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<v Speaker 1>Today we're looking at attention, perception, and consciousness. What is

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<v Speaker 1>perception anyway, Well, perception begins before awareness. You don't see everything,

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<v Speaker 1>you see what your brain allows, and perception tends to

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<v Speaker 1>organize sensory input using principles that we'll be talking about

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<v Speaker 1>later figure ground, similarity, proximity, and continuity. Death Perception uses

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<v Speaker 1>monocular and binocular cues. Constancies help maintain stable perception despite

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<v Speaker 1>changing input, and we'll look at different types of constancies

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<v Speaker 1>a little later on. Attention includes selective divide and sustained

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<v Speaker 1>consciousness spans, wakefulness, sleep, hypnosis, and meditative states. And for

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<v Speaker 1>clinical relevance, we'll look at inattentional bindness, attentional bias, especially

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<v Speaker 1>in anxiety and depression, and some of the perceptual distortions

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<v Speaker 1>that you'll see in psychosis. So let's start off with

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<v Speaker 1>perceptual organization. This is something you remember probably early on

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<v Speaker 1>in your grad school years, the Gestalt principles on how

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<v Speaker 1>we perceive objects and scenes. And remember it isn't passive,

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<v Speaker 1>it's an active construction that you have. So figure ground

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<v Speaker 1>is distinguishing an object from its background. Similarity is grouping

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<v Speaker 1>similar elements. Proximity is grouping objects that are close together,

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<v Speaker 1>and continuity is perceiving continuous patterns. So if he's seeing

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<v Speaker 1>a face in a crowd, that's figure ground. Distinguishing an

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<v Speaker 1>object from its background while ignoring the background is ground

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<v Speaker 1>a component of the figure ground principle. So you need

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<v Speaker 1>to recognize these gestalt laws and let's blow them up

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<v Speaker 1>a little bit more and get into more details. The

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<v Speaker 1>figure ground again is a tendency to separate the visual

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<v Speaker 1>field into the figure the object. To focus on the

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<v Speaker 1>ground the background when reading a text, the words of

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<v Speaker 1>the figure in the white background is the ground. In

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<v Speaker 1>the therapy office at client my focus on a ticking

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<v Speaker 1>clock while tuning out the ambient sounds. This principles foundational

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<v Speaker 1>to visual perception is often tested using the famous Rubens

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<v Speaker 1>vase as a two faces or is it a vase?

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<v Speaker 1>Similarities and ex principle elements that are similar but are

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<v Speaker 1>perceived as part of the same group or pattern. A

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<v Speaker 1>therapist therapist notices that a client groups all red objects

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<v Speaker 1>and a drawing together even though they are in different locations,

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<v Speaker 1>indicating a perception based on color similarity. Questions may describe

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<v Speaker 1>scenes or visual patterns in the e triple P and

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<v Speaker 1>ask you to identify why certain elements or groups perceptually proximities.

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<v Speaker 1>Objects that are close together in space are perceived as

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<v Speaker 1>belonging together, and a group therapy sessions, clients sitting close

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<v Speaker 1>together may be perceived as being more aligned or supportive,

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<v Speaker 1>even if that's not the case. On a computer screen,

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<v Speaker 1>icons group tightly are seen as functionally related, and the

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<v Speaker 1>triple P be prepared to contrast this with similarity. Proximity

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<v Speaker 1>refers to space, not appearance. Continuity for the final one,

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<v Speaker 1>as we perceive lines, patterns, or trajectories as continuing in

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<v Speaker 1>a smooth path rather than changing direction. So a child

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<v Speaker 1>drawing a snake continues a wavy line rather than suddenly

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<v Speaker 1>turning it into a square. This reflects the tendency to

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<v Speaker 1>follow visual flow, may appear in neurosych style questions involving

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<v Speaker 1>visual tracking. Another one I will add to it. It's

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<v Speaker 1>called closure, the tendency to fill in missing parts of

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<v Speaker 1>a visual stimulus to perceive a complete whole object. So

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<v Speaker 1>when you're looking at a circle with small gap, you

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<v Speaker 1>perceive it as a full circle. Clients with high anxiety

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<v Speaker 1>may fill in social gaps with negative assumptions it's a

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<v Speaker 1>cognitive analog to perceptual closure. A couple other ones that

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<v Speaker 1>we're going to throw in. There are common fate objects

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<v Speaker 1>moving in the same direction or speed perceived as part

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<v Speaker 1>of a group, So a flock of birds flying together

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<v Speaker 1>as seen as one unit. And yet therapy, this could

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<v Speaker 1>be a metaphor for social grouping children moving together on

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<v Speaker 1>a playground and perceived as a path by an excluded child.

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<v Speaker 1>Symmetry symmetrical images or perceived as being part of the

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<v Speaker 1>same group, as well to symmetrical tattoos on a client's arms,

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<v Speaker 1>may be seen as part of a unified theme. It

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<v Speaker 1>can't appear in a projective test interpretation, where symmetrical responses

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<v Speaker 1>on the warshack are perceived differently than asymmetrical ones. Now

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<v Speaker 1>we'll head back to perceptual constancies, and this will be

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<v Speaker 1>another area that you're gonna learn. You could probably you'll

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<v Speaker 1>have to learn. In regards for the a triple P,

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<v Speaker 1>I mean each triple P. So the first one is

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<v Speaker 1>size constancy. Constancy a person walking towards you doesn't appear

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<v Speaker 1>to grow larger. Perceptual constancy keeps our experiences stable despite

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<v Speaker 1>changes in sensory input. Shape, constancy. A door remains rectangle

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<v Speaker 1>even as it opens. Color constancy. A red apple under

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<v Speaker 1>a blue light still appears rat Death perception is another

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<v Speaker 1>one which develops an infancy, and it's supported by what

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<v Speaker 1>they call binocular cues. You see, we have slight differences

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<v Speaker 1>between eyes that create death. This is called retinal disparity.

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<v Speaker 1>Convergence is when eye muscles contract more when objects are near.

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<v Speaker 1>Monocular cues are a linear perspective, relative size, interposition, and

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<v Speaker 1>texture radiant. Let's look at these. So again, let's look

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<v Speaker 1>at these. Linear perspective means parallel lines appear to converge

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<v Speaker 1>in the distance. The train tracks appear to get closer

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<v Speaker 1>together as they move toward the horizon. This may appear

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<v Speaker 1>in questions about gestalt perception, like death illusions or how

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<v Speaker 1>artists use death cues. No, it's a monocular cue, despite

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<v Speaker 1>the illusion of death. Relative size. If two objects are

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<v Speaker 1>known to be the same size, the one that appears

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<v Speaker 1>smaller is perceived is farther away. A person standing further

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<v Speaker 1>down a hallway appears smaller than someone closer, even though

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<v Speaker 1>they are the same height. This is often used again

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<v Speaker 1>in projective testings, visual illusions and developmental vision questions will

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<v Speaker 1>also use them, so how infants learn death. Interposition also

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<v Speaker 1>known as occlusion. When one object overlaps another, the overlapping

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<v Speaker 1>object is perceived as closer. A tree in front of

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<v Speaker 1>a house is perceived to be closer than the house.

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<v Speaker 1>It appears in perception, gestalt principles, and possibly projective test

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<v Speaker 1>analysis where visual hierarchy is relevant. The next and last

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<v Speaker 1>is what they call the texture gradient and the definition

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<v Speaker 1>there of texture gradients. Objects closer to the viewer have

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<v Speaker 1>more detailed textures, those farther away appear smoother or blurrier.

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<v Speaker 1>So individual blades of grass are visible obviously up close,

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<v Speaker 1>but appears a green blur in the distance. Sometimes grouped

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<v Speaker 1>with ecological psychology like Gibson, relevant for questions on death

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<v Speaker 1>cues without motion. We did talk about retinal disparity, so

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<v Speaker 1>again each eye receives a slightly different image of the

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<v Speaker 1>brain compares these to perceived death. Important for understanding three

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<v Speaker 1>D perceptions stereopsis stereopsis and may appear in vision, perception

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<v Speaker 1>or neuropsychology sections. The other one is bringing finger close

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<v Speaker 1>to your nose, you feel your eyes crossing its convergence.

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<v Speaker 1>Like we talked about earlier, and now we mentioned a

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<v Speaker 1>couple of things here. Clients with visual or neurological conditions

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<v Speaker 1>may misjudge space or object permanence, especially in what they

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<v Speaker 1>call visual agnosia or neglect syndromes, and you also might

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<v Speaker 1>see it in psychosis. So let's see here with visual

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<v Speaker 1>agnosia is a neurological condition which a person can see

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<v Speaker 1>but cannot recognize or interpret visual information despite intact vision.

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<v Speaker 1>That is not a problem with the eyes, but actually

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<v Speaker 1>a higher order of visual processing in the occipital temporal cortex.

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<v Speaker 1>There are other types of visual aagnosias, like aperceptive agnosia

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<v Speaker 1>cannot perceive form of objects or associate of agnosia cannot

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<v Speaker 1>perceive shapes but cannot assigned can perceive shapes but cannot

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<v Speaker 1>sign meaning to them, so they can draw a dog

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<v Speaker 1>but can't say that's a dog. And apperceptive agnosia, I

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<v Speaker 1>forgot to give you an example. It can't copy or

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<v Speaker 1>match shapes. Prosopagnosia, which you probably heard as inability to

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<v Speaker 1>recognize faces, so you can't recognize familiar people. Neuroanatomy lesions

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<v Speaker 1>usually occur in the occipital lobe, particularly in the ventral

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<v Speaker 1>stream write, hemisphere lesions off and affect face and object recognition,

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<v Speaker 1>be able to distinguish visual agnosia in the E triple

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<v Speaker 1>P from anomia, which is naming difficulty but with recognition

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<v Speaker 1>intact HEMI neglect which is attention deficit not perception, cortical

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<v Speaker 1>blindness loss of vision due to brain damage. So those

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<v Speaker 1>are some of the ideas there in regards to that

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<v Speaker 1>visual agnosia and neglect syndromes. We move on next to

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<v Speaker 1>what they call attention mechanisms, So we look at selective attention,

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<v Speaker 1>which is spoke using on one stimulus while filtering others.

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<v Speaker 1>Probably heard of the cocktail party. Effectively hearing a name

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<v Speaker 1>in a noisy room shows attention some sensitivity to relevance,

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<v Speaker 1>Divided attention, splitting focus across multiple tasks, accurate and speed suffer.

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<v Speaker 1>For a few decades ago, they used to think multitasking

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<v Speaker 1>was great, and then they realized I wasn't. So a

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<v Speaker 1>clinician writing notes while listening may missubtle emotional cue. This

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<v Speaker 1>is why some clinicians don't take notes. Sustained attention holding

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<v Speaker 1>focus over time. This is often impaired in ADHD or

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<v Speaker 1>TBI and major depressive disorder ADHD, including inconsistent focus like

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<v Speaker 1>shifting attention too quickly or hyper focusing unpredictably, impaired executive control,

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<v Speaker 1>poor task switching and inhibition, and finally, frontal lobe under activation,

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<v Speaker 1>especially in the dorsal lateral pre funnel cortex. Attention is

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<v Speaker 1>fragile clients with depression though also they focus on negative cues,

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<v Speaker 1>but also have a hard time focusing and struggle to disengage.

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<v Speaker 1>Anxious clients may scan for threat and miss safety signals.

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<v Speaker 1>This is called attentional by I mentioned depression and anxiety,

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<v Speaker 1>so selective attention is impaired as well. In depression. Reducibility

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<v Speaker 1>to disengage from negative stimuli is usually one of the issues.

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<v Speaker 1>In anxiety, it's also impaired focusing on threat related stimuli.

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<v Speaker 1>Hypervigilance is it's going to have with selective attention, and

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<v Speaker 1>this will probably show up in the cognitive biases DOT

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<v Speaker 1>pro tasks. Another one is this sustained attention, So somebody

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<v Speaker 1>with depression I often feel it's often decreased when it

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<v Speaker 1>comes to sustained attention, especially on monotonous or non rewarding tasks.

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<v Speaker 1>For anxiety, it may be intact or even increase, but

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<v Speaker 1>vigilance may be threat specific. And finally, as divided attention

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<v Speaker 1>managing multiple streams of information simultaneously. It's reduced in cognitive

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<v Speaker 1>flexibility and people with depression and difficulty switching between tasks.

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<v Speaker 1>For people with anxiety, it may be impaired under stress

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<v Speaker 1>due to preoccupation with danger. They'll they get tested in

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<v Speaker 1>the dual time paradigms. Finally, as executive attention, and this

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<v Speaker 1>is managing conflicts conflicting demands. For depression, it is impaired

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<v Speaker 1>as well, especially in goal setting and overwriting automatic responses.

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<v Speaker 1>For people with anxiety, it's also impaired difficulty inhibiting attention

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<v Speaker 1>to irrelevant threats. So again, people with ADHD have this,

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<v Speaker 1>people with depression will have it and anxiety but just

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<v Speaker 1>slightly varied a little bit. So we're going to the

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<v Speaker 1>last sections. Now, we'll head over to our clinical phenomena

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<v Speaker 1>that is associated with attention and will wrap up with

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<v Speaker 1>states of consciousness. Again. Inattentional blindness is failing to see

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<v Speaker 1>visible stimuli when focused elsewhere. Probably remember the famous gorilla video. Fortunately,

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<v Speaker 1>lots of lossless pizaz once all the students start seeing

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<v Speaker 1>it you remember the person experiment showed people missed the

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<v Speaker 1>person in a gorilla too while counting basketball passes. Change

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<v Speaker 1>blindness is not noticing all obvious changes in a visual scene.

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<v Speaker 1>A client may not notice how their moved shifts. When

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<v Speaker 1>discussing trauma and attentional bias and anxiety. For instance, clients

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<v Speaker 1>over attempt to threat cues and depression attention lingers on

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<v Speaker 1>sad faces, failures, or loose losses. These biases maintain symptoms

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<v Speaker 1>and are targeted and CBT and attention bias modification techniques.

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<v Speaker 1>Last area of state of consciousness, we're going to go

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<v Speaker 1>over some of the things we talked about during sleep.

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<v Speaker 1>Consciousness is not all or nothing, though it exists on

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<v Speaker 1>a spectrum. Like most things in the psychiatric world, each

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<v Speaker 1>state reflects a distinct neural pattern, though wakefulness is associated

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<v Speaker 1>with the beta waves, fast through regular brain activity, active thinking, alertness,

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<v Speaker 1>and problem solving occur here. Sleep stages. Sleep follows a

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<v Speaker 1>cycle of non rem and rem stages. Stage one is

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<v Speaker 1>light sleep and beta waves. Stage two is sleep spindles

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<v Speaker 1>and k complexes. Remember that one memory consolidation sleep three.

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<v Speaker 1>Stage three is deep sleep and delta waves, physical restoration

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<v Speaker 1>and then REM sleep, which is rapid eye movement, vivid drimming,

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<v Speaker 1>paradoxical sleep like brain active and the body's I'm moving

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<v Speaker 1>and let's see and from there we're moving over to REM.

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<v Speaker 1>Sleep plays a role in emotional regulation, procedural memory, trauma processing.

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<v Speaker 1>Sleep deprivation increases emotional reactivity and impairs prefrontal regulation hypnosis.

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<v Speaker 1>We're not going to get into whether it's rail or not.

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<v Speaker 1>It's a focused state of awareness with increase such as suggestibility.

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<v Speaker 1>Brain imaging shows changes in anterior singular cortex involved in

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<v Speaker 1>attention and conflict monitoring used in pain control, habit change,

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<v Speaker 1>and trauma work, but only in suggestible individuals. Meditation, different

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<v Speaker 1>types focused attention are linked to increased alpha and theta

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<v Speaker 1>activity and changes in default mode network activity. Long term

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<v Speaker 1>meditation can reduce stress and improve focus and promote emotion regulation.

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<v Speaker 1>A client with PTSD, for instance, reports disassociation during meditation.

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<v Speaker 1>This isn't resistance, It may just reflect altered consciousness related

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<v Speaker 1>to trauma history. Mindfulness may need to be adapted or

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<v Speaker 1>replaced with rounding so I gain At the end of

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<v Speaker 1>the day. Perception, attention, and consciousness pack shape the raw

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<v Speaker 1>material of our experience, what clients see, what they miss,

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<v Speaker 1>and what they remember all flow through these systems. Next

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<v Speaker 1>time we'll be talking about the learning theories and their

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<v Speaker 1>clinical expect expectations or applications. I'm sorry we're revisiting the

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<v Speaker 1>old days from undergrad. We'll be looking at Pavlov and

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<v Speaker 1>Skinner again in a different way though, how you can

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<v Speaker 1>use it clinically and in the E triple P. Thanks

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<v Speaker 1>for listening, everybody,