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Speaker 1: Welcome back to everybody. Today, we're'll be looking at growth

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and lifespan development. We'll be looking at revisiting developmental theories

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like PJA, the stages, ericson psychosocial stages. We're going to

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throw in the moral component in Kolberg's levels as well

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as Vagotsky's social cultural theory and have these work in therapy.

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So we also look at neo pas and theories. But

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I can even say it well, so let's look at PJA.

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Remember the four stages of sensorimoter is birth to two

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years old. This is where learning happens through sensation and movement, develops,

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object permanence, where otens exist when unseen, So it's developing

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towards the end. Begin Gold goal directed behavior and symbolic

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play Attachment theory can also be seen right around this

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age group. So it's an interesting group. If you compare

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it to Ericson, it combines almost two stages because sensory

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mooter is birth to two and Ericson you have trust

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versus mistrust birth to one, autonomy versus shame, and doubt

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into three. So a little bit of an overlap between

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those two. We'll move on over to stage two. Which

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is pre operational stage two to seven. Language use explodes,

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logic is limited, It shows egocentrism, difficulty seeing others perspectives.

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This is where you can see if something happened, some

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kind of traumatic event, emotional abuse and neglect. During this

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stage we can see a lot of this, right, Narcissism

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you can surmise could be developed around here. Struggle with

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conservation and reversibility, engage in magical thinking and animism. Stage three.

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The brain is working quite differently here. You can see

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concrete operational stage seven to eleven. And if you think

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about the books, look at the books that you're getting

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for a six year old comparedor an eleven year old,

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and what happens to a twelve or thirteen year old.

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Right at that point you start up taking quite a

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bit the intensity of the book, of the complexity. And

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now you're starting to go into books more like Jane

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Austen around fourteen fifteen because of the complex city of

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the writing. But even at twelve, you can shoot up

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into Sherlock Holmes's world. Going back again concrete operational seven

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to eleven, you'll see think logically about concrete events, understand conservation, classification,

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and beginning to learn cause and effect, starting to understand

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the reasons behind why certain things happen, at least they

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think they do. They still struggle though, with abstract ideas,

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and this is where formal operational stage, the final one

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twelve plus I think as a winter formal to think

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of kind of a teenager. They think abstractly and hypothetically.

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They engage in deductive reasoning and consider future consequences and

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moral dilemmas, and we approach that later. Of course, there's

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some criticism to pha's models that underestimates children abilities in

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certain contexts intends to ignore cultural variation. Of course, today's

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generation with the amount of exposure they after the Internet

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and knowledge, these stages could be slightly different and assessments

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though use tasks appropriate to cognitive stage. A seven year

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old won't solve that algebra, but they can group blocks

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by shape and size. This is what the differences are

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in their thinking compattern pattern. Also, you can see there's

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double developmental challenges erics and psychosocial stages. Like we mentioned before,

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there's eight of them, and the first one is trust

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versus mistrust, which is birth to one. Reliable caregiving builds

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security Here again attachment theory. Number two is a timomy

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versus shame and doubt. Independence grows through choice and boundaries

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one through three. Right. We see a lot of mobile

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activity here, so they have more choice, especially when they're walking.

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Now you have to create boundaries. They can explore their

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world in a different capacity. Number three is initiative versus guilt.

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It's assertiveness, goal setting, imagination. This is between the ages

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of three to six. Industry versus inferiority is similar to

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pha It's six to twelve real similar age range mastery

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through school and social tests. PHA was concrete operational seven

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to eleven, and Eric's and identity versus rold confusion starts

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around middle school twelve to eighteen. Here's self definition and

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value alignment. At eight eighteen to forty we have intimacy

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versus isolation, deep relationships and vulnerability. PHA cuts it off

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more on the cognitive development stage here in intimacy versus isolation,

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deep relations and vulnerability are a big thing. Number seven

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is generativity versus stagnation. Is this for forty to sixty

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five year olds legacy contribution mentoring others. And number eight

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is antigrity integrity versus despair. Life review and acceptance of

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what happened in your life. So there are a lot

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of concerns reflecting unresolved earlier stages. And perfectionistic adult for instance,

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could carry shame from failed autonomy early on in one

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to three age, a struggling team if you wrestling that

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with depression, but with who they are. This also you

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can start thinking about identity diffusion and borderline personality disorder.

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This is going to be interesting as well as personality

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disorders in general, so it could be issues happening and

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ages six twelve to eighteen. There's a lot of different

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variables here. We head over to Coldberg stages of moral development.

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He examined how people justify right and wrong, focus on reasoning,

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not behavior. He used more dilemmas like the famous Heinz dilemma.

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Or the individual doesn't have enough money for medication for

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his wife and it might cost or her life. He

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asked the pharmacist. The pharmacist rejects him, says no, you

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can't have it even it can't put it in a

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layaway or anything of that sort. So the man comes

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back and steals it. And at pre conventional level typical

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and young children they look at it as an obedience

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and punishment the way they look at morality. It's what's

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wrong if I get punished, So unless they get punished,

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they don't think it's wrong. Self interest, what's in it

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for me is another stage. Then you go into conventional level.

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There's two stages there, or two levels adolescents. In most

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adults here number three is interpersonal accord be nice, so

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others approved. So one in two is the pre conventional

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obedience and punishment. Self interest is inconventional and this will

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be nice, so others approve. And the other one is

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authority in order or bay rules to maintain order. And

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lastly is the post conventional level. This is the minority

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of adults that have a social contract. Rules exist for

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fairness but can be changed. And then number six is

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universal ethical principles. Right, it's based on internal moral reasoning,

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which of course leads to the argument of relativity. Krahlberg's

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framework has also not immune to criticism as a criticism

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towards bias towards Western ideals, individualistic notions and morality and color,

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collectivistic cultures, values such as group harmony and duty and

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relationship obligations, especially in the family might be considered markers

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of moral maturity. Think about it this way. When you're

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exploring somebody's ethical decision making, especially how they view themselves

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internally or other people of what they're doing done wrong,

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this is going to be thinking important if the was

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of adolescence things of that nature. Vygotsky's social cultural theory,

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he emphasized culture, language, and social interaction as the engines

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of development. Zone of proximal development is the key concept

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in his theory, the gap between when a learner can

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do alone and what they can do with help. Scaff

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folding supportive structure broughted by a more skilled other, a teacher,

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so forth. Private speech. Children talk to themselves to guide behavior,

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internalizes later into thought and practice. Therapy can be used

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as a form of scaffolding, providing support within the client's

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zone of proximal development. Clients may not immediately leak to insight,

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but with appropriate supporting language to that to the development level,

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meaning growth happens. The neo PHA theories advanced by researchers

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such as Case and Fisher give a little twist a

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pha PHA stages by incorporating elements of information processing, working

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memory capacity, and domain specific knowledge, we're anywhere on the

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computer type of a perception here. It also assists, though,

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in explaining why children may show advanced reasoning and areas

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of expertise even if their overall abstract reasoning is not developed.

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Development isn't just stage based occurring to the neophas. It

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also depends on cognitive load, task complexity, and emotional regulation.

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It emphasizes that children may show advanced reasoning and areas

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of expertise, even if not across all domains. There are

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cultural individual variations as well. Stage theories often imply universal sequences. However,

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research shows development and shape by culture, experience, and education.

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Western models privileged autonomy, logic and verbal expression. Non Western

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and may emphasize interdependent social maturity or social development. Children

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expose of trauma, neglect to chronic stress may show delays, regressions,

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or adaptive changes. Clinical applications, developmental assessment tools tools normed

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and diverse populations considered developmental stage, not just chronological stage

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age AJUST interpretation for clinic. For clients with atypical trajectories

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like neurodivergence, trauma exposed intervention planning, you can use PHA

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to Taylor learning based strategies, while Eric sent to explore identity,

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trust or generativity, Coldberg to assess moral reasoning, and by

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Gootsky to pay skilled building within reach and not beyond it.

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So development theories again are tools. They're not templates that

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help us understand that just how people grow, but how

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to meet them where they are. If you want to

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start a little bit more of an understanding of a

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typical development, PHA delays may suggest learning disabilities, Ericsonian stagnation

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may appear in midlife too, Depression, Coldberg based moral rigidity

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may emerge in OCD or autism, and Bygotsky, gaps in

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private speech may suggest language or executive function concerns. Next time,

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we'll be talking about attachment theory across the lifespan, so'll

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be covering Bowlby and Ainsworth. I'm sure you're familiar with them,

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so we're getting into that direction next time