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<v Speaker 1>Vishaka from the Tibetan Mergadara, the first minister of King

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<v Speaker 1>Prasenajit of Cossala, after he had married a wife of

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<v Speaker 1>birth like unto his own, had seven sons. To six

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<v Speaker 1>of these he gave names at his pleasure, but the

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<v Speaker 1>youngest one he called Vishaka. After his wife's death, he

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<v Speaker 1>arranged marriages for his six elder sons, but they and

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<v Speaker 1>their wives gave themselves up to dress and troubled themselves

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<v Speaker 1>in no wise with household affairs. The householder Mergadhara was

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<v Speaker 1>sitting one day absorbed in thought, resting his cheek upon

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<v Speaker 1>his arm. A brahmin who was on friendly terms with him,

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<v Speaker 1>saw him sitting thus absorbed in thought and ask him

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<v Speaker 1>what was the cause of his behavior. He replied, My

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<v Speaker 1>sons and their wives have given themselves up to dress

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<v Speaker 1>and do not trouble themselves about household affairs, so that

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<v Speaker 1>the property is going to ruin. Why do you not

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<v Speaker 1>arrange a marriage for Vishaka, who can tell whether he

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<v Speaker 1>will make things better or bring them to still greater ruin.

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<v Speaker 1>If you will trust to me, I will look for

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<v Speaker 1>a maiden for him. The minister consented, and the Brahmin

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<v Speaker 1>went his way. In the course of his researches, he

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<v Speaker 1>came to the land of Champa. In it there lived

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<v Speaker 1>a householder named Balamitra, whose daughter Vishak, was fair to see,

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<v Speaker 1>well proportioned in the bloom of youth, intelligent and clever.

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<v Speaker 1>Just as the Brahmin arrived, she and some other girls

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<v Speaker 1>who were in quest of amusement were setting out for

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<v Speaker 1>a park. On seeing the girls, he thought that he

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<v Speaker 1>would like to look at them a little, so he

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<v Speaker 1>followed slowly after them, occupied in regarding them. The girls,

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<v Speaker 1>who were for the most part of a frivolous nature,

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<v Speaker 1>sometimes ran, sometimes skipped, sometimes rolled about, sometimes laughed, sometimes

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<v Speaker 1>spun around, sometimes sang, and did other undignified things. But Vshake,

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<v Speaker 1>with the utmost decorum, at an even pace, walked slowly

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<v Speaker 1>along with them. When they came to the park. The

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<v Speaker 1>other girls, undressed at the edge of the tank, entered

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<v Speaker 1>it and began to sport. But Vashak lifted up her

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<v Speaker 1>clothes by degrees as she went into the water, and

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<v Speaker 1>by degrees let them down again as she came out

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<v Speaker 1>of the water. So circumspect was she in her behavior.

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<v Speaker 1>After their bath, when the girls had assembled at a

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<v Speaker 1>certain spot. They first partook of food themselves and then

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<v Speaker 1>gave to their attendants to eat. But Vshak first of

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<v Speaker 1>all gave food to the persons in attendance, and then

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<v Speaker 1>herself began to eat. When the girls had finished their

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<v Speaker 1>eating and drinking and had enjoyed the charm of the park,

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<v Speaker 1>they went away. As there was water to be waded

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<v Speaker 1>through on the road. The girls took off their boots

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<v Speaker 1>and walked through it, but Vshak kept her boots on.

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<v Speaker 1>They went a little farther and came to a wood.

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<v Speaker 1>Into this armrah wood she entered, keeping her parasol up,

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<v Speaker 1>though the others had discarded theirs. Presently, a wind arose.

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<v Speaker 1>Together with Rain and the other girls took shelter in

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<v Speaker 1>a temple, but Vshak remained in the open air. The Brahmin,

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<v Speaker 1>who had followed her and had noted her characteristics and

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<v Speaker 1>her behavior, marveled greatly and began to question her, saying, oh, maiden,

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<v Speaker 1>whose daughter are you? I am Valamitra's daughter, Oh maiden,

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<v Speaker 1>be not angry if I ask you a few questions.

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<v Speaker 1>She smiled at first, and then said, oh uncle, why

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<v Speaker 1>should I be angry? Please to ask them. While these girls,

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<v Speaker 1>as they went, were all running, skipping, rolling, turning round, singing,

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<v Speaker 1>and doing other undignified things, you wended your way slowly, decorously,

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<v Speaker 1>and in a seemly manner, reaching the park together with them.

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<v Speaker 1>Vshak replied, All girls are merchandise which their parents find.

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<v Speaker 1>If in leaping or rolling I were to break an

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<v Speaker 1>arm or a leg, who then would woo me? I

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<v Speaker 1>should certainly have to be kept by my parents as

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<v Speaker 1>long as I lived. Good, o maiden, I understand, he

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<v Speaker 1>said to her. Next, these girls took off their clothes

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<v Speaker 1>in a certain place and went into the water and

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<v Speaker 1>sported in it unclothed. But you lifted up your clothes

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<v Speaker 1>by degrees as you went deeper into the water. Oh uncle,

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<v Speaker 1>it is necessary that women should be shamefaced and shy,

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<v Speaker 1>So it would not be well that any one should

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<v Speaker 1>look upon me unclothed, Oh maiden, who would see you there?

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<v Speaker 1>Oh uncle, you would have seen me there yourself. Good,

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<v Speaker 1>o maiden, that also I comprehend, he said to her. Further,

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<v Speaker 1>These girls first took food themselves and then gave to

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<v Speaker 1>the persons in attendance, But you first gave food to

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<v Speaker 1>the persons in attendance, and then took your own, Oh uncle,

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<v Speaker 1>that was for this reason. We reaping the fruits of

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<v Speaker 1>our merits constantly have feast days, but they reaping the

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<v Speaker 1>fruits of their trouble very seldom obtained great things. Good,

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<v Speaker 1>oh maiden, I comprehend this also, he asked her. Moreover,

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<v Speaker 1>while all the world wears boots on dry land, why

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<v Speaker 1>did you keep yours on in the water? Oh uncle?

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<v Speaker 1>The world is foolish. It is precisely when one is

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<v Speaker 1>in the water that one should wear boots. For what reason?

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<v Speaker 1>On dry land one can see tree stumps, thorns, stones, prickles,

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<v Speaker 1>fragments of fish scales, or shells of reptiles. But in

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<v Speaker 1>the water none of these things can be seen. Therefore,

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<v Speaker 1>we ought to wear boots in the water, and not

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<v Speaker 1>upon dry land. Good, oh maiden, this also I am understand. Then,

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<v Speaker 1>he asked her this question. These girls kept their parasols

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<v Speaker 1>up in the sun, you kept yours in the wood

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<v Speaker 1>under the shade of the trees. What was the meaning

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<v Speaker 1>of that, Oh uncle? The world is foolish. It is

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<v Speaker 1>precisely when in a wood that one must keep a

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<v Speaker 1>parasol up for what reason? Because a wood is always

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<v Speaker 1>full of birds and monkeys. The birds let fall their

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<v Speaker 1>droppings and pieces of bones, and the monkeys their mock

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<v Speaker 1>and scraps of fruit they eat. Besides, as they are

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<v Speaker 1>of a wild nature, they go springing from bow to bow,

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<v Speaker 1>and bits of wood come falling down. When one is

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<v Speaker 1>in the open, this does not happen, or if it

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<v Speaker 1>takes place, it is but seldom. Therefore, a parasol must

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<v Speaker 1>be kept open in a wood in the open. It

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<v Speaker 1>is not necessary to do so good, Oh maiden, This

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<v Speaker 1>I also comprehend. Presently, he said, These girls took refuge

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<v Speaker 1>in a temple when the wind arose with rain, but

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<v Speaker 1>you remained in the open air, Oh uncle. One certainly

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<v Speaker 1>ought to remain in the open air, and not take

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<v Speaker 1>refuge in a temple. Oh maiden, what is the reason

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<v Speaker 1>for that, oh uncle? Such empty temples are never free

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<v Speaker 1>from orphans, the low born, the sharpers. If one of

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<v Speaker 1>them were to touch me on a limb or joint

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<v Speaker 1>as I entered such a temple, would not that be

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<v Speaker 1>unpleasant to my parents? Moreover, it is better to lose

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<v Speaker 1>one's life in the open than to enter an empty temple.

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<v Speaker 1>Full of delight at the demeanor of the maiden. The

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<v Speaker 1>brahmin betook himself to the dwelling of the householder of Alamitra,

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<v Speaker 1>and said, desiring to obtain the maiden, May it be well,

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<v Speaker 1>May it be good. The people of the house said, O, brahmen,

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<v Speaker 1>it is not yet the time for asking. But what

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<v Speaker 1>do you ask for? I ask for your daughter, on

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<v Speaker 1>whose on behalf of the son Vishaka by name of Mrgarara,

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<v Speaker 1>the first minister of Sravasti. They replied, it is true

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<v Speaker 1>that we and he are of the same caste, but

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<v Speaker 1>his country lies too far away. The Brahmins said, it

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<v Speaker 1>is precisely in a far country that a man should

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<v Speaker 1>choose a husband for his daughter. How So, if she

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<v Speaker 1>is married in the neighbourhood, joy increases when news comes

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<v Speaker 1>that she is prosperous. But if a misfortune occurs, a

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<v Speaker 1>man's property may be brought to not he being exhausted

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<v Speaker 1>by gifts, sacrifices and tokens of reverence. They said, this

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<v Speaker 1>being so, we will give you our daughter after Vashaki's marriage.

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<v Speaker 1>On one occasion, some country folks came bringing a mayor

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<v Speaker 1>in a foal. As they could not tell which was

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<v Speaker 1>the mayor in which the foal. The king ordered the

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<v Speaker 1>ministers to examine them closely and to report to him

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<v Speaker 1>on the matter. The ministers examined them both for a

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<v Speaker 1>whole day, became weary, and arrived at no conclusion after all.

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<v Speaker 1>When Murghadhara went home in the evening, Bishaki touched his

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<v Speaker 1>feet and said, oh master, wherefore do ye return so late?

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<v Speaker 1>He told her everything that had occurred. Then Bishaki said,

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<v Speaker 1>oh Master, what is there to investigate? In that fodder

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<v Speaker 1>should be laid before them in equal parts. The foal,

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<v Speaker 1>after rapidly eating up its own share, will begin to

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<v Speaker 1>devour its mothers also, But the mother, without eating, will

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<v Speaker 1>hold up her head like this. That is the proper test.

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<v Speaker 1>Murgadhara told this to the ministers, who applied the tests

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<v Speaker 1>according to these instructions, and after daybreak they reported to

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<v Speaker 1>the king, this is the mother, o King, and that

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<v Speaker 1>is the foe. The king asked how they knew that,

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<v Speaker 1>oh King, The case is surrenzo. How was it you

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<v Speaker 1>did not know that yesterday, Oh King, how could we

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<v Speaker 1>know it? Bushaka has instructed us, since, said the king,

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<v Speaker 1>the chomp A maiden is wise. It happened that a

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<v Speaker 1>man who was bathing, had left his boots on the bank.

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<v Speaker 1>Another man came up, tied the boots round his head

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<v Speaker 1>and began to bathe Likewise, when the first man had

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<v Speaker 1>done bathing and come out of the water, he missed

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<v Speaker 1>the boots. The other man said, hey, man, what are

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<v Speaker 1>you looking for my boots? Where are your boots? When

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<v Speaker 1>you have boots, you should tie them round your head

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<v Speaker 1>as I do before going into the water. As the

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<v Speaker 1>dispute arose between the two men as to whom the

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<v Speaker 1>boots belonged to, they both had recourse to the King.

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<v Speaker 1>The King told the ministers to investigate the case thoroughly

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<v Speaker 1>and to give the boots to the proper owner. The

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<v Speaker 1>ministers began to investigate the case and examined first the

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<v Speaker 1>one man and then the other. Each of the men

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<v Speaker 1>affirmed that he was the owner. While these assertions were

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<v Speaker 1>being made, the day came to an end, and in

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<v Speaker 1>the evening the minister's returned home, wearied out, without having

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<v Speaker 1>brought the matter to a satisfactory conclusion. Vishakh questioned Murgadhara,

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<v Speaker 1>and he told her all about it, whereupon she said, oh, master,

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<v Speaker 1>what is there to investigate? Say to one of them,

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<v Speaker 1>take one of the boots, and to the other man

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<v Speaker 1>take the other boot. The real learner will say, in

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<v Speaker 1>that case, why should my two boots be separated? But

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<v Speaker 1>the other, the man to whom they do not really belong,

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<v Speaker 1>will say, what good do I gain by this if

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<v Speaker 1>I only get one boot? That is the proper test

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<v Speaker 1>to apply. Murgadhara went and told this to the ministers,

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<v Speaker 1>and so forth, as is written above down to the

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<v Speaker 1>words the king said, the chompa maiden is wise. It

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<v Speaker 1>happened that some merchants brought a stem of sandal wood

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<v Speaker 1>to the king as a present, but no one knew

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<v Speaker 1>which was the upper end of it in which the lower.

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<v Speaker 1>So the king ordered his ministers to settle the question.

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<v Speaker 1>They spent a whole day in examining the stem, but

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<v Speaker 1>they could make nothing of it. In the evening they

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<v Speaker 1>returned to their homes. Mrgadhara again told Vishak all about

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<v Speaker 1>the matter, and she said, oh, Master, what is there

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<v Speaker 1>to investigate? Place the stem in water. The root end

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<v Speaker 1>will then sink, but the upper end will float upward.

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<v Speaker 1>That is the proper test. Murgadhara communicated this to the ministers,

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<v Speaker 1>and so forth, as written above, down to the words

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<v Speaker 1>the king said, the chompa maiden is wise. There was

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<v Speaker 1>a householder in a hill village, who, after he had

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<v Speaker 1>married in his own rank, remained without either son or daughter.

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<v Speaker 1>As he longed earnestly for a child, he took unto

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<v Speaker 1>himself a com coccubine. Thereupon, his wife, who was of

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<v Speaker 1>a jealous disposition, had recourse to a spell for the

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<v Speaker 1>purpose of rendering that woman barn. But as that woman

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<v Speaker 1>was quite pure, she became with child, and at the

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<v Speaker 1>end of nine months bore a son. Then she reflected thus,

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<v Speaker 1>as the worst of all enmities is the enmity between

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<v Speaker 1>a wife and a concubine, And the stepmother will be

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<v Speaker 1>sure to seek for a means of killing the child.

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<v Speaker 1>What ought my husband? What ought I to do? As

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<v Speaker 1>I shall not be able to keep it alive, I

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<v Speaker 1>had better give it to her. After taking counsel with

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<v Speaker 1>her husband, who agreed with her in the matter, she

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<v Speaker 1>said to the wife, O, sister, I give you my son.

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<v Speaker 1>Take him. The wife thought, as she who has a son,

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<v Speaker 1>ranks as the mistress of the house, I will bring

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<v Speaker 1>him up. After she had taken charge of the boy,

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<v Speaker 1>the father died a dispute arose between the two women

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<v Speaker 1>as to the possession of the house, each of them

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<v Speaker 1>asserting that it belonged to her. They had recourse to

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<v Speaker 1>the king. He ordered his ministers to go to the

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<v Speaker 1>house and to make inquiries as to the ownership of

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<v Speaker 1>the sun. They investigated the matter, but the day came

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<v Speaker 1>to an end before they had brought it to a

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<v Speaker 1>satisfactory conclusion. In the evening, they returned to their homes.

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<v Speaker 1>Vshak again questioned Margadhara, who told her everything. Vishak said,

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<v Speaker 1>what need is there for investigation? Speak to the two women, thus,

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<v Speaker 1>as we do not know to which of you the

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<v Speaker 1>boy belongs, let her who is the strongest, take the boy.

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<v Speaker 1>When each of them has taken hold of one of

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<v Speaker 1>the boy's hands and he begins to cry out on

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<v Speaker 1>account of the pain, their real mother will let go,

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<v Speaker 1>being full of compassion for him, and knowing that if

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<v Speaker 1>her child remains alive, she will be able to see

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<v Speaker 1>it again. But the other, who has no compassion for him,

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<v Speaker 1>will not let go. Then beat her with a switch,

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<v Speaker 1>and she will thereupon confess the truth as to the

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<v Speaker 1>whole matter. That is the proper test. Murgadhara told this

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<v Speaker 1>to the ministers and so forth, as is written above

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<v Speaker 1>down to the words, the King said that chompa maiden

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<v Speaker 1>is wise