'm so rude. I just realized that we're whatever. However,
Speaker 2: many minutes and I didn't even ask about your job
Speaker 2: or your work. I just was like, what the fuck
Speaker 2: is a rock? Your work deals with ice age rocks? Right,
Speaker 2: how many rocks samples do you have to collect? How
Speaker 2: big are the samples? What are you analyzing? What's happening?
Speaker 3: Yeah, So that's actually really a really interesting thing. Is
Speaker 3: I love talking about rocks, but the work I do
Speaker 3: for my research, actually I don't look at rocks that much.
Speaker 2: I'm so sorry.
Speaker 3: Because I feel like that's That's one of the things
Speaker 3: about geology is geology is a really broad field, and
Speaker 3: it's not just about studying rocks. It's about studying sort
Speaker 3: of the systems of our planet, and so it's a
Speaker 3: really interdisciplinary field. And so the kind of work that
Speaker 3: I do is I actually I sit up my laptop
Speaker 3: all day because there's a lot of geology that actually
Speaker 3: involves a lot of mathematics, and so when it comes
Speaker 3: to trying to sort of figure out or simulate how
Speaker 3: volcano erupts, or how an ice sheet moves around, or
Speaker 3: how the ocean responds to various things moving around on it.
Speaker 3: A lot of the times we really understand the math
Speaker 3: behind it. And so what we can do is I
Speaker 3: can tell a computer. I can write some code and
Speaker 3: tell my computer program, hey, you know, do this and
Speaker 3: figure out, for example, in my research, like you know,
Speaker 3: if we took an ice sheet and we grew it
Speaker 3: all the way from Canada down towards Oregon, like, what's
Speaker 3: going to happen to the ocean? What's gonna happen to
Speaker 3: the land surface if I grew the ice sheet closer
Speaker 3: and closer to where I am an Oregon.
Speaker 2: So their thesis involves working on problems of sea level
Speaker 2: during glacial cycles. And another paper they've been an author
Speaker 2: on is titled three D Mantle viscosity Structure in Glacial
Speaker 2: isostatic Adjustment Models resolves discrepancies in marine isotope stage MISS
Speaker 2: five A and five S global means sea level predictions
Speaker 2: in case you're wondering.
Speaker 3: So there's there's a lot of geology that just doesn't
Speaker 3: involve going out into the field and looking at rocks
Speaker 3: like I said, a lot of the work that I
Speaker 3: do involves computer programs in math, and then there's also
Speaker 3: a lot of really amazing geology, really important geology going
Speaker 3: on that involves a lot of chemistry. So there's going
Speaker 3: to be a lot of people who are taking rock
Speaker 3: samples that have been collected and they're going into labs
Speaker 3: and they're breaking them down into really into their component
Speaker 3: parts and doing a lot of chemistry on them to
Speaker 3: look at what exactly are these rocks made out of,
Speaker 3: Like what stories are in this rock? Chemistry they can
Speaker 3: tell it about how long ago did it form, what
Speaker 3: kind of conditions did it form in? And so I
Speaker 3: think that's a big misconception about geology is it's just
Speaker 3: a lot of you know, people in tan hats in
Speaker 3: a field collecting rocks. But it's just it's really this
Speaker 3: beautifully big, very field with there's all sorts of ways
Speaker 3: to approach it.
Speaker 2: Do movies or TV ever get geology really wrong? Has
Speaker 2: there ever been a pop culture rock that you're really
Speaker 2: a fan of or one that insenses you feel free
Speaker 2: to vent here?
Speaker 3: Absolutely? So I'll tell you my favorite of my least
Speaker 3: favorite geology in movies. So, okay, one thing that a
Speaker 3: lot of movies get wrong is volcanoes. And so volcanoes
Speaker 3: are really beautiful because a lot of them can be
Speaker 3: these massive, explosive, very dramatic eruptions. But oftentimes in movies
Speaker 3: when they're showing a volcano erupting, it'll be the kind
Speaker 3: of volcanic eruption that's really explosive to have a lot
Speaker 3: of ash and steam coming out of it, a lot
Speaker 3: of really harmful gases. And oftentimes with these big explosive
Speaker 3: volcanoes r up, for example, like mountain helens, the really
Speaker 3: dangerous thing about them is going to be when all
Speaker 3: of that hot ash that's literally boiling rushes down the mountain.
Speaker 3: The technical term for that is a pyroclastic flow. And
Speaker 3: oftentimes the movies these really dramatic scenes where there's all
Speaker 3: these people in cars trying to drive away or trying
Speaker 3: to run on their feet away from this ash flow,
Speaker 3: and these ashvills go really fast. They go tens of
Speaker 3: miles per hour fast.
Speaker 2: I look this up and yes, pyroclastic flow is a
Speaker 2: hall ass average speed sixty miles an hour or one
Speaker 2: hundred kilometers an hour, going up to over four hundred
Speaker 2: miles an hour of pyroclastic flow. That's seven hundred kilometers
Speaker 2: an hour if you're not an American.
Speaker 3: The example, like to you is the second Jurassic World
Speaker 3: movie when Chris Pratt is out running a pyroclastic flow
Speaker 3: on this island. Is he should not have survived that.
Speaker 2: I can't watch that movie.
Speaker 3: Can't outrun a pyroclastic flow on foot. And so that's
Speaker 3: always something you can think about when you see volcano
Speaker 3: in a movie, is like, Okay, what are the hazards
Speaker 3: are they portraying this movie from this volcano? And how
Speaker 3: well do they actually line up with what's dangerous?
Speaker 2: Chris Pratt would have to run a one minute mile
Speaker 2: for several miles to escape even the slowest, most sluggish
Speaker 2: pyroclastic flow. And I watched the YouTube of this movie
Speaker 2: clip and the comets section, hmm, it's delicious. It's like
Speaker 2: a cocktail party of both jocks and nerds, each in
Speaker 2: respective corners having conversations. Some are like, bitch an explosion,
Speaker 2: and some are like and I'm going to quote I
Speaker 2: feel like Owen would have grabbed onto one of the
Speaker 2: running dinos for a ride. They're faster than him, thus
Speaker 2: more likely to outpace that pyroclastic flow. Plus it would
Speaker 2: have looked cool seeing him charging downhill on a stego
Speaker 2: or an angliosaur, Which is a good point now when
Speaker 2: it comes to scientists and fiction, can a movie ever
Speaker 2: pass the realism vibe check?
Speaker 3: But the movie that I will say I think got
Speaker 3: a lot of the geology right is actually Norwegian movie
Speaker 3: called The Wave that tells a really interesting story about
Speaker 3: in areas that have had a lot of glaciers in them,
Speaker 3: you can sometimes get this valley called a fjord, and
Speaker 3: so fjord is where you had a glacier carve away
Speaker 3: the super tall, deep valley from a continent and it
Speaker 3: fills with water. And The Wave tells the story of
Speaker 3: a small town in a fjord that had really unstable
Speaker 3: rocks on these huge cliffs next to it. And sometimes
Speaker 3: if you can get a really loose pile of rock
Speaker 3: attached to a cliff face, if that falls into this valley,
Speaker 3: into the water that's covering to the bottom, it can
Speaker 3: cause a huge wave that moves through the fjord and
Speaker 3: just destroys anything in its path. And so I think
Speaker 3: if anyone wants to get a good idea of what
Speaker 3: natural hazards can look like and what natural has geology
Speaker 3: can look like. I'd recommend the Norwegian movie Wave.
Speaker 2: What about the myth? Or maybe just something that is overlooked.
Speaker 2: If you are out on a hike and you see
Speaker 2: a pretty rock and you go, oh so lovely, can
Speaker 2: you put that in your pocket? Or are you degrading
Speaker 2: that environment? Like how much rock collecting is too much
Speaker 2: rock collecting?
Speaker 3: That's a good question, and I think the important thing
Speaker 3: with that is the important thing is that you're asking
Speaker 3: yourself that question. A lot of the circumstances are going
Speaker 3: to depend and so before you go anywhere, and if
Speaker 3: you're thinking, like, man, I'd really like to collect some rocks,
Speaker 3: you can look up whose land it is. Is it
Speaker 3: private land, is it public land? Sometimes if it's private land,
Speaker 3: for example, I know there's some places here in Oregon
Speaker 3: where private landowners have allowed rock collecting under land, sometimes
Speaker 3: for a small fee. And then if it's public land,
Speaker 3: like Bureau of Land Management or the National Park Service
Speaker 3: or state parks will have a rock collecting policy on
Speaker 3: their website. If you go into certain public lands, you
Speaker 3: can collect regular rocks, and you can collect invertebrate fossils,
Speaker 3: but you might not be allowed to collect vertebrate fossils.
Speaker 2: Oh.
Speaker 3: For example, if you're going in a hike and you're
Speaker 3: interested in collecting some rocks, that recommend looking up the
Speaker 3: regulations on rock collecting, because oftentimes different land management agencies
Speaker 3: will have guidelines for you.
Speaker 2: PS. I tried this, and yes, if you google a
Speaker 2: state park or BLM the Bureau of Land Management plus
Speaker 2: your state, you can usually find a PDF with guidelines
Speaker 2: for rock counting, like no more than twenty five pounds
Speaker 2: a day and two hundred and fifty pounds of rock
Speaker 2: a year, which is a shitload more rocks than I
Speaker 2: was expecting. I was talking like, oh, this pebble is
Speaker 2: kind of greenish, Like maybe I'll keep it in my
Speaker 2: pocket like a treasure because I'm sad. But no matter
Speaker 2: what the limits are, Schmidty says, I.
Speaker 3: Think in terms of the sort of the ethics of it,
Speaker 3: and in terms of your personal relationship, in terms of
Speaker 3: what rock you're collecting, and think like, if I'm taking
Speaker 3: this rock away, am I removing something that other people
Speaker 3: would get to enjoy. So, for example, when I was
Speaker 3: in the wind River Canyon many years ago, and there's
Speaker 3: this beautiful granite cliff face with these huge tourmaline crystals,
Speaker 3: and that is something that we would never take away
Speaker 3: because if we took those formal in crystals away and
Speaker 3: then other you know, other people passing by on the road,
Speaker 3: other people stopping for fun, other geologists wouldn't get to
Speaker 3: enjoy them.
Speaker 2: Good point.
Speaker 3: So I think when you're taking a rock, you can
Speaker 3: ask for yourself, like am I removing something that future
Speaker 3: generations won't get to enjoy if I take it? And
Speaker 3: then also you can ask yourself, you know, why am
Speaker 3: I taking it? For example, if you're picking up a
Speaker 3: rock and you're saying, like, you know, I can bring
Speaker 3: this back to a community group where I can bring
Speaker 3: this back in my classroom to help teach people about
Speaker 3: the earth. That can be a really great reason to
Speaker 3: take a rock out of the field or like, for example,
Speaker 3: I have some rocks I brought with me today. I
Speaker 3: took them off road cuts and I bring them with
Speaker 3: me so that way I can teach people about rock.
Speaker 3: So I think the important thing when you're collecting a
Speaker 3: rock is be aware of the regulations around you and
Speaker 3: just making make sure you're checking with yourself, like why
Speaker 3: am I picking this up, and you know, if I
Speaker 3: take this rock out of the environment, am I going
Speaker 3: to be removing something from the community of rock clubbers
Speaker 3: in the area.
Speaker 2: And this is morbid, But I'm just going to say,
Speaker 2: if you do rockhound as a verb, maybe have a
Speaker 2: plan for your collection when you die. I'm sorry, I'm
Speaker 2: sorry to bring it up, but do you want your
Speaker 2: rocks scattered back to where you got them? Do you
Speaker 2: want them donated to a place that could use them
Speaker 2: for education? Maybe your friends have a gem in mineral
Speaker 2: rummage sale slash funeral, because think of how many rockhounders
Speaker 2: die and all these pretty rocks just get dumped into
Speaker 2: a landfill by people who don't appreciate them. And I'm
Speaker 2: sorry that's depressing, but something has to happen to all
Speaker 2: the stuff that we own one day. Some of it
Speaker 2: is billions of years old that we took home to
Speaker 2: look at for a decade, and then they get buried
Speaker 2: in a pit of diapers and rotting banana peels because
Speaker 2: people don't understand how cool they are. Okay, let's change
Speaker 2: the subject. What about licking rocks? Can you talk to
Speaker 2: me about licking rocks? I didn't know that licking rocks
Speaker 2: or fossils was even a thing until very recently. Who
Speaker 2: licks what for why?
Speaker 3: I'm a big fan of licking rocks. I've licked a
Speaker 3: lot of rocks in my lifetime and there's definitely some
Speaker 3: valuable information you can get. So one of the classic
Speaker 3: rocks that everyone has licked at some point, a salt
Speaker 3: table salt, is formed of the minerals haylight. And so
Speaker 3: if you're in the field and you're in an area
Speaker 3: where you know hay light salt forms, and you're like, Wow,
Speaker 3: this is a really cool rock. I wonder if it's haylight,
Speaker 3: you can lick it. I think that's fine way to
Speaker 3: do it. A lot from times, if you're taking a
Speaker 3: geology class and you have samples going around, sometimes they
Speaker 3: might encourage you like, hey, you know, if you think
Speaker 3: this is haylight, this is gonna be the best way
Speaker 3: to forge or determine it is you lick it there. Actually,
Speaker 3: there are other rocks that if you lick it, they'll
Speaker 3: have a distinct taste. For example, so hay light table
Speaker 3: salt is made out of sodium chloride, and there's another
Speaker 3: mineral called silvite, which is potassium chloride, and if you
Speaker 3: lick sylvite, it's going to taste like bitter salt. So
Speaker 3: sometimes tasting like the taste of a rock can be
Speaker 3: a really diagnostic tool.
Speaker 2: So out in the wild, sylvite can be an orange, goldish,
Speaker 2: chunky rock, kind of like a pink Himalayan salt lamp,
Speaker 2: but with a rusty ochre hue. And did you know
Speaker 2: that you can buy tiny potassium chloride or silviite rocks
Speaker 2: in the supermarket. You can. They come as a shaker. It's
Speaker 2: called Morton's salt substitute, and it's sodium free. It's just
Speaker 2: made with potassium chloride and a quarter of a teaspoon
Speaker 2: of it has one hundred and fifty percent of the
Speaker 2: potassium of a banana. That's six hundred and ten mgs baby,
Speaker 2: I just looked it up. It's also easier to pack
Speaker 2: on hiking trips, and it can help balance your water
Speaker 2: retention if you get bloated from eating too much ramond
Speaker 2: But check with the doctor first because I'm not one,
Speaker 2: and too much potassium can be a problem for people
Speaker 2: with certain medical conditions like cardiac issues. But yeah, it
Speaker 2: tastes just like a dash of zingy salt. I've had it.
Speaker 3: I also know there are some other geologist if you're
Speaker 3: someone who studies sediment a lot, I do know people
Speaker 3: who will like lick or chew a little bit of
Speaker 3: sediment because that way, that's one way to get an
Speaker 3: idea of about how big the grains are. So like,
Speaker 3: for example, if you lick silt, which is going to
Speaker 3: feel kind of like mud versus sand, you know, that's
Speaker 3: one way to tell how bigy grains are. When it
Speaker 3: comes to licking fossils, fossilized bone, it's not necessarily going
Speaker 3: to have a distinct taste, but oftentimes if you're licking
Speaker 3: the right part of a fossilized bone, that interior sort
Speaker 3: of airy structure of the bone can be preserved, and
Speaker 3: so if you touch it to your tongue, it's going
Speaker 3: to stick. Oh, So that can be a really good
Speaker 3: way to tell whether or not you're licking bone. And
Speaker 3: so I think licking can be a very important diagnosis.
Speaker 3: Though there are definitely rocks that you do not want
Speaker 3: to lick, so at least try and have some kind
Speaker 3: of an idea of what you're licking before you look.
Speaker 2: At good advice. What don't you want to lick like,
Speaker 2: is there is plutanium like a uranium rocks out there?
Speaker 2: Are there radium rocks?
Speaker 3: Yeah? Well there's one rock. It's called Galina, and Galina
Speaker 3: has two elements in it, lead and sulfur. Ooh, so
Speaker 3: probably don't want to lick that much lead.
Speaker 2: Or the sulfur. It sounds like a big poisonous fart
Speaker 2: pretty much.
Speaker 3: Not. Yes, the chemical formula is PBS. So I knew
Speaker 3: someone in college who the way they memorize that the
Speaker 3: formula for galina is PBS. It's not for kids.
Speaker 2: What about roundness of rocks? I guess because I've been
Speaker 2: sitting in a gravel driveway for several months sorting rocks.
Speaker 2: So I'm like, some are round, some are jagged. Is
Speaker 2: that the age of the rock where it hasn't been
Speaker 2: worn away or is that the density of the rock.
Speaker 3: Yeah, that's a really good question, and so that's going
Speaker 3: to tell you about the history of the rock. So
Speaker 3: part of that is going to be how round a
Speaker 3: rock is. It's going to be reflective of how resistant
Speaker 3: is it. So like a piece of quartz that's going
Speaker 3: to be more resistant because it's a really durable, it's
Speaker 3: really hard rock. So it's going to take a lot
Speaker 3: of effort to trend round that off. Whereas talc, there's
Speaker 3: the mineral talc that's going to be really soft and
Speaker 3: it doesn't take a lot of work to round it off.
Speaker 3: So how round a rock is in part reflects sort
Speaker 3: of the chemistry and the structure of the rock, how
Speaker 3: resistant is it. But for the most part, how round
Speaker 3: a rock is, it's going to tell you a bit
Speaker 3: about the history of it. So usually when an ignitus
Speaker 3: or a metamorphic rock, you know, is fresh form, those
Speaker 3: are going to be really big angular crystals. Once rocks
Speaker 3: break apart and their component parts start to move through
Speaker 3: the rivers and the oceans, and you know they're getting
Speaker 3: carried around by glaciers, that's going to start to wear
Speaker 3: away the edges of the rock. And so oftentimes if
Speaker 3: you see, for example, if you can or a river
Speaker 3: and you thick up a really smooth, beautiful riverstone, that
Speaker 3: tells you that that stone has been carried around through
Speaker 3: water for a long time because all the other particles
Speaker 3: that are being carried around in that river in the
Speaker 3: water is working to smooth out the edges.
Speaker 2: Okay, I squeezed down a very deep dark rabbit hole
Speaker 2: crevass googling stone skipping. But what you need to know
Speaker 2: is that those perfect silver dollars smooth flat stones for
Speaker 2: skipping rocks have been lapped upon by waters for so
Speaker 2: so so many years, and competitive stone skippers like to
Speaker 2: find patches of rounded shale flakes or even better, slate
Speaker 2: discs for stone skipping. Shale side note is a sedimentary
Speaker 2: rock that turns into the metamorphic rock slate. And yes,
Speaker 2: I did say competitive stone skippers, which I learned about
Speaker 2: from a two thousand and nine CBS piece titled stone
Speaker 2: Skipping Professionals.
Speaker 4: I couldn't believe what I was seeing, a stone that
Speaker 4: skipped and just kept on skipping and skipping fifty one time,
Speaker 4: Oh my.
Speaker 2: God, which led me down the warren to the twenty
Speaker 2: sixteen documentary Skips Stones for Fudge, which details this rivalry
Speaker 2: between the two top athletes in the sport. There is
Speaker 2: Russ's rock bottom Briers and Kurt mountain man Steiner. Now
Speaker 2: Russ chucks things into the water, but Kurt reads physics
Speaker 2: papers about stone skipping and searches for hours on the
Speaker 2: shore for the perfect rock. And Kurt science minded was
Speaker 2: the record holder and then in one competition he let
Speaker 2: Russ use one of his rocks and Russ got fifty
Speaker 2: one skips on one stone, broke Kurt's record, devastating him,
Speaker 2: and Russ held the world record for six years until
Speaker 2: he was beaten by a man who skipped a rock
Speaker 2: on a lake surface eighty eight times. That man was Kurt,
Speaker 2: who reclaimed his title, and then Russ passed away in
Speaker 2: twenty seventeen and Kurt remains the title holder. Now if
Speaker 2: you wish to unseat him, prepare to dedicate your life
Speaker 2: to the sport, which is not lucrative, and maybe start
Speaker 2: by reading the two thousand and two American Journal of
Speaker 2: Physics paper The Physics of Stone Skipping, which taught the
Speaker 2: world that around a twenty degree angle to the water
Speaker 2: plus a really high spin rate to stabilize the stone
Speaker 2: give the highest number of bounces on the water, and
Speaker 2: then as it slows down toward the end and the
Speaker 2: skips become more frequent like beeppppeep that's called a piti pad,
Speaker 2: and stone skipping competitions use high speed video analyzes to
Speaker 2: confirm the number of skips. If you have no idea
Speaker 2: what this whole aside is, about I apologize for that
Speaker 2: because regional vocabularies may vary. But skipping stones on a
Speaker 2: surface of water is also called skimming stone skiffing ducks
Speaker 2: and drakes. It's called lobster cutting, measikiri, or water cutting.
Speaker 2: Some people call it throwing a sandwich or letting the
Speaker 2: frogs out. So let he who casts the first skipping stone, though,
Speaker 2: prepare by reading some physics papers, you too can overthink
Speaker 2: next time you're on a lake shore trying to meditate
Speaker 2: to the sound of lapping waves.
Speaker 3: One of my favorite things to do ever. I actually
Speaker 3: I really like sand. I think sand is really beautiful
Speaker 3: and something that I recommend everybody do is I know, actually,
Speaker 3: if you have a loop or a hand lens, hand
Speaker 3: lenses are really really useful for geology, and so you
Speaker 3: can get a magnifying glass or like a macro camera
Speaker 3: or a hand lens and you go to any beach.
Speaker 3: You can pick up sand and look at it under
Speaker 3: a lens. I was literally looking at sand. I was
Speaker 3: at the beach this morning. I was looking at a
Speaker 3: bunch of sand today thinking about its history. You can
Speaker 3: get an idea about how long sand has been hanging
Speaker 3: around the environment. By how round it is. Because if
Speaker 3: you're looking at sand grains and they're really rough and angular,
Speaker 3: that means they came out of their parent rock pretty recently.
Speaker 3: But if you look at sand grains that are, you know,
Speaker 3: kind of clear and they're really round, that means those
Speaker 3: grains have been hanging around the surface of the earth
Speaker 3: for you know, millions of hundreds of millions of years.
Speaker 2: And you are living outside of Portland, right.
Speaker 3: I mean Corbalus. I'm an hour from the beach, but
Speaker 3: I'm there all the time.
Speaker 2: Well, you know what when you live in la I
Speaker 2: live in Los Angeles and I'm like an hour and
Speaker 2: a half from the beach because everything getting to Santa
Speaker 2: Monica it's a nightmare. Don't recommend it. Well, we are
Speaker 2: two hours from the beach, well foreign traffic. And Schmidti
Speaker 2: was born in Utah, which has beautiful sedimentary rocks that
Speaker 2: have been shaped by water over eons. But they say
Speaker 2: they did a lot of the growing up in Minnesota,
Speaker 2: which is full of old rocks that escaped ice sheets.
Speaker 2: We're going to get to more of that in a second,
Speaker 2: but first a quick break. Because each week we donate
Speaker 2: to a cause of the ologists choosing and this week
Speaker 2: Schmidi is tossing cash to Skypa Scientist, which has a
Speaker 2: database of thousands of scientists and helps them connect with
Speaker 2: the classrooms and families, libraries, scout troops and more all
Speaker 2: over the globe, giving students the opportunity to get to
Speaker 2: know a real scientist and get the answers to their
Speaker 2: questions straight from the source. And Skypa Scientist was founded
Speaker 2: by doctor Sarah Macinaty, a squid scientist, and You're Touthology
Speaker 2: episode Friend and September happens to be squid Timber. So
Speaker 2: you can celebrate by donating to skype a Scientists, or
Speaker 2: you can buy some cool new squid stickers that Sarah
Speaker 2: just launched with a Philadelphia based artists and they are
Speaker 2: very cool. I ordered several of them to give as
Speaker 2: gifts and Sarah handships them out herself And there are
Speaker 2: links to those squid stickers in the show notes along
Speaker 2: with a link to Skype Scientists. That donation was made
Speaker 2: possible by sponsors of the show. Next week, Shimidi answers
Speaker 2: so many pressing Patreon questions about geodes and crystals and
Speaker 2: favorite rocks, best rock punds, Petrified wood, ice, and more.
Speaker 2: But this week, let's get back to their favorite geology.
Speaker 3: The rocks that were really formative for me were the
Speaker 3: rocks of the north woods of Minnesota and Wisconsin, and
Speaker 3: I spent a lot of time on Lake Superior. Lake
Speaker 3: is very near in need of my heart. And so
Speaker 3: when you get up to sort of the upper Midwest,
Speaker 3: you get to part of the continent called the Canadian Shield.
Speaker 3: So a lot of continents have it's called a craton,
Speaker 3: which is continental material that was formed deep underneath the
Speaker 3: surface of the Earth and it's been floating around the
Speaker 3: surface of the Earth for billions of years, and so
Speaker 3: that's very hard resistant rock. And so the areas that
Speaker 3: I spent a lot of time in summers canoeing when
Speaker 3: I was a kid, and then the area around where
Speaker 3: I went to college was just these old, beautiful rocks
Speaker 3: that have been around for hundreds of millions, if not
Speaker 3: billions of years, and so they carry a lot of history.
Speaker 3: So for one of my college classes, we were driving
Speaker 3: along the side of a country highway and we just
Speaker 3: pulled off on the side and step down and we
Speaker 3: looked at this tiny little road cut and we're you're
Speaker 3: able to put your hand on that rock and say
Speaker 3: that rock is two billion years old, that rock is
Speaker 3: older than bones.
Speaker 2: What. I didn't know any of this, But animals with
Speaker 2: skeletons didn't exist until about five hundred and fifty million
Speaker 2: years ago. And paleontologists now think that the chemistry and
Speaker 2: the ocean's changed and fish could grab and store more
Speaker 2: calcium and foss for us in these things called osteocytes.
Speaker 2: And then they think the original purpose of these bone
Speaker 2: cells was to act as batteries for long journeys. So
Speaker 2: you might be driving past outcrops and road cuts of
Speaker 2: rocks older than bones, older than bones. Are you a
Speaker 2: bit of a slow poke when it comes to road trips?
Speaker 2: Do you have to factor and double the amount of
Speaker 2: time to go on a road trip?
Speaker 1: Yes?
Speaker 3: I do love stopping on road trips. The thing with
Speaker 3: me that you really have to factor in triple, if
Speaker 3: not quadruple time, is hiking, hiking and walking on a beach.
Speaker 3: I'm always stopping, Like just on the beach yesterday, you
Speaker 3: know where this beautiful Pacific beach, huge ocean stretching off
Speaker 3: before us, and just this little twenty foot tall sandy cliff.
Speaker 3: There was me looking at the cliff. I was just
Speaker 3: ignoring the ocean behind me. So I really like I
Speaker 3: have to factor in a lot of time when I'm
Speaker 3: hiking because there's a bold around the side of the road,
Speaker 3: room exposed cliff face. Like even if I can't look
Speaker 3: at it and immediately understand like, oh, this is what happened,
Speaker 3: it's really fun to sit there and like, you know,
Speaker 3: interact with it, like feel what's this rock made out of?
Speaker 3: Look at are there any fossils in this rock? Like
Speaker 3: try and piece together. Just standing there, moving your hands around,
Speaker 3: think about like how did this get to where it
Speaker 3: is today? Because you know, every now and then I'll
Speaker 3: be in a parking lot. I'm like, we just got
Speaker 3: to look at that rock.
Speaker 2: What about rock tumblers? Do you have a rock tumbler?
Speaker 3: I don't have a rock tumbler, but some people I
Speaker 3: love very much are really into rock tumbling, and so
Speaker 3: I think tumble rocks are really really cool. I personally,
Speaker 3: all the rocks that I have, I prefer to not
Speaker 3: tumble them because a lot of the times the natural
Speaker 3: structure of a rock can tell you a lot about it.
Speaker 3: I think if you're collecting well sourced rocks, I think
Speaker 3: tumbling canna be a great thing to do. There's a
Speaker 3: lot of really cool textures that you can only see
Speaker 3: through rock tumbling, so I think that's a great activity
Speaker 3: as long as you have something sound proof to put it.
Speaker 2: I bet that it's very loud. A rock tumbler, quick aside,
Speaker 2: is a hollow drum. It looks kind of like a
Speaker 2: coffee can that you put in in raw rocks, some
Speaker 2: water and some polishing grid, which is usually silicon carbide,
Speaker 2: which is a nine to nine point five in the
Speaker 2: hardness scale compared to a ten of a diamond. Pretty hard,
Speaker 2: and the rocks churn in that and the water for
Speaker 2: a few weeks and they come out smoothed and shiny.
Speaker 2: But it's not easy on the ears and fun fact
Speaker 2: not that fun. But because of ethical issues sourcing diamonds,
Speaker 2: a lot of people these days are choosing a stone
Speaker 2: called a wassonite for engagement rings, and wassonite is a
Speaker 2: type of silicon carbide. It's really pretty, it's really hard.
Speaker 2: Silicon carbide is also used in rocket engines and as
Speaker 2: semiconductors and led lights and for bulletproof vests, so it's
Speaker 2: a stone so tough. It provides safety in Love and War.
Speaker 2: I suppose what about myths? What is a piece of
Speaker 2: flim flam that you need to bust about rocks?
Speaker 3: Oh gosh, not necessarily a rock, piece of film flan,
Speaker 3: but something that's very personal to me for about my
Speaker 3: research is this is a very large piece of flim
Speaker 3: plan But anthropogenic climate change is real, and part of
Speaker 3: I can't not take the opportunity to say that. But
Speaker 3: you know, part of my research or the rocks that
Speaker 3: I study, I use a lot of Methone's computer models,
Speaker 3: and I also use all of these ancient shorelines around
Speaker 3: North America to study how our climate has changed in
Speaker 3: the past. And that's one myth that I really want
Speaker 3: to bust is that a lot of people will say, like, oh,
Speaker 3: our climate, you know, climate has changed in the past,
Speaker 3: like temperatures have fluctuated. You know, we've warmed and we've
Speaker 3: cooled in the past. So you know that means our
Speaker 3: warming today is not a problem. But if you look it,
Speaker 3: compare the amount and rate of warming that's happened naturally
Speaker 3: in the Earth's history. A lot of the stuff that's
Speaker 3: really natural is very slow and gradual, and you know
Speaker 3: it'll take thousands of years to warm up a couple
Speaker 3: of degrees, and so what we're seeing today is absolutely
Speaker 3: not natural. And we have had some times in ours
Speaker 3: hisstory where the climate has changed really rapidly, and that's
Speaker 3: always been a bad thing, that's never been good.
Speaker 2: That makes plenty of sense.
Speaker 3: I can't not take this opportunity to talk about climate change.
Speaker 2: I wonder, speaking of like Sunday morning coffee and philosophy,
Speaker 2: there must be people who are like, well, we grew
Speaker 2: here and we're destroying it, and that's all part of nature,
Speaker 2: you know what I mean.
Speaker 3: Yeah, I think they're right that humans are natural. We're
Speaker 3: part of our environment. We grew out of our environment.
Speaker 3: But in terms of our impact on our environment, one
Speaker 3: really important thing to think about is our responsibility to
Speaker 3: the planet around us. Like we we are part of
Speaker 3: all of these communities, the community of people, community of animals,
Speaker 3: community of plants, Like we're in community with the rocks
Speaker 3: around us, and we have a responsibility to take care
Speaker 3: of the planet. And decidedly the carbon emissions that we're
Speaker 3: putting into the atmosphere are not taking care of the planet.
Speaker 3: And so you know, we have responsibility to ourselves, to
Speaker 3: the world around us. And to our children, to the
Speaker 3: people that are going to be here ahead of us,
Speaker 3: to take care of our planet because we live here.
Speaker 3: Like you know, you're not going to never vacuum your house,
Speaker 3: You're not going to never do us. You better do
Speaker 3: your dishes. And so we need to be responsible citizens
Speaker 3: of this earth and we have you know, we take
Speaker 3: care of other humans, and we need to take care
Speaker 3: of the planet we're living on.
Speaker 2: It's a beautiful way to look at it. I love
Speaker 2: the idea of people who are proudly like rolling coal.
Speaker 2: It's just like proudly filthy, Like no one would be like,
Speaker 2: look at how dirty my toilet is.
Speaker 3: Yeah, exactly. It's a weird it's a weird comparison, and
Speaker 3: it's a weird.
Speaker 2: Flex And for more on this, see the frequently cited
Speaker 2: twenty ten paper Climate Change, Human Rights and Moral Thresholds.
Speaker 2: If you ask yourself, would I stab a million strangers
Speaker 2: and the answers no, then all of us joining forces
Speaker 2: to combat global warming trends is within our scope of morality.
Speaker 2: Now are we smart enough to save ourselves? As a speak? Well,
Speaker 2: I dug around looking at the Drake equation, which calculates
Speaker 2: how many trillions of planets might be sustaining millions of
Speaker 2: intelligent civilizations, and found that Frank Drake just passed away
Speaker 2: like last week, September second, twenty twenty two, So we
Speaker 2: have a little less intelligent life on this planet. But
Speaker 2: then there's the Fermi paradox, which is the great question
Speaker 2: of if there are so many potential aliens, where is there?
Speaker 2: And one hypothesis is called the Great Filter, which basically says,
Speaker 2: once a civilization gets too advanced, it meets a barrier
Speaker 2: of some sort which makes its detectability very rare. Essentially,
Speaker 2: our big brains snuff ourselves out. And we did a
Speaker 2: whole episode, the Astrobiology episode touches on this. But there's
Speaker 2: also an article on NASA's Astrobiology page casually titled do
Speaker 2: intelligent civilizations across the galaxies self destruct? For better and worse?
Speaker 2: Where the test case? And it's about this Great filter
Speaker 2: id and it mentions the work of David Grinspoon's a
Speaker 2: planetary scientist in the former Astrobiology chair at the Library
Speaker 2: of Congress, who sees humans as quote the planet's most
Speaker 2: powerful and consequential force of nature, but marveling at our
Speaker 2: surroundings and appreciating them may be the key to saving
Speaker 2: it all.
Speaker 3: That's one of the beautiful things I think about setting
Speaker 3: geology is you know when you can pick up this
Speaker 3: rock and be like, well, this rock is two billion
Speaker 3: years old, I'm twenty five years old. Like learning to
Speaker 3: think on that time scale and really understanding just how
Speaker 3: in terms of the history of our planet, how small
Speaker 3: we are. It can be at times deeply eerie, but
Speaker 3: for the most part very reassuring. To feel like we
Speaker 3: are a small step in a long story that's been
Speaker 3: ongoing for four point five billion years.
Speaker 2: I'm sure that that gives you so much perspective about
Speaker 2: just in terms of like the cut banks, text your crush,
Speaker 2: like this thing has been around for billions of years.
Speaker 2: We've got maybe seventy eighty. You know as well, just
Speaker 2: do your thing, But can I ask you questions from listeners?
Speaker 2: Pleasing So ask rock people hard questions and then go
Speaker 2: stare at the driveway because the world is a tough
Speaker 2: but a glimmering place like a rock. And Schmidty Thompson
Speaker 2: is not on social media because they are smarter than me,
Speaker 2: but they will be back next week for part two,
Speaker 2: Answering your Rock questions their bios in the show notes,
Speaker 2: and if you attend to Skype to Scientists after Hours
Speaker 2: Trivia for adults on Thursdays at eight pm Eastern, you
Speaker 2: will see them. There a lot link on my website
Speaker 2: for that, plus so much else that we talked about
Speaker 2: at aliward dot com, slash Ologies, slash Geology, I'm at
Speaker 2: ali Ward on Instagram and Twitter. Ologies is on both
Speaker 2: at ologies. Smologies are shortened g rated episodes suitable for
Speaker 2: kids and all ages. Those are up at aliward dot
Speaker 2: com slash Smologies linked in the show notes. Ologies merch
Speaker 2: has hats and toads and sweatshirts, all kinds of goodness.
Speaker 2: Thank you Susan Hale for managing that and so much more.
Speaker 2: Noel Dilworth does our scheduling. Aaron Talbert admins the Ologies
Speaker 2: podcast Facebook group with assists from Bonnie Dutch and Shannon
Speaker 2: feltis of the comedy podcast You Are That. Emily White
Speaker 2: The Wordery makes professional transcripts Caleb Patten Bleep's episodes and
Speaker 2: those are up for free on our website at aliward
Speaker 2: dot com. Slash Ologies, Dash Extras, Zeke Rodriguez, Thomas and
Speaker 2: Mercedes Maitland of Mind jam Media edits smologies. Kelly Arndwyer
Speaker 2: helps with the website. She can design yours and her links.
Speaker 2: In the show notes. Nick Thorburn made the theme music
Speaker 2: and the lead editor is the mystical man shared sleeper
Speaker 2: of mind Gamdia as well. If you stay long enough,
Speaker 2: you'll hear a secret. And this week's is that gmy
Speaker 2: got a molar extracted yesterday, and without me even having
Speaker 2: to ask, the vet gave it to me in a
Speaker 2: small glass tube and I was so thrilled. It's in
Speaker 2: three chunks with these long roots. Do I make earrings?
Speaker 2: Do I make a necklace? Do I fabricate some kind
Speaker 2: of magic dog wand that manifests cheese? I don't know,
Speaker 2: but her tooth is like a pegasus feather to me,
Speaker 2: and I will forever treasure it. Okay, go stir to
Speaker 2: rock for about.
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