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<v Speaker 2>Oh hey, it's the string on the spine of a

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<v Speaker 2>string pe. What am I doing here? And why am

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<v Speaker 2>I stronger than navy rope Ali Ward? And finally, finally

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<v Speaker 2>you can stop looking to see if we have a

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<v Speaker 2>geology episode, because it's here rocks, rocks, What are they?

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<v Speaker 2>Where do they come from? And how do you become

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<v Speaker 2>a person who suddenly has context for everything surrounding you

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<v Speaker 2>so that you appreciate it. You talked to a geologist.

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<v Speaker 2>So this ologist is beloved in the science community, and

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<v Speaker 2>I was introduced to them via Sarah McNaughty of the

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<v Speaker 2>Twothology Squid episodes and Sarah Ron's Skype a scientist, and

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<v Speaker 2>this ologist helps write Geology Corner Trivia for Skype of

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<v Speaker 2>Scientists Trivia Nights. And while I'm here, it is squid Temper,

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<v Speaker 2>so enjoy the encore of the Squid episode. If you

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<v Speaker 2>haven't heard it, there's a link in the show notes.

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<v Speaker 2>But this ologist, this geologist is on their way to

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<v Speaker 2>a PhD in geology via Oregon State, having studied paleoclimate

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<v Speaker 2>and glacial geology with an undergrad degree in geology and

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<v Speaker 2>mathematics at Northland College, which is an Ashland, Wisconsin, Hello Wisconsin,

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<v Speaker 2>on the south shore of Lakespirior. And they're already listed

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<v Speaker 2>as an author on published papers such as a Global

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<v Speaker 2>Database of Marine Isotope Stage five A and five C,

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<v Speaker 2>marine terraces and Paleo Shoreline Indicators. And you'll know exactly

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<v Speaker 2>what all of those words mean in a second, just kidding, No,

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<v Speaker 2>you won't. You'll know why a rock is heavy, though,

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<v Speaker 2>and that's what we're here for. Okay, But before we

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<v Speaker 2>get into it, thank you to everyone on Patreon who

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<v Speaker 2>supports the show. You can join first littlest twenty five

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<v Speaker 2>cents an episode, and that lets you submit questions to

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<v Speaker 2>theologists ahead of time. Thank you, patrons. Thanks to everyone

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<v Speaker 2>who tweets and tiktoks about the show, and to everyone

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<v Speaker 2>rating and leaving reviews and subscribing, which helps the show

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<v Speaker 2>so much. And I read every single one, and to

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<v Speaker 2>prove it, here is the steamy freshie from up Way

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<v Speaker 2>Too Early who left the review. The information about the

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<v Speaker 2>natural world is fascinating and the unabashed enthusiasm of the

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<v Speaker 2>guests is a real treat. Thank you, Thank you up

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<v Speaker 2>Way too Early for that, and everyone who left reviews

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<v Speaker 2>this week I read them all. Okay, geology, geo, the Earth,

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<v Speaker 2>the study of the Earth. So consider this like a

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<v Speaker 2>one oh one course of what is this big rock

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<v Speaker 2>that we live on made of? And how can we

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<v Speaker 2>appreciate gravel, hard rocks, soft rocks, stone skipping, edible stones?

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<v Speaker 2>How large is a small boulder? How old are diamonds?

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<v Speaker 2>Where do geodes come from? Why are different rocks different colors?

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<v Speaker 2>Why you should stare at your countertop? What are the

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<v Speaker 2>rock punts? Why road trips can take forever? And just

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<v Speaker 2>wonder at the natural world. With part one of this

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<v Speaker 2>two parter with your new favorite geologist, Schmitty Thompson.

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<v Speaker 1>My name is.

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<v Speaker 3>Schmitty Thompson and I use they in them pronouns.

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<v Speaker 2>And you are a geologist.

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<v Speaker 3>I am a geologist. I am currently a geologist in training,

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<v Speaker 3>so hopefully a would you be doctor geologist.

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<v Speaker 2>Soon if you're studying it? You are an ologist, So

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<v Speaker 2>you are a geologist.

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<v Speaker 3>I am a geologist.

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<v Speaker 2>Yes, Okay. I've wanted to do this episode for so

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<v Speaker 2>so long because rocks are something that I do not

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<v Speaker 2>understand a thing about. I want you to know that

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<v Speaker 2>I know nothing about rocks and you know so much.

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<v Speaker 2>So I guess let's start with since ologists are people

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<v Speaker 2>who study things, how long have you been a geologist?

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<v Speaker 2>Because you've liked rocks for I'm going to guess more

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<v Speaker 2>than one minute.

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<v Speaker 3>Yes I have. I have liked rocks for a very

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<v Speaker 3>long time. I do remember I met my first geologist

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<v Speaker 3>when I was going into eighth grade. I went on

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<v Speaker 3>a canoe trip for a few days in the middle

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<v Speaker 3>of nowhere in Minnesota, and the trip leader had just

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<v Speaker 3>graduated with her undergraduate degree in geology, and she's telling

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<v Speaker 3>us about her what she was studying, and she was

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<v Speaker 3>showing us all these rocks, and I remember we're packing

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<v Speaker 3>up our food to go on our trip, and I

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<v Speaker 3>just looked over at her and I said, I'm going

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<v Speaker 3>to be a geologist someday. And so it's been sort

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<v Speaker 3>of a meandering path ever since then.

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<v Speaker 2>So it's been a real rocky road in that it's

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<v Speaker 2>been full of beautiful wonders. Really, because rocks are cool.

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<v Speaker 2>What was it about rocks that you thought I'll dedicate

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<v Speaker 2>my life to that ology.

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<v Speaker 3>That's a really good question. It's just they're so they're

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<v Speaker 3>so beautiful and they're so interesting. Because you know, when

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<v Speaker 3>you're walking in a grocery store parking lot. This is

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<v Speaker 3>the example I always use. You can look down at

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<v Speaker 3>the rocks in the weird medians there, and if you

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<v Speaker 3>know how to talk to those and you can read

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<v Speaker 3>their stories, you know, even similarly, the most mundane rocks

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<v Speaker 3>ever have the most amazing stories. You can go into

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<v Speaker 3>the middle of nowhere, like on a long cree a

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<v Speaker 3>trip or along backpacking trip, and you can see these beautiful,

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<v Speaker 3>magnificent outcrops and mountains and rivers and everything. You can

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<v Speaker 3>go drive down the side of the highway and I'm

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<v Speaker 3>sure you know, many people have been driving and seen

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<v Speaker 3>a beautiful road cut. Roadcuts are great. If you see

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<v Speaker 3>someone stop inside of the road, there's a good chance

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<v Speaker 3>they're geologists looking at the road cut. So just they're

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<v Speaker 3>so beautiful and getting to learn about the history of

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<v Speaker 3>our planet and like understanding just how beautiful and like

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<v Speaker 3>dynamic the Earth is because our planet has been around

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<v Speaker 3>for four point five billion years and that's an unimaginably

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<v Speaker 3>long stretch of time, and just so much interesting stuff

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<v Speaker 3>has happened since then.

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<v Speaker 2>Just by the by an outcrop is any visible exposed

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<v Speaker 2>bedrock or like a naturally occurring geologic goodness where you're like, WHOA,

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<v Speaker 2>what's that? And a road cut is when they cut

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<v Speaker 2>a road and kind of like a piece of cake,

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<v Speaker 2>you can just drool over the layers.

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<v Speaker 3>And when you do, even if you can't live the

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<v Speaker 3>outcrop and say, I know exactly what's going on here,

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<v Speaker 3>getting to sit there and think about, like, what's the

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<v Speaker 3>story here? How did these rocks get where they were today?

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<v Speaker 3>Like were they born deep into the earth? Like were

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<v Speaker 3>they born on a beach? Did a dinosaur walk in

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<v Speaker 3>this rock? Just the stories that they can tell are amazing,

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<v Speaker 3>and I think there's also something there that I don't

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<v Speaker 3>know if I can explain it. I just love rocks.

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<v Speaker 2>I love this kind of love. Let's define a rock.

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<v Speaker 2>Number one, what's the difference between a boulder, a pebble,

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<v Speaker 2>a rock, like a geological formation? At what point is

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<v Speaker 2>something sand and what point is something a rock? Like?

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<v Speaker 2>What is a fucking rock?

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<v Speaker 1>Yeah?

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<v Speaker 3>What is a rock? That's a really good question. So

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<v Speaker 3>a rock is sort of a broad definition for an

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<v Speaker 3>earth material that has come out of the Earth, that

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<v Speaker 3>is made of minerals. And so that's a really common question.

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<v Speaker 3>Is what's the difference between a rock and a mineral?

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<v Speaker 3>And so a mineral is essentially they're like the ingredients

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<v Speaker 3>that make up a rock. So a mineral is a

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<v Speaker 3>chemical compound that has a crystal structure that formed for

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<v Speaker 3>the most part under natural circumstances. And so, for example,

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<v Speaker 3>a mineral that a lot of people have heard of

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<v Speaker 3>is quartz. Quarts is really beautiful mineral. It's really common,

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<v Speaker 3>and rocks are going to be made up of Sometimes

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<v Speaker 3>you have a rock made up of just one mineral,

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<v Speaker 3>Like if you have a big chunk of rock, salt,

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<v Speaker 3>salt is its mineral name is haylite, and then a

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<v Speaker 3>lot of other rocks for the most part, are made

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<v Speaker 3>out of combinations of different minerals. So, for example, if

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<v Speaker 3>you've ever gone to someone's house or a nice bar

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<v Speaker 3>and you see that they have a granite countertop, granite

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<v Speaker 3>is a rock those forms deep under the earth, and

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<v Speaker 3>the mineral sort of the ingredients or the components that

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<v Speaker 3>make it up are for example, quartz, you have quartz

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<v Speaker 3>and granite. You also can get a mineral called feldspar,

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<v Speaker 3>which is this beautiful little pink mineral that has lots

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<v Speaker 3>of shiny surfaces. It's made up of a mineral called mica,

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<v Speaker 3>which has two forms by a tight and muscovite, which

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<v Speaker 3>are like these beautiful flaky rocks that you can form.

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<v Speaker 3>So a mineral is sort of they're like the ingredients

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<v Speaker 3>that make up rocks, and then rocks are just their

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<v Speaker 3>materials that come out of the earth. So if you,

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<v Speaker 3>for example, like a rock that you pick up again

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<v Speaker 3>just off the ground is just going to be just

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<v Speaker 3>as much of a rock as you know, a cliff

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<v Speaker 3>you see in a hilltop. Now, words like silt or

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<v Speaker 3>sand or pebble or boulder can be technical terms to

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<v Speaker 3>talk about how big the rock is. So if we're

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<v Speaker 3>talking about the size of a rock, we can split

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<v Speaker 3>into categories. We have the tiniest sizes of earth materials,

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<v Speaker 3>but if we're thinking about the size of rocks, you

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<v Speaker 3>can start all the way up to a boulder, which

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<v Speaker 3>is a technical term, so rocks above a certain size

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<v Speaker 3>or boulders.

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<v Speaker 2>Okay, I looked this up. It's a very technical term.

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<v Speaker 2>A boulder has to be greater than twenty five point

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<v Speaker 2>six centimeters or ten point one inches in diameter. That

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<v Speaker 2>is the threshold of when a rock becomes a boulder.

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<v Speaker 2>So in common usage, though some people define a boulder

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<v Speaker 2>as one that's too big for one person to move.

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<v Speaker 2>That's how people classify it. But one time my dad

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<v Speaker 2>moved a giant person sized boulder out of the road

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<v Speaker 2>so that other cars wouldn't hit it. And at the

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<v Speaker 2>time he was seventy years old and on chemo. So

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<v Speaker 2>I think that metric of who can move what is

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<v Speaker 2>pretty subjective. There are many non boulders I probably could

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<v Speaker 2>not move. But yes, a boulder can be gigantic, but

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<v Speaker 2>at its smallest, the smallest boulder is a little under

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<v Speaker 2>a foot in diameter. So what's smaller than a boulder,

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<v Speaker 2>and you can.

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<v Speaker 3>Go down a step to a cobble, which is just

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<v Speaker 3>maybe the size of like a softball or a football.

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<v Speaker 3>And then you can get down to a pebble, which

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<v Speaker 3>just kind of like what he expects like a pebble

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<v Speaker 3>and an fish tank to be. And then you have sand,

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<v Speaker 3>and there's all sorts of different sizes of sand, and

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<v Speaker 3>then you get down to silt, and then you get

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<v Speaker 3>down to the tiniest particles, which are clay.

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<v Speaker 2>Wait, clay is a type of rock, is it? What?

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, it's well, that's the hard thing is when you

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<v Speaker 3>get down to these you know, sand and silts and clay,

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<v Speaker 3>they're all earth materials, so they're all involved in the

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<v Speaker 3>way that stuff moves through the earth system. Clay is

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<v Speaker 3>really fun because clay particles are so tiny that you

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<v Speaker 3>have to look with a microscope to look at the

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<v Speaker 3>individual clay particles.

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<v Speaker 2>No, and they just stick together with water. Is that

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<v Speaker 2>how we mold clay?

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<v Speaker 3>That's how we mold clay. Actually, this is a really

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<v Speaker 3>fun tip if you want to look like a geologist

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<v Speaker 3>in front of your friends, is if you're like a

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<v Speaker 3>river bank or you have some really fine silty clayey material.

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<v Speaker 3>If you want to figure out whether you're holding silt

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<v Speaker 3>or clay, what you do is you take a little

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<v Speaker 3>bit of that really fine powdery stuff and if you're

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<v Speaker 3>being really casual, you can spit in your hand, or

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<v Speaker 3>if you're being fancy, you can take some water from

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<v Speaker 3>a water bottle and mix it the little bit of

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<v Speaker 3>like dusty material and then try and leave us like,

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<v Speaker 3>try and paint with it. See if it leaves a

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<v Speaker 3>streak across your palm. So if it doesn't lea leave

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<v Speaker 3>a streak, that means it's silt, which means that it's

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<v Speaker 3>made out of slightly larger particles. And if it does

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<v Speaker 3>leave a streak, that means it's clay.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh, I never knew that. I never knew that clay

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<v Speaker 2>was a bunch of little rocks. That's so thrilling. What

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<v Speaker 2>about like different types of rocks? You know how when

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<v Speaker 2>you are an absolute nubi And there have been several

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<v Speaker 2>times I've picked up a rock and been like, this

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<v Speaker 2>is probably a meteorite, and it absolutely has not been.

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<v Speaker 2>But things between like sedimentary and igneous. And I know

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<v Speaker 2>that there are fourth graders that know a lot more

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<v Speaker 2>about this than me, But what are the types of

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<v Speaker 2>rock and some of their hallmarks? Would you say for

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<v Speaker 2>a total rock Newby who.

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<v Speaker 3>Appreciated that is you are excited. That is a great

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<v Speaker 3>That's all you need to start learning about rocks is excitement.

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<v Speaker 3>So the three main types of rocks that we have

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<v Speaker 3>are are we have igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks.

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<v Speaker 3>And which kind of rock they are is all dependent

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<v Speaker 3>on how they formed. And so igneous rocks formed as

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<v Speaker 3>lava or magma cooled, and so you can sort of

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<v Speaker 3>break igneous rocks into two categories. You have sort of

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<v Speaker 3>the classic ones, which are volcanic igeneous rocks. And so

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<v Speaker 3>these are rocks that when you have you know, for example,

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<v Speaker 3>like Mount Saint Helens or any of our other volcanoes,

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<v Speaker 3>you have a volcano erupting, You're getting lava and ash

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<v Speaker 3>and all this really hot molten rock, lava being erupted

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<v Speaker 3>out of the volcano. When that lava cools, it forms

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<v Speaker 3>an igneous rock. Now, actually, these igeaus rocks coming out

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<v Speaker 3>of volcanoes are one of the most common types of

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<v Speaker 3>rock we have on the planet. Because if you go

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<v Speaker 3>down all the way to the ocean floor and look

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<v Speaker 3>underneath all of our oceans, it's just these huge plates

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<v Speaker 3>of an igeous rock called the salt.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh, and there's big giant plates. Would they each be

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<v Speaker 2>one huge boulder.

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<v Speaker 3>That's a really good question, and I think that's something

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<v Speaker 3>that you need to go to a coffee shop on

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<v Speaker 3>Sunday morning and debate amongst yourselves. Yeah, So aus rocks form.

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<v Speaker 3>Volcanic amusrock's form when a volcano or some kind of

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<v Speaker 3>lava moving up to the up from the middle of

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<v Speaker 3>the Earth onto the surface of the Earth cools. You

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<v Speaker 3>can also get what's called a plutonic igneous rock. And

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<v Speaker 3>so essentially, if you go deep, deep onto the surface

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<v Speaker 3>of the Earth, you have all of this really hot,

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<v Speaker 3>squishy rock moving around in what's called the mantle. So

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<v Speaker 3>the mantle is sort of this really large layer between

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<v Speaker 3>the center of the Earth and the crust that's on

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<v Speaker 3>the outside. And so when a blob of the mantle

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<v Speaker 3>gets really hot and starts to move around, you can

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<v Speaker 3>get these blobs of magma. So when you have really

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<v Speaker 3>hot molten rock, the difference between it being called lava

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<v Speaker 3>or magma is lava is when it's on the surface

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<v Speaker 3>of the Earth. So it's come out from the inside

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<v Speaker 3>of the Earth and magmas when it's still inside of

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<v Speaker 3>the Earth, and so sometimes you get these blobs of

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<v Speaker 3>magma that's slowly move up through the crust and sometimes

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<v Speaker 3>they'll erupt and become a volcano, and sometimes they don't

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<v Speaker 3>quite make it to the surface. They just sit underneath

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<v Speaker 3>the surface of the Earth and for like hundreds of

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<v Speaker 3>thousands of millions of years, they cool and as they're cooling,

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<v Speaker 3>all of that liquid rock has time to grow really

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<v Speaker 3>large crystals. So again you can go find a granite

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<v Speaker 3>countertop and you can just put your hand on it

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<v Speaker 3>and look at all those big crystals, because granite is

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<v Speaker 3>a plutonic aneas rock, and so any granite countertop that

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<v Speaker 3>you're gonna be looking at can look at it and

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<v Speaker 3>think about the fact that that forms deep, deep under

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<v Speaker 3>the surface of the Earth and cooled over millions of years,

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<v Speaker 3>over hundreds of thousands to millions of years, to form

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<v Speaker 3>these big beautiful crystals.

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<v Speaker 2>So igneous rock comes in two main flavors. There's extrusive

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<v Speaker 2>aka volcanic, and that is a fountain of lava or

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<v Speaker 2>intrusive or plutonic, and that is an underground cooling blob

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<v Speaker 2>that cools more slowly, which may be what your counters

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<v Speaker 2>are made of. But your floor is definitely made up lava.

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<v Speaker 2>The floor is melting lava.

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<v Speaker 3>The floor is lava.

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<v Speaker 2>Uh. You know what it always gets me is in

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<v Speaker 2>like home renovation, when people like I'm over my quartz countertops,

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<v Speaker 2>I'm over my granite countertops, and then they just demo

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<v Speaker 2>them and then they get a new rock countertop. I'm

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<v Speaker 2>always like, do we have enough rock for that?

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, that's a good question. So there's some kinds of

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<v Speaker 3>rock that we do have a lot of. But I

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<v Speaker 3>do think it is it is a waste to get

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<v Speaker 3>rid of any good stone countertop, like you know, you

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<v Speaker 3>went through the effort to get that out of the earth, Like,

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<v Speaker 3>why would you demo it? Though I do in one

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<v Speaker 3>of my undergraduate professors had a when he was showing

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<v Speaker 3>us different kinds of igneous rocks. He had a little

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<v Speaker 3>board with different countertop samples on it, and really nice,

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<v Speaker 3>like clean cut samples of these rocks. So countertops are

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<v Speaker 3>a great way to see some cool rocks because people

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<v Speaker 3>like to take you know, really hard durable rocks can

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<v Speaker 3>be good for countertops, So you can see lots of

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<v Speaker 3>fun rocks.

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<v Speaker 2>There, okay, So to recap, rocks can be made of

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<v Speaker 2>different minerals, and minerals can be made of straight up

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<v Speaker 2>elements or chemical compounds. But a mineral is, according to

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<v Speaker 2>the US Geological Survey, something with an orderly internal structure

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<v Speaker 2>in a crystal form. And minerals you may know are quartz, feldtz,

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<v Speaker 2>bar mica, olivine, and calcite, and amphibole, which when I

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00:16:19.960 --> 00:16:22.600
<v Speaker 2>read it it looks like amphibole, which sounds like some

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<v Speaker 2>kind of Italian frogman superhero. But to recap of rock

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<v Speaker 2>is a lump of minerals, sometimes just one mineral, sometimes

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<v Speaker 2>a bunch of them. Also, not to confuse you, but

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<v Speaker 2>a lot of quartz countertops aren't naturally occurring slabs. Most

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<v Speaker 2>of them are about ninety to ninety five percent ground

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<v Speaker 2>up quartz or silicon dioxide, with about ten percent of

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<v Speaker 2>it being resin binders. Did you know that? I didn't.

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<v Speaker 2>So now when you're sitting at your countertop, you won't

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<v Speaker 2>take it for granted unless it's marble, which is not

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<v Speaker 2>igneous but first sedimentary.

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<v Speaker 3>My dear Watson, when you're talking about IGAs smart, you

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00:16:58.200 --> 00:17:00.879
<v Speaker 3>can kind of go in a cycle because rocks and

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<v Speaker 3>earth material on the planet is always cycling, like nothing

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00:17:03.600 --> 00:17:07.640
<v Speaker 3>is ever still or sedentary on the planet. And so

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<v Speaker 3>when you get rocks that start to break down. For example,

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<v Speaker 3>if you have a granite cliff, things like rain moving

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<v Speaker 3>on it and wind blowing on it, and just the

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<v Speaker 3>weight of the rock face pulling it down is going

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<v Speaker 3>to start to break up that granite into smaller particles.

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<v Speaker 3>And so as rocks weather, they start to fall apart

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<v Speaker 3>and you get the individual crystals in it. For example,

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<v Speaker 3>the quartz crystals in a granite, they fall apart and

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<v Speaker 3>they become loose sediment. And so sediment is just any

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<v Speaker 3>of these it's just any material that's like a loose

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<v Speaker 3>scathering of like smaller grains of rock that a weathered

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<v Speaker 3>out of something else.

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<v Speaker 2>I'm totally falling apart.

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<v Speaker 3>And so all of you can go to the beach

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<v Speaker 3>and you can pick up your you know, really pretty

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<v Speaker 3>sand that probably started as an igneous rock somewhere teep

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<v Speaker 3>underneath the earth. And so as you get sediment like

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<v Speaker 3>clay in silt and sand moving around the surface to

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<v Speaker 3>the other the earth. It's in our oceans, it's in

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<v Speaker 3>our rivers, it's in it's sand dunes in the desert. Eventually,

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<v Speaker 3>sometimes that stuff stays still for a long time or

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<v Speaker 3>it gets buried, and over time, as water's moving through

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<v Speaker 3>it and as it's compressing together, loose sediment like sand, silt,

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00:18:19.920 --> 00:18:22.440
<v Speaker 3>or clay is going to harden. Then a fun process

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00:18:22.480 --> 00:18:24.599
<v Speaker 3>called lith fying, and it's going to become a new

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<v Speaker 3>kind of rock. So that's a sedimentary rock is a

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<v Speaker 3>rock that formed out of sediments that have been weathered

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<v Speaker 3>out of other rocks, Like sandstone is a really great

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00:18:31.920 --> 00:18:35.519
<v Speaker 3>sedimentary rock. And then you can also get sedimentary rocks

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<v Speaker 3>that form out of lots of shells in the ocean.

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<v Speaker 3>If you're in the ocean, you have big shells, you

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<v Speaker 3>can have the microscopic shells. When those shells settle to

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<v Speaker 3>the bottom of the ocean, they will also squeeze together

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<v Speaker 3>and form a rock called limestone. And so you know,

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<v Speaker 3>sedimentary rocks are just what happened when loose earth material

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<v Speaker 3>and the surface of the earth or the oceans compacts together.

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<v Speaker 2>So is it kind of like if you were baking

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<v Speaker 2>biscuits and there are a bunch of leftover peace and

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00:19:00.400 --> 00:19:02.839
<v Speaker 2>then you made another biscuit out of that biscuit exactly.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, that's a great way to put it. So it's

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<v Speaker 3>sort of it's it's materially recycled through the earth system.

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<v Speaker 2>And then what is cooking it though, Like I know

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00:19:11.000 --> 00:19:13.039
<v Speaker 2>that if I reform that biscuit and I put in

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00:19:13.039 --> 00:19:16.039
<v Speaker 2>the oven, I got a new biscuit. But that lithifying

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00:19:16.240 --> 00:19:18.519
<v Speaker 2>what's hardening it into a whole other rock.

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<v Speaker 3>Yeah, so that's gonna be Sometimes you have just pressure

387
00:19:21.759 --> 00:19:25.039
<v Speaker 3>over time is gonna meld those grains together. And then

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<v Speaker 3>oftentimes rocks if you like pick up a again you

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00:19:27.559 --> 00:19:29.319
<v Speaker 3>look at your ground at countertop where you look at

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<v Speaker 3>a nice for example, a marble countertop, sometimes you look

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<v Speaker 3>at a rock and you're like, there's no way water

392
00:19:33.359 --> 00:19:36.039
<v Speaker 3>can get in that. But even if especially in sedimentary

393
00:19:36.079 --> 00:19:39.480
<v Speaker 3>rocks where you have lots of loose spaces between the grains,

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00:19:39.480 --> 00:19:42.079
<v Speaker 3>you can get water moving through it and that's going

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<v Speaker 3>to depose a little bits of essentially cement in between them.

396
00:19:45.160 --> 00:19:46.599
<v Speaker 3>So that's going to hold that together.

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<v Speaker 2>Oh I don't even know what cement is, but I

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00:19:49.599 --> 00:19:51.880
<v Speaker 2>understand it's different from concrete. And I'm like, I need's

399
00:19:52.079 --> 00:19:53.599
<v Speaker 2>a whole masonology episode.

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00:19:53.680 --> 00:19:56.440
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, fun. Yeah, So this in this case, cement is

401
00:19:56.519 --> 00:19:58.759
<v Speaker 3>just you know, one of the ways that minerals can

402
00:19:58.799 --> 00:20:01.640
<v Speaker 3>exist is you can have little bits of the components

403
00:20:01.680 --> 00:20:04.480
<v Speaker 3>of minerals dissolved in water. And so sometimes as the

404
00:20:04.519 --> 00:20:08.440
<v Speaker 3>water is moving through loose sediment, that's going to deposs

405
00:20:08.480 --> 00:20:11.960
<v Speaker 3>a little tiny bits of the mineral in between the

406
00:20:12.079 --> 00:20:14.680
<v Speaker 3>loose pieces of sediment, and that's going to weld them together.

407
00:20:14.920 --> 00:20:16.920
<v Speaker 3>So it's kind of glue. It's gluing the rock together.

408
00:20:17.400 --> 00:20:20.440
<v Speaker 2>And then what about metamorphic.

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00:20:20.079 --> 00:20:22.279
<v Speaker 3>Yes, metamorphic rocks. So this is where the really this

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00:20:22.319 --> 00:20:24.720
<v Speaker 3>is where the fun stuff comes in. And so a

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<v Speaker 3>lot of rocks, even if whether they form steep underneath

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00:20:27.240 --> 00:20:29.160
<v Speaker 3>the earth in a volcano or on surface of the Earth,

413
00:20:29.240 --> 00:20:31.799
<v Speaker 3>they can get buried again and they can get pushed

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00:20:32.599 --> 00:20:36.480
<v Speaker 3>into the Earth's crust. And so what happens sometimes is

415
00:20:36.519 --> 00:20:39.279
<v Speaker 3>when you get a rock that formed either from a

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00:20:39.319 --> 00:20:41.720
<v Speaker 3>volcano or from loose sediment, i e.

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<v Speaker 2>Take an igneous or a sedimentary rock, which you now

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00:20:45.440 --> 00:20:47.240
<v Speaker 2>know what those are. Congrats.

419
00:20:47.559 --> 00:20:50.359
<v Speaker 3>If it gets put under really intense heat and pressure,

420
00:20:50.680 --> 00:20:54.440
<v Speaker 3>then everything in there will get kind of squishy and stuff.

421
00:20:54.480 --> 00:20:56.839
<v Speaker 3>It won't melt all the way because if you melt

422
00:20:56.880 --> 00:20:58.799
<v Speaker 3>the rock all the way, then it becomes an igneous

423
00:20:58.920 --> 00:21:01.599
<v Speaker 3>rock again. But if it just gets really if things

424
00:21:01.720 --> 00:21:05.119
<v Speaker 3>get loose in there, then minerals can start to rerange

425
00:21:05.160 --> 00:21:10.359
<v Speaker 3>themselves into a new rock. One example of a metamorphic

426
00:21:10.440 --> 00:21:13.559
<v Speaker 3>rock is I talked about limestone. Limestone forms the bottom

427
00:21:13.599 --> 00:21:17.599
<v Speaker 3>of the ocean when tiny shells gather up in layers

428
00:21:17.599 --> 00:21:20.880
<v Speaker 3>over time and stick together. If limestone gets buried deep

429
00:21:20.960 --> 00:21:23.799
<v Speaker 3>underneath the surface of the Earth, all of those little

430
00:21:23.839 --> 00:21:27.599
<v Speaker 3>grains of calcium carbonate that make up the shells are

431
00:21:27.640 --> 00:21:30.400
<v Speaker 3>going to kind of meld together and become more solid,

432
00:21:30.480 --> 00:21:33.519
<v Speaker 3>and that's what forms marble. So if you've ever again

433
00:21:33.559 --> 00:21:35.680
<v Speaker 3>seen a marble countertop, or like been in a really

434
00:21:35.720 --> 00:21:38.240
<v Speaker 3>fancy like a marble statue and a really fancy building

435
00:21:39.079 --> 00:21:42.319
<v Speaker 3>that started off its life as shells or some kind

436
00:21:42.359 --> 00:21:44.920
<v Speaker 3>of marine creature in the ocean and then got buried

437
00:21:44.960 --> 00:21:48.480
<v Speaker 3>and metamorphosed and everything got squishy and rearranged itself and

438
00:21:48.519 --> 00:21:49.799
<v Speaker 3>so made it into your countertop.

439
00:21:50.400 --> 00:21:55.160
<v Speaker 2>So some extrusive volcanic igneous rocks are basalt and pomus

440
00:21:55.200 --> 00:21:59.559
<v Speaker 2>and obsidian. And then remember intrusive or plutonic rocks quite

441
00:21:59.640 --> 00:22:02.920
<v Speaker 2>literally chill beneath the Earth's surface and thus they cool

442
00:22:02.960 --> 00:22:06.839
<v Speaker 2>more slowly, which tends to let crystals form, and granite

443
00:22:06.880 --> 00:22:11.599
<v Speaker 2>and doriite and pegamatite are intrusive igneous rocks. Also, did

444
00:22:11.640 --> 00:22:13.480
<v Speaker 2>you know that you shouldn't throw rocks in a fire,

445
00:22:13.680 --> 00:22:16.519
<v Speaker 2>especially wet ones. Rocks can straight up absorb water and

446
00:22:16.519 --> 00:22:19.079
<v Speaker 2>then explode at your face, which is not the relaxing

447
00:22:19.119 --> 00:22:21.960
<v Speaker 2>fire pit atmosphere that you were going for. So don't

448
00:22:21.960 --> 00:22:25.279
<v Speaker 2>make a fire pit with sandstone or river rocks or

449
00:22:25.319 --> 00:22:28.079
<v Speaker 2>pumus because they can sponge up water and then harder

450
00:22:28.160 --> 00:22:31.839
<v Speaker 2>rocks like granite and marble and slate plus lava rocks

451
00:22:32.079 --> 00:22:34.640
<v Speaker 2>are a better bet, but you should ask a firepit

452
00:22:34.680 --> 00:22:36.799
<v Speaker 2>person or the internet first and don't sue me. But

453
00:22:36.880 --> 00:22:42.079
<v Speaker 2>some sedimentary rocks are sandstone, shale, limestone. Even coal is

454
00:22:42.079 --> 00:22:45.000
<v Speaker 2>the sedimentary rock, which I didn't know it's an organic

455
00:22:45.279 --> 00:22:48.480
<v Speaker 2>sedimentary rock because it's made of old dead plants. Coal

456
00:22:48.559 --> 00:22:51.839
<v Speaker 2>is a rock, Chalk is a rock. Chalk is a rock, yes,

457
00:22:52.200 --> 00:22:55.119
<v Speaker 2>a sedimentary one made up of old shells. So this

458
00:22:55.160 --> 00:22:58.680
<v Speaker 2>pot is just chocol block with cocktail party facts. Metamorphic rocks,

459
00:22:58.759 --> 00:23:02.480
<v Speaker 2>once again, they get stronger under pressure or high temperatures,

460
00:23:02.720 --> 00:23:05.480
<v Speaker 2>but not high enough so that they melt to magma.

461
00:23:05.519 --> 00:23:08.079
<v Speaker 2>They just kind of get molded and folded. And some

462
00:23:08.160 --> 00:23:13.480
<v Speaker 2>metamorphic rocks are philight shist quartzite. Marble is a metamorphic rock.

463
00:23:13.839 --> 00:23:17.400
<v Speaker 2>But marbles, those are not rocks. Those are glass, and

464
00:23:17.480 --> 00:23:22.039
<v Speaker 2>glass is cooled heated sand and silica and some other stuff,

465
00:23:22.279 --> 00:23:25.279
<v Speaker 2>and it's not a mineral or a rock because glass

466
00:23:25.319 --> 00:23:28.200
<v Speaker 2>doesn't have a crystalline structure. But I learned this on

467
00:23:28.279 --> 00:23:30.200
<v Speaker 2>accident this week, so now you have to learn it.

468
00:23:30.680 --> 00:23:34.720
<v Speaker 2>One time, marbles were embedded in highways and road signs

469
00:23:34.960 --> 00:23:38.960
<v Speaker 2>for reflectivity, and they were called cataphone when they were

470
00:23:39.039 --> 00:23:40.759
<v Speaker 2>used that way, and it was invented by a guy

471
00:23:40.839 --> 00:23:43.559
<v Speaker 2>named Percy Shaw in nineteen thirty seven who thought that

472
00:23:43.680 --> 00:23:47.799
<v Speaker 2>marbles were pretty shiny in headlights like a cat's eye,

473
00:23:48.119 --> 00:23:50.839
<v Speaker 2>and marbles and road signs were like, okay, these are

474
00:23:50.839 --> 00:23:54.920
<v Speaker 2>pretty good until World War Two and then marbles and

475
00:23:55.039 --> 00:23:59.119
<v Speaker 2>roadsides or cataphone took off because back then military vehicle

476
00:23:59.119 --> 00:24:02.279
<v Speaker 2>headlights had utters on them like eyelids to cloak them

477
00:24:02.359 --> 00:24:05.279
<v Speaker 2>from being visible from above. And in World War Two,

478
00:24:05.319 --> 00:24:08.960
<v Speaker 2>since the entire world was a battlefield, shuttered headlights were

479
00:24:09.000 --> 00:24:12.440
<v Speaker 2>standard on a lot of cars. Meaning that reflector marbles

480
00:24:12.480 --> 00:24:15.599
<v Speaker 2>on road sides were discreete and helpful, so they were everywhere.

481
00:24:15.640 --> 00:24:18.519
<v Speaker 2>And when I learned that, I lost my marbles, which

482
00:24:18.599 --> 00:24:21.000
<v Speaker 2>is an idiom first coined in eighteen eighty six in

483
00:24:21.039 --> 00:24:23.759
<v Speaker 2>a newspaper article which read, he has roamed the block

484
00:24:23.799 --> 00:24:27.279
<v Speaker 2>all morning like a boy who has lost his marbles. Also,

485
00:24:27.319 --> 00:24:29.400
<v Speaker 2>it was researching this aside that I realized that this

486
00:24:29.480 --> 00:24:31.759
<v Speaker 2>episode needed to be a two parter because I'm sorry,

487
00:24:31.799 --> 00:24:33.319
<v Speaker 2>there's just a lot of cool shit to learn about

488
00:24:33.400 --> 00:24:37.839
<v Speaker 2>rocks and rock adjacent things, but all the glimmers is

489
00:24:37.880 --> 00:24:42.000
<v Speaker 2>not class What about things like diamonds and sapphires and

490
00:24:42.160 --> 00:24:46.319
<v Speaker 2>rubies and quartz crystals? Those are igneous or those are metamorphic.

491
00:24:46.599 --> 00:24:48.759
<v Speaker 3>A lot of them can be both. The situation which

492
00:24:48.799 --> 00:24:51.640
<v Speaker 3>in big typically jumpsed on crystals grow is when you

493
00:24:51.799 --> 00:24:56.440
<v Speaker 3>have either magma cooling over really long periods of time

494
00:24:57.000 --> 00:25:00.119
<v Speaker 3>that lets those crystals grow. For example, if you who

495
00:25:00.160 --> 00:25:02.920
<v Speaker 3>are thinking about a tormaline crystal, I've been to outcrops.

496
00:25:03.279 --> 00:25:06.720
<v Speaker 3>You can see big, beautiful tormaline crystals that have grown

497
00:25:07.200 --> 00:25:09.799
<v Speaker 3>in granites that have poled over a really long period

498
00:25:09.799 --> 00:25:13.680
<v Speaker 3>of time that allows those big crystals to grow and

499
00:25:13.720 --> 00:25:16.440
<v Speaker 3>then a lot of other gemstones form in metamorphic rocks. Essentially,

500
00:25:16.480 --> 00:25:18.599
<v Speaker 3>you can get the right ingredients there and if you

501
00:25:18.640 --> 00:25:20.799
<v Speaker 3>put them under heat and pressure, it'll have time for

502
00:25:20.880 --> 00:25:25.039
<v Speaker 3>those ingredients to sort of come together and grow into

503
00:25:25.079 --> 00:25:28.400
<v Speaker 3>these new gemstones. So most gemstones for the most part,

504
00:25:28.400 --> 00:25:30.880
<v Speaker 3>are going to be either coming out of an igniance

505
00:25:30.920 --> 00:25:31.880
<v Speaker 3>for a metamorphic rock.

506
00:25:32.359 --> 00:25:35.240
<v Speaker 2>When we're looking out at rocks lay in the yard

507
00:25:35.480 --> 00:25:40.640
<v Speaker 2>or gravel in the driveway or scattered around. Maybe not

508
00:25:40.640 --> 00:25:44.640
<v Speaker 2>a smart question, but is there like a garden variety

509
00:25:44.640 --> 00:25:46.880
<v Speaker 2>that we see probably more than anything, Like if we

510
00:25:46.920 --> 00:25:50.480
<v Speaker 2>see a bug in our house, like ninety percent chance

511
00:25:50.519 --> 00:25:53.720
<v Speaker 2>as a house fly or something. Are there types of

512
00:25:53.799 --> 00:25:55.559
<v Speaker 2>rock that it's like you probably see this all the time,

513
00:25:55.559 --> 00:25:56.519
<v Speaker 2>you don't realize what it is.

514
00:25:57.319 --> 00:25:59.319
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, I'd say there's a kind of rock club the salt,

515
00:25:59.559 --> 00:26:02.400
<v Speaker 3>and there's a lot of it around. It's formed in

516
00:26:02.400 --> 00:26:04.960
<v Speaker 3>a lot of different conditions. So it's an aeneous rock,

517
00:26:05.000 --> 00:26:08.680
<v Speaker 3>so that forms when lava comes out of the earth

518
00:26:08.720 --> 00:26:11.279
<v Speaker 3>and cools really fast, so it's usually gray and really

519
00:26:11.319 --> 00:26:15.039
<v Speaker 3>fine grain and basalt is what makes up the tectonic

520
00:26:15.039 --> 00:26:17.039
<v Speaker 3>plates at the bottom of the ocean, So basalt forms.

521
00:26:17.039 --> 00:26:20.359
<v Speaker 3>That was called this basalt forms, it's called mid ocean ridges,

522
00:26:21.079 --> 00:26:24.119
<v Speaker 3>where in the center of a lot of these tectonic

523
00:26:24.119 --> 00:26:26.480
<v Speaker 3>plates the thought of the ocean, they're kind of split

524
00:26:26.559 --> 00:26:30.759
<v Speaker 3>in half and they're spreading apart where magma is sort

525
00:26:30.799 --> 00:26:33.640
<v Speaker 3>of coming up underneath them in a plume, and you

526
00:26:33.720 --> 00:26:37.119
<v Speaker 3>just get this long, skinny sort of volcano splitting the plate,

527
00:26:37.240 --> 00:26:41.359
<v Speaker 3>and the plate is moving out slowly from that center

528
00:26:41.440 --> 00:26:44.960
<v Speaker 3>line where the basalt is being produced. And so there's

529
00:26:44.960 --> 00:26:46.559
<v Speaker 3>a lot of basalta out there. And so you can

530
00:26:46.720 --> 00:26:48.319
<v Speaker 3>take a look around and a lot of gravel pits

531
00:26:48.319 --> 00:26:51.559
<v Speaker 3>and you see a fine grain, sometimes really smooth rock

532
00:26:51.640 --> 00:26:54.839
<v Speaker 3>that's probably the salt. And it is very common, which

533
00:26:54.880 --> 00:26:56.880
<v Speaker 3>is not to say that it's not beautiful in its

534
00:26:56.920 --> 00:27:00.839
<v Speaker 3>own way, but that's probably a good garden variet.

535
00:27:01.359 --> 00:27:04.920
<v Speaker 2>What about colors of rock, because I texted you before

536
00:27:04.960 --> 00:27:07.799
<v Speaker 2>this to tell you that I sometimes will pick up

537
00:27:08.119 --> 00:27:11.079
<v Speaker 2>a gravel in a driveway and then I'll arrange it

538
00:27:11.160 --> 00:27:13.880
<v Speaker 2>in a beautiful ombre color, and for some reason I

539
00:27:13.880 --> 00:27:16.079
<v Speaker 2>find it very soothing. I mean, it's the cheapest and

540
00:27:16.160 --> 00:27:18.720
<v Speaker 2>most low stakes hobby a person can have. And when

541
00:27:18.799 --> 00:27:20.680
<v Speaker 2>Jarrett and I were staying at my sister's helping out

542
00:27:20.680 --> 00:27:23.079
<v Speaker 2>with my dad. I'd sometimes go outside for a minute.

543
00:27:23.160 --> 00:27:26.119
<v Speaker 2>I'd just grab a few rocks and then arrange them

544
00:27:26.160 --> 00:27:29.480
<v Speaker 2>in color order, and then sigh and just toss them

545
00:27:29.480 --> 00:27:31.960
<v Speaker 2>back and return to the house. I even started drilling

546
00:27:32.000 --> 00:27:34.279
<v Speaker 2>holes in a few with a drumml to make driveway

547
00:27:34.359 --> 00:27:37.119
<v Speaker 2>rock necklaces. But I just found out researching this that

548
00:27:37.160 --> 00:27:39.960
<v Speaker 2>there are naturally occurring rocks that have a whole straight room,

549
00:27:40.359 --> 00:27:43.319
<v Speaker 2>maybe from a mollusc track as they formed, and those

550
00:27:43.359 --> 00:27:45.480
<v Speaker 2>are called hag rocks. And to drill a hole in

551
00:27:45.519 --> 00:27:47.920
<v Speaker 2>a rock and say it's a natural hag rock is

552
00:27:47.960 --> 00:27:49.960
<v Speaker 2>to invite a curse on you. But I promise I

553
00:27:50.000 --> 00:27:52.240
<v Speaker 2>just wanted to put a few drive rocks on a string.

554
00:27:52.559 --> 00:27:53.920
<v Speaker 2>It was a time, It was a hard time, it

555
00:27:53.960 --> 00:27:55.799
<v Speaker 2>was a good time. It was a time anyway. But

556
00:27:56.119 --> 00:28:01.119
<v Speaker 2>why are some rocks white, summer yellowish, some are gray,

557
00:28:01.240 --> 00:28:02.960
<v Speaker 2>some are brown? What's going on in there?

558
00:28:03.200 --> 00:28:05.359
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, So you can trace that all back to the

559
00:28:05.480 --> 00:28:07.599
<v Speaker 3>chemistry and the physical structure.

560
00:28:07.200 --> 00:28:07.559
<v Speaker 2>Of the rock.

561
00:28:07.680 --> 00:28:09.440
<v Speaker 3>So again, all rocks are going to be made out

562
00:28:09.440 --> 00:28:12.759
<v Speaker 3>of minerals, and then all those minerals are just based

563
00:28:12.799 --> 00:28:17.440
<v Speaker 3>on various combinations of chemical elements arranged in different structures,

564
00:28:17.519 --> 00:28:20.599
<v Speaker 3>and so sometimes a rocks color will be based on

565
00:28:21.480 --> 00:28:23.640
<v Speaker 3>just the plain structure of the mineral in it, and

566
00:28:23.640 --> 00:28:27.000
<v Speaker 3>then sometimes within minerals you'll get little tea tiny trace elements,

567
00:28:27.000 --> 00:28:29.440
<v Speaker 3>so just like a little bit of dye into the

568
00:28:29.480 --> 00:28:31.720
<v Speaker 3>crystal structure, and so that's going to give it its color.

569
00:28:31.799 --> 00:28:33.680
<v Speaker 3>So a lot of rock color is going to be

570
00:28:33.720 --> 00:28:37.680
<v Speaker 3>based on its chemistry. Though. A fun thing I learned

571
00:28:37.720 --> 00:28:40.519
<v Speaker 3>a while back was that if you're looking at a rock,

572
00:28:40.519 --> 00:28:43.880
<v Speaker 3>pick a granite and you see little kind of clearish

573
00:28:44.079 --> 00:28:47.880
<v Speaker 3>gray crystals, a lot of the times those are going

574
00:28:47.920 --> 00:28:50.079
<v Speaker 3>to be quartz crystals. And the reason that they look

575
00:28:50.200 --> 00:28:53.759
<v Speaker 3>gray is not because they're colored that. It's because a

576
00:28:53.799 --> 00:28:56.240
<v Speaker 3>lot of the times quarts will form clear. And the

577
00:28:56.319 --> 00:28:59.519
<v Speaker 3>reason in a rock it looks like dark colored or

578
00:28:59.559 --> 00:29:02.839
<v Speaker 3>gray because there's no light in there. Oh, it's so

579
00:29:03.119 --> 00:29:07.160
<v Speaker 3>dark in here, So it's clear looking into a lightless

580
00:29:07.279 --> 00:29:08.359
<v Speaker 3>interior of a rock.

581
00:29:09.359 --> 00:29:12.799
<v Speaker 2>So for people who collect crystals or rocks, your purple

582
00:29:12.839 --> 00:29:15.319
<v Speaker 2>amethysts have some iron in them to give it that

583
00:29:15.440 --> 00:29:19.759
<v Speaker 2>lavender color. Rose quartz has traces of titanium or manganese

584
00:29:19.839 --> 00:29:23.160
<v Speaker 2>or iron, and smoky quartz gets that kind of tinted

585
00:29:23.200 --> 00:29:28.240
<v Speaker 2>window look via some natural irradiation affecting the aluminum in it.

586
00:29:28.720 --> 00:29:32.680
<v Speaker 2>Milk quartz, that's just quartz with some liquid or gas

587
00:29:32.720 --> 00:29:35.519
<v Speaker 2>trapped inside, which can be really helpful for people with

588
00:29:35.559 --> 00:29:38.160
<v Speaker 2>bowel issues. Just kidding, I think it's just fun to

589
00:29:38.160 --> 00:29:41.799
<v Speaker 2>think of milk quartz doing little farts. Your citrine in

590
00:29:41.920 --> 00:29:46.480
<v Speaker 2>nature has colloidal ferric hydroxide impurities. But if you have

591
00:29:46.680 --> 00:29:51.079
<v Speaker 2>an ombree amber crystal that was sold to you as citrine,

592
00:29:51.240 --> 00:29:53.759
<v Speaker 2>it's more than likely it's an amethyst baked at nine

593
00:29:53.839 --> 00:29:57.279
<v Speaker 2>hundred degrees which turns the purple parts golden yellow at

594
00:29:57.279 --> 00:29:59.799
<v Speaker 2>the tips. But hey, if it's a citrin in your heart,

595
00:29:59.799 --> 00:30:01.920
<v Speaker 2>and then you can think of it as a citrin

596
00:30:01.960 --> 00:30:05.359
<v Speaker 2>all you want, because as far as crystal's having powers,

597
00:30:05.640 --> 00:30:08.160
<v Speaker 2>if it makes you happy, then it makes you happy.

598
00:30:08.200 --> 00:30:11.079
<v Speaker 2>And I said this in the Gemology episode, but our

599
00:30:11.119 --> 00:30:14.119
<v Speaker 2>brains are just a jiggling mess of nerves and wires

600
00:30:14.319 --> 00:30:17.480
<v Speaker 2>and memories and shit we don't fully understand. And one

601
00:30:17.519 --> 00:30:20.680
<v Speaker 2>of those things is the placebo effect. So if you

602
00:30:20.759 --> 00:30:23.759
<v Speaker 2>think a stone is going to distress you, it might

603
00:30:23.920 --> 00:30:28.559
<v Speaker 2>distress you from a behavioral standpoint. If a gem or

604
00:30:28.559 --> 00:30:33.559
<v Speaker 2>a rock reminds you to take actionable steps toward, like

605
00:30:33.759 --> 00:30:37.680
<v Speaker 2>keeping your heart open for love, or being kinder to yourself,

606
00:30:37.839 --> 00:30:42.039
<v Speaker 2>or managing your money more wisely. Then that stone is

607
00:30:42.119 --> 00:30:45.960
<v Speaker 2>working by way of reminding you to change your behaviors

608
00:30:46.000 --> 00:30:49.440
<v Speaker 2>which affect your life. But the placebo effect is not medicine.

609
00:30:49.519 --> 00:30:53.640
<v Speaker 2>And there are people sadly literally banking on your fears

610
00:30:53.680 --> 00:30:56.240
<v Speaker 2>and your hopes, and those people are sometimes doing a

611
00:30:56.240 --> 00:31:00.119
<v Speaker 2>lot of dangerous mining using child labor in some country,

612
00:31:00.200 --> 00:31:02.920
<v Speaker 2>which is never good vibes people. My point is that

613
00:31:03.039 --> 00:31:06.000
<v Speaker 2>some rocks get all the attention, they're sold for a

614
00:31:06.000 --> 00:31:09.880
<v Speaker 2>lot of money, but really all rocks are special like dogs.

615
00:31:10.240 --> 00:31:13.000
<v Speaker 2>What about as someone who probably has to haul around

616
00:31:13.200 --> 00:31:18.240
<v Speaker 2>rock samples and things like that, Why are they heavy?

617
00:31:18.359 --> 00:31:18.559
<v Speaker 4>Yeah?

618
00:31:18.599 --> 00:31:20.960
<v Speaker 3>Why are they heavy? So that's all about just the

619
00:31:21.000 --> 00:31:23.039
<v Speaker 3>density of the minerals. When a mineral or a rock

620
00:31:23.160 --> 00:31:25.559
<v Speaker 3>is forming, how many atoms can they pack in there?

621
00:31:25.640 --> 00:31:28.000
<v Speaker 3>So a lot of them because they're in these really

622
00:31:28.079 --> 00:31:30.400
<v Speaker 3>rigid crystal structures, they can pack in a lot of

623
00:31:30.440 --> 00:31:32.920
<v Speaker 3>elements that are pretty heavy. So again a lot of

624
00:31:32.960 --> 00:31:35.640
<v Speaker 3>the rocks that form, for example, the plates at the

625
00:31:35.640 --> 00:31:37.480
<v Speaker 3>bottom of the ocean are really heavy. In things like

626
00:31:37.519 --> 00:31:40.480
<v Speaker 3>magnesium and iron. It's all going to come back to

627
00:31:41.039 --> 00:31:43.200
<v Speaker 3>the crystal structure of the rock in chemistry. So there's

628
00:31:43.240 --> 00:31:45.240
<v Speaker 3>a lot of stuff packed in there.

629
00:31:45.480 --> 00:31:48.599
<v Speaker 2>I'm so rude. I just realized that we're whatever. However,

630
00:31:48.680 --> 00:31:51.079
<v Speaker 2>many minutes and I didn't even ask about your job

631
00:31:51.160 --> 00:31:52.839
<v Speaker 2>or your work. I just was like, what the fuck

632
00:31:52.960 --> 00:31:58.160
<v Speaker 2>is a rock? Your work deals with ice age rocks? Right,

633
00:31:58.440 --> 00:32:01.839
<v Speaker 2>how many rocks samples do you have to collect? How

634
00:32:01.839 --> 00:32:05.200
<v Speaker 2>big are the samples? What are you analyzing? What's happening?

635
00:32:05.319 --> 00:32:08.240
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, So that's actually really a really interesting thing. Is

636
00:32:08.400 --> 00:32:11.880
<v Speaker 3>I love talking about rocks, but the work I do

637
00:32:11.960 --> 00:32:14.720
<v Speaker 3>for my research, actually I don't look at rocks that much.

638
00:32:15.440 --> 00:32:17.839
<v Speaker 2>I'm so sorry.

639
00:32:17.000 --> 00:32:18.680
<v Speaker 3>Because I feel like that's That's one of the things

640
00:32:18.720 --> 00:32:21.119
<v Speaker 3>about geology is geology is a really broad field, and

641
00:32:21.160 --> 00:32:25.160
<v Speaker 3>it's not just about studying rocks. It's about studying sort

642
00:32:25.200 --> 00:32:28.759
<v Speaker 3>of the systems of our planet, and so it's a

643
00:32:28.799 --> 00:32:31.880
<v Speaker 3>really interdisciplinary field. And so the kind of work that

644
00:32:31.920 --> 00:32:34.480
<v Speaker 3>I do is I actually I sit up my laptop

645
00:32:34.480 --> 00:32:37.960
<v Speaker 3>all day because there's a lot of geology that actually

646
00:32:38.039 --> 00:32:41.079
<v Speaker 3>involves a lot of mathematics, and so when it comes

647
00:32:41.160 --> 00:32:44.160
<v Speaker 3>to trying to sort of figure out or simulate how

648
00:32:44.359 --> 00:32:47.440
<v Speaker 3>volcano erupts, or how an ice sheet moves around, or

649
00:32:47.480 --> 00:32:51.519
<v Speaker 3>how the ocean responds to various things moving around on it.

650
00:32:51.799 --> 00:32:53.799
<v Speaker 3>A lot of the times we really understand the math

651
00:32:53.880 --> 00:32:55.799
<v Speaker 3>behind it. And so what we can do is I

652
00:32:55.799 --> 00:32:57.519
<v Speaker 3>can tell a computer. I can write some code and

653
00:32:57.559 --> 00:33:00.480
<v Speaker 3>tell my computer program, hey, you know, do this and

654
00:33:00.559 --> 00:33:02.920
<v Speaker 3>figure out, for example, in my research, like you know,

655
00:33:02.920 --> 00:33:04.519
<v Speaker 3>if we took an ice sheet and we grew it

656
00:33:04.559 --> 00:33:08.200
<v Speaker 3>all the way from Canada down towards Oregon, like, what's

657
00:33:08.200 --> 00:33:10.119
<v Speaker 3>going to happen to the ocean? What's gonna happen to

658
00:33:10.160 --> 00:33:13.000
<v Speaker 3>the land surface if I grew the ice sheet closer

659
00:33:13.000 --> 00:33:14.640
<v Speaker 3>and closer to where I am an Oregon.

660
00:33:15.160 --> 00:33:18.720
<v Speaker 2>So their thesis involves working on problems of sea level

661
00:33:18.920 --> 00:33:22.359
<v Speaker 2>during glacial cycles. And another paper they've been an author

662
00:33:22.359 --> 00:33:25.759
<v Speaker 2>on is titled three D Mantle viscosity Structure in Glacial

663
00:33:25.799 --> 00:33:29.920
<v Speaker 2>isostatic Adjustment Models resolves discrepancies in marine isotope stage MISS

664
00:33:30.000 --> 00:33:32.839
<v Speaker 2>five A and five S global means sea level predictions

665
00:33:33.319 --> 00:33:34.279
<v Speaker 2>in case you're wondering.

666
00:33:34.480 --> 00:33:37.240
<v Speaker 3>So there's there's a lot of geology that just doesn't

667
00:33:37.279 --> 00:33:40.000
<v Speaker 3>involve going out into the field and looking at rocks

668
00:33:40.079 --> 00:33:41.200
<v Speaker 3>like I said, a lot of the work that I

669
00:33:41.240 --> 00:33:43.680
<v Speaker 3>do involves computer programs in math, and then there's also

670
00:33:43.720 --> 00:33:46.200
<v Speaker 3>a lot of really amazing geology, really important geology going

671
00:33:46.200 --> 00:33:48.839
<v Speaker 3>on that involves a lot of chemistry. So there's going

672
00:33:48.880 --> 00:33:50.839
<v Speaker 3>to be a lot of people who are taking rock

673
00:33:50.880 --> 00:33:53.960
<v Speaker 3>samples that have been collected and they're going into labs

674
00:33:54.039 --> 00:33:56.640
<v Speaker 3>and they're breaking them down into really into their component

675
00:33:56.720 --> 00:33:59.440
<v Speaker 3>parts and doing a lot of chemistry on them to

676
00:33:59.480 --> 00:34:01.799
<v Speaker 3>look at what exactly are these rocks made out of,

677
00:34:01.839 --> 00:34:03.839
<v Speaker 3>Like what stories are in this rock? Chemistry they can

678
00:34:03.839 --> 00:34:06.079
<v Speaker 3>tell it about how long ago did it form, what

679
00:34:06.160 --> 00:34:08.840
<v Speaker 3>kind of conditions did it form in? And so I

680
00:34:08.920 --> 00:34:11.320
<v Speaker 3>think that's a big misconception about geology is it's just

681
00:34:11.360 --> 00:34:14.679
<v Speaker 3>a lot of you know, people in tan hats in

682
00:34:14.760 --> 00:34:18.039
<v Speaker 3>a field collecting rocks. But it's just it's really this

683
00:34:18.199 --> 00:34:22.039
<v Speaker 3>beautifully big, very field with there's all sorts of ways

684
00:34:22.039 --> 00:34:22.639
<v Speaker 3>to approach it.

685
00:34:23.280 --> 00:34:27.159
<v Speaker 2>Do movies or TV ever get geology really wrong? Has

686
00:34:27.199 --> 00:34:30.000
<v Speaker 2>there ever been a pop culture rock that you're really

687
00:34:30.280 --> 00:34:32.760
<v Speaker 2>a fan of or one that insenses you feel free

688
00:34:32.800 --> 00:34:33.400
<v Speaker 2>to vent here?

689
00:34:33.639 --> 00:34:36.079
<v Speaker 3>Absolutely? So I'll tell you my favorite of my least

690
00:34:36.079 --> 00:34:40.519
<v Speaker 3>favorite geology in movies. So, okay, one thing that a

691
00:34:40.519 --> 00:34:43.639
<v Speaker 3>lot of movies get wrong is volcanoes. And so volcanoes

692
00:34:43.639 --> 00:34:45.599
<v Speaker 3>are really beautiful because a lot of them can be

693
00:34:45.639 --> 00:34:49.280
<v Speaker 3>these massive, explosive, very dramatic eruptions. But oftentimes in movies

694
00:34:49.400 --> 00:34:52.280
<v Speaker 3>when they're showing a volcano erupting, it'll be the kind

695
00:34:52.280 --> 00:34:55.159
<v Speaker 3>of volcanic eruption that's really explosive to have a lot

696
00:34:55.199 --> 00:34:57.320
<v Speaker 3>of ash and steam coming out of it, a lot

697
00:34:57.320 --> 00:35:01.480
<v Speaker 3>of really harmful gases. And oftentimes with these big explosive

698
00:35:01.519 --> 00:35:04.239
<v Speaker 3>volcanoes r up, for example, like mountain helens, the really

699
00:35:04.320 --> 00:35:06.719
<v Speaker 3>dangerous thing about them is going to be when all

700
00:35:06.760 --> 00:35:10.800
<v Speaker 3>of that hot ash that's literally boiling rushes down the mountain.

701
00:35:10.960 --> 00:35:13.719
<v Speaker 3>The technical term for that is a pyroclastic flow. And

702
00:35:13.800 --> 00:35:16.519
<v Speaker 3>oftentimes the movies these really dramatic scenes where there's all

703
00:35:16.519 --> 00:35:19.639
<v Speaker 3>these people in cars trying to drive away or trying

704
00:35:19.679 --> 00:35:22.280
<v Speaker 3>to run on their feet away from this ash flow,

705
00:35:22.320 --> 00:35:25.559
<v Speaker 3>and these ashvills go really fast. They go tens of

706
00:35:25.639 --> 00:35:27.079
<v Speaker 3>miles per hour fast.

707
00:35:27.760 --> 00:35:30.679
<v Speaker 2>I look this up and yes, pyroclastic flow is a

708
00:35:30.679 --> 00:35:35.599
<v Speaker 2>hall ass average speed sixty miles an hour or one

709
00:35:35.639 --> 00:35:39.079
<v Speaker 2>hundred kilometers an hour, going up to over four hundred

710
00:35:39.199 --> 00:35:43.000
<v Speaker 2>miles an hour of pyroclastic flow. That's seven hundred kilometers

711
00:35:43.000 --> 00:35:44.480
<v Speaker 2>an hour if you're not an American.

712
00:35:44.800 --> 00:35:47.320
<v Speaker 3>The example, like to you is the second Jurassic World

713
00:35:47.360 --> 00:35:50.840
<v Speaker 3>movie when Chris Pratt is out running a pyroclastic flow

714
00:35:50.960 --> 00:35:54.199
<v Speaker 3>on this island. Is he should not have survived that.

715
00:35:54.480 --> 00:35:55.840
<v Speaker 2>I can't watch that movie.

716
00:35:56.960 --> 00:36:04.039
<v Speaker 3>Can't outrun a pyroclastic flow on foot. And so that's

717
00:36:04.079 --> 00:36:05.840
<v Speaker 3>always something you can think about when you see volcano

718
00:36:05.840 --> 00:36:07.880
<v Speaker 3>in a movie, is like, Okay, what are the hazards

719
00:36:07.880 --> 00:36:09.960
<v Speaker 3>are they portraying this movie from this volcano? And how

720
00:36:09.960 --> 00:36:11.920
<v Speaker 3>well do they actually line up with what's dangerous?

721
00:36:12.400 --> 00:36:15.519
<v Speaker 2>Chris Pratt would have to run a one minute mile

722
00:36:16.000 --> 00:36:20.960
<v Speaker 2>for several miles to escape even the slowest, most sluggish

723
00:36:21.119 --> 00:36:24.039
<v Speaker 2>pyroclastic flow. And I watched the YouTube of this movie

724
00:36:24.039 --> 00:36:27.840
<v Speaker 2>clip and the comets section, hmm, it's delicious. It's like

725
00:36:27.840 --> 00:36:31.039
<v Speaker 2>a cocktail party of both jocks and nerds, each in

726
00:36:31.119 --> 00:36:35.760
<v Speaker 2>respective corners having conversations. Some are like, bitch an explosion,

727
00:36:36.159 --> 00:36:38.440
<v Speaker 2>and some are like and I'm going to quote I

728
00:36:38.480 --> 00:36:40.239
<v Speaker 2>feel like Owen would have grabbed onto one of the

729
00:36:40.280 --> 00:36:42.840
<v Speaker 2>running dinos for a ride. They're faster than him, thus

730
00:36:42.880 --> 00:36:45.719
<v Speaker 2>more likely to outpace that pyroclastic flow. Plus it would

731
00:36:45.719 --> 00:36:48.000
<v Speaker 2>have looked cool seeing him charging downhill on a stego

732
00:36:48.119 --> 00:36:50.840
<v Speaker 2>or an angliosaur, Which is a good point now when

733
00:36:50.880 --> 00:36:54.719
<v Speaker 2>it comes to scientists and fiction, can a movie ever

734
00:36:54.840 --> 00:36:56.480
<v Speaker 2>pass the realism vibe check?

735
00:36:56.840 --> 00:36:58.599
<v Speaker 3>But the movie that I will say I think got

736
00:36:58.639 --> 00:37:00.760
<v Speaker 3>a lot of the geology right is actually Norwegian movie

737
00:37:00.800 --> 00:37:03.800
<v Speaker 3>called The Wave that tells a really interesting story about

738
00:37:04.320 --> 00:37:06.320
<v Speaker 3>in areas that have had a lot of glaciers in them,

739
00:37:06.360 --> 00:37:09.800
<v Speaker 3>you can sometimes get this valley called a fjord, and

740
00:37:09.840 --> 00:37:13.000
<v Speaker 3>so fjord is where you had a glacier carve away

741
00:37:13.079 --> 00:37:16.960
<v Speaker 3>the super tall, deep valley from a continent and it

742
00:37:17.000 --> 00:37:19.719
<v Speaker 3>fills with water. And The Wave tells the story of

743
00:37:19.760 --> 00:37:23.639
<v Speaker 3>a small town in a fjord that had really unstable

744
00:37:23.760 --> 00:37:26.480
<v Speaker 3>rocks on these huge cliffs next to it. And sometimes

745
00:37:27.119 --> 00:37:30.199
<v Speaker 3>if you can get a really loose pile of rock

746
00:37:30.199 --> 00:37:33.800
<v Speaker 3>attached to a cliff face, if that falls into this valley,

747
00:37:34.000 --> 00:37:35.719
<v Speaker 3>into the water that's covering to the bottom, it can

748
00:37:35.760 --> 00:37:39.639
<v Speaker 3>cause a huge wave that moves through the fjord and

749
00:37:39.920 --> 00:37:43.039
<v Speaker 3>just destroys anything in its path. And so I think

750
00:37:43.079 --> 00:37:45.239
<v Speaker 3>if anyone wants to get a good idea of what

751
00:37:45.360 --> 00:37:47.880
<v Speaker 3>natural hazards can look like and what natural has geology

752
00:37:47.880 --> 00:37:50.280
<v Speaker 3>can look like. I'd recommend the Norwegian movie Wave.

753
00:37:50.719 --> 00:37:55.320
<v Speaker 2>What about the myth? Or maybe just something that is overlooked.

754
00:37:55.559 --> 00:37:57.280
<v Speaker 2>If you are out on a hike and you see

755
00:37:57.320 --> 00:37:59.719
<v Speaker 2>a pretty rock and you go, oh so lovely, can

756
00:37:59.760 --> 00:38:03.719
<v Speaker 2>you put that in your pocket? Or are you degrading

757
00:38:04.000 --> 00:38:08.320
<v Speaker 2>that environment? Like how much rock collecting is too much

758
00:38:08.440 --> 00:38:09.079
<v Speaker 2>rock collecting?

759
00:38:09.320 --> 00:38:11.400
<v Speaker 3>That's a good question, and I think the important thing

760
00:38:11.440 --> 00:38:15.440
<v Speaker 3>with that is the important thing is that you're asking

761
00:38:15.440 --> 00:38:18.480
<v Speaker 3>yourself that question. A lot of the circumstances are going

762
00:38:18.519 --> 00:38:21.480
<v Speaker 3>to depend and so before you go anywhere, and if

763
00:38:21.480 --> 00:38:23.559
<v Speaker 3>you're thinking, like, man, I'd really like to collect some rocks,

764
00:38:23.559 --> 00:38:25.559
<v Speaker 3>you can look up whose land it is. Is it

765
00:38:25.599 --> 00:38:28.719
<v Speaker 3>private land, is it public land? Sometimes if it's private land,

766
00:38:28.760 --> 00:38:30.960
<v Speaker 3>for example, I know there's some places here in Oregon

767
00:38:31.119 --> 00:38:35.800
<v Speaker 3>where private landowners have allowed rock collecting under land, sometimes

768
00:38:35.800 --> 00:38:37.760
<v Speaker 3>for a small fee. And then if it's public land,

769
00:38:38.119 --> 00:38:40.480
<v Speaker 3>like Bureau of Land Management or the National Park Service

770
00:38:40.519 --> 00:38:43.199
<v Speaker 3>or state parks will have a rock collecting policy on

771
00:38:43.239 --> 00:38:45.800
<v Speaker 3>their website. If you go into certain public lands, you

772
00:38:45.840 --> 00:38:49.320
<v Speaker 3>can collect regular rocks, and you can collect invertebrate fossils,

773
00:38:49.320 --> 00:38:51.440
<v Speaker 3>but you might not be allowed to collect vertebrate fossils.

774
00:38:51.679 --> 00:38:52.039
<v Speaker 2>Oh.

775
00:38:52.119 --> 00:38:53.519
<v Speaker 3>For example, if you're going in a hike and you're

776
00:38:53.519 --> 00:38:57.119
<v Speaker 3>interested in collecting some rocks, that recommend looking up the

777
00:38:57.199 --> 00:39:02.559
<v Speaker 3>regulations on rock collecting, because oftentimes different land management agencies

778
00:39:02.599 --> 00:39:04.079
<v Speaker 3>will have guidelines for you.

779
00:39:04.559 --> 00:39:06.840
<v Speaker 2>PS. I tried this, and yes, if you google a

780
00:39:06.920 --> 00:39:10.679
<v Speaker 2>state park or BLM the Bureau of Land Management plus

781
00:39:10.719 --> 00:39:14.559
<v Speaker 2>your state, you can usually find a PDF with guidelines

782
00:39:14.679 --> 00:39:17.960
<v Speaker 2>for rock counting, like no more than twenty five pounds

783
00:39:18.000 --> 00:39:20.760
<v Speaker 2>a day and two hundred and fifty pounds of rock

784
00:39:20.800 --> 00:39:23.239
<v Speaker 2>a year, which is a shitload more rocks than I

785
00:39:23.280 --> 00:39:26.599
<v Speaker 2>was expecting. I was talking like, oh, this pebble is

786
00:39:26.800 --> 00:39:28.719
<v Speaker 2>kind of greenish, Like maybe I'll keep it in my

787
00:39:28.760 --> 00:39:31.880
<v Speaker 2>pocket like a treasure because I'm sad. But no matter

788
00:39:31.920 --> 00:39:34.280
<v Speaker 2>what the limits are, Schmidty says, I.

789
00:39:34.280 --> 00:39:37.079
<v Speaker 3>Think in terms of the sort of the ethics of it,

790
00:39:37.119 --> 00:39:39.400
<v Speaker 3>and in terms of your personal relationship, in terms of

791
00:39:39.400 --> 00:39:41.639
<v Speaker 3>what rock you're collecting, and think like, if I'm taking

792
00:39:41.639 --> 00:39:44.679
<v Speaker 3>this rock away, am I removing something that other people

793
00:39:44.679 --> 00:39:47.280
<v Speaker 3>would get to enjoy. So, for example, when I was

794
00:39:47.320 --> 00:39:49.639
<v Speaker 3>in the wind River Canyon many years ago, and there's

795
00:39:49.679 --> 00:39:53.400
<v Speaker 3>this beautiful granite cliff face with these huge tourmaline crystals,

796
00:39:53.440 --> 00:39:55.320
<v Speaker 3>and that is something that we would never take away

797
00:39:55.880 --> 00:39:57.639
<v Speaker 3>because if we took those formal in crystals away and

798
00:39:57.639 --> 00:39:59.960
<v Speaker 3>then other you know, other people passing by on the road,

799
00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:02.440
<v Speaker 3>other people stopping for fun, other geologists wouldn't get to

800
00:40:02.519 --> 00:40:02.960
<v Speaker 3>enjoy them.

801
00:40:03.360 --> 00:40:03.920
<v Speaker 2>Good point.

802
00:40:04.440 --> 00:40:05.880
<v Speaker 3>So I think when you're taking a rock, you can

803
00:40:05.920 --> 00:40:08.840
<v Speaker 3>ask for yourself, like am I removing something that future

804
00:40:08.880 --> 00:40:11.400
<v Speaker 3>generations won't get to enjoy if I take it? And

805
00:40:11.440 --> 00:40:13.079
<v Speaker 3>then also you can ask yourself, you know, why am

806
00:40:13.119 --> 00:40:15.360
<v Speaker 3>I taking it? For example, if you're picking up a

807
00:40:15.440 --> 00:40:17.000
<v Speaker 3>rock and you're saying, like, you know, I can bring

808
00:40:17.000 --> 00:40:19.079
<v Speaker 3>this back to a community group where I can bring

809
00:40:19.079 --> 00:40:22.360
<v Speaker 3>this back in my classroom to help teach people about

810
00:40:22.360 --> 00:40:24.480
<v Speaker 3>the earth. That can be a really great reason to

811
00:40:24.480 --> 00:40:26.239
<v Speaker 3>take a rock out of the field or like, for example,

812
00:40:26.280 --> 00:40:28.559
<v Speaker 3>I have some rocks I brought with me today. I

813
00:40:28.599 --> 00:40:31.119
<v Speaker 3>took them off road cuts and I bring them with

814
00:40:31.159 --> 00:40:32.880
<v Speaker 3>me so that way I can teach people about rock.

815
00:40:32.920 --> 00:40:34.880
<v Speaker 3>So I think the important thing when you're collecting a

816
00:40:34.960 --> 00:40:37.119
<v Speaker 3>rock is be aware of the regulations around you and

817
00:40:37.519 --> 00:40:39.480
<v Speaker 3>just making make sure you're checking with yourself, like why

818
00:40:39.480 --> 00:40:42.000
<v Speaker 3>am I picking this up, and you know, if I

819
00:40:42.039 --> 00:40:44.519
<v Speaker 3>take this rock out of the environment, am I going

820
00:40:44.599 --> 00:40:48.800
<v Speaker 3>to be removing something from the community of rock clubbers

821
00:40:48.800 --> 00:40:49.320
<v Speaker 3>in the area.

822
00:40:49.800 --> 00:40:51.519
<v Speaker 2>And this is morbid, But I'm just going to say,

823
00:40:52.119 --> 00:40:55.159
<v Speaker 2>if you do rockhound as a verb, maybe have a

824
00:40:55.199 --> 00:40:58.280
<v Speaker 2>plan for your collection when you die. I'm sorry, I'm

825
00:40:58.320 --> 00:41:00.239
<v Speaker 2>sorry to bring it up, but do you want your

826
00:41:00.320 --> 00:41:02.519
<v Speaker 2>rocks scattered back to where you got them? Do you

827
00:41:02.519 --> 00:41:04.960
<v Speaker 2>want them donated to a place that could use them

828
00:41:05.039 --> 00:41:08.119
<v Speaker 2>for education? Maybe your friends have a gem in mineral

829
00:41:08.320 --> 00:41:12.559
<v Speaker 2>rummage sale slash funeral, because think of how many rockhounders

830
00:41:12.639 --> 00:41:15.519
<v Speaker 2>die and all these pretty rocks just get dumped into

831
00:41:15.519 --> 00:41:17.760
<v Speaker 2>a landfill by people who don't appreciate them. And I'm

832
00:41:17.760 --> 00:41:20.199
<v Speaker 2>sorry that's depressing, but something has to happen to all

833
00:41:20.400 --> 00:41:22.880
<v Speaker 2>the stuff that we own one day. Some of it

834
00:41:22.960 --> 00:41:25.480
<v Speaker 2>is billions of years old that we took home to

835
00:41:25.519 --> 00:41:28.079
<v Speaker 2>look at for a decade, and then they get buried

836
00:41:28.079 --> 00:41:30.679
<v Speaker 2>in a pit of diapers and rotting banana peels because

837
00:41:30.679 --> 00:41:33.239
<v Speaker 2>people don't understand how cool they are. Okay, let's change

838
00:41:33.239 --> 00:41:35.840
<v Speaker 2>the subject. What about licking rocks? Can you talk to

839
00:41:35.880 --> 00:41:38.079
<v Speaker 2>me about licking rocks? I didn't know that licking rocks

840
00:41:38.159 --> 00:41:42.599
<v Speaker 2>or fossils was even a thing until very recently. Who

841
00:41:42.679 --> 00:41:44.199
<v Speaker 2>licks what for why?

842
00:41:44.719 --> 00:41:47.000
<v Speaker 3>I'm a big fan of licking rocks. I've licked a

843
00:41:47.000 --> 00:41:48.719
<v Speaker 3>lot of rocks in my lifetime and there's definitely some

844
00:41:48.800 --> 00:41:52.039
<v Speaker 3>valuable information you can get. So one of the classic

845
00:41:52.119 --> 00:41:54.039
<v Speaker 3>rocks that everyone has licked at some point, a salt

846
00:41:54.159 --> 00:41:56.679
<v Speaker 3>table salt, is formed of the minerals haylight. And so

847
00:41:57.239 --> 00:41:59.599
<v Speaker 3>if you're in the field and you're in an area

848
00:41:59.639 --> 00:42:03.119
<v Speaker 3>where you know hay light salt forms, and you're like, Wow,

849
00:42:03.159 --> 00:42:05.000
<v Speaker 3>this is a really cool rock. I wonder if it's haylight,

850
00:42:05.239 --> 00:42:07.039
<v Speaker 3>you can lick it. I think that's fine way to

851
00:42:07.039 --> 00:42:09.000
<v Speaker 3>do it. A lot from times, if you're taking a

852
00:42:09.039 --> 00:42:12.000
<v Speaker 3>geology class and you have samples going around, sometimes they

853
00:42:12.079 --> 00:42:14.679
<v Speaker 3>might encourage you like, hey, you know, if you think

854
00:42:14.760 --> 00:42:16.639
<v Speaker 3>this is haylight, this is gonna be the best way

855
00:42:16.760 --> 00:42:20.039
<v Speaker 3>to forge or determine it is you lick it there. Actually,

856
00:42:20.039 --> 00:42:21.599
<v Speaker 3>there are other rocks that if you lick it, they'll

857
00:42:21.639 --> 00:42:24.920
<v Speaker 3>have a distinct taste. For example, so hay light table

858
00:42:24.960 --> 00:42:28.480
<v Speaker 3>salt is made out of sodium chloride, and there's another

859
00:42:28.480 --> 00:42:32.079
<v Speaker 3>mineral called silvite, which is potassium chloride, and if you

860
00:42:32.159 --> 00:42:34.880
<v Speaker 3>lick sylvite, it's going to taste like bitter salt. So

861
00:42:34.960 --> 00:42:37.280
<v Speaker 3>sometimes tasting like the taste of a rock can be

862
00:42:37.320 --> 00:42:38.400
<v Speaker 3>a really diagnostic tool.

863
00:42:38.760 --> 00:42:42.679
<v Speaker 2>So out in the wild, sylvite can be an orange, goldish,

864
00:42:42.960 --> 00:42:46.880
<v Speaker 2>chunky rock, kind of like a pink Himalayan salt lamp,

865
00:42:47.079 --> 00:42:49.960
<v Speaker 2>but with a rusty ochre hue. And did you know

866
00:42:50.000 --> 00:42:53.639
<v Speaker 2>that you can buy tiny potassium chloride or silviite rocks

867
00:42:53.639 --> 00:42:56.880
<v Speaker 2>in the supermarket. You can. They come as a shaker. It's

868
00:42:56.920 --> 00:43:00.440
<v Speaker 2>called Morton's salt substitute, and it's sodium free. It's just

869
00:43:00.440 --> 00:43:03.320
<v Speaker 2>made with potassium chloride and a quarter of a teaspoon

870
00:43:03.360 --> 00:43:05.440
<v Speaker 2>of it has one hundred and fifty percent of the

871
00:43:05.480 --> 00:43:08.760
<v Speaker 2>potassium of a banana. That's six hundred and ten mgs baby,

872
00:43:08.880 --> 00:43:10.840
<v Speaker 2>I just looked it up. It's also easier to pack

873
00:43:10.840 --> 00:43:13.679
<v Speaker 2>on hiking trips, and it can help balance your water

874
00:43:13.760 --> 00:43:16.159
<v Speaker 2>retention if you get bloated from eating too much ramond

875
00:43:16.360 --> 00:43:18.360
<v Speaker 2>But check with the doctor first because I'm not one,

876
00:43:18.480 --> 00:43:20.719
<v Speaker 2>and too much potassium can be a problem for people

877
00:43:20.719 --> 00:43:24.000
<v Speaker 2>with certain medical conditions like cardiac issues. But yeah, it

878
00:43:24.039 --> 00:43:26.519
<v Speaker 2>tastes just like a dash of zingy salt. I've had it.

879
00:43:26.679 --> 00:43:28.960
<v Speaker 3>I also know there are some other geologist if you're

880
00:43:29.000 --> 00:43:31.400
<v Speaker 3>someone who studies sediment a lot, I do know people

881
00:43:31.440 --> 00:43:33.360
<v Speaker 3>who will like lick or chew a little bit of

882
00:43:33.360 --> 00:43:36.719
<v Speaker 3>sediment because that way, that's one way to get an

883
00:43:36.719 --> 00:43:39.639
<v Speaker 3>idea of about how big the grains are. So like,

884
00:43:39.760 --> 00:43:41.719
<v Speaker 3>for example, if you lick silt, which is going to

885
00:43:41.760 --> 00:43:44.480
<v Speaker 3>feel kind of like mud versus sand, you know, that's

886
00:43:44.559 --> 00:43:46.800
<v Speaker 3>one way to tell how bigy grains are. When it

887
00:43:46.840 --> 00:43:50.800
<v Speaker 3>comes to licking fossils, fossilized bone, it's not necessarily going

888
00:43:50.840 --> 00:43:53.719
<v Speaker 3>to have a distinct taste, but oftentimes if you're licking

889
00:43:53.760 --> 00:43:57.039
<v Speaker 3>the right part of a fossilized bone, that interior sort

890
00:43:57.079 --> 00:43:59.400
<v Speaker 3>of airy structure of the bone can be preserved, and

891
00:43:59.440 --> 00:44:01.440
<v Speaker 3>so if you touch it to your tongue, it's going

892
00:44:01.480 --> 00:44:04.119
<v Speaker 3>to stick. Oh, So that can be a really good

893
00:44:04.159 --> 00:44:07.559
<v Speaker 3>way to tell whether or not you're licking bone. And

894
00:44:07.599 --> 00:44:10.320
<v Speaker 3>so I think licking can be a very important diagnosis.

895
00:44:10.800 --> 00:44:12.679
<v Speaker 3>Though there are definitely rocks that you do not want

896
00:44:12.679 --> 00:44:14.920
<v Speaker 3>to lick, so at least try and have some kind

897
00:44:14.960 --> 00:44:17.039
<v Speaker 3>of an idea of what you're licking before you look.

898
00:44:16.920 --> 00:44:19.679
<v Speaker 2>At good advice. What don't you want to lick like,

899
00:44:19.840 --> 00:44:23.119
<v Speaker 2>is there is plutanium like a uranium rocks out there?

900
00:44:23.159 --> 00:44:24.599
<v Speaker 2>Are there radium rocks?

901
00:44:24.800 --> 00:44:28.079
<v Speaker 3>Yeah? Well there's one rock. It's called Galina, and Galina

902
00:44:28.119 --> 00:44:31.159
<v Speaker 3>has two elements in it, lead and sulfur. Ooh, so

903
00:44:31.480 --> 00:44:34.199
<v Speaker 3>probably don't want to lick that much lead.

904
00:44:34.280 --> 00:44:37.320
<v Speaker 2>Or the sulfur. It sounds like a big poisonous fart

905
00:44:37.440 --> 00:44:38.000
<v Speaker 2>pretty much.

906
00:44:38.119 --> 00:44:42.440
<v Speaker 3>Not. Yes, the chemical formula is PBS. So I knew

907
00:44:42.440 --> 00:44:44.840
<v Speaker 3>someone in college who the way they memorize that the

908
00:44:44.920 --> 00:44:50.199
<v Speaker 3>formula for galina is PBS. It's not for kids.

909
00:44:50.880 --> 00:44:53.719
<v Speaker 2>What about roundness of rocks? I guess because I've been

910
00:44:53.719 --> 00:44:57.119
<v Speaker 2>sitting in a gravel driveway for several months sorting rocks.

911
00:44:57.559 --> 00:45:00.400
<v Speaker 2>So I'm like, some are round, some are jagged. Is

912
00:45:00.440 --> 00:45:03.280
<v Speaker 2>that the age of the rock where it hasn't been

913
00:45:03.320 --> 00:45:05.760
<v Speaker 2>worn away or is that the density of the rock.

914
00:45:05.920 --> 00:45:07.599
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, that's a really good question, and so that's going

915
00:45:07.639 --> 00:45:09.199
<v Speaker 3>to tell you about the history of the rock. So

916
00:45:09.400 --> 00:45:11.320
<v Speaker 3>part of that is going to be how round a

917
00:45:11.400 --> 00:45:14.400
<v Speaker 3>rock is. It's going to be reflective of how resistant

918
00:45:14.519 --> 00:45:16.119
<v Speaker 3>is it. So like a piece of quartz that's going

919
00:45:16.199 --> 00:45:18.800
<v Speaker 3>to be more resistant because it's a really durable, it's

920
00:45:18.880 --> 00:45:21.159
<v Speaker 3>really hard rock. So it's going to take a lot

921
00:45:21.199 --> 00:45:24.039
<v Speaker 3>of effort to trend round that off. Whereas talc, there's

922
00:45:24.039 --> 00:45:26.480
<v Speaker 3>the mineral talc that's going to be really soft and

923
00:45:26.519 --> 00:45:28.360
<v Speaker 3>it doesn't take a lot of work to round it off.

924
00:45:28.440 --> 00:45:31.559
<v Speaker 3>So how round a rock is in part reflects sort

925
00:45:31.559 --> 00:45:33.440
<v Speaker 3>of the chemistry and the structure of the rock, how

926
00:45:33.480 --> 00:45:35.679
<v Speaker 3>resistant is it. But for the most part, how round

927
00:45:35.679 --> 00:45:36.840
<v Speaker 3>a rock is, it's going to tell you a bit

928
00:45:36.880 --> 00:45:39.639
<v Speaker 3>about the history of it. So usually when an ignitus

929
00:45:39.679 --> 00:45:42.400
<v Speaker 3>or a metamorphic rock, you know, is fresh form, those

930
00:45:42.400 --> 00:45:45.760
<v Speaker 3>are going to be really big angular crystals. Once rocks

931
00:45:45.800 --> 00:45:48.519
<v Speaker 3>break apart and their component parts start to move through

932
00:45:48.960 --> 00:45:52.119
<v Speaker 3>the rivers and the oceans, and you know they're getting

933
00:45:52.280 --> 00:45:54.920
<v Speaker 3>carried around by glaciers, that's going to start to wear

934
00:45:55.039 --> 00:45:58.679
<v Speaker 3>away the edges of the rock. And so oftentimes if

935
00:45:58.719 --> 00:45:59.960
<v Speaker 3>you see, for example, if you can or a river

936
00:46:00.039 --> 00:46:02.800
<v Speaker 3>and you thick up a really smooth, beautiful riverstone, that

937
00:46:02.920 --> 00:46:05.320
<v Speaker 3>tells you that that stone has been carried around through

938
00:46:05.360 --> 00:46:08.039
<v Speaker 3>water for a long time because all the other particles

939
00:46:08.039 --> 00:46:09.719
<v Speaker 3>that are being carried around in that river in the

940
00:46:09.719 --> 00:46:12.159
<v Speaker 3>water is working to smooth out the edges.

941
00:46:12.519 --> 00:46:15.000
<v Speaker 2>Okay, I squeezed down a very deep dark rabbit hole

942
00:46:15.159 --> 00:46:18.840
<v Speaker 2>crevass googling stone skipping. But what you need to know

943
00:46:19.039 --> 00:46:23.039
<v Speaker 2>is that those perfect silver dollars smooth flat stones for

944
00:46:23.079 --> 00:46:26.679
<v Speaker 2>skipping rocks have been lapped upon by waters for so

945
00:46:26.880 --> 00:46:30.679
<v Speaker 2>so so many years, and competitive stone skippers like to

946
00:46:30.719 --> 00:46:35.159
<v Speaker 2>find patches of rounded shale flakes or even better, slate

947
00:46:35.199 --> 00:46:38.639
<v Speaker 2>discs for stone skipping. Shale side note is a sedimentary

948
00:46:38.719 --> 00:46:43.079
<v Speaker 2>rock that turns into the metamorphic rock slate. And yes,

949
00:46:43.199 --> 00:46:47.159
<v Speaker 2>I did say competitive stone skippers, which I learned about

950
00:46:47.239 --> 00:46:51.119
<v Speaker 2>from a two thousand and nine CBS piece titled stone

951
00:46:51.119 --> 00:46:52.480
<v Speaker 2>Skipping Professionals.

952
00:46:53.000 --> 00:46:55.719
<v Speaker 4>I couldn't believe what I was seeing, a stone that

953
00:46:55.840 --> 00:47:01.000
<v Speaker 4>skipped and just kept on skipping and skipping fifty one time,

954
00:47:04.079 --> 00:47:04.599
<v Speaker 4>Oh my.

955
00:47:04.719 --> 00:47:08.360
<v Speaker 2>God, which led me down the warren to the twenty

956
00:47:08.440 --> 00:47:13.880
<v Speaker 2>sixteen documentary Skips Stones for Fudge, which details this rivalry

957
00:47:13.960 --> 00:47:17.639
<v Speaker 2>between the two top athletes in the sport. There is

958
00:47:17.760 --> 00:47:22.119
<v Speaker 2>Russ's rock bottom Briers and Kurt mountain man Steiner. Now

959
00:47:22.280 --> 00:47:26.320
<v Speaker 2>Russ chucks things into the water, but Kurt reads physics

960
00:47:26.360 --> 00:47:29.800
<v Speaker 2>papers about stone skipping and searches for hours on the

961
00:47:29.880 --> 00:47:33.280
<v Speaker 2>shore for the perfect rock. And Kurt science minded was

962
00:47:33.320 --> 00:47:36.079
<v Speaker 2>the record holder and then in one competition he let

963
00:47:36.199 --> 00:47:39.000
<v Speaker 2>Russ use one of his rocks and Russ got fifty

964
00:47:39.079 --> 00:47:43.760
<v Speaker 2>one skips on one stone, broke Kurt's record, devastating him,

965
00:47:43.880 --> 00:47:47.239
<v Speaker 2>and Russ held the world record for six years until

966
00:47:47.239 --> 00:47:49.480
<v Speaker 2>he was beaten by a man who skipped a rock

967
00:47:49.599 --> 00:47:53.559
<v Speaker 2>on a lake surface eighty eight times. That man was Kurt,

968
00:47:53.920 --> 00:47:56.599
<v Speaker 2>who reclaimed his title, and then Russ passed away in

969
00:47:56.639 --> 00:48:00.559
<v Speaker 2>twenty seventeen and Kurt remains the title holder. Now if

970
00:48:00.599 --> 00:48:03.760
<v Speaker 2>you wish to unseat him, prepare to dedicate your life

971
00:48:03.800 --> 00:48:07.039
<v Speaker 2>to the sport, which is not lucrative, and maybe start

972
00:48:07.039 --> 00:48:09.559
<v Speaker 2>by reading the two thousand and two American Journal of

973
00:48:09.599 --> 00:48:13.039
<v Speaker 2>Physics paper The Physics of Stone Skipping, which taught the

974
00:48:13.079 --> 00:48:16.280
<v Speaker 2>world that around a twenty degree angle to the water

975
00:48:16.440 --> 00:48:19.440
<v Speaker 2>plus a really high spin rate to stabilize the stone

976
00:48:19.599 --> 00:48:22.119
<v Speaker 2>give the highest number of bounces on the water, and

977
00:48:22.159 --> 00:48:23.920
<v Speaker 2>then as it slows down toward the end and the

978
00:48:23.920 --> 00:48:28.000
<v Speaker 2>skips become more frequent like beeppppeep that's called a piti pad,

979
00:48:28.400 --> 00:48:32.559
<v Speaker 2>and stone skipping competitions use high speed video analyzes to

980
00:48:32.719 --> 00:48:35.639
<v Speaker 2>confirm the number of skips. If you have no idea

981
00:48:35.840 --> 00:48:38.599
<v Speaker 2>what this whole aside is, about I apologize for that

982
00:48:39.000 --> 00:48:43.320
<v Speaker 2>because regional vocabularies may vary. But skipping stones on a

983
00:48:43.360 --> 00:48:48.159
<v Speaker 2>surface of water is also called skimming stone skiffing ducks

984
00:48:48.199 --> 00:48:52.880
<v Speaker 2>and drakes. It's called lobster cutting, measikiri, or water cutting.

985
00:48:53.679 --> 00:48:56.480
<v Speaker 2>Some people call it throwing a sandwich or letting the

986
00:48:56.519 --> 00:48:59.639
<v Speaker 2>frogs out. So let he who casts the first skipping stone, though,

987
00:48:59.679 --> 00:49:03.679
<v Speaker 2>prepare by reading some physics papers, you too can overthink

988
00:49:03.760 --> 00:49:05.960
<v Speaker 2>next time you're on a lake shore trying to meditate

989
00:49:06.000 --> 00:49:08.239
<v Speaker 2>to the sound of lapping waves.

990
00:49:08.239 --> 00:49:10.159
<v Speaker 3>One of my favorite things to do ever. I actually

991
00:49:11.440 --> 00:49:13.840
<v Speaker 3>I really like sand. I think sand is really beautiful

992
00:49:13.880 --> 00:49:17.079
<v Speaker 3>and something that I recommend everybody do is I know, actually,

993
00:49:17.159 --> 00:49:19.000
<v Speaker 3>if you have a loop or a hand lens, hand

994
00:49:19.079 --> 00:49:21.679
<v Speaker 3>lenses are really really useful for geology, and so you

995
00:49:21.679 --> 00:49:24.920
<v Speaker 3>can get a magnifying glass or like a macro camera

996
00:49:25.119 --> 00:49:27.039
<v Speaker 3>or a hand lens and you go to any beach.

997
00:49:27.119 --> 00:49:29.840
<v Speaker 3>You can pick up sand and look at it under

998
00:49:29.880 --> 00:49:32.920
<v Speaker 3>a lens. I was literally looking at sand. I was

999
00:49:32.920 --> 00:49:34.440
<v Speaker 3>at the beach this morning. I was looking at a

1000
00:49:34.440 --> 00:49:37.360
<v Speaker 3>bunch of sand today thinking about its history. You can

1001
00:49:37.360 --> 00:49:39.440
<v Speaker 3>get an idea about how long sand has been hanging

1002
00:49:39.440 --> 00:49:41.320
<v Speaker 3>around the environment. By how round it is. Because if

1003
00:49:41.320 --> 00:49:44.239
<v Speaker 3>you're looking at sand grains and they're really rough and angular,

1004
00:49:44.280 --> 00:49:47.880
<v Speaker 3>that means they came out of their parent rock pretty recently.

1005
00:49:47.920 --> 00:49:50.079
<v Speaker 3>But if you look at sand grains that are, you know,

1006
00:49:50.159 --> 00:49:52.480
<v Speaker 3>kind of clear and they're really round, that means those

1007
00:49:52.480 --> 00:49:55.280
<v Speaker 3>grains have been hanging around the surface of the earth

1008
00:49:55.320 --> 00:49:58.760
<v Speaker 3>for you know, millions of hundreds of millions of years.

1009
00:49:59.199 --> 00:50:02.719
<v Speaker 2>And you are living outside of Portland, right.

1010
00:50:02.920 --> 00:50:05.440
<v Speaker 3>I mean Corbalus. I'm an hour from the beach, but

1011
00:50:05.519 --> 00:50:06.800
<v Speaker 3>I'm there all the time.

1012
00:50:06.960 --> 00:50:08.880
<v Speaker 2>Well, you know what when you live in la I

1013
00:50:08.960 --> 00:50:10.920
<v Speaker 2>live in Los Angeles and I'm like an hour and

1014
00:50:10.920 --> 00:50:13.559
<v Speaker 2>a half from the beach because everything getting to Santa

1015
00:50:13.559 --> 00:50:16.559
<v Speaker 2>Monica it's a nightmare. Don't recommend it. Well, we are

1016
00:50:16.599 --> 00:50:19.320
<v Speaker 2>two hours from the beach, well foreign traffic. And Schmidti

1017
00:50:19.480 --> 00:50:22.719
<v Speaker 2>was born in Utah, which has beautiful sedimentary rocks that

1018
00:50:22.760 --> 00:50:26.199
<v Speaker 2>have been shaped by water over eons. But they say

1019
00:50:26.440 --> 00:50:28.400
<v Speaker 2>they did a lot of the growing up in Minnesota,

1020
00:50:28.599 --> 00:50:31.880
<v Speaker 2>which is full of old rocks that escaped ice sheets.

1021
00:50:31.960 --> 00:50:33.760
<v Speaker 2>We're going to get to more of that in a second,

1022
00:50:33.840 --> 00:50:36.119
<v Speaker 2>but first a quick break. Because each week we donate

1023
00:50:36.159 --> 00:50:38.039
<v Speaker 2>to a cause of the ologists choosing and this week

1024
00:50:38.119 --> 00:50:40.960
<v Speaker 2>Schmidi is tossing cash to Skypa Scientist, which has a

1025
00:50:41.039 --> 00:50:43.840
<v Speaker 2>database of thousands of scientists and helps them connect with

1026
00:50:43.840 --> 00:50:48.039
<v Speaker 2>the classrooms and families, libraries, scout troops and more all

1027
00:50:48.079 --> 00:50:50.960
<v Speaker 2>over the globe, giving students the opportunity to get to

1028
00:50:51.000 --> 00:50:53.760
<v Speaker 2>know a real scientist and get the answers to their

1029
00:50:53.840 --> 00:50:57.000
<v Speaker 2>questions straight from the source. And Skypa Scientist was founded

1030
00:50:57.000 --> 00:51:00.760
<v Speaker 2>by doctor Sarah Macinaty, a squid scientist, and You're Touthology

1031
00:51:00.880 --> 00:51:04.800
<v Speaker 2>episode Friend and September happens to be squid Timber. So

1032
00:51:04.880 --> 00:51:07.519
<v Speaker 2>you can celebrate by donating to skype a Scientists, or

1033
00:51:07.559 --> 00:51:10.119
<v Speaker 2>you can buy some cool new squid stickers that Sarah

1034
00:51:10.199 --> 00:51:12.400
<v Speaker 2>just launched with a Philadelphia based artists and they are

1035
00:51:12.519 --> 00:51:15.320
<v Speaker 2>very cool. I ordered several of them to give as

1036
00:51:15.360 --> 00:51:18.719
<v Speaker 2>gifts and Sarah handships them out herself And there are

1037
00:51:18.719 --> 00:51:21.119
<v Speaker 2>links to those squid stickers in the show notes along

1038
00:51:21.239 --> 00:51:24.599
<v Speaker 2>with a link to Skype Scientists. That donation was made

1039
00:51:24.639 --> 00:51:30.559
<v Speaker 2>possible by sponsors of the show. Next week, Shimidi answers

1040
00:51:30.639 --> 00:51:34.960
<v Speaker 2>so many pressing Patreon questions about geodes and crystals and

1041
00:51:35.239 --> 00:51:39.360
<v Speaker 2>favorite rocks, best rock punds, Petrified wood, ice, and more.

1042
00:51:39.559 --> 00:51:42.039
<v Speaker 2>But this week, let's get back to their favorite geology.

1043
00:51:42.440 --> 00:51:44.440
<v Speaker 3>The rocks that were really formative for me were the

1044
00:51:44.559 --> 00:51:47.440
<v Speaker 3>rocks of the north woods of Minnesota and Wisconsin, and

1045
00:51:47.719 --> 00:51:49.679
<v Speaker 3>I spent a lot of time on Lake Superior. Lake

1046
00:51:50.000 --> 00:51:51.599
<v Speaker 3>is very near in need of my heart. And so

1047
00:51:52.320 --> 00:51:55.039
<v Speaker 3>when you get up to sort of the upper Midwest,

1048
00:51:55.199 --> 00:51:58.199
<v Speaker 3>you get to part of the continent called the Canadian Shield.

1049
00:51:59.000 --> 00:52:00.880
<v Speaker 3>So a lot of continents have it's called a craton,

1050
00:52:01.320 --> 00:52:05.159
<v Speaker 3>which is continental material that was formed deep underneath the

1051
00:52:05.199 --> 00:52:07.039
<v Speaker 3>surface of the Earth and it's been floating around the

1052
00:52:07.079 --> 00:52:09.480
<v Speaker 3>surface of the Earth for billions of years, and so

1053
00:52:09.519 --> 00:52:13.199
<v Speaker 3>that's very hard resistant rock. And so the areas that

1054
00:52:13.280 --> 00:52:15.480
<v Speaker 3>I spent a lot of time in summers canoeing when

1055
00:52:15.519 --> 00:52:17.400
<v Speaker 3>I was a kid, and then the area around where

1056
00:52:17.400 --> 00:52:21.239
<v Speaker 3>I went to college was just these old, beautiful rocks

1057
00:52:21.239 --> 00:52:23.960
<v Speaker 3>that have been around for hundreds of millions, if not

1058
00:52:24.079 --> 00:52:26.599
<v Speaker 3>billions of years, and so they carry a lot of history.

1059
00:52:26.679 --> 00:52:29.280
<v Speaker 3>So for one of my college classes, we were driving

1060
00:52:29.599 --> 00:52:31.239
<v Speaker 3>along the side of a country highway and we just

1061
00:52:31.280 --> 00:52:33.760
<v Speaker 3>pulled off on the side and step down and we

1062
00:52:33.760 --> 00:52:36.079
<v Speaker 3>looked at this tiny little road cut and we're you're

1063
00:52:36.079 --> 00:52:37.480
<v Speaker 3>able to put your hand on that rock and say

1064
00:52:37.480 --> 00:52:40.880
<v Speaker 3>that rock is two billion years old, that rock is

1065
00:52:40.920 --> 00:52:41.960
<v Speaker 3>older than bones.

1066
00:52:43.719 --> 00:52:47.760
<v Speaker 2>What. I didn't know any of this, But animals with

1067
00:52:47.920 --> 00:52:51.719
<v Speaker 2>skeletons didn't exist until about five hundred and fifty million

1068
00:52:51.760 --> 00:52:55.199
<v Speaker 2>years ago. And paleontologists now think that the chemistry and

1069
00:52:55.239 --> 00:52:58.519
<v Speaker 2>the ocean's changed and fish could grab and store more

1070
00:52:58.559 --> 00:53:02.119
<v Speaker 2>calcium and foss for us in these things called osteocytes.

1071
00:53:02.559 --> 00:53:05.719
<v Speaker 2>And then they think the original purpose of these bone

1072
00:53:05.760 --> 00:53:10.360
<v Speaker 2>cells was to act as batteries for long journeys. So

1073
00:53:10.519 --> 00:53:14.159
<v Speaker 2>you might be driving past outcrops and road cuts of

1074
00:53:14.280 --> 00:53:21.079
<v Speaker 2>rocks older than bones, older than bones. Are you a

1075
00:53:21.119 --> 00:53:23.519
<v Speaker 2>bit of a slow poke when it comes to road trips?

1076
00:53:23.599 --> 00:53:25.639
<v Speaker 2>Do you have to factor and double the amount of

1077
00:53:25.639 --> 00:53:27.159
<v Speaker 2>time to go on a road trip?

1078
00:53:28.559 --> 00:53:28.880
<v Speaker 1>Yes?

1079
00:53:29.000 --> 00:53:32.719
<v Speaker 3>I do love stopping on road trips. The thing with

1080
00:53:32.800 --> 00:53:34.559
<v Speaker 3>me that you really have to factor in triple, if

1081
00:53:34.599 --> 00:53:38.159
<v Speaker 3>not quadruple time, is hiking, hiking and walking on a beach.

1082
00:53:38.239 --> 00:53:43.079
<v Speaker 3>I'm always stopping, Like just on the beach yesterday, you

1083
00:53:43.119 --> 00:53:46.079
<v Speaker 3>know where this beautiful Pacific beach, huge ocean stretching off

1084
00:53:46.119 --> 00:53:49.880
<v Speaker 3>before us, and just this little twenty foot tall sandy cliff.

1085
00:53:49.920 --> 00:53:52.239
<v Speaker 3>There was me looking at the cliff. I was just

1086
00:53:52.320 --> 00:53:55.079
<v Speaker 3>ignoring the ocean behind me. So I really like I

1087
00:53:55.119 --> 00:53:56.440
<v Speaker 3>have to factor in a lot of time when I'm

1088
00:53:56.519 --> 00:53:58.719
<v Speaker 3>hiking because there's a bold around the side of the road,

1089
00:53:58.760 --> 00:54:01.719
<v Speaker 3>room exposed cliff face. Like even if I can't look

1090
00:54:01.719 --> 00:54:04.199
<v Speaker 3>at it and immediately understand like, oh, this is what happened,

1091
00:54:04.559 --> 00:54:06.599
<v Speaker 3>it's really fun to sit there and like, you know,

1092
00:54:06.719 --> 00:54:09.239
<v Speaker 3>interact with it, like feel what's this rock made out of?

1093
00:54:09.599 --> 00:54:11.559
<v Speaker 3>Look at are there any fossils in this rock? Like

1094
00:54:11.599 --> 00:54:14.039
<v Speaker 3>try and piece together. Just standing there, moving your hands around,

1095
00:54:14.119 --> 00:54:16.039
<v Speaker 3>think about like how did this get to where it

1096
00:54:16.079 --> 00:54:18.639
<v Speaker 3>is today? Because you know, every now and then I'll

1097
00:54:18.639 --> 00:54:20.039
<v Speaker 3>be in a parking lot. I'm like, we just got

1098
00:54:20.039 --> 00:54:20.639
<v Speaker 3>to look at that rock.

1099
00:54:21.760 --> 00:54:24.039
<v Speaker 2>What about rock tumblers? Do you have a rock tumbler?

1100
00:54:24.719 --> 00:54:26.440
<v Speaker 3>I don't have a rock tumbler, but some people I

1101
00:54:26.480 --> 00:54:29.440
<v Speaker 3>love very much are really into rock tumbling, and so

1102
00:54:30.000 --> 00:54:32.480
<v Speaker 3>I think tumble rocks are really really cool. I personally,

1103
00:54:33.079 --> 00:54:35.360
<v Speaker 3>all the rocks that I have, I prefer to not

1104
00:54:35.400 --> 00:54:38.440
<v Speaker 3>tumble them because a lot of the times the natural

1105
00:54:38.639 --> 00:54:40.519
<v Speaker 3>structure of a rock can tell you a lot about it.

1106
00:54:40.639 --> 00:54:43.239
<v Speaker 3>I think if you're collecting well sourced rocks, I think

1107
00:54:43.280 --> 00:54:44.679
<v Speaker 3>tumbling canna be a great thing to do. There's a

1108
00:54:44.719 --> 00:54:46.639
<v Speaker 3>lot of really cool textures that you can only see

1109
00:54:46.639 --> 00:54:49.320
<v Speaker 3>through rock tumbling, so I think that's a great activity

1110
00:54:49.320 --> 00:54:51.960
<v Speaker 3>as long as you have something sound proof to put it.

1111
00:54:52.760 --> 00:54:56.239
<v Speaker 2>I bet that it's very loud. A rock tumbler, quick aside,

1112
00:54:56.400 --> 00:54:58.519
<v Speaker 2>is a hollow drum. It looks kind of like a

1113
00:54:58.559 --> 00:55:01.719
<v Speaker 2>coffee can that you put in in raw rocks, some

1114
00:55:01.880 --> 00:55:06.079
<v Speaker 2>water and some polishing grid, which is usually silicon carbide,

1115
00:55:06.239 --> 00:55:08.880
<v Speaker 2>which is a nine to nine point five in the

1116
00:55:08.960 --> 00:55:12.039
<v Speaker 2>hardness scale compared to a ten of a diamond. Pretty hard,

1117
00:55:12.360 --> 00:55:14.400
<v Speaker 2>and the rocks churn in that and the water for

1118
00:55:14.440 --> 00:55:17.039
<v Speaker 2>a few weeks and they come out smoothed and shiny.

1119
00:55:17.360 --> 00:55:25.280
<v Speaker 2>But it's not easy on the ears and fun fact

1120
00:55:25.599 --> 00:55:29.119
<v Speaker 2>not that fun. But because of ethical issues sourcing diamonds,

1121
00:55:29.159 --> 00:55:31.039
<v Speaker 2>a lot of people these days are choosing a stone

1122
00:55:31.079 --> 00:55:34.119
<v Speaker 2>called a wassonite for engagement rings, and wassonite is a

1123
00:55:34.159 --> 00:55:37.239
<v Speaker 2>type of silicon carbide. It's really pretty, it's really hard.

1124
00:55:37.519 --> 00:55:40.920
<v Speaker 2>Silicon carbide is also used in rocket engines and as

1125
00:55:40.960 --> 00:55:45.519
<v Speaker 2>semiconductors and led lights and for bulletproof vests, so it's

1126
00:55:45.559 --> 00:55:49.039
<v Speaker 2>a stone so tough. It provides safety in Love and War.

1127
00:55:49.400 --> 00:55:52.480
<v Speaker 2>I suppose what about myths? What is a piece of

1128
00:55:52.480 --> 00:55:54.880
<v Speaker 2>flim flam that you need to bust about rocks?

1129
00:55:55.320 --> 00:55:57.960
<v Speaker 3>Oh gosh, not necessarily a rock, piece of film flan,

1130
00:55:58.039 --> 00:55:59.920
<v Speaker 3>but something that's very personal to me for about my

1131
00:56:00.079 --> 00:56:04.199
<v Speaker 3>research is this is a very large piece of flim

1132
00:56:04.239 --> 00:56:08.960
<v Speaker 3>plan But anthropogenic climate change is real, and part of

1133
00:56:09.199 --> 00:56:11.719
<v Speaker 3>I can't not take the opportunity to say that. But

1134
00:56:12.400 --> 00:56:15.079
<v Speaker 3>you know, part of my research or the rocks that

1135
00:56:15.119 --> 00:56:17.320
<v Speaker 3>I study, I use a lot of Methone's computer models,

1136
00:56:17.320 --> 00:56:21.280
<v Speaker 3>and I also use all of these ancient shorelines around

1137
00:56:22.000 --> 00:56:25.719
<v Speaker 3>North America to study how our climate has changed in

1138
00:56:25.760 --> 00:56:27.440
<v Speaker 3>the past. And that's one myth that I really want

1139
00:56:27.440 --> 00:56:29.719
<v Speaker 3>to bust is that a lot of people will say, like, oh,

1140
00:56:29.719 --> 00:56:31.559
<v Speaker 3>our climate, you know, climate has changed in the past,

1141
00:56:31.599 --> 00:56:34.320
<v Speaker 3>like temperatures have fluctuated. You know, we've warmed and we've

1142
00:56:34.320 --> 00:56:36.800
<v Speaker 3>cooled in the past. So you know that means our

1143
00:56:36.840 --> 00:56:39.880
<v Speaker 3>warming today is not a problem. But if you look it,

1144
00:56:40.000 --> 00:56:44.599
<v Speaker 3>compare the amount and rate of warming that's happened naturally

1145
00:56:44.719 --> 00:56:47.360
<v Speaker 3>in the Earth's history. A lot of the stuff that's

1146
00:56:47.360 --> 00:56:50.320
<v Speaker 3>really natural is very slow and gradual, and you know

1147
00:56:50.280 --> 00:56:52.400
<v Speaker 3>it'll take thousands of years to warm up a couple

1148
00:56:52.440 --> 00:56:56.679
<v Speaker 3>of degrees, and so what we're seeing today is absolutely

1149
00:56:56.960 --> 00:57:00.519
<v Speaker 3>not natural. And we have had some times in ours

1150
00:57:00.559 --> 00:57:03.599
<v Speaker 3>hisstory where the climate has changed really rapidly, and that's

1151
00:57:03.639 --> 00:57:05.880
<v Speaker 3>always been a bad thing, that's never been good.

1152
00:57:06.440 --> 00:57:07.559
<v Speaker 2>That makes plenty of sense.

1153
00:57:08.159 --> 00:57:11.440
<v Speaker 3>I can't not take this opportunity to talk about climate change.

1154
00:57:12.280 --> 00:57:15.719
<v Speaker 2>I wonder, speaking of like Sunday morning coffee and philosophy,

1155
00:57:16.000 --> 00:57:19.440
<v Speaker 2>there must be people who are like, well, we grew

1156
00:57:19.519 --> 00:57:22.719
<v Speaker 2>here and we're destroying it, and that's all part of nature,

1157
00:57:22.719 --> 00:57:23.239
<v Speaker 2>you know what I mean.

1158
00:57:23.440 --> 00:57:26.320
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, I think they're right that humans are natural. We're

1159
00:57:26.320 --> 00:57:28.480
<v Speaker 3>part of our environment. We grew out of our environment.

1160
00:57:29.159 --> 00:57:32.880
<v Speaker 3>But in terms of our impact on our environment, one

1161
00:57:32.880 --> 00:57:36.199
<v Speaker 3>really important thing to think about is our responsibility to

1162
00:57:36.239 --> 00:57:40.679
<v Speaker 3>the planet around us. Like we we are part of

1163
00:57:41.360 --> 00:57:44.000
<v Speaker 3>all of these communities, the community of people, community of animals,

1164
00:57:44.000 --> 00:57:46.559
<v Speaker 3>community of plants, Like we're in community with the rocks

1165
00:57:46.599 --> 00:57:49.519
<v Speaker 3>around us, and we have a responsibility to take care

1166
00:57:49.559 --> 00:57:52.800
<v Speaker 3>of the planet. And decidedly the carbon emissions that we're

1167
00:57:52.800 --> 00:57:55.320
<v Speaker 3>putting into the atmosphere are not taking care of the planet.

1168
00:57:55.440 --> 00:57:59.119
<v Speaker 3>And so you know, we have responsibility to ourselves, to

1169
00:57:59.480 --> 00:58:02.239
<v Speaker 3>the world around us. And to our children, to the

1170
00:58:02.239 --> 00:58:04.039
<v Speaker 3>people that are going to be here ahead of us,

1171
00:58:04.639 --> 00:58:07.599
<v Speaker 3>to take care of our planet because we live here.

1172
00:58:07.679 --> 00:58:11.519
<v Speaker 3>Like you know, you're not going to never vacuum your house,

1173
00:58:11.639 --> 00:58:13.400
<v Speaker 3>You're not going to never do us. You better do

1174
00:58:13.519 --> 00:58:17.239
<v Speaker 3>your dishes. And so we need to be responsible citizens

1175
00:58:17.239 --> 00:58:21.519
<v Speaker 3>of this earth and we have you know, we take

1176
00:58:21.559 --> 00:58:23.159
<v Speaker 3>care of other humans, and we need to take care

1177
00:58:23.199 --> 00:58:24.280
<v Speaker 3>of the planet we're living on.

1178
00:58:24.679 --> 00:58:26.199
<v Speaker 2>It's a beautiful way to look at it. I love

1179
00:58:26.280 --> 00:58:28.960
<v Speaker 2>the idea of people who are proudly like rolling coal.

1180
00:58:29.159 --> 00:58:32.840
<v Speaker 2>It's just like proudly filthy, Like no one would be like,

1181
00:58:32.840 --> 00:58:34.480
<v Speaker 2>look at how dirty my toilet is.

1182
00:58:35.119 --> 00:58:37.639
<v Speaker 3>Yeah, exactly. It's a weird it's a weird comparison, and

1183
00:58:37.719 --> 00:58:38.599
<v Speaker 3>it's a weird.

1184
00:58:38.360 --> 00:58:41.079
<v Speaker 2>Flex And for more on this, see the frequently cited

1185
00:58:41.159 --> 00:58:45.280
<v Speaker 2>twenty ten paper Climate Change, Human Rights and Moral Thresholds.

1186
00:58:45.679 --> 00:58:49.360
<v Speaker 2>If you ask yourself, would I stab a million strangers

1187
00:58:49.519 --> 00:58:52.760
<v Speaker 2>and the answers no, then all of us joining forces

1188
00:58:52.800 --> 00:58:56.119
<v Speaker 2>to combat global warming trends is within our scope of morality.

1189
00:58:56.519 --> 00:59:01.159
<v Speaker 2>Now are we smart enough to save ourselves? As a speak? Well,

1190
00:59:01.280 --> 00:59:04.679
<v Speaker 2>I dug around looking at the Drake equation, which calculates

1191
00:59:04.719 --> 00:59:09.559
<v Speaker 2>how many trillions of planets might be sustaining millions of

1192
00:59:09.719 --> 00:59:14.760
<v Speaker 2>intelligent civilizations, and found that Frank Drake just passed away

1193
00:59:15.159 --> 00:59:18.280
<v Speaker 2>like last week, September second, twenty twenty two, So we

1194
00:59:18.320 --> 00:59:21.119
<v Speaker 2>have a little less intelligent life on this planet. But

1195
00:59:21.159 --> 00:59:23.719
<v Speaker 2>then there's the Fermi paradox, which is the great question

1196
00:59:23.800 --> 00:59:27.239
<v Speaker 2>of if there are so many potential aliens, where is there?

1197
00:59:28.159 --> 00:59:31.719
<v Speaker 2>And one hypothesis is called the Great Filter, which basically says,

1198
00:59:32.320 --> 00:59:35.800
<v Speaker 2>once a civilization gets too advanced, it meets a barrier

1199
00:59:36.079 --> 00:59:40.239
<v Speaker 2>of some sort which makes its detectability very rare. Essentially,

1200
00:59:40.639 --> 00:59:43.440
<v Speaker 2>our big brains snuff ourselves out. And we did a

1201
00:59:43.480 --> 00:59:47.239
<v Speaker 2>whole episode, the Astrobiology episode touches on this. But there's

1202
00:59:47.280 --> 00:59:51.480
<v Speaker 2>also an article on NASA's Astrobiology page casually titled do

1203
00:59:51.599 --> 00:59:56.480
<v Speaker 2>intelligent civilizations across the galaxies self destruct? For better and worse?

1204
00:59:56.800 --> 00:59:59.760
<v Speaker 2>Where the test case? And it's about this Great filter

1205
00:59:59.800 --> 01:00:02.679
<v Speaker 2>id and it mentions the work of David Grinspoon's a

1206
01:00:02.679 --> 01:00:06.360
<v Speaker 2>planetary scientist in the former Astrobiology chair at the Library

1207
01:00:06.360 --> 01:00:10.480
<v Speaker 2>of Congress, who sees humans as quote the planet's most

1208
01:00:10.519 --> 01:00:15.440
<v Speaker 2>powerful and consequential force of nature, but marveling at our

1209
01:00:15.480 --> 01:00:19.800
<v Speaker 2>surroundings and appreciating them may be the key to saving

1210
01:00:19.840 --> 01:00:20.159
<v Speaker 2>it all.

1211
01:00:20.519 --> 01:00:22.239
<v Speaker 3>That's one of the beautiful things I think about setting

1212
01:00:22.280 --> 01:00:24.199
<v Speaker 3>geology is you know when you can pick up this

1213
01:00:24.280 --> 01:00:26.199
<v Speaker 3>rock and be like, well, this rock is two billion

1214
01:00:26.239 --> 01:00:29.800
<v Speaker 3>years old, I'm twenty five years old. Like learning to

1215
01:00:29.840 --> 01:00:32.480
<v Speaker 3>think on that time scale and really understanding just how

1216
01:00:33.280 --> 01:00:35.840
<v Speaker 3>in terms of the history of our planet, how small

1217
01:00:35.880 --> 01:00:39.159
<v Speaker 3>we are. It can be at times deeply eerie, but

1218
01:00:39.239 --> 01:00:41.880
<v Speaker 3>for the most part very reassuring. To feel like we

1219
01:00:41.960 --> 01:00:44.559
<v Speaker 3>are a small step in a long story that's been

1220
01:00:44.599 --> 01:00:47.880
<v Speaker 3>ongoing for four point five billion years.

1221
01:00:48.000 --> 01:00:50.440
<v Speaker 2>I'm sure that that gives you so much perspective about

1222
01:00:50.480 --> 01:00:53.119
<v Speaker 2>just in terms of like the cut banks, text your crush,

1223
01:00:53.239 --> 01:00:56.159
<v Speaker 2>like this thing has been around for billions of years.

1224
01:00:57.000 --> 01:01:00.639
<v Speaker 2>We've got maybe seventy eighty. You know as well, just

1225
01:01:00.639 --> 01:01:04.719
<v Speaker 2>do your thing, But can I ask you questions from listeners?

1226
01:01:04.719 --> 01:01:10.679
<v Speaker 2>Pleasing So ask rock people hard questions and then go

1227
01:01:10.880 --> 01:01:13.800
<v Speaker 2>stare at the driveway because the world is a tough

1228
01:01:14.000 --> 01:01:17.280
<v Speaker 2>but a glimmering place like a rock. And Schmidty Thompson

1229
01:01:17.400 --> 01:01:19.599
<v Speaker 2>is not on social media because they are smarter than me,

1230
01:01:19.840 --> 01:01:21.719
<v Speaker 2>but they will be back next week for part two,

1231
01:01:22.199 --> 01:01:25.239
<v Speaker 2>Answering your Rock questions their bios in the show notes,

1232
01:01:25.280 --> 01:01:27.519
<v Speaker 2>and if you attend to Skype to Scientists after Hours

1233
01:01:27.519 --> 01:01:30.480
<v Speaker 2>Trivia for adults on Thursdays at eight pm Eastern, you

1234
01:01:30.519 --> 01:01:32.719
<v Speaker 2>will see them. There a lot link on my website

1235
01:01:32.760 --> 01:01:34.719
<v Speaker 2>for that, plus so much else that we talked about

1236
01:01:34.719 --> 01:01:38.199
<v Speaker 2>at aliward dot com, slash Ologies, slash Geology, I'm at

1237
01:01:38.239 --> 01:01:41.239
<v Speaker 2>ali Ward on Instagram and Twitter. Ologies is on both

1238
01:01:41.280 --> 01:01:46.360
<v Speaker 2>at ologies. Smologies are shortened g rated episodes suitable for

1239
01:01:46.480 --> 01:01:48.719
<v Speaker 2>kids and all ages. Those are up at aliward dot

1240
01:01:48.719 --> 01:01:52.519
<v Speaker 2>com slash Smologies linked in the show notes. Ologies merch

1241
01:01:52.559 --> 01:01:54.920
<v Speaker 2>has hats and toads and sweatshirts, all kinds of goodness.

1242
01:01:55.119 --> 01:01:57.559
<v Speaker 2>Thank you Susan Hale for managing that and so much more.

1243
01:01:57.880 --> 01:02:01.559
<v Speaker 2>Noel Dilworth does our scheduling. Aaron Talbert admins the Ologies

1244
01:02:01.599 --> 01:02:04.760
<v Speaker 2>podcast Facebook group with assists from Bonnie Dutch and Shannon

1245
01:02:04.800 --> 01:02:07.400
<v Speaker 2>feltis of the comedy podcast You Are That. Emily White

1246
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<v Speaker 2>The Wordery makes professional transcripts Caleb Patten Bleep's episodes and

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<v Speaker 2>those are up for free on our website at aliward

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<v Speaker 2>dot com. Slash Ologies, Dash Extras, Zeke Rodriguez, Thomas and

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<v Speaker 2>Mercedes Maitland of Mind jam Media edits smologies. Kelly Arndwyer

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<v Speaker 2>helps with the website. She can design yours and her links.

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<v Speaker 2>In the show notes. Nick Thorburn made the theme music

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<v Speaker 2>and the lead editor is the mystical man shared sleeper

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<v Speaker 2>of mind Gamdia as well. If you stay long enough,

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<v Speaker 2>you'll hear a secret. And this week's is that gmy

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<v Speaker 2>got a molar extracted yesterday, and without me even having

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<v Speaker 2>to ask, the vet gave it to me in a

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<v Speaker 2>small glass tube and I was so thrilled. It's in

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<v Speaker 2>three chunks with these long roots. Do I make earrings?

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<v Speaker 2>Do I make a necklace? Do I fabricate some kind

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<v Speaker 2>of magic dog wand that manifests cheese? I don't know,

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<v Speaker 2>but her tooth is like a pegasus feather to me,

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<v Speaker 2>and I will forever treasure it. Okay, go stir to

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<v Speaker 2>rock for about.

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<v Speaker 3>Cereal that's pure rocks and pebbles, a hardy old Fashions flavor.

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<v Speaker 3>The whole family will enjoy.

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<v Speaker 2>Get value you can't argue with.

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<v Speaker 3>At Tesco with their amazing cloak card prices, have the

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<v Speaker 3>perfect night in with their finest frozen pizza meal deal

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<v Speaker 3>Get the finest frozen pizza chips and ice cream all

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<v Speaker 3>for six Euro, like our delicious spicy salami, hot honey

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<v Speaker 3>and do you or Margarito wood fired pizzas served up

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<v Speaker 3>with their crispy chunkie chips and ice cream like sea

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<v Speaker 3>salta caramel or pistachio for dessert.

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<v Speaker 2>Can't argue with that shop in store or online.

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<v Speaker 3>Tesco Every Little helps available in most stories, Prices varying

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<v Speaker 3>Express