WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.440 --> 00:00:03.240 When it comes to a great deal, Virgin Mobile doesn't 2 00:00:03.279 --> 00:00:07.599 play around, introducing a new simplan price locked at fifteen 3 00:00:07.639 --> 00:00:11.679 euro month for life with unlimited data, calls and texts 4 00:00:11.880 --> 00:00:15.880 and ninety nine percent coverage. Switch today at Virgin Media 5 00:00:15.960 --> 00:00:18.960 dot Ie Virgin Media, It's playtime. 6 00:00:19.719 --> 00:00:22.160 Tecenz supply fifteen europer month locked in while a Virgin 7 00:00:22.160 --> 00:00:25.440 Mobile customer twelve month contract including nlimited data, standard calls 8 00:00:25.440 --> 00:00:27.760 and text to all ours networks. Offer ends February eighteenth, 9 00:00:27.800 --> 00:00:29.839 twenty twenty six. See Virgin Media dote. 10 00:00:30.519 --> 00:00:32.920 Get value you can't argue with at Tesco with their 11 00:00:32.960 --> 00:00:35.799 amazing cloub card prices. Have the perfect night in with 12 00:00:35.840 --> 00:00:38.960 their finest frozen pizza meal deal. Get a finest frozen pizza, 13 00:00:39.079 --> 00:00:41.799 chips and ice cream all for six euro like our 14 00:00:41.840 --> 00:00:45.000 delicious spicy salami, hot honey and do Ya or Margarito 15 00:00:45.000 --> 00:00:48.200 wood fired pizzas, served up with their crispy chunkie chips 16 00:00:48.399 --> 00:00:51.439 and ice cream like sea salta caramel or pistachio for dessert. 17 00:00:51.840 --> 00:00:55.200 Can't argue with that shop in store or online Tesco. 18 00:00:55.719 --> 00:00:59.079 Every little helps available in most stories, prices varying express. 19 00:01:01.000 --> 00:01:03.960 Oh hey, it's your Internet dad, who just learned how 20 00:01:03.960 --> 00:01:07.599 to mute her mic on zoom alleyboard. Oh get ready 21 00:01:07.599 --> 00:01:10.400 for penguins. Oh I love this one. The full version 22 00:01:10.560 --> 00:01:12.200 is linked in the show notes in case you have 23 00:01:12.319 --> 00:01:14.840 more time and you're in an environment where you can 24 00:01:14.879 --> 00:01:17.599 listen to swear words. But this is smologies and ssmologies 25 00:01:17.640 --> 00:01:21.200 are shorter episodes, and they're also edited to be safe 26 00:01:21.239 --> 00:01:25.239 for all ages. So enjoy this g rated version of 27 00:01:25.280 --> 00:01:28.439 a classic episode. Let's get to some penguins. Let's get 28 00:01:28.480 --> 00:01:32.040 him in your ears, in your brains, in your hearts. Penguinology, 29 00:01:32.159 --> 00:01:35.680 it's a real thing, and this ologist identified on the 30 00:01:35.719 --> 00:01:40.040 BBC as a penguinologist. Oh and who better to call 31 00:01:40.079 --> 00:01:43.519 it that than one of the world's foremost penguin experts. 32 00:01:43.719 --> 00:01:47.560 He's legit. Penguinology is thus legit. So he is a 33 00:01:47.599 --> 00:01:51.519 research fellow at Oxford University's Zoological Department. He spent well 34 00:01:51.560 --> 00:01:55.640 over a decade working and studying and very gently spying 35 00:01:55.799 --> 00:02:00.200 on penguins and heads up penguin watch dot org, where 36 00:02:00.239 --> 00:02:03.480 you yourself can go and see wonderful penguins in remote 37 00:02:03.519 --> 00:02:07.519 regions on planet Earth. You can join eleven thousand volunteers 38 00:02:07.560 --> 00:02:11.039 who help scientists, including him count penguins just by looking 39 00:02:11.039 --> 00:02:13.639 at pictures of penguins and just putting. 40 00:02:13.319 --> 00:02:16.039 A dot on the penguins. It's so good and quick. 41 00:02:16.319 --> 00:02:20.039 Audio note if you hear any clickety clacking, that is 42 00:02:20.199 --> 00:02:23.400 just the keyboard in my shared home office with Jarrett. 43 00:02:23.520 --> 00:02:27.840 So just consider it like an ASMR treat. Okay, great, Okay. 44 00:02:27.879 --> 00:02:30.360 So we talked about what it's like working on the 45 00:02:30.479 --> 00:02:33.080 ends of the Earth and how cold it is, and 46 00:02:33.120 --> 00:02:36.120 what exactly is a penguin and how do they stay 47 00:02:36.159 --> 00:02:40.599 warm and mating habits and weird knees and neck facts 48 00:02:40.639 --> 00:02:44.319 and diets and swimming and waddling and pooh and you 49 00:02:44.719 --> 00:02:47.400 so sping on a tux and slung down the ice 50 00:02:47.439 --> 00:02:50.560 to join us for one of the most anticipated episodes 51 00:02:50.599 --> 00:02:57.240 of Ologies maybe ever, with penguinologist doctor Tom hartog. 52 00:03:04.039 --> 00:03:14.400 Algy algylogies word business. 53 00:03:14.879 --> 00:03:20.960 Right, you're Tom Hart. You're a penguinologist. Yes, this is 54 00:03:21.039 --> 00:03:24.120 so thrilling. I'm not sure if you understand how thrilling 55 00:03:24.199 --> 00:03:27.680 this is. You are perhaps like the best person to 56 00:03:27.719 --> 00:03:29.960 ask about penguins, but also you're the best person to 57 00:03:29.960 --> 00:03:35.520 have an ologies because you are a self titled penguinologist. Absolutely, yeah, 58 00:03:35.560 --> 00:03:37.639 how many times have you been to Antarctica for your work? 59 00:03:37.800 --> 00:03:38.719 I have any clue? 60 00:03:39.439 --> 00:03:40.840 Yeah, okay, so that many? 61 00:03:41.039 --> 00:03:44.159 Yeah, I genuinely don't know, but it's I think it's 62 00:03:44.319 --> 00:03:47.960 It's something like thirteen seasons worth over about fifteen years, 63 00:03:48.599 --> 00:03:51.159 so I've missed a couple of seasons since I started. 64 00:03:51.000 --> 00:03:53.759 A few of the places he commutes to for work 65 00:03:53.840 --> 00:03:57.560 are the Sandwich Islands and South Georgia, which are little, 66 00:03:58.080 --> 00:04:02.159 little dispects, no bigger than one hundred miles long way 67 00:04:02.439 --> 00:04:06.680 off the coast of Argentina, just above the continent of Antarctica. 68 00:04:06.919 --> 00:04:11.000 Now Antarctica the continent? Who even owns it? I asked 69 00:04:11.000 --> 00:04:14.960 Google for us. Well, it was air quotes discovered only 70 00:04:15.039 --> 00:04:18.120 about one hundred years ago. Doesn't really belong to anyone. 71 00:04:18.439 --> 00:04:22.800 It's likened to a condominium politically, with different countries having 72 00:04:22.879 --> 00:04:27.160 jurisdiction and putting research stations there. And there was a 73 00:04:27.360 --> 00:04:31.399 nineteen fifty nine Anarctic Treaty it essentially said, hey, nobody 74 00:04:31.399 --> 00:04:35.000 ELNs us. Okay, now parts of Antarctica, how cold can 75 00:04:35.040 --> 00:04:39.120 they get? Negative eighty nine degrees celsius. That's negative one 76 00:04:39.199 --> 00:04:42.600 hundred and twenty eight fahrenheit And it's a polar desert. 77 00:04:42.759 --> 00:04:47.319 It's blustery, it's cold, it's white, it's icy, it's pristine, 78 00:04:47.399 --> 00:04:50.800 it's gorgeous. Now, in terms of critters, you got your orcas, 79 00:04:51.120 --> 00:04:54.800 you got some seals, some albatross, you got some shrimpy 80 00:04:54.879 --> 00:04:58.800 little krill munchies in the water, and of course penguins. 81 00:04:59.040 --> 00:05:01.399 And now when you're talking talking about these colonies, how 82 00:05:01.480 --> 00:05:04.920 many penguins are we talking and what species? Tell me 83 00:05:04.959 --> 00:05:07.319 about these penguins as someone who's never seen a penguin 84 00:05:07.319 --> 00:05:07.800 outside of a. 85 00:05:07.879 --> 00:05:11.600 Zoom, it entirely depends on the species and where you are. 86 00:05:11.680 --> 00:05:15.680 So in Antarctica, on the kind of mainland continent of Antarctica, 87 00:05:15.759 --> 00:05:18.959 the colonies are actually often quite a lot smaller. So 88 00:05:20.399 --> 00:05:23.160 gent two penguins are dailies. They're often in colonies of 89 00:05:23.199 --> 00:05:26.399 about three five thousand, with a few exceptions. So when 90 00:05:26.399 --> 00:05:27.879 you get into the Ross Sea, they can be a 91 00:05:27.879 --> 00:05:31.519 lot bigger. They might be several hundred thousand. Emperor penguins 92 00:05:31.519 --> 00:05:34.959 on sea ice there are very varied, but yeah, it 93 00:05:35.000 --> 00:05:37.439 could be anything from a couple of thousand to again 94 00:05:37.439 --> 00:05:38.959 one hundred thousand, So a. 95 00:05:38.959 --> 00:05:43.439 Colony could be as populous as the city of Boulder, Colorado, 96 00:05:44.000 --> 00:05:47.800 or even Vacaville or West Covina Hi West Covina. 97 00:05:47.839 --> 00:05:51.040 The largest colonies on Earth are in the South Sandwich Islands, 98 00:05:51.120 --> 00:05:54.920 and those are well, they were we haven't finished counting 99 00:05:54.959 --> 00:05:57.839 them recently, but they were one point three million pairs. 100 00:05:59.360 --> 00:06:02.720 The movement around the colony is phenomenal. I mean it 101 00:06:02.839 --> 00:06:06.800 really it is a bit like a city in their 102 00:06:07.040 --> 00:06:09.199 respect that you've got loads of nests that are kind 103 00:06:09.240 --> 00:06:13.079 of really regularly spaced, So the behaviors you see are 104 00:06:13.160 --> 00:06:18.000 largely the kind of stoic ones, the ability to stay 105 00:06:18.000 --> 00:06:20.000 in one place and stay warm for a long time, 106 00:06:20.639 --> 00:06:25.040 and then these massive highways of movement and partner exchanges, 107 00:06:25.120 --> 00:06:27.680 so you see a lot of what you see minute 108 00:06:27.680 --> 00:06:30.959 to minute is penguins huddled over on a nest and 109 00:06:31.000 --> 00:06:34.399 then occasionally one relieving it and the next one going 110 00:06:34.439 --> 00:06:34.920 to see. 111 00:06:35.079 --> 00:06:39.279 And now basic questions about penguins, what exactly makes a 112 00:06:39.319 --> 00:06:40.079 bird of penguin? 113 00:06:40.560 --> 00:06:43.959 Well, common ancestry. I mean they're monophyletic, which means they 114 00:06:44.000 --> 00:06:47.839 evolved once and then everything else is diversified within them. 115 00:06:48.079 --> 00:06:51.920 Oh so it's thought that penguins diverged from the ancestors 116 00:06:51.959 --> 00:06:56.680 of albatrosses and petrels, seventy one million years ago. What 117 00:06:56.839 --> 00:07:00.279 is a petrol you're asking, it's a good question. No, 118 00:07:00.680 --> 00:07:04.279 it's a tube nosed, short winged seabird. And if you 119 00:07:04.319 --> 00:07:06.879 squint at a picture of a petrol, you can kind 120 00:07:06.879 --> 00:07:09.120 of see the resemblance to a penguin. It's kind of 121 00:07:09.160 --> 00:07:12.959 like looking at two brothers with wildly different haircuts and 122 00:07:13.000 --> 00:07:15.879 one of them can fly. But penguins, penguins, you are 123 00:07:15.920 --> 00:07:17.879 great swimmers. This is not a contest. 124 00:07:18.199 --> 00:07:20.639 What makes them a penguin In terms of if you're 125 00:07:20.680 --> 00:07:26.360 going to describe emits quite a large seabird. Seabirds tend 126 00:07:26.399 --> 00:07:29.879 to be larger on average than other birds. They don't 127 00:07:29.920 --> 00:07:33.399 have hollow bones, so they by giving up the ability 128 00:07:33.439 --> 00:07:37.000 to fly, they've become a lot better adapted at diving 129 00:07:37.040 --> 00:07:40.800 and swimming. That's also allowed their feathers to change, So 130 00:07:41.079 --> 00:07:46.800 those are more about hydrodynamics and insulation obviously. Yeah, there's 131 00:07:46.839 --> 00:07:52.519 a lot of cold adaptations, both anatomically and behaviorally as well. 132 00:07:52.759 --> 00:07:55.240 But one of the big things that people forget is 133 00:07:55.360 --> 00:07:59.199 just starvation tolerant. I mean, you think of the Emperor penguins, 134 00:07:59.560 --> 00:08:02.680 the male that are incubating an egg and then a 135 00:08:02.720 --> 00:08:06.000 chick for about three four months. That's a lot of it. 136 00:08:06.319 --> 00:08:10.120 So any other species they molt all at the same time. 137 00:08:11.079 --> 00:08:14.399 So flying birds they melt several feathers at a time 138 00:08:14.480 --> 00:08:15.560 so that they can still fly. 139 00:08:15.920 --> 00:08:18.560 So in case you miss this, we covered it in plumology. 140 00:08:18.680 --> 00:08:21.560 But flying birds will lose a flight feather from one 141 00:08:21.600 --> 00:08:23.879 side and then the other. That way they can keep balance, 142 00:08:24.199 --> 00:08:27.720 and some species, like parrots and pelicans, it can take 143 00:08:27.759 --> 00:08:30.360 them up to two years to replace all those ding 144 00:08:30.439 --> 00:08:34.039 dang feathers. But our penguins, penguins are your friends who 145 00:08:34.120 --> 00:08:36.799 cannonball into a pool instead of dipping a toe in. 146 00:08:37.039 --> 00:08:38.879 They are right or die all at once. 147 00:08:39.039 --> 00:08:39.639 Let's do this. 148 00:08:40.080 --> 00:08:43.639 Penguins all have this catastrophic molt where they then go 149 00:08:43.759 --> 00:08:46.120 to sea for a week or so, feed up as 150 00:08:46.200 --> 00:08:48.399 much as they can, and then they stand in one 151 00:08:48.399 --> 00:08:52.440 place looking grumpy, losing all of their feathers before the winter. 152 00:08:53.639 --> 00:08:58.799 Oh and what are some behaviors in penguins that are 153 00:08:58.840 --> 00:09:02.320 so different? Like, what are some of the behaviors that 154 00:09:02.799 --> 00:09:04.960 are so endearing about penguins or. 155 00:09:06.559 --> 00:09:06.799 People? 156 00:09:07.960 --> 00:09:10.519 I mean, do we have to call it endearing? I 157 00:09:10.519 --> 00:09:18.399 think we don't? They deserve our respect? Okay me? I 158 00:09:18.480 --> 00:09:20.440 mean one a lot of people think of is huddling 159 00:09:20.480 --> 00:09:24.440 in empress but that really is almost only in emperors 160 00:09:24.480 --> 00:09:28.519 for the breeding king penguins that look very similar but 161 00:09:28.559 --> 00:09:31.440 are in the sub Antarctic in places like South Georgia, 162 00:09:32.320 --> 00:09:35.679 they also huddle over winter, but only the chicks, so 163 00:09:35.759 --> 00:09:39.279 the chicks get left behind, and you see these massive 164 00:09:39.279 --> 00:09:43.120 aggregations of chicks huddling to keep warm. So mostly it's 165 00:09:43.159 --> 00:09:45.960 a thing that's found in chicks rather than rather than 166 00:09:46.000 --> 00:09:48.639 the adults, and it's a mixture of trying to avoid 167 00:09:48.919 --> 00:09:52.159 big predators pecking at you as well as to stay warm. 168 00:09:52.399 --> 00:09:55.720 Come on, a bunch of fuzzy ground birds in tuxedos 169 00:09:55.799 --> 00:09:58.720 having an icy cuddle party. Let me have this also 170 00:09:59.000 --> 00:10:01.080 a quick who's who of penguins? 171 00:10:01.080 --> 00:10:01.759 Are you ready for this? 172 00:10:02.000 --> 00:10:05.720 There are seventeen to twenty different species, and my understanding 173 00:10:05.799 --> 00:10:09.200 is that there are more than twenty penguinologists who disagree 174 00:10:09.240 --> 00:10:11.159 about subspecies. 175 00:10:10.559 --> 00:10:11.240 But either way. 176 00:10:11.440 --> 00:10:14.279 On the shores of Antarctica we have emperor penguins. These 177 00:10:14.279 --> 00:10:16.720 are the big guys three to four feet tall. They 178 00:10:16.759 --> 00:10:20.600 have this sheen of golden yellow on their face and chest. 179 00:10:20.879 --> 00:10:24.360 And then there are smaller daily penguins which have very 180 00:10:24.399 --> 00:10:27.639 simple curved lines that black and white. The daily penguins 181 00:10:27.639 --> 00:10:31.639 look like mid century modern of penguin design, very simple, 182 00:10:31.960 --> 00:10:36.399 so elegant. King penguins look like smaller Emperor penguins, and 183 00:10:36.440 --> 00:10:40.120 they're in the northern reaches of Antarctica and the Falkland Islands. 184 00:10:40.360 --> 00:10:42.919 And chin strap penguins they look like they're sporting a 185 00:10:42.919 --> 00:10:45.559 little black bike helmet. They live on the islands in 186 00:10:45.600 --> 00:10:49.519 the Scotia Sea. Gentoos are on the Antarctic Peninsula and 187 00:10:49.559 --> 00:10:52.559 the nearby islands, and they're the ones with the orange 188 00:10:52.559 --> 00:10:56.080 feet and the matching orange bill. Gentoos are like those 189 00:10:56.120 --> 00:10:59.519 ladies with nice shoes and handbags that go together. Crested 190 00:10:59.519 --> 00:11:04.080 penguins those are the ones with the bananas yellowish spiky 191 00:11:04.159 --> 00:11:06.440 things near their eyes. They have a very speak to 192 00:11:06.480 --> 00:11:11.039 the manager haircut. And they include rock hoppers and Macaroni penguins, 193 00:11:11.320 --> 00:11:14.639 named not for the pasta but for the flamboyant men's 194 00:11:14.639 --> 00:11:19.159 fashion style of macaronism of the seventeen hundreds, so fabulous. 195 00:11:19.240 --> 00:11:22.000 Now there are banded penguins which have kind of a 196 00:11:22.159 --> 00:11:25.519 racing stripe around their bellies. Those are in South America 197 00:11:25.559 --> 00:11:28.320 and South Africa. They include the jackass there are yellow 198 00:11:28.320 --> 00:11:31.360 eyed penguins in New Zealand and the sub Antarctic Islands. 199 00:11:31.399 --> 00:11:35.559 And finally, finally, little penguins. Those are on the Southern 200 00:11:35.600 --> 00:11:38.399 Australia Coast and New Zealand, and they have a bluish 201 00:11:38.480 --> 00:11:42.159 tint to their feathers and they're teeny just over a 202 00:11:42.279 --> 00:11:47.559 foot tall, maybe three apples high, and blue motion to 203 00:11:47.600 --> 00:11:52.600 call them smurf penguins whirled all right. Also, thirty seven 204 00:11:52.639 --> 00:11:55.840 million years ago there was a colossus penguin which stood, 205 00:11:56.799 --> 00:12:00.279 oh my god, six feet eight inches tall, the same 206 00:12:00.320 --> 00:12:03.720 height as Lebron James. So if you take nothing else 207 00:12:04.120 --> 00:12:06.879 from ologies as a podcast, just know that at one 208 00:12:06.879 --> 00:12:08.559 point on planet Earth. 209 00:12:08.559 --> 00:12:10.919 There were groups that look like entire. 210 00:12:10.720 --> 00:12:14.639 NBA basketball leagues consisting only of ginormous penguins. 211 00:12:15.159 --> 00:12:18.559 The movement around the colony is phenomenal. I mean it 212 00:12:18.600 --> 00:12:23.159 really is. It is a bit like a city in 213 00:12:23.200 --> 00:12:26.039 their respect that you've got loads of nests that are 214 00:12:26.120 --> 00:12:31.559 kind of really regularly spaced, and so there's just penguins 215 00:12:32.200 --> 00:12:35.799 looking quite stoic, staying in one place, and then these 216 00:12:35.840 --> 00:12:40.919 massive highways of movement and partner exchanges, so they can't 217 00:12:41.039 --> 00:12:44.679 leave the egg. So you see a lot of what 218 00:12:44.720 --> 00:12:48.480 you see minute to minute is penguins huddled over on 219 00:12:48.519 --> 00:12:51.360 a nest and then occasionally one relieving it and the 220 00:12:51.399 --> 00:12:55.159 next one going to see. So the behaviors you see 221 00:12:55.200 --> 00:12:58.639 are largely the ability to stay in one place and 222 00:12:58.679 --> 00:13:02.159 stay warm for a long time. And then it's really 223 00:13:02.919 --> 00:13:06.279 really visibly about the dedication to an egg and then 224 00:13:06.279 --> 00:13:08.120 a chick and how. 225 00:13:08.000 --> 00:13:10.960 Do they find their nests? Again, do you guys know. 226 00:13:11.919 --> 00:13:14.519 If it's known? I don't know it, but it's like 227 00:13:14.559 --> 00:13:16.799 in a crowd, do you go to where you last 228 00:13:16.840 --> 00:13:19.600 saw them? Then you might call? 229 00:13:20.919 --> 00:13:22.559 Do they have certain calls for each other? 230 00:13:22.919 --> 00:13:27.240 Absolutely? So they have, particularly between chicks and adults, and 231 00:13:27.279 --> 00:13:32.679 then between the adults. Between the partners, it's probably more tone. 232 00:13:32.879 --> 00:13:35.879 So I'm sure they can recognize them by voice, but 233 00:13:35.919 --> 00:13:38.559 a lot of it, we think is tone. So it's 234 00:13:38.759 --> 00:13:41.600 like you come home say to a partner, how are 235 00:13:41.639 --> 00:13:44.639 you dear? Or someone says how was your day? And 236 00:13:44.879 --> 00:13:47.600 you say, oh fine, and they say, right, what's wrong? 237 00:13:49.399 --> 00:13:54.639 Can I ask you questions? From listeners? But before your questions? 238 00:13:54.679 --> 00:13:57.759 Each week we donate two cause of the ologists choosing, 239 00:13:57.799 --> 00:14:00.559 and this week we did too. He had and I 240 00:14:00.600 --> 00:14:03.440 was like, let's do it man. So one is Terrestrial 241 00:14:03.559 --> 00:14:08.559 Restoration Action Society SECHELLES, which plants mangroves and helps with 242 00:14:08.600 --> 00:14:12.440 deforestation along coastal regions, which also helps to offset carbon 243 00:14:12.480 --> 00:14:17.159 footprints associated with global travel so jet centers. That's a 244 00:14:17.159 --> 00:14:20.360 good one, an excellent choice. Another donation is going to 245 00:14:20.399 --> 00:14:23.559 Penguin Watch, which helps fund doctor Hert's work alongside his 246 00:14:23.720 --> 00:14:27.240 collaborators around the world who research the threats to penguins 247 00:14:27.440 --> 00:14:30.639 and how to mitigate these threats using long term monitoring 248 00:14:30.679 --> 00:14:34.039 in the field and using genetic analysis of penguin feathers 249 00:14:34.200 --> 00:14:36.519 to get a complete picture of how populations are changing. 250 00:14:36.720 --> 00:14:39.840 So donations went to both organizations. That was made possible 251 00:14:39.840 --> 00:14:41.919 by sponsors of the show, which you may hear about now. 252 00:14:43.559 --> 00:14:46.399 When it comes to a great deal, Virgin Mobile doesn't 253 00:14:46.399 --> 00:14:50.759 play around introducing a new symplan price locked at fifteen 254 00:14:50.759 --> 00:14:55.080 euro month for life with unlimited data, calls, antechs and 255 00:14:55.200 --> 00:14:59.399 ninety nine percent coverage. Switch today at Virgin Media dot 256 00:14:59.399 --> 00:15:02.720 Ie Virgin Media it's playtime. 257 00:15:02.879 --> 00:15:05.000 Tcenc supply fifteen you're per month locked in while a 258 00:15:05.039 --> 00:15:08.360 Virgin Mobile customer twelve month contract include unlimited data, standard 259 00:15:08.360 --> 00:15:10.919 calls and texts all Irish Networks offer ends Februar eighteenth, 260 00:15:10.960 --> 00:15:14.039 twenty twenty six. 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But now your questions. Elena Clemenkin Charles first 283 00:16:21.879 --> 00:16:24.240 time question asker wants to know what does a penguin 284 00:16:24.399 --> 00:16:27.039 feel like? What is their texture? But also if you 285 00:16:27.080 --> 00:16:29.720 squeeze them just a little bit, would they be squishy 286 00:16:29.799 --> 00:16:30.519 or really solid? 287 00:16:30.879 --> 00:16:37.000 They would be really solid and they would hurt you back. Okay, 288 00:16:36.879 --> 00:16:42.399 they're feathery, they'd feel like a strong, muscled like duck, 289 00:16:42.559 --> 00:16:45.000 or they wouldn't feel soft and squashly like a dog 290 00:16:45.080 --> 00:16:45.440 or a cap. 291 00:16:45.960 --> 00:16:49.600 And also their bones are not hollow, So are they 292 00:16:49.679 --> 00:16:51.279 denser than your typical bird? 293 00:16:52.200 --> 00:16:55.840 They're definitely. Yeah, They're definitely heavier than any equivalent size. 294 00:16:56.480 --> 00:16:59.559 And also they use their flippers as weapons, both on 295 00:17:00.159 --> 00:17:04.880 each other and on passing researchers, So yeah, they will. 296 00:17:05.119 --> 00:17:07.079 They will flip a whacky if you get too close. 297 00:17:07.799 --> 00:17:09.160 Have you ever been slaped by a penguin? 298 00:17:09.200 --> 00:17:09.640 Oh? Yeah? 299 00:17:09.680 --> 00:17:10.200 Does it hurt? 300 00:17:10.440 --> 00:17:11.720 Yeah? Okay? 301 00:17:12.240 --> 00:17:15.480 Are they are there flippers also feathered? 302 00:17:15.599 --> 00:17:15.759 Right? 303 00:17:16.160 --> 00:17:19.640 Yes, they're very small feathers. So those yeah, those are 304 00:17:19.680 --> 00:17:23.480 wings they are flying underwater. But the feathers on a 305 00:17:23.480 --> 00:17:28.160 flipper are very small. It's almost like a shark skin 306 00:17:28.880 --> 00:17:32.839 where they're trying to shed small vortices, so they don't 307 00:17:32.839 --> 00:17:33.640 get a lot of drack. 308 00:17:34.279 --> 00:17:37.359 Oh okay, okay. I looked up photos of penguin feathers 309 00:17:37.359 --> 00:17:40.200 and yes, on the flippers they're very little and they 310 00:17:40.240 --> 00:17:42.559 overlap kind of like roof tiles. And then on the 311 00:17:42.599 --> 00:17:46.400 body there is some serious fluff under the shiny surface, 312 00:17:46.680 --> 00:17:49.640 so that's good to keep out the chill. Maybe serves 313 00:17:49.680 --> 00:17:54.839 as padding for body to boggeting. Perhaps, Sabina KIARTI wants 314 00:17:54.880 --> 00:17:56.960 to know do penguins really slide on the ice as 315 00:17:56.960 --> 00:17:58.000 you see in Super Mario. 316 00:17:59.240 --> 00:18:01.680 I don't know what happens in Super Mario. I'm really sorry, 317 00:18:01.680 --> 00:18:02.960 but they do slide on the ice. 318 00:18:03.400 --> 00:18:05.000 They do? Are they having fun? 319 00:18:05.200 --> 00:18:08.160 Well, it's usually if they just need to get away fast, 320 00:18:08.759 --> 00:18:12.359 or if it's really downhill. I mean, they seem to 321 00:18:12.400 --> 00:18:16.759 prefer to walk unless it's really hard going because the 322 00:18:16.880 --> 00:18:18.720 snow is actually quite coarse and it rubs all the 323 00:18:18.759 --> 00:18:22.880 oil off their feathers. So when you know That means 324 00:18:22.880 --> 00:18:25.640 they've got a pream later and reoil them. 325 00:18:25.920 --> 00:18:28.839 Okay, I was like, where are they getting this oil? 326 00:18:29.079 --> 00:18:32.480 They probably barf it up from a krill pouch in 327 00:18:32.519 --> 00:18:35.279 their beautiful weird necks. So I looked it up for us, 328 00:18:35.359 --> 00:18:40.039 and thankfully, it's just from a grease bigot near their butt. No, biggie, 329 00:18:40.119 --> 00:18:42.359 it's at the base of their tail. It looks like 330 00:18:42.400 --> 00:18:46.880 a little fleshy knobber jobber. It's called a europigeal gland, 331 00:18:47.160 --> 00:18:50.319 but you know what, if you're close pals, please call 332 00:18:50.359 --> 00:18:52.839 it a prene gland. Michelle Lee wants to know. Can 333 00:18:52.880 --> 00:18:55.440 penguins drink seawater? Is that how they stay hydrated? 334 00:18:55.720 --> 00:18:59.559 Absolutely? Yeah, they eat snow and drink seawater, and they 335 00:18:59.559 --> 00:19:02.559 have a gland and just beneath their eyeball at the 336 00:19:02.799 --> 00:19:04.920 back of the bill, a lot like our kidneys, but 337 00:19:04.960 --> 00:19:09.480 actually functional for drinking seawater, so they can shed saline 338 00:19:10.119 --> 00:19:13.599 quite well without it dehydrating them. But they would given 339 00:19:13.640 --> 00:19:18.079 a choice, they'd rather drink fresh or snow because you're 340 00:19:18.119 --> 00:19:19.839 not having to expend energy. 341 00:19:19.599 --> 00:19:20.599 Of getting rid of the start. 342 00:19:21.880 --> 00:19:24.720 A lot of people had questions about flight and wings 343 00:19:25.200 --> 00:19:30.079 and flippers. They were Stephanie Bird, He's in a valerie, MICHAELA. Goings, 344 00:19:30.200 --> 00:19:33.920 Vanessa Fray, Courtney, Ryan Corey Navis and Ashland, who wrote 345 00:19:33.960 --> 00:19:35.079 do penguins have flippers? 346 00:19:35.119 --> 00:19:36.319 Are they technically wings? 347 00:19:36.400 --> 00:19:36.480 Oh? 348 00:19:36.640 --> 00:19:37.880 Boy, I'm so excited for this. 349 00:19:38.240 --> 00:19:40.880 Troy Clarkston as well as others want to know. Have 350 00:19:41.000 --> 00:19:44.799 penguins always been flightless birds? Or were they at one 351 00:19:44.799 --> 00:19:46.839 point able to fly and then they just got better 352 00:19:46.880 --> 00:19:47.599 and better at swimming? 353 00:19:47.960 --> 00:19:51.319 Yeah? Flight listeners has evolved in seabirds several times, in 354 00:19:51.880 --> 00:19:55.960 cormorants in the ooks, and also in penguins. So I 355 00:19:56.039 --> 00:19:59.680 think the nearest modern relative is something like a pelican, 356 00:20:00.680 --> 00:20:06.160 and the ancestral penguin was quite big and gradually, yeah, 357 00:20:06.519 --> 00:20:10.119 you got better at probably diving and then gave up flight. 358 00:20:11.240 --> 00:20:14.480 And so for a penguin to evolve, you probably have 359 00:20:14.599 --> 00:20:18.440 to have no predators on land, and you probably have 360 00:20:18.640 --> 00:20:22.920 to be quite close to your food source so that 361 00:20:23.319 --> 00:20:27.160 you you get better at diving, and you you know, 362 00:20:27.240 --> 00:20:30.359 it matters less and less that you have to either 363 00:20:30.400 --> 00:20:33.559 be able to fly to escape predators or that you 364 00:20:33.599 --> 00:20:35.440 have to be good at flying to get there, and 365 00:20:35.480 --> 00:20:38.279 then you probably just get better and better at diving. 366 00:20:38.119 --> 00:20:40.920 A lot of people, Sarah Michelle, Josh Duncan, Megan Johnson, 367 00:20:41.000 --> 00:20:45.680 Elena Clements and Charles Madeline, Uncle, Tailey Kawakami, Dane p 368 00:20:46.079 --> 00:20:49.960 All want to know what's happening with pebbles. What makes 369 00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:53.559 one pebble better than another? How do penguins decide on 370 00:20:53.640 --> 00:20:55.359 the best pebbles to give their meats? 371 00:20:56.440 --> 00:20:59.519 Lots is the simple answer. I mean, they tend to 372 00:20:59.519 --> 00:21:03.599 be of a say size, Partly I think that's what's available, 373 00:21:03.599 --> 00:21:07.920 but they're definitely choosing. I mean, it can't be like 374 00:21:08.000 --> 00:21:14.119 a stack of grain. It can't just fall down insulation. Basically, 375 00:21:14.160 --> 00:21:16.839 it's to keep the eggs and the chicks out of 376 00:21:17.039 --> 00:21:21.720 meltwater when it starts getting a bit sloppy. So they're 377 00:21:21.759 --> 00:21:25.880 like a raised stone doughnut, and the higher the better. 378 00:21:26.200 --> 00:21:29.359 I think it's not just giving them their mate, because 379 00:21:29.400 --> 00:21:32.319 they both do it. They both maintain the nest, but 380 00:21:32.680 --> 00:21:35.119 the male is usually building well. The male is building it, 381 00:21:35.160 --> 00:21:37.319 and then the female is usually helping. There's a lot 382 00:21:37.359 --> 00:21:39.839 of maintenance in between foraging trips. 383 00:21:40.279 --> 00:21:43.039 Ah, So they're functional. They're not just like I thought 384 00:21:43.079 --> 00:21:43.680 you man like this. 385 00:21:44.799 --> 00:21:47.079 It's a bit of both. It's good real estate. It's 386 00:21:47.119 --> 00:21:51.440 showing that you can provide, so that's more in the choice, 387 00:21:51.480 --> 00:21:55.960 and then it's maintaining something. Then it's maintaining a nest. 388 00:21:56.559 --> 00:22:01.960 Some people had questions about next knees. Tia Mcinness wants 389 00:22:02.039 --> 00:22:04.279 to know why does a penguin's neck account for so 390 00:22:04.359 --> 00:22:07.799 much of its body? And Madison Nobraga and Hadley literally 391 00:22:07.880 --> 00:22:11.079 just wrote, penguin knees, what's happening? 392 00:22:11.720 --> 00:22:15.039 Well, penguins do have knees, they're just tucked inside their body, 393 00:22:16.279 --> 00:22:19.960 so they look like a swan sat up right basically. 394 00:22:20.200 --> 00:22:24.240 Okay, So if you can picture a penguin like, no neck, 395 00:22:24.839 --> 00:22:27.799 tiny stubby legs, right, ha, that's what you think. 396 00:22:27.880 --> 00:22:28.799 That's what we all think. 397 00:22:28.920 --> 00:22:32.359 They're tucked up and almost like up near their rib cage. 398 00:22:32.720 --> 00:22:36.240 And then their seemingly bodybuilder lack of a neck is 399 00:22:36.279 --> 00:22:36.920 actually long. 400 00:22:37.000 --> 00:22:37.240 Boy. 401 00:22:37.400 --> 00:22:39.559