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<v Speaker 1>Hello and welcome to Western Siev episode three hundred and eleven,

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<v Speaker 1>Henri the Third. Once Catherine had composed herself after the

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<v Speaker 1>depth of Charles the ninth, she dispatched a messenger on Rie,

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<v Speaker 1>presently in Poland, telling him to turn around. He was

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<v Speaker 1>now the king of France. She expressly warned her son

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<v Speaker 1>not to delay coming back at all. She recognized that

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<v Speaker 1>any delay would create an opening for anyone, likely her

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<v Speaker 1>youngest son, to attempt to coop. Interestingly enough, she also

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<v Speaker 1>sent instructions to the Poles themselves, whom she had paid

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<v Speaker 1>sum in which she didn't want to get up. She

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<v Speaker 1>suggested that the polls accept either her younger son or

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<v Speaker 1>you know, maybe elect someone knew who could be supervised

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<v Speaker 1>by a French commissioner. Now, both of these were awkward requests,

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<v Speaker 1>to say the least, given that the Poles had not

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<v Speaker 1>elected her youngest son to anything, and there was absolutely

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<v Speaker 1>no precedent in any monarchy anywhere in Europe of a

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<v Speaker 1>commissioner from another country being in charge of your king. Now,

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<v Speaker 1>from the Polish perspective, they were fine that Henri was

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<v Speaker 1>going home.

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<v Speaker 2>Didn't no an issue with that.

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<v Speaker 1>He hadn't fit in particularly well, but they did like

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<v Speaker 1>the prestige and power that a connection to a continental

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<v Speaker 1>superpower like France brought, and they were loath to give

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<v Speaker 1>that up, so some negotiations were clearly necessary. Henri and

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<v Speaker 1>Navarre and the Duke of Alacon, the youngest son of

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<v Speaker 1>Catherine de Medici, were quick to ratify Catherine's position as

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<v Speaker 1>regent in Henri's absence. She next moved to purchase a

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<v Speaker 1>peace with the Huguenots in law Rochelle, at a price

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<v Speaker 1>tag of seventy thousand livre. When Henri got back to France,

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<v Speaker 1>then he could decide how to deal with these rebels,

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<v Speaker 1>but for the moment, Catherine determined that France needed peace.

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<v Speaker 1>The news of his ascension reached Henri in Poland on

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<v Speaker 1>June fifteenth. When the news of Charles's death became public,

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<v Speaker 1>it caused a lot of consternation in Krakou. Henry Coleman,

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<v Speaker 1>self possessed, announced that a Polish diet had to be

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<v Speaker 1>called for September and that he would hand the government

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<v Speaker 1>of France over to the Queen Mother. While the Polish

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<v Speaker 1>Assembly deliberated on how best to proceed, Poland's interest had

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<v Speaker 1>to come first. On re reassured everyone France was, after all,

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<v Speaker 1>in his mother's safe and experienced hands. He appeared remarkably serene,

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<v Speaker 1>and though the less trusting nobles determined to keep a

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<v Speaker 1>close eye on him, it was generally believed that he

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<v Speaker 1>was going to behave honorably throughout all of this. However,

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<v Speaker 1>beneath this false veneer of calm and patience, Marie and

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<v Speaker 1>his advisors were actually making frantic plans for their escape.

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<v Speaker 1>They determined that the time for this was the night

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<v Speaker 1>of June eighteenth, only three days after the news of

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<v Speaker 1>Charles's death had arrived. After nearly batching his escape attempt,

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<v Speaker 1>and that's really what it was several times in the

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<v Speaker 1>days leading up to it, Henri and his entourage managed

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<v Speaker 1>to get out of Krakau in the dead of night

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<v Speaker 1>on the eighteenth of June. It wasn't long before the

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<v Speaker 1>absence of the king and much of the Polish crown

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<v Speaker 1>jewels was discovered. However, almost immediately a troop of Tartar

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<v Speaker 1>cavalry flew in an attempt to recapture the fleeing monarch,

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<v Speaker 1>and at least according to our sources, the Tartis nearly

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<v Speaker 1>got them. In fact, Henri barely escaped over the Vistula

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<v Speaker 1>River in time, reaching the safety of Silesia moments before

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<v Speaker 1>the cavalry got him. From there, Henri traveled in disguise

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<v Speaker 1>until he reached Vienna. There he received a warm welcome

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<v Speaker 1>from Emperor Maximilian the Second. While in Vienna, Henri wrote

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<v Speaker 1>to Catherine, assuring her that he had safely made his escape.

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<v Speaker 1>The Emperor advised Henri to adopt a policy of religious

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<v Speaker 1>toleration once back in France, as that had worked seemingly

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<v Speaker 1>well for the Empire. He also hoped that Henri might

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<v Speaker 1>wed his widowed daughter, though Henri had different plans on

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<v Speaker 1>that front, which he kept to himself. On July eleventh,

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<v Speaker 1>fifteen seventy four, Henri reached the city of Venice, where

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<v Speaker 1>he received a warm welcome.

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<v Speaker 2>He spent eight.

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<v Speaker 1>Care free days in Venice, reportedly the happiest of his life.

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<v Speaker 1>From Venice, Henri traveled north until he reached Savoy. Now

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<v Speaker 1>at this point, he's getting almost daily correspondence from Catherine,

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<v Speaker 1>begging her son to hurry home. As the political situation

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<v Speaker 1>within the kingdom continued to deteriorate rapidly. Henri ignored her,

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<v Speaker 1>staying twelve days in Savoy. Catherine then decided to take

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<v Speaker 1>matters into her own hands, traveling to Lee to meet

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<v Speaker 1>with her son and almost literally drag him back to Paris.

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<v Speaker 1>She took Alacon and Navarre with her, just to be

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<v Speaker 1>sure they didn't perpetuate any mischief while she was gone.

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<v Speaker 1>Once Henri reached her, the two embraced and wept. He

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<v Speaker 1>then declared France the greatest kingdom on earth and was

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<v Speaker 1>overjoyed to be back. Then the entourage hurried on to Paris.

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<v Speaker 1>Now Catherine was fifty five years old when her favorite

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<v Speaker 1>son ascended the throne. Over the years, she had willingly

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<v Speaker 1>adopted many of the numerous new innovations of modern Europe,

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<v Speaker 1>including tobacco. However, Catherine remains staunchly traditional when it came

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<v Speaker 1>to the monarchy. Her son was not a first among equals.

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<v Speaker 1>He was an absolute monarch, plain and simple. Catherine would

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<v Speaker 1>do everything she could to keep him in that position.

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<v Speaker 1>Her passion and capacity for work remained even in her

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<v Speaker 1>older years, and with the ascension of her youngest but

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<v Speaker 1>by far most confident son. I suppose the biggest question

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<v Speaker 1>she faced was would she still be able to dominate

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<v Speaker 1>this new king? Unlike Charles the Ninth at his ascension,

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<v Speaker 1>are was a grown man.

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<v Speaker 2>Now.

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<v Speaker 1>There were also two competing aspects of her son's personality

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<v Speaker 1>that deeply concerned the Queen mother. On the one hand,

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<v Speaker 1>he was a lover of excess and frankly borderline obsessed

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<v Speaker 1>with his mistress. On the other hand, he was an

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<v Speaker 1>extremely devout Catholic, for whom no sacrifice to an angry

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<v Speaker 1>God was too great. While the court of the deceased

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<v Speaker 1>Henry the Second was remarkably discreet by Renaissance standards, the

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<v Speaker 1>new Henry and the Third to spend his days surrounded

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<v Speaker 1>by the splendor of his own creation. Now in September

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<v Speaker 1>in fact of fifteen seventy four. The Spanish ambassador would

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<v Speaker 1>later write back to Madrid that the French king spent

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<v Speaker 1>all evening dancing and banqueting. Luckily, for Catherine and Franz,

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<v Speaker 1>Henrie the Third was at least willingly initially to feed

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<v Speaker 1>her advice. Many of her loyal and experienced ministers were

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<v Speaker 1>kept on into the new reign. The king agreed with

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<v Speaker 1>his mother that many secretaries of state had grown far

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<v Speaker 1>too use to corresponding as they saw fit without first

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<v Speaker 1>consulting the king Hence he decreed that he'd be shown

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<v Speaker 1>all letters before any response was written, and personally signed

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<v Speaker 1>the final drafts. He was, for his later faults, a

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<v Speaker 1>hard working king. Henri also excluded by in law large

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<v Speaker 1>the two great families of the realm, the Geeses and

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<v Speaker 1>the Montmorencies, from major roles in his administration. For better

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<v Speaker 1>or worse. He was determined to be his own man. Unfortunately,

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<v Speaker 1>while Audrey agreed with much of the political advice, he

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<v Speaker 1>espoused a different view of how a monarch should handle

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<v Speaker 1>himself and brought back with him many of the habits

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<v Speaker 1>that he had picked up in Poland that were designed

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<v Speaker 1>to keep him away from his kingdom's people. Now this

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<v Speaker 1>didn't please the French people at all. He no longer

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<v Speaker 1>took his meals surrounded by the public, but behind a

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<v Speaker 1>low wall intended to keep the crowd from coming too close.

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<v Speaker 1>When he ate, his gentlemen attended upon him rather than

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<v Speaker 1>his servants. The king did permit certain individuals to approach him,

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<v Speaker 1>but they had to ask permission first and follow a

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<v Speaker 1>strict set of rules before engaging his majesty in conversation

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<v Speaker 1>or lunch, as we would say, was taken around eleven

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<v Speaker 1>o'clock in the morning, and a more elaborate supper in

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<v Speaker 1>the evening, later followed by a ball or some sort

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<v Speaker 1>of other entertainment. Meal times were no longer the milling

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<v Speaker 1>of courtiers around the person of the king. While he ate,

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<v Speaker 1>unlike his predecessors, Auri didn't want to live as publicly,

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<v Speaker 1>believing that overfamiliarity was just the way that people got insolent.

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<v Speaker 1>With the king, it offended his royal dignity to be

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<v Speaker 1>surrounded by his most senior courtiers while he stood undressed,

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<v Speaker 1>and he ordered that from now on now one could

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<v Speaker 1>enter his chamber until he was clothed. Such reforms, as

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<v Speaker 1>simple as they seem to us today, actually provoked a

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<v Speaker 1>rather angry response, but unrestuck to them at least as

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<v Speaker 1>long as he could, although when some nobles protested by

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<v Speaker 1>leaving court, he was forced to relax or give up

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<v Speaker 1>many of them, at least for the time being. In

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<v Speaker 1>fifteen eighty five, the king would print a booklet of

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<v Speaker 1>precise instructions on court etiquette. This actually served as the

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<v Speaker 1>foundation for fantastically stylized manners, customs, and rituals that would

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<v Speaker 1>later dictate court life at the palace. Of Versailles under

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<v Speaker 1>the famed Louis the fourteenth. But of course, as usual,

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<v Speaker 1>the biggest issue that Henri or any French king was

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<v Speaker 1>facing during this time period wasn't court etiquette. It was

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<v Speaker 1>the succession. For all his libertine values. He didn't have

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<v Speaker 1>any children, hence rumors increased exponentially as to his ability

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<v Speaker 1>to produce said children now that he was king. And likewise,

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<v Speaker 1>of course, religious turmoil continued. The province of Languedoc was

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<v Speaker 1>the major Protestant stronghold at this point, and Royalist efforts

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<v Speaker 1>to bring the rebels there to heal were proving fruitless.

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<v Speaker 1>It helped that Huguenot leaders had effectively tied the idea

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<v Speaker 1>of religious reform the idea of political and economic reform

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<v Speaker 1>as well, just made it easier to sell to the people.

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<v Speaker 1>Many Huguenots were demanding that the king called the Estates

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<v Speaker 1>General to deal with the taxation issue, amongst others. France's

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<v Speaker 1>finances remained a mess. They really had been since Henry

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<v Speaker 1>the second. Catherine's husband Charles, had raised taxes on just

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<v Speaker 1>about everything during his reign, and now it seems like

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<v Speaker 1>the population just wasn't willing to tolerate such a high

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<v Speaker 1>level of taxation any longer. Again, I think there's a

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<v Speaker 1>lot of ways that mid sixteenth century France looks a

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<v Speaker 1>lot like France on the eve of the Revolution in

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<v Speaker 1>the eighteenth century. Now, making matters worse, Angrie's beloved mistress

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<v Speaker 1>died not long after his ascension, effectively paralyzing the king

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<v Speaker 1>with grief. But before we see how Henri deals with

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<v Speaker 1>all this, we need to shift gears big time and

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<v Speaker 1>bring a few major developments in England back up to speed.

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<v Speaker 1>In fifteen seventy five, England saw a dramatic improvement in

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<v Speaker 1>the financial condition of the kingdom. Trade was restored with

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<v Speaker 1>the Low Countries, Spain was on friendlier terms once more.

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<v Speaker 1>In April, Henri the Third offered to extend the Treaty

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<v Speaker 1>of mutual Protection known as the Treaty of Lula. Elizabeth

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<v Speaker 1>immediately accepted. Waalsingham's spies had finally infiltrated at Mary Stuart's household,

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<v Speaker 1>and the world seemed at peace for once. On May seventeen,

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<v Speaker 1>fifteen seventy five, Matthew Parker, Elizabeth's first and most tolerant

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<v Speaker 1>Archbishop of Canterbury, died. This was, of course an incredibly

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<v Speaker 1>important position in the Church of England, and considering his replacement,

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<v Speaker 1>Cecil made one of the biggest mistakes of his career

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<v Speaker 1>by nominating Edmund Grindle. Grindall turned out to be an

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<v Speaker 1>incredibly strict Puritan whose prophesizings were, in the opinion of

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<v Speaker 1>the Queen both seditious and subversive. His faults were not

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<v Speaker 1>immediately apparent upon his appointment, but would become a matter

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<v Speaker 1>of grave concern over the next two years.

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<v Speaker 2>Elizabeth's relationship with.

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<v Speaker 1>Grendell rapidly deteriorated in fifteen seventy six when she ordered

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<v Speaker 1>him to suppress Puritanical practices of worship, which she considered

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<v Speaker 1>to be outside or beyond the pale of the Anglican Church,

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<v Speaker 1>and he refused, which should come as no surprise, as

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<v Speaker 1>he was, you know, a Puritan. The Puritans, by the way,

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<v Speaker 1>aren't a major force in England, not yet, not during

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<v Speaker 1>Elizabeth's reign, but certainly their rise is a factor that

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<v Speaker 1>we're going to have to bear in mind as the

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<v Speaker 1>sixteenth century slowly comes to an end. We're talking about

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<v Speaker 1>them quite a lot in the seventeenth century.

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<v Speaker 2>Now.

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<v Speaker 1>Essentially, the deadlock between the Queen and the archbishop was

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<v Speaker 1>broken in fifteen seventy seven when Elizabeth simply placed Grindall

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<v Speaker 1>under house arrest as the head Church of England. She

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<v Speaker 1>could do that, and ordered all bishops to suppress Puritan

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<v Speaker 1>worship herself, which, again, as head of the Church of England, she.

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<v Speaker 2>Could do that.

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<v Speaker 1>Grindle in the end only kept his position and probably

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<v Speaker 1>his head, because Dudley intervened on his behalf. Back in

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<v Speaker 1>the spring of fifteen seventy six, Elizabeth finally let the

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<v Speaker 1>fiction kind of that she might marry the Duke of

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<v Speaker 1>Alancan die.

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<v Speaker 2>He's now going to be known as the Duke of Anjou.

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<v Speaker 1>By the way, this gets a little bit confusing, but

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<v Speaker 1>just know that Catherine de Metichi's youngest son takes over

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<v Speaker 1>the title of Duke of Anjou after Anried becomes the king.

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<v Speaker 1>Now during the early months of fifteen seventy seven, Walsingham's spies,

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<v Speaker 1>now an effective force, gradually exposed a Catholic conspiracy that

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<v Speaker 1>was mastermind by Don John of Austria, who assisted by

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<v Speaker 1>the ever present Duke of Geese, was plotting to invade

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<v Speaker 1>England with ten thousand troops, deposed Elizabeth and then return

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<v Speaker 1>the Kingdom to the Catholic fold.

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<v Speaker 2>The plan was that.

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<v Speaker 1>Don John would then marry Mary Stuart and rule jointly

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<v Speaker 1>with her. Walsingham, of course, urged the Queen to take

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<v Speaker 1>punitive measures against Mary, but once again she refused.

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<v Speaker 2>Used.

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<v Speaker 1>She did, however, Knight Walsingham for his years of service

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<v Speaker 1>to the state. Now, fortunately for England, Don John was

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<v Speaker 1>far too preoccupied with affairs in the Netherlands to put

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<v Speaker 1>his plans into effect. Now there's an aspect to elizabeth

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<v Speaker 1>in history that I have not mentioned at all, but

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<v Speaker 1>is certainly worth knowing about, and that is, of course discovery.

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<v Speaker 1>The Elizabethan age was one age of discovery when it

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<v Speaker 1>seemed like European knowledge of the world grew exponentially day

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<v Speaker 1>by day. Spain, as we know, had by now explored

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<v Speaker 1>and colonized large swaths of the Americas. Portugal had done

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<v Speaker 1>the same in Africa and now in Brazil. Now new

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<v Speaker 1>markets also meant new opportunities for pirates, and this is

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<v Speaker 1>truly when we're starting to get into the Golden age

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<v Speaker 1>of piracy. The most famous of these, or maybe infamous,

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<v Speaker 1>and there were several, of course, was Sir Francis Drake.

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<v Speaker 1>Drake on May the twenty fourth, fifteen seventy two, had

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<v Speaker 1>sailed from Plymouth to the New World, his purpose being

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<v Speaker 1>too exact retribution from the Spaniards who had attacked and

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<v Speaker 1>harried his ships during earlier voyages. Fifteen months later, he

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<v Speaker 1>returned from the Americas with a massive horde of treasure

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<v Speaker 1>looted from Spanish ships. This was not the first time

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<v Speaker 1>English privateers had seized Spanish treasure, but it was the

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<v Speaker 1>greatest haul by far. News of Drake's booty and his

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<v Speaker 1>colorful adventures soon reached the Queen, who was jubilant at

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<v Speaker 1>the thought of how maddened King Philip would be by

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<v Speaker 1>such blatant piracy and fascinated by Drake's exploits. Overnight, the

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<v Speaker 1>man became famous throughout England, notorious in Spain, where he

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<v Speaker 1>was called eld Daki the Dragon. Naturally, Spanish envoys complained

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<v Speaker 1>to Elizabeth, but while she was vaguely conciliatory or pretended

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<v Speaker 1>to be concerned, did absolutely nothing to stop these acts

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<v Speaker 1>of piracy, and indeed she benefited from them, since much

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<v Speaker 1>of the looted treasure went directly into the English coffers.

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<v Speaker 1>At the end of fifteen seventy seven, Francis Drake set

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<v Speaker 1>off in his ship the Pelican on what was to

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<v Speaker 1>be an epic world voyage. His priority, however, was not exploration,

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<v Speaker 1>but once again to bother the Spaniards who had retaliated

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<v Speaker 1>for his seizure of their treasure by attacking English ships.

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<v Speaker 1>There was a great deal of public interest in the venture,

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<v Speaker 1>and Walsingham arranged for Drake to be presented to the

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<v Speaker 1>Queen before he left. According to our records, she greeted

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<v Speaker 1>him as follows, quote Drake, so it is that I

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<v Speaker 1>would be revenged on the King of Spain for the

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<v Speaker 1>diver's injuries I have received end quote.

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<v Speaker 2>Drake answered that the most effective.

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<v Speaker 1>Way to do this would be to prey on Philip's

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<v Speaker 1>ships and settlements in the Indies, with which Elizabeth wholeheartedly agreed.

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<v Speaker 1>But it wasn't all all parties and pirates in the

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<v Speaker 1>late fifteen seventies. In March fifteen seventy eight, the most

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<v Speaker 1>recent Scottish regent lost power and James Fourth became the

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<v Speaker 1>King of Scotland in his own name. Just before then,

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<v Speaker 1>in January fifteen seventy eight, news came that the Protestant

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<v Speaker 1>Dutch armies had suffered a crushing defeat at the hands

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<v Speaker 1>of Don John of Austria, which gave Elizabeth cause to

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<v Speaker 1>point out to Dudley that she had been right all

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<v Speaker 1>along about not wanting to involve England in a war,

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<v Speaker 1>and it.

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<v Speaker 2>Might lose instead.

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<v Speaker 1>She now hoped to use her diplomatic influence with Philip

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<v Speaker 1>the Second to bring about a settlement that was not

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<v Speaker 1>only acceptable to both sides, but also to English interests.

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<v Speaker 1>Thanks to the provocation given to King Philip by English

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<v Speaker 1>privateers and the help supplied to the Dutch by Elizabeth,

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<v Speaker 1>the peace with Spain was on a precarious footing, to

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<v Speaker 1>say the least, and fears were expressed that Philip might

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<v Speaker 1>yet invoke the Pope's interdict and make the rumored enterprise

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<v Speaker 1>of England, that is, the invasion of England, become a reality,

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<v Speaker 1>making matters worse. It was just when the Duke of

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<v Speaker 1>Anjou now again this is Catherine de Medici's youngest son,

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<v Speaker 1>raised a soon to be fruitless plan to invade the

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<v Speaker 1>Netherlands with French troops, which was the very very last

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<v Speaker 1>thing that Elizabeth wanted. It was under these circumstances that

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<v Speaker 1>Elizabeth began to consider marriage again to Anjou, the youngest

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<v Speaker 1>son of Catherine de Medici. In fact, his messenger brought

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<v Speaker 1>a formal marriage treated to the Queen in March fifteen

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<v Speaker 1>seventy nine. But there was still the issue of religion,

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<v Speaker 1>and this divided Elizabeth's counsel as they debated the treaty. Sure,

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<v Speaker 1>Anjou seemed happy to convert for Elizabeth's sake right now,

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<v Speaker 1>but I mean, at this point he was the heir

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<v Speaker 1>to the throne of France and therefore required to remain

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<v Speaker 1>a Catholic. Plus Elizabeth was forty five and too old

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<v Speaker 1>under the standards of the age to even consider having children.

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<v Speaker 1>But in the end it didn't matter. The Privy Council

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<v Speaker 1>rejected so many French terms that Anjou could not possibly

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<v Speaker 1>have accepted the treaty, the fact that Elizabeth certainly knew.

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<v Speaker 1>True to her policy, however, she continued to string the

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<v Speaker 1>French and Anjou along, insisting she might still consider the

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<v Speaker 1>match despite her council, if only Anjou came to England.

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<v Speaker 1>So desperate, in fact, was Anjou that he sailed for

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<v Speaker 1>Greenwich that August. According to all our reports, the two

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<v Speaker 1>got along quite well despite the age difference, and for

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<v Speaker 1>perhaps maybe the only time in her reign, it looked

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<v Speaker 1>as though Elizabeth might not be forever the Virgin Queen.

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<v Speaker 2>Yet this was of Courus's.

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<v Speaker 1>State and not a personal matter it'd always been, and

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<v Speaker 1>the reality was that the people of England were dead

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<v Speaker 1>set against a match with France, at least at this point.

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<v Speaker 1>In September, a Norfolk gentleman and Puritan, John Stubbs wrote

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<v Speaker 1>a pamphlet with what's got to be the longest time

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<v Speaker 1>in the history of the universe, and it's those whole thing,

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<v Speaker 1>the discovery of a gaping gulf whereby England is like

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<v Speaker 1>to be swallowed by another French marriage if the Lord

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<v Speaker 1>forbid it not bands letting her majesty see the sin

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<v Speaker 1>and punishment thereof. That's the title of the pamphlet. It

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<v Speaker 1>didn't sell very well. The pamphlet was printed, though and

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<v Speaker 1>published in London. It was widely distributed throughout England and

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<v Speaker 1>did influence public opinion to a large extent. Elizabeth was

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<v Speaker 1>furious beyond belief when she read the pamphlet.

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<v Speaker 2>Later that same month.

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<v Speaker 1>She issued a former statement condemning it well, at the

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<v Speaker 1>same time reminding her people that she would never change

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<v Speaker 1>her religion for marriage. Parliament was due to debate the

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<v Speaker 1>marriage treaty on October the twentieth, but Elizabeth postponed the

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<v Speaker 1>matter one month so that she could discuss it further

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<v Speaker 1>with her counsel. What followed were a series of the

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<v Speaker 1>most heated debates of her reign. Dudley and his faction

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<v Speaker 1>opposed the marriage Cecil and his cadre were in favor.

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<v Speaker 1>Matters went back and forth for weeks with no resolution.

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<v Speaker 1>Yet in her heart, Elizabeth knew she could not accept

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<v Speaker 1>the marriage treaty and keep the love of her subjects.

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<v Speaker 1>She would never give up the ladder, so she had

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<v Speaker 1>to reject the former. Still, in order to keep the

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<v Speaker 1>French on her side, Elizabeth was determined to string along

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<v Speaker 1>the negotiations as long as possible, a sport that she

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<v Speaker 1>was now quite accomplished in. In late November, she agreed

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<v Speaker 1>to sign the marriage contract with the proviso that the

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<v Speaker 1>formal treaty would need to be ratified by Parliament, and

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<v Speaker 1>she knew there was no chance of that. This would

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<v Speaker 1>allow her the ability to say no without actually doing so.

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<v Speaker 1>In the words of the Archbishop of York quote the

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<v Speaker 1>French matter was dashed end quote. They just didn't know

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<v Speaker 1>it yet. Now next week, in our episode, we stick

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<v Speaker 1>with England because things are finally going to come to

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<v Speaker 1>a head with May Stewart and she finally loses hers