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Speaker 1: Okay, so today we're doing another lecture series, and I

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wish I had a better background. I do. You could see,

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you know, I don't even have anything hung on the wall.

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Back there. I hung a mirror because nobody photos. But

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you know, it's really fucking depopera. It's just the white room.

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It's bleak, it's fucking you know, it's not the decor

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I would have chosen. If you could see what I got.

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And you know, I got some nice stuff up there,

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but not here. And then I'm wearing this this cat

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shirt that a friend I think he stole it from

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a truck stop for me years ago. You know, it's

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kind of a gag because he knows I hate feral cats.

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He knows I've got a fucking undying hatred for feral cats.

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No offense to them, you know, I think they're better

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off as fertilizer. You know, they kill a ton of wildlife.

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You know, people, people pity the feral cats. They don't

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pity the wild life that they fucking murk. Can't blame people,

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I guess they don't. You know, everyone's so disconnected. They

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don't think like that. They just see a cute animal.

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But uh, you know whatever, it's a it's a you know.

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I swear this will be the last cat I will

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ever bring home. I swear this will be the last

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cat I ever put in the ground, you know, to

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fertilize my native plants. I'm just kidding, ah kind of. Anyway,

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So today we're gonna talk about I love indoor cats.

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Think they're great. You keep your cat indoors are fucking great.

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You don't give it treats, built fucking ramps for it,

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you know, ladders and shit. Make sure it's cozy as hell.

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Take good care of it and empty its litterbox. That's good.

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You let that thing outside, it becomes a scourge in

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the environment, and especially if you if it newted it,

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then you start, you know, a burgeoning feral cat problem.

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I digress. Let's share the screen now, and we're gonna

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If this doesn't work, I'm using I'm using a different

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app for recording because the YouTube has just fucked me

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so bad anytime I do these line live streams. Okay,

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and I'm also recording this for the podcast too, because

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I figure some of you on long drives, you know,

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you want to learn about tissues, You want to learn

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about parent Kima and all this stuff. Uh so this

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will be your opportunity. Hopefully this is. Let me make

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sure this is working. There we go look at that.

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It's screen sharing. Nice all right, but I got a

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backup too in case it's not. YouTube has just fucking

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me so many times. I gotta drive. I'm driving to

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Mona Hans, Texas later tonight. Gonna gonna go say hi

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to the Mona Hans County Sheriff for fucking cop whatever. Yeah, hi, police,

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I just want to let you know. My name's Joey Santur.

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I'm gonna be in town for tonight. I've got a

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history as a petty criminal, used to do graffiti as

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a as a teenager. Anyway, Okay, never mind, I don't

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know what I'm talking abou let's just cut to the

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fucking chaser here. Going to the Oklahoma City Fungus Fair.

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I'll be talking there Saturday, doing a presentation on lawn

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and killing h you know, selling some merched t shirts, books,

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that kind of stuff. Anyway, so let's talk about plant

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tissues because this gets really confusing. I was hearing these

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words Paring Kaima, Colin Kai, all this stuff on and

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off for so long and not really knowing what the

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fuck it is. So plant tissues. Got three tissue systems. Okay,

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then some of these have Each one of these tissue

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systems has different subclassifications, subunits. Okay. The three tissue systems

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are surface tissue, dermal tissue. I don't like the word surface.

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Let's forget about the word surface. Okay, dermal epidermis okay,

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guard cells for stomata, tricombs okay, hairs cuticle. You know

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of the weed bros always say try combs. They just

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think weed. Maybe not so much anymore. Maybe people are

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a little more versed in botany these days. I remember

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when I first was doing videos and I mentioned tricombs,

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people just immediately thought of weed, not realizing that many

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plants have tri combs, even some mosses. Okay, three tissue systems,

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epidermal tissue, vascular tissue, and ground tissue. And you got

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these nice little these nice little graphs right now, graphs

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diagrams that I stole from my friend Matt Ritter, who

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teaches boutany of California Polytechnic over there. Wonderful man. Okay,

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you got a vascular bundle which is comprised of both

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xyleum and flowam, which occur together. Xylem takes water up,

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flow them takes sugars down, up, down, and all around. Okay,

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distributes the sugar's made and photosynthesis to the rest of

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the plant. Okay. Ground tissue, What the ship is ground tissue?

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You got Parenchyma, Colin Kima, Sclaring Kima. Okay, what the

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hell are those? You could say parankam I, you could

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say Colin Kami, you could say Sclaring commite. It doesn't matter.

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Anyone who's gonna correct your pronunciation is probably going to

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be a knob just to ignore them. What matters that

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you understand what the fuck these tissues do? Okay, So

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we have, uh, these three tissues, parent Chima, Colin Kima,

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Sclaring Chima, which are considered ground tissue. We have epidermal tissue,

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and we have vascular tissue. Three tissue systems. Okay, the

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tissue types right. Simple tissues are made of only one

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cell type. Complex tissues are made of multiple cell types. Okay.

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Vascular tissue and dermal tissue are complex tissue. They're composed

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of many different cell types. Ground tissues, simple tissue. Okay,

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excuse to me, I'm really sorry about that. Okay. They

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someone get mad at me they heard me talking that voice,

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like what are you making fun of gay people? He

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was like, fuck, no, I don't know. None of my

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gay friends actually talk like that. None of my my

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gay friends don't. I don't know what gay friends you have,

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but they're not. You know, that's my like white woman

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calling the police voice. You know, that's like my North

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Berkeley lady calling the police or yelling at you because

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your dog's off leash voice. Okay, that's like a bullshoes.

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It's more of a bourgeois thing, all right. Anyway, Okay,

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so tissue types, simple tissues, complex tissues, don't worry about

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that so much. We're not going to get into it.

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You got this nice little cross section, vascular tissue system,

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the tubes going through the leaf. You got the dermal

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tissue system, cross section of the stem dermal at dermis.

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It makes sense ground tissue that the green corky stuff

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right in the center, quirky and well, cork's not the

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well cork is a ground okay. And vascular system and

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vascular tissue the plumbing all right, same thing going on

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in the root, dermal ground vascular all right, apical marasimes.

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Back to the apical marasims are the points on a

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plant that undergo new growth, found at the tips of

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all roots and stems. An initial cell undergoes mitosis mitosis,

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excuse me. Contrast that with myosis, which only goes on

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on the gonades. Myosis is making haploid cells from diploid cells. Okay,

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initial cell undergoes mitosis and one of the daughter cells

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stays an initial cell. Contrast that with derivative initials and

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derivative while the second cell develops a wall which more

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or less stops it from dividing anymore. Apical marasimes can

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be thought of as the perpetually young part of the plant.

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I think I talked about this and shoots and roots

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in the last one of these podcast classes I did.

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So you got initial cells and derivative cell, derivative cells.

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Initials the cells that maintain the meristem. Okay. As a

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continuing source of new cells, member maristimes can turn into

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one of three different there's there's stem cells. Basically, it's

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it's undifferentiated tissue. Okay. Initials are the cells that maintain

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the marastem. Is a continuing source of new cells. Initials

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are the actively dividing plants sell in a meristem, and

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each division, one daughter cell remains in the mirrorstem is

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a new initial and the other is added to the

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growing plant body. All right. Initials are thought of as

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the perpetually young cells. Derivatives are cells that will eventually

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differentiate differentiate keyword into specialized cell types. Okay, now right here,

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we got a nice graph. We got appical mirrorstem. But

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there are three types of primary mirrorstems. Protoderm which turns

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into epidermis, protoderm EpiDerm miss all right, dermal tissue system.

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I mean, these turn into one of the three tissue

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systems ground meristem. Okay, So, protoderm, ground marasteme, pro cam.

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Ground maristem turns into ground tissues parent chyma colin chima,

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clarin chyma or parent comma colon kima whatever the ground

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tissue system, and the pro cambium turns into the primary

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asylum and the primary flowing the vascular tissue system. So

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the three primary marastims, protoderm, ground marisdem, pro cambium, these

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are all located in the appical maristime. When that shit

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is dividing when you're getting a burst of new growth. Okay,

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a burst of new growth, which we say in are

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that's at of like a mirtha steward voice. That's the

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the North Berkeley woman who's calling the police sending for

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having your dog off leash. Not not just you know,

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not just a gay man. Okay, it's not a game man,

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right the fuck someone took that? And Jesus Christ always

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I just a shit that people just want to get

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upset about. Fucking drives me nuts. Okay, So okay, so

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this this page is extremely important. You're gonna need to

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reference it again. Primary you get the three primary tissue

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types epidermis, ground tissues and vascular tissue, and primary marisims protoderm,

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ground maristem, and pro cambium. Okay, all right, nice little

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chart of the appicle marastem, got leaf, primordia, active new

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cell growth. You can see get the protoderm, the pro

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cambium in there. The ground maris them axillary bud systems,

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which will themselves turn into new apical marras stems when

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they get going. You also have apical marras stems on

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the root the root appical maris stem you get that

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root cap which acts like a little helmet, all right,

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and it can lose cells. The cells just get a

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braided off. Is that's that roots That root elongates through

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the soil, and then you've got appicle maris them pro cambium, protoderm,

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ground marast and then you get the root hairs in

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the vasket developing vascular cambium and cork cambium. If it's

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not a monocap, remember cork cambium and the lateral marason.

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The vascular cambium. If it's not a monocons don't don't

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have that. Monocots do not have secondary growth. They don't.

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They just grow up and down. They don't grow laterally.

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Some monocots, some of the aloes Xanthoria in Australia, the

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grass trees, maybe some yuccas, they have anomaloust secondary growth.

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But it's not true secondary growth, all right. A palm

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tree grows up and doesn't get much wider. It's just

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that's why they stay skinny and tall. The most monocots

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do not have uh, lateral marastimes. They have what is

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it interclorie marastimes. I forget what it's called. It's a

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special specialized type of maristhem and monocots. It's the way

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you can mow. That's the way you can mow the lawn.

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Do you like to do that? If that kind of sick,

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twisted shit is your is what you're what you're into.

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Let's see, do you get how about an interclorie mirror?

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Is that? Yeah, interclorie maras stems. But we're not going

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to get into that. We'll get into another interclorie maherstems

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are plant tissues that promote grow in alongation and plants,

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especially grasses in the monocots. Right there, you go, Okay,

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so move on along. You know what, The most of

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the root that's actually doing the absorbing is the new tissues. Okay,

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the stuff that's further back in the root, the older

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tissue is just doing. And there's a there's a part

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in Raven Biology of Plants, which is a PDF you

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can download from lib gen or from the Google drive folder.

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I might have shared. There's this is section twenty three

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that's dealing with this. I should have mentioned that in

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the first part. But there's a section. There's a section

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in Raven when he's talking about or the book is

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talking about because it's two authors, it's what is it

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Ikorn and Susan Everett, and they're talking about roots and

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the older tissue on roots, like the thicker roots are

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just involved in transport. It's the lateral the tips of

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the lateral roots and the tapper or whatever. The new

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growth basically with all the root hairs is what is

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doing most of the absorption of water and nutrients. And

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then the root hairs de is that thing keeps growing.

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So when you dig up a plant out of the ground,

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you're mostly breaking the new shit, the new tissue. That's

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why it's it's so easy to mess up if you're

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not getting a big chunk of root all because you're

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you know, you might think that, oh I keep I

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have the big roots. It's good, but you've severed all

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those are just doing transport. The new stuff, the new growth,

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the finer roots are what are doing most of the

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absorption of water and nutrients. Good to keep in mind. Okay,

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so there are three primary marisims, protoderm grimeris them in

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pro cambing. We already talked about this the primary tissues.

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Let's move on to the dermis, the epidermis. Okay, epidermis

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the outermost layer of cells more than one cell type,

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so they're complex. They're not simple tissues covered with a

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waxy cuticle layer to prevent water loss. Cuticle which is

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exuded by the epidermis. Okay, and it's that also, you

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00:12:53,759 --> 00:12:55,559
can have a farina on there, you can x, you

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can have extra cuticular wax. The shit gets deep, all right,

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especially when you go with arid land plants. Zero fights

232
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where they got to have a thicker cuticle. Okay, that

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thicker wax or waxy layer, that hydrophobic layer. All right,

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you got the guard cells form stomata. Hopefully everybody listening

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00:13:14,399 --> 00:13:16,919
to this podcast knows what stomata are. It's how plants

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take in CO two and let out water, vapor and oxygen,

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as well as some of the wonderful smells that they

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plants exude. On a warm summer night, say you know,

239
00:13:26,799 --> 00:13:30,720
by a railroad diamond in Chicago. Some of have some

240
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fucking wonderful smells I remember coming off of like the

241
00:13:33,679 --> 00:13:36,320
golden rods out of the leaves, not the flowers coming

242
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out of the leaves, and warm summer nights in Chicago

243
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as a little kid, just say, God, that smell. It's

244
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just thought, so it's what my front yard smells like,

245
00:13:44,759 --> 00:13:47,480
all right, because it's all just thick thornbrush, all right, Right,

246
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the tree crickets start up when the sun goes down.

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It sounds awesome and fucking smells great anyway. And tricomb's

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slash hairs part of the epidermal system. Epidermal system, there

249
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you go. Okay, tricombs can be living or dead. So

250
00:14:02,320 --> 00:14:03,639
you got you get a nice cross section of the

251
00:14:03,679 --> 00:14:10,840
epidermal system. You got the tricomb cuticle, stomata, guard cells,

252
00:14:11,799 --> 00:14:16,559
gases going in, going out, okay. Leaf is mostly composed

253
00:14:17,240 --> 00:14:22,679
of epidermis okay, which is dermal tissue, parentama, which is

254
00:14:22,720 --> 00:14:24,879
a ground tissue which we're gonna get to, and klinkama

255
00:14:24,960 --> 00:14:27,240
colin kamma is mostly like the harder parts of the leaf,

256
00:14:27,320 --> 00:14:30,200
like the veins, a little bit more structure than just

257
00:14:30,240 --> 00:14:34,559
the puffy parentcomma in the middle, right, the low density parentomma.

258
00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:39,919
So moving right along, nice beautiful picture of Aeriocarpus phisseratus flowering.

259
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All right. I use this because that's a good that's

260
00:14:42,320 --> 00:14:45,200
a good good plant to use as an example of

261
00:14:45,240 --> 00:14:47,440
the dermal tissue system. Look at the fucking epidermis on

262
00:14:47,480 --> 00:14:51,919
this thing. Thick cuticle, thick epidermis as well, Got a

263
00:14:51,919 --> 00:14:54,399
little bit of farina on there, got plenty of tricombs.

264
00:14:54,480 --> 00:14:59,120
All right, great, great specimen plant to use for a

265
00:14:59,159 --> 00:15:02,720
presentation about the epidermal system of plants. Okay. The cuticle

266
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is made up of a polymer called kutin, consisting of

267
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fatty acids, glycrol, and wax. It seals the inside of

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insides of plants oft from the atmosphere and protects against

269
00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:13,879
drying out. All plants had to evolve a cuticle when

270
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they evolved out of the green algae roughly four hundred

271
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and fifty million to five hundred million years ago. You

272
00:15:18,120 --> 00:15:22,080
should all have that fucking landmark on your geologic timeline.

273
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Degenerates along with the evolution of life three point eight

274
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billion years ago, a great oxygenation event two point two

275
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billion years ago, et cetera. The fuck you doing? Huh?

276
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If you don't know your geological landmarks, geologic time scale landmarks,

277
00:15:37,039 --> 00:15:40,480
you caryotic life when you caryotic life evolve one point

278
00:15:40,519 --> 00:15:44,879
seven million years ago, something like that? Look at that nice,

279
00:15:45,120 --> 00:15:48,080
nice money shot of this bee, would bee? Was that

280
00:15:48,120 --> 00:15:49,840
I forget one of the solitary bees. One of the

281
00:15:49,840 --> 00:15:55,240
beautiful desert solitary bees pollinating Aerocarpus phizzeratus, which are going

282
00:15:55,240 --> 00:15:58,639
off right now in the West Texas Desert. Okay, Acarpus

283
00:15:58,679 --> 00:16:01,240
pizzeratus has some of the thick cuticle of any plant,

284
00:16:01,279 --> 00:16:04,120
up to two hundred and fifty micrometers stick. Most plants

285
00:16:04,200 --> 00:16:07,759
have leaves with cuticle that is nine micrometer stick. There

286
00:16:07,759 --> 00:16:11,759
you go, tubercle of Aerocarpus piseratus showing waxy, wordy textured

287
00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:15,480
excuse me, cuticle and epidermis. Look at that nice drawing

288
00:16:15,519 --> 00:16:17,960
of it on the side too. That is fucking insane.

289
00:16:18,120 --> 00:16:22,879
That wardy, just that weird texture to that living rock cactus. Okay,

290
00:16:22,879 --> 00:16:25,799
this is cuticle on a gave. Have alreadyana during a

291
00:16:25,840 --> 00:16:28,440
salvage event. Some rich moron was killing a bunch of

292
00:16:28,759 --> 00:16:32,080
plants in his yard because he wants to just dump gravel.

293
00:16:32,120 --> 00:16:34,639
I don't know what he's doing. He's out of his mind,

294
00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:39,480
but anyway, and moving some of this atgave, I've alreadyana.

295
00:16:39,480 --> 00:16:43,000
I accidentally damaged it. That is probably not just cuticle.

296
00:16:43,080 --> 00:16:46,320
It might be, but actually talked to Jim Mossuth about this,

297
00:16:47,480 --> 00:16:51,159
who taught at U T Austin for a while, and

298
00:16:51,200 --> 00:16:53,919
that is probably a little bit epidermal tissue too, all right,

299
00:16:53,960 --> 00:16:56,960
but it's like a thick, plastic y translucent film. And

300
00:16:56,960 --> 00:16:59,960
then you can see the photosynthetic tissue of the agaya

301
00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:05,160
leaf blade below that, and all those fibers, whose wonderful fibers. Right.

302
00:17:05,480 --> 00:17:08,759
Peoti also has a thick cuticle but also has epicuticular

303
00:17:08,799 --> 00:17:11,119
waxtone as farina. I mean, all the other plants I

304
00:17:11,160 --> 00:17:14,039
showed you just now did too, but that's what gives

305
00:17:14,039 --> 00:17:18,319
them that kind of blue glaucous color as well. Right,

306
00:17:18,359 --> 00:17:24,319
that glaucous blue glaucus basically means chalky blue color reflecting UV.

307
00:17:25,119 --> 00:17:28,720
All right, onion peel epidermis, this is Ritter's slide that

308
00:17:28,759 --> 00:17:32,119
I stole. I got it close up with that the

309
00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:36,839
stomate right there with the guard cells, all right, number

310
00:17:36,839 --> 00:17:39,640
an onion bulb is just a stem and the onion

311
00:17:39,720 --> 00:17:47,079
peel are just leaves, all right. Okay, So stomata singular stoma,

312
00:17:47,160 --> 00:17:49,319
you got guard cells, and you gotta pores. Those guard

313
00:17:49,359 --> 00:17:54,720
cells inflate with water, become more turgid. The cells squish out,

314
00:17:54,799 --> 00:17:56,720
they buckle out because they got nowhere to go, thus

315
00:17:56,759 --> 00:17:59,640
allowing for the exchange of gases with the inside of

316
00:17:59,640 --> 00:18:05,000
the cell. Well water vapor out CO two in. All right.

317
00:18:05,880 --> 00:18:08,400
We should also mention a lot of aquatic plants don't

318
00:18:08,440 --> 00:18:12,559
have stomata or cuticle because they don't need it, all right,

319
00:18:14,319 --> 00:18:17,759
they secondarily lost it. Okay, So anyway, guard cells swollen,

320
00:18:17,880 --> 00:18:19,880
stoma opening, all right. There's also a lot of other

321
00:18:19,880 --> 00:18:23,920
shit going on here with potassium ions, and it's in

322
00:18:24,160 --> 00:18:28,039
ebsysic acid too. It's not as simple as just water in,

323
00:18:28,160 --> 00:18:30,400
water out, but blah blah blah, alright, it's there's a

324
00:18:30,440 --> 00:18:33,160
little bit more going on, but generally speaking, that that

325
00:18:33,359 --> 00:18:36,680
was guard cells filled with water, giving them more turgidity,

326
00:18:37,279 --> 00:18:39,240
and that's how they open. When they close, it's a

327
00:18:39,279 --> 00:18:45,519
little bit different, involves maybe some hormones, but anyway, all right,

328
00:18:45,720 --> 00:18:50,480
so cell wall vacuuole in there. We'll cover that next.

329
00:18:50,519 --> 00:18:55,880
The next class and cells chloroplasts, of which any plant

330
00:18:55,960 --> 00:19:00,279
cell can have twenty two one hundred chloroplasts. Chloroplas are

331
00:19:00,319 --> 00:19:04,880
one of three main types of plastid and then nucleus ocase. Anyway,

332
00:19:04,920 --> 00:19:09,799
so stomata opened, turgid, stomata closed, flacid. It's like Mitch

333
00:19:09,880 --> 00:19:13,559
McConnell's neck stomata in lofa for a cactus Payota, you

334
00:19:13,559 --> 00:19:15,640
can see little stomach, so it's a beautiful looking at

335
00:19:15,640 --> 00:19:17,880
it up close. Carbon dioxide goes in water, vapor and

336
00:19:17,880 --> 00:19:22,200
oxygen come out Payoti, like all cacti do cam photosynthesis,

337
00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:25,960
crass lece and acid metabolism, whereby they take in carbon

338
00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:29,400
dioxide at night so that they're opening their stomata at

339
00:19:29,480 --> 00:19:31,119
night when it's not hot as balls out, and then

340
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they close their stomata during the day and they take

341
00:19:34,640 --> 00:19:36,960
that carbon dioxide in when they're taking it at night.

342
00:19:36,960 --> 00:19:38,880
They store it in the form of malleate or malic

343
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acid and then can use and store that and then

344
00:19:45,240 --> 00:19:48,480
use it during the day for photosynthesis. All right, plenty

345
00:19:48,519 --> 00:19:51,720
of plants do crass lace and acid metablism. Fuck, there

346
00:19:51,799 --> 00:19:55,279
was a really cool cladogram that showed all the goddamn

347
00:19:55,319 --> 00:19:58,640
plants that do crastoles and acid metabolism. I wish I

348
00:19:58,640 --> 00:20:01,039
would have included in the It was in a paper.

349
00:20:02,039 --> 00:20:04,720
It was circular cladogram to a really nice one, you know,

350
00:20:04,759 --> 00:20:07,599
and showed all the plant families orchids, bromeliads, there's a

351
00:20:07,640 --> 00:20:12,039
couple of ferns. Really cool stuff and then carry offight lalies.

352
00:20:12,079 --> 00:20:18,920
The order has some of the most cam photosynthesis, you know,

353
00:20:19,039 --> 00:20:22,440
the ones that engage into camp photosynthesis. Right anyway, Stillmata

354
00:20:22,519 --> 00:20:27,119
and Christmas cactus aka Shlamburgera trancata. All right. Tricombs another

355
00:20:27,160 --> 00:20:30,519
part of the epidermal tissue system leaf hairs. You can

356
00:20:30,599 --> 00:20:32,400
see you got two different kinds of tricombs right here.

357
00:20:32,440 --> 00:20:35,519
One a glandular tricomb, a tricomb with a gland on it.

358
00:20:35,599 --> 00:20:39,559
The gland exudes a secondary metabolite of some sort. Okay.

359
00:20:39,599 --> 00:20:45,559
Carnivorous plants do this, they have glandular tricombs. Cannabis does this,

360
00:20:45,599 --> 00:20:49,960
has glandular tricombs, living tricombs. Okay, because remember tricombs can

361
00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:52,200
be dead or alive. And then you've got these other

362
00:20:52,200 --> 00:20:54,279
hairs too, Okay, So what a hairs do they do?

363
00:20:54,359 --> 00:20:56,599
A shit done? All right? They can be many uses.

364
00:20:56,640 --> 00:20:58,839
They can act like a frost cloth. Okay. During that

365
00:20:58,920 --> 00:21:01,319
Texas freeze, I had heliu at this Argophylus, the silver

366
00:21:01,359 --> 00:21:04,759
leaf sunflower outside. Though the temperatures got down to twenty

367
00:21:04,759 --> 00:21:08,240
eight degrees, it pulled through fine. Why because its leaves

368
00:21:08,279 --> 00:21:12,440
are densely coated in tricombs not for frost. It evolved

369
00:21:12,440 --> 00:21:16,960
on the hot and dry South Texas sandsheet. But you know,

370
00:21:17,039 --> 00:21:22,960
it initially evolved those to reduce the avapple transporation of

371
00:21:23,039 --> 00:21:26,960
water from its stomata by those hot, drying winds, and

372
00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:29,519
also reflects from sunlight. But it had the added benefit

373
00:21:29,559 --> 00:21:31,599
of acting like a frost cloth too, same thing like

374
00:21:31,640 --> 00:21:35,359
citrus farmers in Florida do when they're gonna get a freeze, right,

375
00:21:35,480 --> 00:21:38,079
it'll buy you that frost cloth, or the hairs will

376
00:21:38,079 --> 00:21:42,640
buy you four or five degrees fahrenheit of protection. It

377
00:21:42,640 --> 00:21:45,079
gets down to twenty you're fucked. But we're only getting

378
00:21:45,079 --> 00:21:46,759
out of twenty eight for a few hours in the

379
00:21:46,799 --> 00:21:50,000
morning that those hairs will protect you. Okay, But hairs

380
00:21:50,039 --> 00:21:54,079
also reflect uv light. Like we said, they act like

381
00:21:54,119 --> 00:21:57,039
a wind break and a little farmhouse on a prairie,

382
00:21:57,200 --> 00:22:01,839
right like you you know, you get the those flat landers, right,

383
00:22:01,880 --> 00:22:04,559
the winds just come ripping across the fucking flat lands.

384
00:22:04,920 --> 00:22:07,839
You got a little farmhouse out there, They just beat

385
00:22:07,880 --> 00:22:10,400
the shit out of your house. Whatever, what do you do?

386
00:22:10,559 --> 00:22:12,839
You build? You put up like a wind break. Okay,

387
00:22:13,359 --> 00:22:16,720
that's exactly what the tricombes are doing. On a leaf.

388
00:22:16,759 --> 00:22:20,240
They call it boundary layer humidity reduces the boundary layer

389
00:22:20,640 --> 00:22:24,799
or it increases the boundary layer of humidity, okay, which

390
00:22:24,960 --> 00:22:27,440
is confusing as fuck, But basically what it's doing is

391
00:22:27,440 --> 00:22:31,440
it's reducing airflow across the leaf, because airflow is anyone

392
00:22:31,480 --> 00:22:34,599
who's ever put a hot you know, put a fan

393
00:22:35,359 --> 00:22:39,279
on a clothesline in a garage, like you if I

394
00:22:39,319 --> 00:22:42,559
am trying to dry a fucking blanket because you know,

395
00:22:42,640 --> 00:22:45,799
my dog pissed on it or you know, or puked

396
00:22:45,839 --> 00:22:50,200
on it because she's been eating grass, you know. Uh,

397
00:22:50,279 --> 00:22:51,960
And I wash it and then I don't want to

398
00:22:51,960 --> 00:22:53,519
put in the dryer because it's going to take it

399
00:22:53,559 --> 00:22:55,880
makes the lumping sounds of painting ass. I'll go hang

400
00:22:55,920 --> 00:22:58,839
it in my hot ass garage in South Texas because

401
00:22:58,839 --> 00:23:00,519
I don't want to get beat by the v But

402
00:23:00,559 --> 00:23:02,240
I'll put in my hot ass garage, put a fan

403
00:23:02,279 --> 00:23:04,920
on it. Thing drives in like fucking ten minutes, right

404
00:23:04,920 --> 00:23:07,720
because airflow. If I don't turn the fan on, it'll

405
00:23:07,759 --> 00:23:11,200
take five times as long. It'll still dry, but it'll

406
00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:13,400
take five times as long. Okay, You put a fan

407
00:23:13,480 --> 00:23:15,680
on things, even if it's not that hot out, it'll

408
00:23:15,960 --> 00:23:19,599
that airflow will help that moisture evaporate. And that's exactly

409
00:23:19,680 --> 00:23:22,880
what's going on on a lot of leaves. So what

410
00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:25,559
is what do the hares do, especially in like windy, hot,

411
00:23:25,680 --> 00:23:27,519
dried desert. It's like the mojave where it could the

412
00:23:27,559 --> 00:23:30,160
winds can just be crazy that you know. Some of

413
00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:33,079
the hairriest plants come from the Mohave desert. Those hairs

414
00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:36,920
break up that airflow. They break up that airflow from

415
00:23:36,960 --> 00:23:39,759
hitting the leaf and prevent it from pulling moisture out

416
00:23:39,759 --> 00:23:44,680
of those stomata. Okay, okay, so anyway, glandular tricombes one

417
00:23:44,680 --> 00:23:47,160
of those types of tri combs. Some dows have glandular

418
00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:49,400
tricombes that act this fly paper all right. There you

419
00:23:49,400 --> 00:23:53,559
can see got a little drocera. All right, there's drascera

420
00:23:53,720 --> 00:23:58,599
traci from Florida. Wonderful illustration. You can see you've got tinier,

421
00:23:58,720 --> 00:24:01,920
much tinier tricombe on this unfurling leaf, and then you've

422
00:24:01,920 --> 00:24:04,200
got really long ones with the little gland on top. Right.

423
00:24:04,240 --> 00:24:08,000
Both are tricombs. All right, That was a fucking cool plant,

424
00:24:08,039 --> 00:24:14,519
all right, really long sticky leaves. Okay, These glandular tricombs

425
00:24:14,519 --> 00:24:16,720
are dermal tissues and part of the dermal tissue system,

426
00:24:16,799 --> 00:24:19,359
of which there are two other systems. Remember ground tissues

427
00:24:19,640 --> 00:24:21,799
and vasco tissues. Just give you a little reminder there.

428
00:24:21,960 --> 00:24:25,240
This is real rigula, then Tata the flypaper plant, this

429
00:24:25,359 --> 00:24:28,920
shit eater from South Africa. Okay, I'm not being mean.

430
00:24:28,960 --> 00:24:31,519
It literally eats shit. Okay, It's got this bug which

431
00:24:31,519 --> 00:24:37,319
co evolved with it. What is it palm Palmeridia marlothii

432
00:24:37,559 --> 00:24:41,279
or rorigulae. There's two species of Origula, both in South Africa.

433
00:24:41,319 --> 00:24:44,440
They grow in different much different environments. One grows on

434
00:24:44,559 --> 00:24:49,039
very dry soil, one grows in boggy typical carnivorous plant substrate.

435
00:24:49,079 --> 00:24:51,839
They both each has their own species of this bug

436
00:24:52,599 --> 00:24:55,079
that can walk on the leaves without getting stuck, eat

437
00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:57,480
the bugs that do get stuck. Takes a dump and

438
00:24:57,519 --> 00:25:00,880
then the plant uses that as it's nitrogen source. So

439
00:25:00,880 --> 00:25:03,720
the plant is not actually secreting enzymes to break down

440
00:25:03,759 --> 00:25:06,359
the bugs like many carnivorous plants through it's eating the shits.

441
00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:09,440
The gg on plant. Okay, this is where Originla gorgonas

442
00:25:09,519 --> 00:25:12,759
right here with a different species of that insect. But

443
00:25:12,799 --> 00:25:16,440
look at those really glandular tricombes. Look at that. This

444
00:25:16,559 --> 00:25:18,640
was such a cool spot. Goddamn, there were so many

445
00:25:19,279 --> 00:25:21,880
cool plants there. You can see all this land's been

446
00:25:21,880 --> 00:25:25,319
converted to agriculture. It's not okay, now we're moving out

447
00:25:25,319 --> 00:25:28,839
of ground tssues my favorite parent chyma, colon chyma, and

448
00:25:28,880 --> 00:25:32,519
sclaring kaima. What the fuck does this mean? The kimas? Okay,

449
00:25:32,920 --> 00:25:36,519
they're present in most organs of the plant. These ground tissues,

450
00:25:36,559 --> 00:25:39,279
of which there are three that I just mentioned, present

451
00:25:39,279 --> 00:25:42,240
and most organs of the plant. This packing and supportive

452
00:25:42,279 --> 00:25:44,680
tissue accounts for much of the bulk of the young plant.

453
00:25:45,559 --> 00:25:50,119
It also functions in food manufacture, photosynthesis, and storage such

454
00:25:50,160 --> 00:25:54,079
as starch. Okay, this is a nice reminder. It's showing you.

455
00:25:54,079 --> 00:25:58,039
This yellow stuff is the ground tissue. Vascular bundle. Flow

456
00:25:58,039 --> 00:26:01,200
them on the outside, Okay, towards the towards the dermal

457
00:26:01,240 --> 00:26:04,839
tissue side xylum, towards the inside of the plant. All right,

458
00:26:07,079 --> 00:26:11,039
all right, parent chyma. These cells have thin cell walls, Okay,

459
00:26:11,039 --> 00:26:14,000
thin cell walls, and only have a primary wall too,

460
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:16,279
which we'll get into cells later. Sorry. Most plant cells

461
00:26:16,279 --> 00:26:18,880
can have a primary cell wall and a secondary cell wall.

462
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:21,759
Animals don't have cell walls. Right. That's one of the

463
00:26:21,759 --> 00:26:25,279
big differences between animals and plants, which there are many,

464
00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:30,279
not to mention chloroplasts all right, but animals don't have

465
00:26:30,319 --> 00:26:34,440
cell walls. They've got membranes, cell membranes, right. Plants have

466
00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:37,400
cell membranes, they also have cell walls. Fungi have cell

467
00:26:37,440 --> 00:26:39,839
walls as well. They make them out of kiten. Plants

468
00:26:39,839 --> 00:26:44,799
make their cell walls out of cellulose. Radiolaria and diatoms

469
00:26:44,799 --> 00:26:48,480
make their cell walls out of silica out of glass.

470
00:26:48,519 --> 00:26:52,960
That's how you get biogenic hirt. Limestone is made from

471
00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:57,480
the trillions of dead bodies of single celled cocoa, lithophores

472
00:26:57,519 --> 00:27:00,200
and forumnifro, which make their cell walls out of helse

473
00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:04,920
seemed carbonate bacteria make their cell walls out of peptidoglycan

474
00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:08,960
et cetera. So anyway, parent chyma, these cells have thin

475
00:27:09,039 --> 00:27:12,079
walls and are primarily responsible for functions like photosynthesis and

476
00:27:12,119 --> 00:27:15,000
food stories. Right, so most remember most of the mass

477
00:27:15,119 --> 00:27:17,759
of I think most of the mass of a plant

478
00:27:17,839 --> 00:27:20,400
is going to be parent chyma. Okay, like in a

479
00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:24,400
big saguaro cactus, a saguaro ass cactus, or a cardon

480
00:27:24,519 --> 00:27:27,640
or whatever, most of that tissue, all right, The low

481
00:27:27,680 --> 00:27:30,000
density tissue is going to be parent chyma a right,

482
00:27:30,480 --> 00:27:34,000
primary cell wall, no secondary cell wall, Okay, same with

483
00:27:34,079 --> 00:27:37,079
klon kima, primary cell well, no secondary cell well. Sclarin

484
00:27:37,160 --> 00:27:41,640
chyma has a secondary cell wall, right, And so going

485
00:27:41,680 --> 00:27:46,279
from top to bottom, par chyma, colon kyma, sclerin kyma, parenchyma, parenchyma,

486
00:27:46,799 --> 00:27:48,079
you want to call it that, And again, it doesn't

487
00:27:48,119 --> 00:27:49,599
matter how you pronounce it, really don't give a fuck.

488
00:27:49,640 --> 00:27:52,319
This matters how you understand it. That you do understand it.

489
00:27:52,519 --> 00:27:54,720
Parent chyma is the softest if you want to think

490
00:27:54,759 --> 00:27:58,799
of it like this. Colon Kyma is intermediate density in

491
00:27:58,839 --> 00:28:03,119
sclarin chyma is hard. Okay. So cactus spines are a

492
00:28:03,160 --> 00:28:06,519
good example of sclerin chyma, right, and sclarin kyma possesses

493
00:28:06,599 --> 00:28:09,279
you know it says right here, possessing highly dignified cell walls.

494
00:28:09,279 --> 00:28:12,880
These cells provide strong support to mature plant structures once

495
00:28:12,960 --> 00:28:16,680
growth has ceased. Sclarin kima is dead at maturity, all right.

496
00:28:16,680 --> 00:28:19,000
So that and any of the hard shit that gives

497
00:28:19,039 --> 00:28:22,480
you a good example, a good idea of what like

498
00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:25,920
an acorn cap probably mostly sclarin kinma. The shell of

499
00:28:25,920 --> 00:28:32,000
an acorns mostly sclaring kmma. Cactus spines mostly almost entirely

500
00:28:32,039 --> 00:28:36,440
sclarin kima okay. Colon chyma with thickened cell walls at

501
00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:38,680
corners okay. And this is a trademark of them is

502
00:28:38,680 --> 00:28:40,599
if you look at their cells, they've got looks like

503
00:28:40,640 --> 00:28:43,200
structural reinforcements on the corners of the cell walls. These

504
00:28:43,200 --> 00:28:46,599
cells provide support the growing plants like young stems and leaves.

505
00:28:46,599 --> 00:28:49,640
But it's not debt to maturity. So parent chyma alive

506
00:28:49,680 --> 00:28:53,079
at maturity, klon kyma alive maturity, Sclarin chima debt of maturity,

507
00:28:53,519 --> 00:28:56,359
all right, and sclarin kima has a secondary cell wall

508
00:28:56,599 --> 00:29:01,039
all right. Ground tissue is the tissue that fills the

509
00:29:01,079 --> 00:29:04,839
space in between the epidermal tissue and the vascular tissue. Okay,

510
00:29:04,920 --> 00:29:07,519
so you can get those three tissue systems epidermal ground

511
00:29:07,519 --> 00:29:10,960
of vascular. Ground tissue consists of parentemma, sclerin comma, and

512
00:29:11,039 --> 00:29:14,680
coloncama parent committas tissue is made of living cells and

513
00:29:14,759 --> 00:29:18,880
thin walls of cellulose. Parent comma cells are unspecialized and

514
00:29:18,880 --> 00:29:23,839
can differentiate into other cell types. Sometimes they're just used

515
00:29:23,880 --> 00:29:27,319
for storage, okay. Sometimes they're used for photosynthesis. They are

516
00:29:27,359 --> 00:29:29,880
found in the soft parts of plants like leaves and

517
00:29:29,960 --> 00:29:33,519
fruits and are involved in storage, secretion, and photosynthesis. Colon

518
00:29:33,559 --> 00:29:36,400
Chyma This tissue is made up of living cells with thickened,

519
00:29:36,920 --> 00:29:41,759
non lignified no lignan primary walls, no secondary walls. Colon

520
00:29:41,839 --> 00:29:44,680
Comma cells are found in leaves, petioles, young stems, and

521
00:29:44,720 --> 00:29:50,200
provides support interbaceous plants. Sclerin Chyma just tissue is made

522
00:29:50,279 --> 00:29:54,440
up of dead cells with thick lignified cell walls secondary

523
00:29:54,480 --> 00:29:56,960
cell walls. Scleric Comma cells are fun and mature parts

524
00:29:56,960 --> 00:29:59,599
of plants like wood, fibers and water conducting cells like

525
00:29:59,720 --> 00:30:05,960
zyme and provide support, protection, and transportation. Xylum, which transports water,

526
00:30:06,039 --> 00:30:10,240
is dead at maturity all right. Prankamat tissues living at maturity,

527
00:30:10,279 --> 00:30:12,960
thin primary cell walls just reiterated. Just running through this

528
00:30:12,960 --> 00:30:16,519
shit hammer and large central vacuole can take in many shapes,

529
00:30:16,839 --> 00:30:20,039
function in photosynthesis, storage, and transport of food and water. Look,

530
00:30:20,039 --> 00:30:22,160
you got a picture of a potato there, all right,

531
00:30:22,640 --> 00:30:27,640
excellent example of parankama. Potato is most entirely paranama. It's

532
00:30:27,640 --> 00:30:30,079
all parentkama. Right, But look at these Look at this

533
00:30:30,119 --> 00:30:32,799
close up right here. It's thin primary cell walls, okay

534
00:30:32,839 --> 00:30:37,559
on these drawings, and large intercellular spaces in between the cells.

535
00:30:37,559 --> 00:30:39,240
Remember that's why it said load density. It is the

536
00:30:39,319 --> 00:30:43,039
soft shit, all right, just like the inside of a cactus,

537
00:30:43,839 --> 00:30:48,279
the potato, et cetera. All right. The parentkama real nice

538
00:30:48,279 --> 00:30:51,000
perankama cells are the most numerous cells in the plant body.

539
00:30:51,240 --> 00:30:54,519
Chlorophyll is mostly found in parentkama tissue. The majority of

540
00:30:54,559 --> 00:30:58,079
photosynthesis occurs in parankamat tissue specifically and especialized kind of

541
00:30:58,079 --> 00:31:01,839
tissue called chlorinkama. I don't think that's even used that

542
00:31:01,920 --> 00:31:05,160
much anymore, all right. Chloricma is just prankama cells with chloroplasts.

543
00:31:05,480 --> 00:31:08,039
Chlorinicommie is a specialized type of plant tissue, specifically a

544
00:31:08,079 --> 00:31:11,119
prankama cell that contains chlorophyll, the green pigment responsible for

545
00:31:11,119 --> 00:31:13,839
photosynthesis of shit, and it's primarily found in the leaves

546
00:31:13,839 --> 00:31:16,240
of plants, enabling them to capture light and produce food

547
00:31:16,279 --> 00:31:19,480
through photosynthesis. Essentially, it's the quote green tissue of a

548
00:31:19,519 --> 00:31:24,759
plant that actively participates in photosynthesis. Key points about chlorinicimma. Fuck,

549
00:31:24,759 --> 00:31:30,319
i'd see I fucked up this this slide anyway, all right, Yes,

550
00:31:30,480 --> 00:31:33,519
that's correct. The majority of photosynthesis in plants takes place

551
00:31:33,519 --> 00:31:36,799
within the prankama tissue, specifically in the palisade prankamas cells

552
00:31:37,119 --> 00:31:39,799
located in the leaf mesophyl. And then this other part

553
00:31:39,880 --> 00:31:42,640
got cut off, so whatever, and then this is ritter slide.

554
00:31:42,680 --> 00:31:44,640
Look he's look, he's got the potatoes in here, and

555
00:31:44,720 --> 00:31:51,400
nice got these relatively low density cells, large intercellular spaces

556
00:31:52,240 --> 00:31:57,839
all right, palis mesophyl, spongy mesophyl, both are parankama, right,

557
00:31:57,960 --> 00:32:02,240
upper rapid dermis, different tissue system. That's the epidermal tissue,

558
00:32:02,279 --> 00:32:05,519
wax secutical. You got the air spaces in between the

559
00:32:05,559 --> 00:32:11,240
cells right there, lower epidermous waxecutical guard cell. Yes, the

560
00:32:11,240 --> 00:32:13,640
potatoes primarily composed of prank of with tissue. The majority

561
00:32:13,640 --> 00:32:15,039
of the edible part of potato is made of a

562
00:32:15,079 --> 00:32:17,720
prankama cells, which your responsible for storing starch to main

563
00:32:17,839 --> 00:32:21,119
carbohydrate found of potatoes. Then you go fry it and

564
00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:24,480
a bunch of fucking greasy oil, add a bunch of salt.

565
00:32:24,519 --> 00:32:28,319
Then you get diabetes in ten years. Key points about

566
00:32:28,319 --> 00:32:31,039
potatoes and perankama prankama cells and potatoes and primal leaves

567
00:32:31,079 --> 00:32:33,480
for food storages. Filled with starch grands. Remember, storage and

568
00:32:33,519 --> 00:32:38,319
photosynthesis are the main the main jammers of parankama tissue.

569
00:32:38,440 --> 00:32:43,079
All right, Sedum, Like there's a little sedum, some sort

570
00:32:43,079 --> 00:32:47,119
of crass relations, bastard. Okay, The majority of that succulents

571
00:32:47,160 --> 00:32:53,880
in that plant is parentma all right. Yes, the succulent

572
00:32:53,920 --> 00:32:56,559
part of a cactus is primarily composed of pranka my cells,

573
00:32:56,559 --> 00:32:59,759
which are specialized to store water and food. Make it

574
00:33:00,119 --> 00:33:02,720
tissuy responsible for the cactus ability to restore moisture in

575
00:33:02,720 --> 00:33:07,680
a fleshy stem. Okay, highly vacuolated. The parent cooma cells

576
00:33:07,680 --> 00:33:12,559
in a cactus have large vacuoles, all right. The inner

577
00:33:12,799 --> 00:33:17,000
cellular space, all right, that's a whole different. Uh, we'll

578
00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:19,359
get into that when we get into cells. They can

579
00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:22,640
expand to store water when available and contract during drought periods.

580
00:33:22,759 --> 00:33:24,839
I like to think of vacuoles one of their roles,

581
00:33:24,960 --> 00:33:27,799
aside from containing pigments. I right, they're the part of

582
00:33:27,839 --> 00:33:30,160
a plant cell, which I shouldn't even talk about because

583
00:33:30,160 --> 00:33:31,319
I don't want to fuck you guys up. But this

584
00:33:31,440 --> 00:33:33,279
is part of a this is for the this should

585
00:33:33,319 --> 00:33:36,400
be for the cell. Actually, the vacuole is like you know,

586
00:33:36,440 --> 00:33:38,960
if you got a mail like I got this fucking

587
00:33:39,079 --> 00:33:42,200
lamp on Scamazon. Shit broke within a week, as you

588
00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:45,559
would expect something you buy on Scamazon. Uh. And so

589
00:33:45,640 --> 00:33:47,079
I got to send it back and I got to

590
00:33:47,119 --> 00:33:49,599
find some shit to put in this box so that

591
00:33:49,599 --> 00:33:51,519
it's not rattling around. I mean, I don't give a shit.

592
00:33:51,519 --> 00:33:53,880
Maybe the thing should just break, you know, Maybe they

593
00:33:53,880 --> 00:33:55,720
should put some dried dog shit in there too. I

594
00:33:55,720 --> 00:33:58,200
don't know. I'm a little bitter about this thing. But

595
00:33:58,279 --> 00:33:59,920
this little you know, it was a little touch lamps.

596
00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:02,400
It's a small one. It was like fifteen bucks. But still,

597
00:34:02,480 --> 00:34:04,519
come on, you know. So I got to figure out

598
00:34:04,559 --> 00:34:06,960
some packing materials to put in there. That packing material

599
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:10,840
would be analogous to the vacuole of a cell. Okay,

600
00:34:11,119 --> 00:34:15,400
and parenchyma cells are highly vacuolated. I didn't know there

601
00:34:15,440 --> 00:34:21,159
was a word, but apparently it is. Thin cell walls,

602
00:34:21,599 --> 00:34:27,440
no secondary cell walls, highly vacuolated, large ento cellular spaces

603
00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:31,320
used for storage and photosynthesis. See, there you go, There

604
00:34:31,360 --> 00:34:37,239
you go, thin walls, thin cell walls, large spaces spaces. Erenkima,

605
00:34:37,280 --> 00:34:40,119
a specialized type of parent chyma with a very large airspace,

606
00:34:40,199 --> 00:34:41,920
is often found the aquadic plants or points. You don't

607
00:34:41,920 --> 00:34:45,039
worry about that, but remember that low density stuff. Okay,

608
00:34:45,079 --> 00:34:46,960
So now we're moving on to the next tissue type,

609
00:34:47,239 --> 00:34:51,519
colin Chyma, composed of living cells with thick primary cell walls,

610
00:34:51,920 --> 00:34:55,159
flexible support for organs such as leaves and herbaceous stems.

611
00:34:55,559 --> 00:34:58,239
Colin Kyma, the example they always give in bodany classes

612
00:34:58,280 --> 00:35:00,760
are those stringy parts of a cellar rece. I don't

613
00:35:00,760 --> 00:35:02,519
know why they couldn't come up with a better example

614
00:35:02,559 --> 00:35:06,119
than that, but that's what they use. Okay. But it's

615
00:35:06,159 --> 00:35:08,480
intermediate and density I like to think of. It's not

616
00:35:08,639 --> 00:35:14,039
soft and fluffy and light like prankama. But it's not

617
00:35:14,199 --> 00:35:17,000
dead at maturity either. It's still alive maturity, and it

618
00:35:17,039 --> 00:35:20,920
still doesn't have secondary cell walls. Okay, see close up

619
00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:23,039
on next image. There you go, there you go. See

620
00:35:23,039 --> 00:35:26,119
you the fucking celery. Last time I had a piece

621
00:35:26,119 --> 00:35:27,800
of celery like that was a long time ago. It's

622
00:35:27,800 --> 00:35:29,960
always limp and soft, and you know, I live in

623
00:35:29,960 --> 00:35:32,199
a small town of West Texas. We get ship produce

624
00:35:32,239 --> 00:35:35,599
out here. A prominent example of kanakama tissue is this quote.

625
00:35:35,639 --> 00:35:38,679
Strings found in celery stocks, which provide flexible support to

626
00:35:38,760 --> 00:35:42,519
the plant. Other examples include the young stems of herbaceous plants,

627
00:35:42,880 --> 00:35:46,239
petioles of leaves, and the veins within leaves, where kalon

628
00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:49,920
kama cells are often located just beneath the epidermis, providing

629
00:35:49,960 --> 00:35:55,719
structural support while allowing excuse me for bending without breaking

630
00:35:56,719 --> 00:36:01,079
key points about kala kama function provides flexible support mechanical strength,

631
00:36:01,079 --> 00:36:05,559
particularly in young growing plant parts. Sell Jesus Christ, it's

632
00:36:05,559 --> 00:36:09,000
a fucking topo Chico cell structure, elongated cells with uneven

633
00:36:09,079 --> 00:36:11,760
lea thick and primary cell walls made of cellulose and pectin,

634
00:36:13,239 --> 00:36:17,159
and location typically found just below the epidermis in stems

635
00:36:17,159 --> 00:36:21,599
and leaves, all right. Other examples of plants with noticeable colon, well,

636
00:36:21,599 --> 00:36:24,039
you know what, Maybe that other leaf tissue I mentioned

637
00:36:24,119 --> 00:36:26,400
was not priankam, it was kla kama. I don't know anyway.

638
00:36:27,079 --> 00:36:31,360
Other examples of plants with noticeable colacama potato stems, tomato stems,

639
00:36:31,440 --> 00:36:34,639
sunflower stems, begonia leaves, and deadly unite shape stems. So

640
00:36:34,679 --> 00:36:37,320
you could see a lot of stem tissue on herbaceous

641
00:36:37,360 --> 00:36:40,880
plants holding things rigid while still being alive, not being

642
00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:45,480
dead like wood or cork is all right, tissues that

643
00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:49,440
can be dead at maturity. Right, But the big giveaway

644
00:36:50,079 --> 00:36:52,960
right here is look at the corners of those cell walls.

645
00:36:52,960 --> 00:36:58,400
They're reinforced with those thickened corners, those structurally reinforced thickened corners, right,

646
00:36:58,480 --> 00:37:02,480
cell wall thickening, all right. The characteristic feature of Klonkama

647
00:37:02,599 --> 00:37:06,519
cells is uneven thickening of their primary cell walls, particularly

648
00:37:06,559 --> 00:37:09,920
at the cell corners, which reduces the size of the

649
00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:14,400
lumin and it's space inside. Unlike Sclerincama, colon kama is

650
00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:16,960
a living tissue, meaning it cells contain a nucleus and

651
00:37:17,039 --> 00:37:21,440
cytoplasm within the lumin lumin don't really hear that word

652
00:37:21,480 --> 00:37:25,239
too much, but anyway, colonkama. The hypodermis of any cactus

653
00:37:25,280 --> 00:37:29,280
with a tough, hard skin consists of several layers of calankima.

654
00:37:29,800 --> 00:37:32,840
Hypodermis is just below the epidermis. The hypodermis is the

655
00:37:32,840 --> 00:37:35,599
specialized layer of cells directly beneath the epidermis of a plant.

656
00:37:35,920 --> 00:37:39,360
Cacti with really soft skin have a hypodermis of parancamma. Instead,

657
00:37:39,880 --> 00:37:44,079
we got a nice tubercle transverse section of Leuketenbergia precipis

658
00:37:44,239 --> 00:37:47,840
principis with beta cyanins, which are a type of betaal

659
00:37:47,840 --> 00:37:52,719
aine pigment which members of kophylelies have instead of anthocyanid pigment.

660
00:37:52,760 --> 00:37:56,199
The red. The red pigment still accumulate mostly in the

661
00:37:56,280 --> 00:37:59,280
hypoderma cells and in lesser amounts on some chlorincama cells,

662
00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:02,920
which is parent comma with chlorophyllin it. Okay, moving right along,

663
00:38:03,920 --> 00:38:05,960
Why do I conclude a center, oh, for where the

664
00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:11,320
hypodermis is. Yes, see epidermis hypodermis chlorin kyima, all right,

665
00:38:11,639 --> 00:38:14,000
just parent comma with with chlorophyll in it. And then

666
00:38:14,039 --> 00:38:17,679
you got the vascular bundle down there, all right, the

667
00:38:17,760 --> 00:38:22,559
flow them, the flow them, and the metasyland, protosylan, et cetera,

668
00:38:22,719 --> 00:38:26,480
ground tissue surrounding all of it. All right, diecot stem,

669
00:38:26,519 --> 00:38:30,079
monocot stem, diecot stem. All right. That's look look at

670
00:38:30,159 --> 00:38:32,719
how different the monocot stem looks in terms of its

671
00:38:32,719 --> 00:38:35,920
plumbing layout in the dicot stem. Right, Dicot's got a ring,

672
00:38:36,599 --> 00:38:42,559
all right. Epidermis hypodermis cortex colin koma, chlorincomma, parent coomma, etcetera.

673
00:38:42,599 --> 00:38:49,159
Cortex is mostly parancamma, right, endodermis et cetera endo dermis,

674
00:38:49,159 --> 00:38:52,480
primary meadullary ray pith I. Don't worry about it, all right,

675
00:38:52,559 --> 00:38:56,079
clerkomma tissues deata maturity, thick and rigid secondary cell walls

676
00:38:56,119 --> 00:38:59,800
function in support and protection. And then two types two

677
00:39:00,039 --> 00:39:05,639
subunits of classification for scerankmma, scleroids and fibers. The principal

678
00:39:05,719 --> 00:39:09,440
characteristics of scrankama cells is they're thick, often dignified secondary

679
00:39:09,440 --> 00:39:11,920
cell Well, so we were harder now right, We're ad

680
00:39:11,960 --> 00:39:15,599
a harder tissue from parankama, which is soft, colon kama,

681
00:39:15,599 --> 00:39:19,239
which is intermedia in sclerin kima, which is thick, thick,

682
00:39:19,440 --> 00:39:21,679
debtit maturity. The fact that it's debt at maturity and

683
00:39:21,719 --> 00:39:23,519
it's got a secondary cell wall is what makes it

684
00:39:23,559 --> 00:39:27,119
so hard. Cactus cells sclerin chima, the things that give

685
00:39:27,159 --> 00:39:31,880
a sunflower leaf that sandpaper like feeling. Okay, the leaf

686
00:39:31,920 --> 00:39:34,480
itself is parankama and a little bit of konkoma, but

687
00:39:34,559 --> 00:39:38,280
those bits of grit that give it that sandpaper feelings sclerincimma. Okay,

688
00:39:38,320 --> 00:39:42,519
those are stone cells. Sclareids all right. In secondary cell

689
00:39:42,559 --> 00:39:45,039
wall too, not to be confused with secondary growth in

690
00:39:45,079 --> 00:39:48,599
the lateral maristem's aka vascular cambium. Two different things right there,

691
00:39:48,599 --> 00:39:51,519
all right, He said to throw them in their cactus spines.

692
00:39:51,840 --> 00:39:56,960
Consists of sclerankmma and a sclarified epidermis, mostly sclerankimma. There

693
00:39:57,000 --> 00:40:01,320
you go, stenoserriou squashta kana right there, pack is serious.

694
00:40:01,360 --> 00:40:03,599
Webre right there. Just want to any chance I can

695
00:40:03,639 --> 00:40:07,039
get to throw those photos of those in there. Fibers, Okay,

696
00:40:07,039 --> 00:40:10,000
those are a type of sclerancima, all right. Fibers for

697
00:40:10,039 --> 00:40:14,960
structural reinforcement. Not the same as plumbing. Okay, fibers are

698
00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:19,079
not the same as plumbing. They can be. Fibers can

699
00:40:19,079 --> 00:40:22,119
be in xylum tissue, but it's not the same, all right.

700
00:40:22,880 --> 00:40:26,400
Fibers are elongated sclercicma cells that provide structural rigidity and

701
00:40:26,480 --> 00:40:31,239
stiffening to leaves, stems, and roots. Okay, structural rigidity, all right.

702
00:40:32,280 --> 00:40:36,079
Sclareds stone cells from the hard tissues of nuts, seed, coats,

703
00:40:36,119 --> 00:40:39,519
et cetera. Sclereids from pair the tissue of a pair,

704
00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:42,320
same thing, depending on what type of pair you're eating,

705
00:40:42,679 --> 00:40:46,960
all right, can have some of that same like sandpapery

706
00:40:47,000 --> 00:40:51,199
gritty feel as a sunflower leaf. Right, Those are stone cells, right,

707
00:40:51,239 --> 00:40:54,239
They may also be present together with thin walled parankama cells.

708
00:40:56,239 --> 00:40:58,199
The three basic types of plant tissue. I don't like

709
00:40:58,199 --> 00:40:59,920
the parentamas in the middle right here, it should be

710
00:41:00,079 --> 00:41:02,519
the left, and it should be colon kamma, sclerin comma.

711
00:41:02,599 --> 00:41:05,400
That I ripped this off from online. What are you

712
00:41:05,400 --> 00:41:10,159
gonna do? Right, prankama, colin kamma, and sclerankama. Prankama has

713
00:41:10,159 --> 00:41:16,239
intracellular spaces, low density uh colacma tissue. Those cell walls

714
00:41:16,320 --> 00:41:21,880
reinforced corners of the cell. Remember, prankama and colacama both

715
00:41:22,000 --> 00:41:25,559
only have primary cell walls and their secondary Scrankama tissue

716
00:41:25,559 --> 00:41:28,679
has cell walls with lignan, secondary cell walls with lignin

717
00:41:29,079 --> 00:41:32,920
debt of maturity. All right, and you can have stone cells,

718
00:41:33,280 --> 00:41:38,000
the scleroids or the fibers, all right, sclernkama simple pit pair.

719
00:41:38,119 --> 00:41:41,440
The pit pair is what that's the what the plasma

720
00:41:41,519 --> 00:41:43,719
does mota go through. That's how one cell communicates with

721
00:41:43,760 --> 00:41:48,800
another in a plant. All right. Pit pairs contain plasma desmata,

722
00:41:48,840 --> 00:41:52,599
which are just strands of cytoplasma. But don't worry about that.

723
00:41:52,599 --> 00:41:56,639
We'll cover that in cells next class. Narrow lumin lignified

724
00:41:56,760 --> 00:42:00,320
thick wall. The fuck is this? Lumin ravens by alogie

725
00:42:00,320 --> 00:42:02,679
of plants doesn't use the word of lumine, all right,

726
00:42:03,719 --> 00:42:07,760
primary cell wall in middle lamella, secondary cell wall impregnant

727
00:42:07,800 --> 00:42:11,440
with lignid pick canal, et cetera. Right. Examples of scrinkma

728
00:42:11,440 --> 00:42:13,960
include the husk of a coconut, the stone cells and

729
00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:16,639
fruits like pears, the fibers and a plant's them, the

730
00:42:16,639 --> 00:42:18,840
shells of nuts, and a hard outer layer of seeds

731
00:42:18,880 --> 00:42:23,719
sunflower seeds, great example, all right, The inside is what

732
00:42:23,840 --> 00:42:27,440
it would that be parentama okay, and the outside the

733
00:42:27,519 --> 00:42:32,440
black part is sclerincimma. Scrin Coma tissue is primarily responsible

734
00:42:32,440 --> 00:42:35,079
for providing structural support the plants due to its thick

735
00:42:35,159 --> 00:42:39,079
lignified cell walls. Calancmma tissue can provide structural support as well,

736
00:42:39,119 --> 00:42:41,960
but mostly interbaceous plants. Right, and it's not as strong

737
00:42:42,000 --> 00:42:45,480
as s clerincimma. Okay. Key points about sclen comma. Cell

738
00:42:45,519 --> 00:42:49,239
types consists of two main cell types fibers fibers excuse me,

739
00:42:49,280 --> 00:42:53,400
long narrow cells and sclereds short irregular cells aka the

740
00:42:53,440 --> 00:42:56,880
stone cells aka the cells on a sunflower leaf or

741
00:42:56,880 --> 00:43:00,280
the skin of a pair. Function provides rigidity and macarenical

742
00:43:00,320 --> 00:43:04,360
strength to the plant. Cell wall composition, thick cell walls

743
00:43:04,400 --> 00:43:11,039
heavily lignified with cellulose and hemi cellulose and lignin lignan

744
00:43:11,079 --> 00:43:12,840
as well. Why the fuck is it not? That's weird.

745
00:43:12,880 --> 00:43:15,440
I don't know why I didn't mention lignin maturity stage

746
00:43:15,559 --> 00:43:18,880
clearrn commas cells are usually dead at maturity. Okay, there

747
00:43:18,880 --> 00:43:22,159
we go, and there we go, another nice drawing of

748
00:43:22,199 --> 00:43:27,440
the cells. All right, right. Vascular tissue, all right, continuous

749
00:43:27,519 --> 00:43:29,599
tissue throughout the plant. So now we're moving from ground

750
00:43:29,639 --> 00:43:33,440
tissue to vascular tissue. Continuous tissue throughout the plant, in

751
00:43:33,480 --> 00:43:37,800
which substances are transported. Complex tissues made of numerous cell types,

752
00:43:38,239 --> 00:43:42,239
all right, not simple complex xylemin floam okay, the dark

753
00:43:42,239 --> 00:43:47,639
green and the light green, all right. Xyleum function transports

754
00:43:47,679 --> 00:43:53,599
water and mineral salts via capillary action being transpired out

755
00:43:53,599 --> 00:43:56,960
of stomata and pulled up through the roots. Right. Composed

756
00:43:57,000 --> 00:43:59,719
of different types of cells, including vessel elements and traekeas.

757
00:43:59,719 --> 00:44:03,840
Remember tracheads found in conifers. Conifers don't have vessel elements.

758
00:44:04,159 --> 00:44:08,559
Vessel elements are are more h what's the fucking word?

759
00:44:08,599 --> 00:44:10,800
I always I always forget this word. What is the word?

760
00:44:10,800 --> 00:44:15,440
They're they're more efficient? Why I forget it? Confused with significant?

761
00:44:15,719 --> 00:44:20,079
Vessel elements are more efficient. They're what angiosperms evolved. Conifers

762
00:44:20,079 --> 00:44:23,119
and gyminal sperms don't have vessel elements, they have tracheads.

763
00:44:23,119 --> 00:44:25,559
But angiosperms have tracheads too. As you could see from

764
00:44:25,559 --> 00:44:28,960
this microscope pot you got trachids right there and or

765
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:32,440
the scanning electron microscope photo and vest elements. Vessel elements

766
00:44:32,440 --> 00:44:35,280
are bigger, all right. And the way that water moves

767
00:44:35,320 --> 00:44:37,239
through a vessel element, it can just go right up right,

768
00:44:37,280 --> 00:44:40,239
and it's got these perforation plates on the end boom boom,

769
00:44:40,239 --> 00:44:42,880
like a conveyor belt of water, whereas on tracheads it's

770
00:44:42,880 --> 00:44:46,880
got it. It's gotta you know. They're just these these long,

771
00:44:47,360 --> 00:44:51,039
narrower cylindrical cells that taper at the ends, and they

772
00:44:51,039 --> 00:44:54,119
don't line directly up. They you know, they just kind

773
00:44:54,119 --> 00:44:56,880
of make a wedge shape one end of one cell

774
00:44:56,920 --> 00:44:59,119
against the end of another cell, and then the water

775
00:44:59,159 --> 00:45:01,480
has to kind of you know, turn, make a turn.

776
00:45:02,119 --> 00:45:04,639
Its slight turns going up it turns a little bit

777
00:45:04,719 --> 00:45:07,400
forty five grangle and continues up through the rest. Okay,

778
00:45:07,480 --> 00:45:12,039
so best elements are much more efficient, right tracheads, well,

779
00:45:12,079 --> 00:45:14,599
they both have their pros and cons. I guess tracheads

780
00:45:14,599 --> 00:45:16,440
tapered at the ends but do not have holes at

781
00:45:16,440 --> 00:45:18,800
the ends. Water passes from trachy to trachied through thin

782
00:45:18,840 --> 00:45:22,079
areas in the cell wall called pits. Vessel elements long

783
00:45:22,119 --> 00:45:26,480
tubular cells, much bigger, generally speaking, can hold much more

784
00:45:26,480 --> 00:45:29,719
water open at both ends arranged end to end, forming

785
00:45:29,840 --> 00:45:33,639
vessels that function like water pipes. Okay, like the pipes.

786
00:45:33,639 --> 00:45:36,199
The tubes. You know, this is just the tubes. You know,

787
00:45:36,360 --> 00:45:39,000
the coffee machine broke. It's just the tubes aren't working

788
00:45:39,039 --> 00:45:41,000
no more. I don't know why what am I going

789
00:45:41,079 --> 00:45:43,159
to do with the tubes broke? It's broken with the

790
00:45:43,199 --> 00:45:49,559
tubes filthy, dirty, fucking Oh god. You know we had

791
00:45:49,599 --> 00:45:52,000
this nice coffee machine. But you know I haven't cleaned

792
00:45:52,039 --> 00:45:53,480
the tubes in a way. I think. I think out

793
00:45:53,519 --> 00:45:55,920
the hard water, you know, from the pipes and stuff

794
00:45:55,960 --> 00:46:01,360
clogged that up all right? Anyway, Uh, flow them, flow them.

795
00:46:01,400 --> 00:46:06,119
Function transports sugars and other substances xylum only transports water up.

796
00:46:06,159 --> 00:46:09,440
Flow them can transports water can transport excuse me, sugar

797
00:46:10,679 --> 00:46:15,719
and other organic substances dissolved in water. Uh, down up

798
00:46:15,760 --> 00:46:20,880
all around all right, okay. And flow consists of a

799
00:46:20,920 --> 00:46:25,000
sieve tube member, a sieve plate, and a companion cell.

800
00:46:25,199 --> 00:46:28,400
Because that flow them cell is empty and it's so

801
00:46:28,639 --> 00:46:31,400
it's performing such a critical task and it's moving and

802
00:46:31,440 --> 00:46:33,960
it doesn't you know, it's moving moving the juices, the

803
00:46:34,480 --> 00:46:39,639
products of carbo the products of photosynthesis, uh, to the

804
00:46:39,679 --> 00:46:44,280
rest of the plant, right, the carbohydrates and minerals, et cetera,

805
00:46:45,840 --> 00:46:50,119
and nutrients Okay, because that that space is empty, well,

806
00:46:50,199 --> 00:46:52,360
not empty, but doesn't it doesn't have a lot of

807
00:46:52,400 --> 00:46:55,280
room for this other components. So it's got this backup cell,

808
00:46:55,599 --> 00:46:59,440
the companion cell. All flow them cells have a a

809
00:46:59,559 --> 00:47:01,920
companion and cell, right, which is where the nucleus is.

810
00:47:01,960 --> 00:47:05,039
And it's it's kind of running. It's run running the

811
00:47:05,719 --> 00:47:10,280
given the machinery for the flowm cell. Right, Okay, it's

812
00:47:10,360 --> 00:47:12,639
kind of running the bait. It's like the shed where

813
00:47:12,679 --> 00:47:17,480
the generator is right. Composed of different types of cells, okay,

814
00:47:17,559 --> 00:47:20,719
seve tube elements, long tubular cells with sieve plates and

815
00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:23,320
the end walls arranged end to end the live but

816
00:47:23,440 --> 00:47:28,199
lacking a nucleus. Companion cells help seeve tube members function

817
00:47:29,239 --> 00:47:34,119
flowing fibers, flowing pran comma. Okay, so there you go,

818
00:47:34,239 --> 00:47:36,960
seeve plate, seeve tube member. Look, they got a nice

819
00:47:37,039 --> 00:47:39,639
drawing on the right to simplify this abstract bullshit on

820
00:47:39,679 --> 00:47:41,360
the left, which looks like a fucking you know, a

821
00:47:41,480 --> 00:47:44,400
nine inch nails cover from you know, the late nineties. Right.

822
00:47:44,760 --> 00:47:46,079
I don't know what that's, you know there is. That's

823
00:47:46,079 --> 00:47:48,239
why always like the drawings better. They're much clearer than

824
00:47:48,280 --> 00:47:52,400
the microscope slide photos right, Seve plate, seeve tube member,

825
00:47:52,440 --> 00:47:55,480
companion cell, flowing prankama. Anytime you hear seve plates, seve

826
00:47:55,599 --> 00:47:58,559
tube member, companion cell, you know they're talking about flow them.

827
00:47:58,599 --> 00:48:01,559
You know they're talking about moving sugar and carbohydrates. You know,

828
00:48:01,559 --> 00:48:07,000
they're talking about the part of the God damn it,

829
00:48:07,000 --> 00:48:09,480
why can any think of the word anyway, They're talking

830
00:48:09,480 --> 00:48:11,119
about the part of the basket lushure, not the not

831
00:48:11,159 --> 00:48:15,679
the xylum, which is moving water. They're talking about moving sugar, right,

832
00:48:15,760 --> 00:48:18,760
moving stuff to the rest of the plant. Okay, Interestingly,

833
00:48:18,800 --> 00:48:21,199
when you tap a maple tree, did I talk about

834
00:48:21,199 --> 00:48:23,159
the guess I can't remember if I did. When you

835
00:48:23,199 --> 00:48:25,960
tap a maple tree, you think you're tapping the flow

836
00:48:26,000 --> 00:48:28,079
them for the sugar, but you're not. You're actually tapping

837
00:48:28,599 --> 00:48:31,400
into the xylum. And you're doing it at that time

838
00:48:31,440 --> 00:48:35,639
of year, right in early spring, when the days are

839
00:48:35,679 --> 00:48:39,599
not freezing, but nights are still freezing. And so since

840
00:48:39,639 --> 00:48:43,679
the days aren't freezing anymore, it's starting the the all

841
00:48:43,719 --> 00:48:45,519
that sugar that's stored in the bottom of the plant,

842
00:48:45,519 --> 00:48:47,960
that's starting to push that back up towards the leaves,

843
00:48:49,480 --> 00:48:51,639
towards the rest of the plant getting ready for spring.

844
00:48:52,320 --> 00:48:56,119
And so you're you're hitting it when it's, yeah, when

845
00:48:56,159 --> 00:48:59,840
free the knights are freezing in the daytime is is

846
00:48:59,840 --> 00:49:01,960
is not freezing, and so it's starting to move again,

847
00:49:02,000 --> 00:49:04,559
and so you're it's all that sugar that's been stored

848
00:49:04,599 --> 00:49:07,599
at the base of that maple tree over winter is

849
00:49:07,639 --> 00:49:10,039
starting to get pumped up. It's super concentrated. It's going

850
00:49:10,039 --> 00:49:11,519
to the rest of the plant. That's when you're tapping

851
00:49:11,519 --> 00:49:14,440
the maple tree. And she's tapping the xylum, not the floam.

852
00:49:14,840 --> 00:49:16,840
But you wouldn't think because the flow is what transports

853
00:49:16,840 --> 00:49:21,239
the sugar. But you know, maple syrup is super rich

854
00:49:21,320 --> 00:49:23,760
compared to the stuff that's being you know, produced by

855
00:49:26,039 --> 00:49:28,519
compared to the stuff that's moving through through the floam

856
00:49:29,000 --> 00:49:32,440
in summer, right, and it's just sugar is being transported down.

857
00:49:32,440 --> 00:49:36,480
It's that stuff. The summer flowam material is probably very

858
00:49:36,519 --> 00:49:39,239
dilute compared to what you're getting coming up from the

859
00:49:39,360 --> 00:49:46,159
xylum from being stored in those dormant roots over winter, right,

860
00:49:46,159 --> 00:49:49,599
which is super concentrated case. The tissues review appical maras

861
00:49:49,599 --> 00:49:53,519
them and lateral maras stems all right, three main tissues

862
00:49:53,599 --> 00:49:59,000
epidermal for example, somata tricom's ground prankama, colon kama, sclerankama

863
00:49:59,199 --> 00:50:03,400
which scurrincum is divide up into fibers and scleroids. Vascular system,

864
00:50:03,480 --> 00:50:07,280
vascular tissue, xyleum, tracheods, invest elements. You hear the words

865
00:50:07,320 --> 00:50:09,599
tracheads in vest elements, you know they're talking about moving

866
00:50:09,719 --> 00:50:12,400
water and they're talking about the xyleum flow. The doesn't

867
00:50:12,400 --> 00:50:15,880
have tracheods in vessel elements and flow them sieve tube

868
00:50:15,880 --> 00:50:20,760
members and companion cells. Sieve tube members, sieve plates and

869
00:50:20,880 --> 00:50:25,800
companion cells automatically means flowam okay, and automatically means, you know,

870
00:50:25,880 --> 00:50:29,760
moving sugar and nutrients, right, not just water and uh

871
00:50:30,559 --> 00:50:33,880
and minerals up from the ground from the roots, which

872
00:50:33,880 --> 00:50:37,760
is what xylem does. Okay, there are three primary marastims, protoderm,

873
00:50:37,800 --> 00:50:40,280
ground marastem, and pro cambium. Okay, there are three primary

874
00:50:40,280 --> 00:50:44,679
mirystims because there are three primary tissues. Protoderm turns into epidermis,

875
00:50:45,119 --> 00:50:48,760
ground marastem turns into ground tissues, perkama colon comma and

876
00:50:48,800 --> 00:50:53,199
sclaring comma, and procmbium turns into primary xylum and primary

877
00:50:53,239 --> 00:50:56,639
flowing there you go, all right, and is that it

878
00:50:56,719 --> 00:51:00,440
that said? Okay, so congratulations, we just finished the tissues system.

879
00:51:00,800 --> 00:51:03,280
You should be able to look at any part of

880
00:51:03,280 --> 00:51:05,480
a plant tissue and give a rough guess based on

881
00:51:05,519 --> 00:51:10,000
its density, how hard it is, et cetera. What kind

882
00:51:10,039 --> 00:51:14,079
of tissue you're looking at right, whether it's prankama, colin

883
00:51:14,119 --> 00:51:19,320
kama or sclaring kima, the ground tissues, or whether it's

884
00:51:19,639 --> 00:51:24,960
epidermal tissue, or whether it is a vascular tissue. And

885
00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:26,840
next week we'll cover cells. Look at it. The shit

886
00:51:26,920 --> 00:51:29,840
eater plant. Real rigular datata here, let's hear it for

887
00:51:29,880 --> 00:51:34,960
the shit eater plant. Everybody Origula dantata in real Rigula Gorgonias.

888
00:51:35,000 --> 00:51:36,719
I was really stoked to put that in this book

889
00:51:36,760 --> 00:51:40,079
that was gonna come out and fucking spring of twenty

890
00:51:40,159 --> 00:51:42,440
twenty five. But the publisher can't get their shit together.

891
00:51:42,480 --> 00:51:44,800
And the lady who I'm working with, who I'm it's

892
00:51:44,800 --> 00:51:47,880
actually a friend of mine, you know. She sounds like

893
00:51:47,920 --> 00:51:50,760
she's at her fucking wits end. Uh there too, But

894
00:51:50,880 --> 00:51:52,679
it is coming out so and it's got the Ken

895
00:51:52,719 --> 00:51:54,599
Davis just did the cover for it. God damn, I

896
00:51:54,719 --> 00:51:57,239
really fucked my haircut up that much. Maybe I don't know.

897
00:51:57,280 --> 00:51:59,039
I gotta do. I gotta do a new haircut. I'm

898
00:51:59,039 --> 00:52:00,639
gonna go sleep in many hints to night in the

899
00:52:00,639 --> 00:52:03,400
back of the truck with the dogs like a lonely bastard,

900
00:52:03,760 --> 00:52:07,000
and I'm gonna be thinking about all this kind of stuff,

901
00:52:07,039 --> 00:52:09,239
you know, reading more of Ravens Biology of Plants again,

902
00:52:09,280 --> 00:52:11,760
that was from chapter twenty three. I just book Ravens

903
00:52:11,800 --> 00:52:14,639
Biology of Plants. Buy a fucking hard copy, your reference

904
00:52:14,679 --> 00:52:16,320
it for the next ten years is not gonna hurt you.

905
00:52:16,360 --> 00:52:18,639
They get some nice photos in there too, and get

906
00:52:18,679 --> 00:52:22,199
Plants Systematics as well. You can also get those all

907
00:52:22,239 --> 00:52:28,679
on libgen dot is or the Google pdf drive that

908
00:52:29,079 --> 00:52:30,800
at one point was attached to this. I don't know

909
00:52:30,840 --> 00:52:33,599
if it's still attached, but I gotta take this fucking

910
00:52:33,599 --> 00:52:35,360
shirt off. Man. This is just I was working. I

911
00:52:35,400 --> 00:52:38,400
was out crawling, putting irrigation tubing under the desk, under

912
00:52:38,400 --> 00:52:42,599
the deck because I just planted some fucking Quirkus rugosa

913
00:52:42,639 --> 00:52:46,360
and Qurcus grissia. You know, you want those hairy oaks,

914
00:52:46,719 --> 00:52:51,760
the oaks with the hairy leaves for for the dry

915
00:52:51,920 --> 00:52:54,320
the dry climates, they get so fucking windy. It's not

916
00:52:54,400 --> 00:52:56,480
just the heat, it's the wind. And that's something about

917
00:52:56,480 --> 00:52:59,320
West Texas. I was talking to some guy who's growing

918
00:53:00,000 --> 00:53:03,480
paoti and Belgium where it's legal. It's like it's legal

919
00:53:03,519 --> 00:53:07,400
in Canada. He's growing peyote, is growing fucking turbinic carpas,

920
00:53:07,480 --> 00:53:09,840
all these cool cac diye and he's he's not just

921
00:53:09,880 --> 00:53:12,559
some collector nerder while fitting in the collection. He's doing

922
00:53:12,559 --> 00:53:17,559
these habitat recreations or recreations with all the native plants.

923
00:53:17,559 --> 00:53:19,719
And he was he's always amped whenever I post pictures

924
00:53:19,719 --> 00:53:22,239
of companion plants for any of these cac die like

925
00:53:22,280 --> 00:53:25,760
for astrophytum or aerocarpus, et cetera. I posted a picture

926
00:53:25,800 --> 00:53:29,199
of manda Villa Macrosciphon out here in West Texas, the

927
00:53:29,280 --> 00:53:31,000
right of the big old Paoti next to it, and

928
00:53:31,039 --> 00:53:37,000
Mandavilla Macrosciphi has a beautiful fucking moth pineated plant. Some

929
00:53:37,079 --> 00:53:41,599
of the grasses that you find growing out here, just

930
00:53:41,599 --> 00:53:44,599
the companion plants, you know, noting those ecological relationships. And

931
00:53:44,639 --> 00:53:48,119
he got so he got so stoked about it, and

932
00:53:48,119 --> 00:53:49,599
I was, I was telling him, you know, I'm like,

933
00:53:49,599 --> 00:53:54,000
the habitats between South and West Texas are so different.

934
00:53:54,480 --> 00:53:57,880
South Texas is exponentially hotter. It's got more humidity, so

935
00:53:57,920 --> 00:54:00,840
the knights don't cool off, right. That humidity really fucks

936
00:54:00,920 --> 00:54:05,559
with the day and night temperature fluctuations. And then West

937
00:54:05,559 --> 00:54:08,239
Texas is like much more pleasant to walk through much

938
00:54:08,280 --> 00:54:10,679
of the year. It's not hot, You're not gonna be

939
00:54:10,719 --> 00:54:13,039
bathed in sweat like you're you know, sitting there in

940
00:54:13,039 --> 00:54:16,480
a bickram yogurt studio, you know, huffing someone else's farts

941
00:54:16,480 --> 00:54:18,800
while you're doing downward dog. It's not like that. It's

942
00:54:18,880 --> 00:54:21,679
much more pleasant, but it's much windier and it's much drier.

943
00:54:21,679 --> 00:54:24,280
The West Texas wind is nothing to fuck around with.

944
00:54:24,320 --> 00:54:27,159
I've seen dust storms here really fuck up people's windshields,

945
00:54:27,159 --> 00:54:29,960
like they got sand blasted, not cracked, but just so

946
00:54:30,559 --> 00:54:33,760
ubraided with sand particles from these harsh winds that it

947
00:54:33,800 --> 00:54:36,639
looks like someone literally sand blasted their wind shield. The

948
00:54:36,719 --> 00:54:39,559
whole thing's fucked. It just looks it's blurry because the

949
00:54:39,599 --> 00:54:41,960
wind is just moving so fast. So that wind is

950
00:54:42,000 --> 00:54:45,719
so drying, and it just sucks moisture right out of plants.

951
00:54:45,719 --> 00:54:47,920
So what do you want? You want hairs on leaves.

952
00:54:47,920 --> 00:54:50,440
It's why as you start moving west to the North

953
00:54:50,440 --> 00:54:53,239
American content, more of the plants that you encounter have

954
00:54:53,360 --> 00:54:57,559
hairy leaves because that hair does fucking wonders for acting

955
00:54:57,599 --> 00:55:00,719
as a wind break against the leafs, sir, and preventing

956
00:55:00,760 --> 00:55:04,840
those winds from sucking moisture out of those dolmata. So

957
00:55:04,880 --> 00:55:06,920
that's what I did for the oaks, right, So that's

958
00:55:06,960 --> 00:55:09,320
what I you know, that's why the fucking you know,

959
00:55:09,599 --> 00:55:11,960
this old couple that used to live where I lived,

960
00:55:12,000 --> 00:55:14,400
that wanted really nice people, but they were they built

961
00:55:14,400 --> 00:55:16,800
the cages for all their plants, you know, and I

962
00:55:16,880 --> 00:55:18,480
was like, what the fuck, Like the deer don't bother

963
00:55:18,559 --> 00:55:20,559
too many of my things. The deer got my madron,

964
00:55:20,639 --> 00:55:23,760
but you know, for which I'll beat them with a

965
00:55:23,800 --> 00:55:27,480
stick if I catch them, but it'll rep it's re sprouting.

966
00:55:27,920 --> 00:55:31,480
But you know they said that, they cause I talked

967
00:55:31,480 --> 00:55:33,039
to the guy when they left that when I got

968
00:55:33,079 --> 00:55:34,280
this house, and they were like, yeah, you know, the

969
00:55:34,320 --> 00:55:37,639
deer would just destroy our plants. But then I realized, well,

970
00:55:37,679 --> 00:55:40,079
they're mostly growing. They were bringing the shit in from

971
00:55:40,239 --> 00:55:42,639
like the Home Depot garden section that didn't evolve here.

972
00:55:43,039 --> 00:55:46,119
They were just bringing in like a salad buffet, just

973
00:55:46,159 --> 00:55:48,920
like the deer were going to loubies, just bringing in

974
00:55:48,960 --> 00:55:53,760
a salad buffet of non native horticultural atrocities, which the

975
00:55:53,800 --> 00:55:56,320
deer loved. And they don't mess with the native plants.

976
00:55:56,320 --> 00:55:58,840
White Well, the native plants evolved here and involved with them,

977
00:55:58,840 --> 00:56:01,320
and they've also probably taste bad. They've got hairs on

978
00:56:01,360 --> 00:56:06,679
the leaves, they got spines, et cetera. So another reason

979
00:56:06,719 --> 00:56:08,320
to plant native. This is why I don't get it.

980
00:56:08,360 --> 00:56:11,400
You know, this is we fucking As much as I

981
00:56:11,440 --> 00:56:13,119
hate to say it, I would love to see Home

982
00:56:13,199 --> 00:56:17,840
Depot sell native plants. I hate Home Depot whatever, But

983
00:56:17,880 --> 00:56:20,119
I love this. I'd love it if this shit was available.

984
00:56:22,599 --> 00:56:24,199
You know, quit trying to pretend were you're not all right.

985
00:56:24,199 --> 00:56:25,920
That's all I got. Have aggressive day, go fuck this up.

986
00:56:25,920 --> 00:56:29,199
By There we go. Ground tissues, everybody, ground tissues, epidermal

987
00:56:29,519 --> 00:56:31,960
ground tissues, and vascular system. That's all I gotta go.

988
00:56:32,000 --> 00:56:32,519
Fux it by