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Speaker 1: Plant a speciation. What does it mean to speciate? It

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means the evolution of new species, okay. And but before

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we get into that, though, we will learn that, uh

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can you see this fucking screen? Is this coming through? Huh?

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You fuck? I think so. Before we get into it, though,

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you will learn that, you know, the concept of a

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species itself is a human thing, all right. Nature doesn't

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obey find boundaries such as this. It doesn't listen, it

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doesn't it doesn't constrain itself to boxes. That's why we

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get all these different things, like a species concept. You

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can see, this ship is so convoluted, and scientists don't

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really know what it is. I mean, you get the

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general gist of it, but it's not you know, it's

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a little fluid. Okay, So it's a spectrum. Sometimes this

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species stuff. You got ecotypes, different phenotypes. And that's because

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the more that we learn about evolution and natural selection

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and how plants exchange genes, we learn as species is

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not clearly defined in some things. The species is clearly

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divines some lineages. In other lineages like astace, for example,

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or some of the buckwheats, they hybridize readily. There's new

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ecotypes popping up. There's new species, especially certain like the

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genus Ariagonum. There's different ecotypes. I mean that thing. There's

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like three hundred species the buckwets that they're dominant out west.

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They like that. They thrive in drier places. Okay, and

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if they occur in the east, in the eastern half

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of the United States, they tend to only occur in

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dry microsites. Okay, like that. What's that Areagona at Lennie

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over there in Virginia and the shale barons. Great fucking species. Anyway,

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the buckwheats, they they're very they're very evolutionarily plastic. You

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get new different ecotypes and phenotypes popping up all over

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the place that can turn into different species, et cetera.

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So anyway, the species concept, you can see here as

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we've got right here, fucking degenerates. The biological species concept

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defines the species as a group of organisms that can

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interbreed and produce healthy offspring, etc. But of course, different

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species hybridize all the time, Different species in the same

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genus even sometimes you know, species in different genera will okay,

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like happens with ferrocactus and Lukedenbergia. You know, the Lukedenbergia

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is most closely related to ferocactus. Who would have thought

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it's just got those elongated tubercles. They can bang, they

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can interbang, and they form a hybrid. Wild stuff. Okay.

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Carantho fremontia a hybrid between Carantho ndron, which grows in

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the Wahawkan Cloud forest at nine thousand feet and Formatodendron,

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which occurs in California, wonderful chaparral plant. They can interbreed,

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they can interbang, as you would say if you have

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a sophomore humor like me. Okay, and they can form

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inter intergeneric hybrids. Okay, wild stuff. So you've got to

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be fluid. You got to remember, at the end of

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the day, these boxes that we draw around lineages, especially

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at the species level, are fluid. Okay, So you got

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all these different species KINDSPT morphological species concept defines the

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species by its distinctive physical features. Well, that doesn't really

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work right sometimes because there's cryptic species. You'll get a

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plant species that when it's the DNA's looked at, it's fine, Wow,

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this is something entirely new that can't breed, Okay with

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this other thing that it looks a lot alike. Okay,

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because maybe this is polyploid. It's got more chromosomes than

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this one, but they look a lot alike. Ete are phylogenetic.

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Species concepts defines the species by its evolutionary relationships with

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other species, ecological species. The point is we're not going

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to get into all these it's a whole fucking separate podcast.

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But you could clearly see, uh, there's a number of

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different number of different species concept and I think you

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should read about that in your free time. You know,

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what are you doing? What are you gonna be doing?

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Then it pictures of food and butts comparing yourself to

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others on social media? Okay, anyway, so we got that

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species concept out of the way. You gotta get loose,

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you gotta get a little fluid with it. What is speciation?

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It's the evolution of new species. Okay? And what is

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it the what's it? The hard especiation isolation? All right?

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Great graphic right here. Okay, original population gets split up

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by a physical barrier like a mountain range or an

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underwater volcano that splits off the lakes. What are the

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lakes in Africa? Great example of what all the fucking

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fish species over there? I forget this is This is

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like elementary evolutionary biology, and I forget the name of

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the anyway, cichlids. I think they're cicklids, all right. It

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was a lake used to be, was it? Lake Victoria?

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Used to be a larger lake got split up into

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smaller lakes each h you know, what was formerly a

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larger population got split up into multiple different populations. You

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get different species evolving. Then it's a restriction of gene flow. Okay,

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it's isolation. Genetic isolation can be and it can be

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restriction in gene flow at restriction or in a leele flow,

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which is a copy of a gene Isolation can be

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physical or it can be you know, genetic, all right,

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like a phenology like this species of critagish, or it

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was a large population of critagis the what is it hawthorns? Right,

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one flowers. Suddenly something happens. One starts flowering later in

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the year. Okay, the the ancestral population flowers in the spring.

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These new individuals that evolve different mutations, different phenotypes, they

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start flowering in the fall. Okay. They're they're restricted all right, temporally,

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they're restricted from from exchanging genes. But they're restricted temporally.

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Now you know, they're still growing. That's simp patric e speciation,

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by the way, all right, So they're still growing within

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close proximity to each other, but they can no longer

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interbreed a polyploidy event, all right. Remember humans are diploid.

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We have two copies of each chromosome. Plants can have

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multiple copies of each chromosome. Sometimes the whole genome will

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duplicate itself, and so they'll be polyploid, all right. So

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they could be you know, tetraploid whatever. And in that case,

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you know, they would have multiple copies of every chromosome.

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It can no longer interbreed with the ancestral population. That's diploid. Okay,

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So you see how you see how one population can

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be genetically isolated from another population of organisms. In this case,

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we're talking about plants, even though they're still growing in

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close proximity, all right, And that's sympatric expeciation. Allopatric e

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speciation is a reproductive isolation due to geographic isolation, which

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is really easy to visualize, which which I've been here

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with this little drawing. See two different species, those little

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cones are supposed to be trees, coniferous trees. Right mountain

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range due to tectonic forces, rises up, splits the population

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in two, and the population on the left side can

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no longer exchange pollen with the population on the right,

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and so they evolve into different species. And presumably the

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conditions on either side of the mountain are not the

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same either, all right, it's it's a there's heterogeneity there,

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so that maybe this will be a more moist population,

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gets more rain, this is a more dry population, et cetera.

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And so they will each each population will will evolve

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under the selective pressures, the natural selection of each respective environment. Okay,

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which is not the homogeneous homogeneous homogeneity, you know what

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the fuck I'm talking about. Let's get to the point

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what caused the That's when I get these pictures, These

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cute little birds, those are Darwin's finches. Darwin saw this,

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all right. He was a worldly man. He was traveling,

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he was traveling with all those those uh syphilitic sailors

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on that ship. What were they doing over there? What

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were they doing? They were doing something for Her Majesty's service.

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They were getting I don't know what the fuck they

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were doing. They were picking up diseases, is what they

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were doing, because they were a bunch of filthy fucks.

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But Darwin was on on the you know, he was

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the on board scientist, and uh.

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Speaker 2: Probably fuck, I don't know. The guy was going all

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over the place, you know, back in the day. And

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he gets to the Galopago silence and he says, wow,

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he says, he got all these different islands, and each

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island has a different bird on it, a different finch

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with a different kind of beak, and the beak has

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evolved to a different food source.

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Speaker 1: Does it eat insects? Does it eat cactus? Does it

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crack seeds? What is it doing? Okay? Great, this this

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was this was a great example, a great illus, all right.

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And because it was these islands were not so far apart,

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he could see that he picked up on the same

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general theme. I eat a finch, but different variations on it,

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and that's all evolution. Well it's not all it is,

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but that's a lot of what is variations on a theme. Okay,

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great little graph there. Alopatrick speciation, Parapatrick para Patrick speciation

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sim Patrick. Let's just focus on Alopatrick and Simpatrick for

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now though. Okay, let's see he's splitting up original population.

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Initial step of speciation. The circle splits in two, all right,

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It's like a split pizza, and then you know, one

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half the pizza starts evolving into something else, evolution of

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reproductive isolation, new distinct species after equilibration of new ranges.

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The fuck oun't know anyway, but Parapatrick and Parapatrick will

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get to later. But Alopatrick and sim Patrick focus on

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the is allopatric geographic isolation, and Simpatrick, there's still there's

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still you know, like if a sim if a plant

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is growing sympatrick with another species, that's those two plants

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are occupying the same habitat. They're not geographically isolated, but

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they're reproductively isolated due to something like phenology, different flowering times,

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or one is polyploid, all right, and you know a

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polyploid organism can't can't interbreed with the diploid organism. Okay.

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Allopatric E speciation occurs on a population is geographically say

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we got that already. Sympatric E speciation happens within the

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same geographic area without a physical barrier often driven by

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behavioral or ecological factors that isolate different groups. Okay, anyway,

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great an another great graph with the split pizza. All right,

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the circle that's been split into geographic barrier reproductive isolation

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spec I love thinking about this stuff. I love thinking

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about the variations on a theme. Then when you get

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to Alla patrick'speciation that the geographic isolation could later be

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split up into dispersal events, i e. Seed gets stuck

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in the plumage of a bird transported to an island,

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you know, two thousand miles away. It's it's relatively rare,

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but it does happen, as we'll see what the Hawaiian

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silver swords and the California tarweeds. And you can also

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have vicarious like we talked about before. Okay, the you know,

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the the Earth's crust gets a stiffy and a mountain

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building That happens in orogeny, and you get a mountain

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popping up, right, splitting a population into or a lake

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or a big river. What happened with chimps and bonobos? Right?

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What happened with the chips and bonobos? How did they

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get out of Bonobos? So nice? And the chimps are

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fucking maniacs like humans are. Huh. That was the river

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in the congo in case. Okay, so and anyway, any

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shape you see, you're just trying to think about what

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different things can split up a population, because that that

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is what causes the speciation. It's just that restriction in

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gene flow. That's why I like when plant breeders. Someone's

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trying to breed you know, a more drought resistant tomato

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or something. They will you know, grow a thousand and

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they'll pick the ones they'll subject them to, like a

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drought stress in a greenhouse. Right, turn off the water,

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and the ones that will at first they pick out right,

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they just destroy, and then the ones that are last twilt.

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All right, that's a great example of selection. Okay, all right,

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this is all over the place. I apologize, you know,

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I have been trying to do too much at once,

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but hopefully you're picking up some of what I'm putting down, kay, Key,

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difference is Dispersal involves movement, and dispersal individuals actively move

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to a new location, crossing existing barriers. Vicarians involves a

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barrier formation. All right, it's easy enough, all right, let's

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get the pair up Patrick and parah Patrick speciation. Parapatric

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speciation is a type of allopatric speciation. These are both

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types of alopatric speciation where species develop different characteristics in

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lifestyles despite being located next to each other. Okay, this

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can occur when a habitat changes dramatically. This is not

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in proximity to each other. This is like we'll see

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with the vernonias. Okay, eastern half of North America gets

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more rain, it's more music, less stressful, and then you

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hit the one hundredth meridian which runs right through Texas,

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and the whole content starts fucking drying out. And you

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can see that in the plant life. And you can

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see in the genus Vernonia among many other genera, because

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plants like Vernonia larcini they've got the same flower structure

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as Vernona. The iron weeds well known plant in uh

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in the east, but the leaves are narrower and so hairy,

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they're almost fucking white. Okay, so that's that would be

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a form of parah Patrick speciation. Pair uh parat Patrick

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speciation will be something like island speciation, a type of

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atta of Patrick speciation where one of the new populations

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is much smaller than the original population, all right, and

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this can lead to different illegal frequencies and phenotypes in

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the new population. Okay, so it's geographic isolation, but the

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new population is much smaller than the original. This is

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like what you would see in island speciation, right, like

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we're seeing here with the with the silver swords on

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top of the volcanoes. Look at the beautiful view of

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00:14:44,279 --> 00:14:47,320
the parking lot. So all the Americans and a tourists

234
00:14:47,320 --> 00:14:50,279
can get their fat asses up, no offense. I'm sorry,

235
00:14:50,440 --> 00:14:52,480
you know, I'm really fucking out of it. I'm I'm out.

236
00:14:52,639 --> 00:14:54,279
I'm out of this today. So they can get up

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00:14:54,279 --> 00:14:56,200
to the top of the volcano. Right, you go, You

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00:14:56,279 --> 00:14:58,519
drive up to the parking lot, you look around, get

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00:14:58,519 --> 00:15:00,440
back in the car, and you just right back. You

240
00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:04,559
don't really do anything, right most people, especially especially if

241
00:15:04,600 --> 00:15:06,919
you're in Texas, You don't go on along. You just

242
00:15:07,039 --> 00:15:09,240
kind of waltz around the parking lot because no people.

243
00:15:09,240 --> 00:15:12,039
You know, Americans don't like walking. They hate walking, all right.

244
00:15:12,200 --> 00:15:14,559
It's not their fault. It's the infrastructure they were given.

245
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It's not their choice, it's just what they were given.

246
00:15:17,080 --> 00:15:20,840
You know, Americans don't walk anyway. I digress this thing

247
00:15:20,919 --> 00:15:24,399
right here that you're looking at. The silver sword. You

248
00:15:24,440 --> 00:15:30,240
can see looks otherworldly. Okay, they're they're monocarpic, like a gave.

249
00:15:30,440 --> 00:15:32,120
So they flower once and then they die, and it

250
00:15:32,159 --> 00:15:34,639
takes them about twenty or thirty years to flower roughly.

251
00:15:34,720 --> 00:15:36,799
I think that's about right. I've never actually seen one

252
00:15:37,320 --> 00:15:41,480
in person. I've not been to Hawaii, but hopefully at

253
00:15:41,480 --> 00:15:43,919
some point they'll go. It's you know, Hawaii is largely

254
00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:47,279
wrecked ecology. It's kind of said. There's still some wonderful

255
00:15:47,279 --> 00:15:50,200
stuff there, but you know, a lot of it. Plus

256
00:15:50,240 --> 00:15:53,120
it's got all these corny ideas about tropical paradise that

257
00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:56,639
make me one of them. It's so uh and it's expensive,

258
00:15:56,759 --> 00:15:59,039
so anyway, but I'm gonna make it there one point.

259
00:15:59,080 --> 00:16:02,720
So on top of these folks hanos, you got this plant,

260
00:16:02,759 --> 00:16:05,919
the Hawaiian silver sorts. Look at those beautiful blue leaves, narrow,

261
00:16:05,960 --> 00:16:09,320
almost looks like a yucca covered in hair. And what

262
00:16:09,399 --> 00:16:14,600
was what what what is the closest relative of of

263
00:16:14,639 --> 00:16:18,240
the tarwi or the silver swords? Excuse me, right, the closest.

264
00:16:18,480 --> 00:16:20,000
There's something I think about all the time. I become

265
00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:21,799
interested in the plant, I will what's the what's the

266
00:16:21,840 --> 00:16:24,879
most closest relative of it, so something like peyota. I'll

267
00:16:24,919 --> 00:16:29,000
type in lofafra and then the words phylogeny after it,

268
00:16:29,279 --> 00:16:33,000
and I'll be given a phylogenetic tree, an evolutionary tree,

269
00:16:33,200 --> 00:16:37,200
a cladogram, and it will show what loffra according to

270
00:16:37,320 --> 00:16:40,759
DNA sequencing, which doesn't lie, it's close most closely related

271
00:16:40,799 --> 00:16:44,039
to In that case, it's it's this genus called Obergonia,

272
00:16:44,120 --> 00:16:47,399
another genus of cacti wild you never think so. They

273
00:16:47,399 --> 00:16:50,159
don't look much alike at all. When you see the

274
00:16:50,200 --> 00:16:53,720
flowers in the underground stem, you can kind of clicks,

275
00:16:53,720 --> 00:16:58,200
but for the most part no anyway, So what is

276
00:16:58,360 --> 00:17:01,759
what is silver sword most closely related to? What is?

277
00:17:01,919 --> 00:17:05,039
What is? What did it? And what what? What is?

278
00:17:05,039 --> 00:17:08,400
The presumative specieded out of right because it then the

279
00:17:08,440 --> 00:17:11,119
Hawaiian Islands are only six million years old, roughly six

280
00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:12,920
or seven, right, They weren't there six or seven million

281
00:17:12,960 --> 00:17:16,359
years ago. They're a result of hotspot volcanism, all right.

282
00:17:16,440 --> 00:17:19,720
An underwater volcano started puke and out lava created these islands.

283
00:17:20,039 --> 00:17:23,000
So everything that arrived on Hawaii got there in the

284
00:17:23,079 --> 00:17:25,960
last six or seven million years, because there was no

285
00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:28,039
island there before. It might be a little bit older,

286
00:17:28,079 --> 00:17:31,200
I'm not sure, but they're still being created, obviously, as

287
00:17:31,200 --> 00:17:34,799
you can learn from those disastrous basalt floats that level

288
00:17:34,799 --> 00:17:39,440
neighborhoods instead of the islands. Anyway, before the event of

289
00:17:39,519 --> 00:17:42,920
DNA sequencing, it was hypothesized just from looking at the

290
00:17:42,920 --> 00:17:45,319
flower structure, because remember, flowers are what we used to

291
00:17:45,359 --> 00:17:48,359
identify plants. They are what giveaway what a plant might

292
00:17:48,759 --> 00:17:51,720
be most closely related to. Right, you compare the shape

293
00:17:51,759 --> 00:17:54,480
of one plant's flower with the shape of another plant's flower,

294
00:17:54,839 --> 00:17:59,680
and you can see similarities. And as you know, the theoretically,

295
00:17:59,759 --> 00:18:03,079
the more similarities, the more closely related there. So what

296
00:18:03,119 --> 00:18:04,920
was what was the what were the silver swords most

297
00:18:05,240 --> 00:18:07,559
closely related to? Look at the nice money shops of

298
00:18:07,599 --> 00:18:10,680
the silver swords. Pictures are stole off the internet. Look

299
00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:15,039
at those fucking things, incredible landscape. Right. Well, this is

300
00:18:15,079 --> 00:18:17,319
what it turns out their most closely related to. Here's

301
00:18:17,359 --> 00:18:20,440
the clade of silver swords, the evolutionary group, the clade,

302
00:18:20,880 --> 00:18:24,079
and it's related to this plant called riarity Apsis muriai,

303
00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:27,759
which has been renamed the genus has been renamed Mattia

304
00:18:27,839 --> 00:18:32,920
bolanderai and rayardy Apsis scabbarda. Okay, oh yeah, that Maddi

305
00:18:32,960 --> 00:18:35,279
has sandwiched in between the two riarity Apsis. They're gonna

306
00:18:35,319 --> 00:18:37,480
have to do a name change there for sure. So

307
00:18:37,599 --> 00:18:39,680
this is what the DNA revealed, And this is what

308
00:18:40,359 --> 00:18:43,279
I think. It was a carl Quist who decided that's

309
00:18:43,319 --> 00:18:45,559
probably that's probably what they were even before we look

310
00:18:45,599 --> 00:18:48,960
at the DNA, what they're most closely related to. Yeah,

311
00:18:49,000 --> 00:18:51,000
and what do these plants look like? What are what

312
00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:55,119
do the ancestors look like? Well, here is the Nissocarpus scabbardess,

313
00:18:55,519 --> 00:18:59,759
which is that what they changed the Yeah, riarity Opsis

314
00:18:59,799 --> 00:19:04,359
beaks came a nisocarpus. The tarweeds, these little herbs, these

315
00:19:04,400 --> 00:19:06,480
little herbs, so five or six million years ago the

316
00:19:06,559 --> 00:19:08,559
seeds are one of these things got stuck in the

317
00:19:08,559 --> 00:19:12,200
plumage of a bird, got taken to Hawaii on a

318
00:19:12,400 --> 00:19:17,400
Transpacific flight, well only halfway across the ocean, the fuck

319
00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:20,039
you know what I'm talking about, and it evolved into this.

320
00:19:20,480 --> 00:19:24,119
So when that seed evolved, that founder population, when that

321
00:19:24,279 --> 00:19:26,759
not evolved, When that founder population, that seed was brought

322
00:19:26,960 --> 00:19:29,960
to the Hawaiian islands. It evolved into this freedom the

323
00:19:30,039 --> 00:19:36,319
constraints that we're keeping plants like a Nisocarpus scabbardess from

324
00:19:36,359 --> 00:19:39,400
getting too big on the mainland, like herbivores and other things.

325
00:19:39,920 --> 00:19:44,119
This new population could now evolve into these weird ass

326
00:19:45,480 --> 00:19:51,039
monocarpic monolithic beautiful weird ass plants, right, beautiful fucking weirdos.

327
00:19:51,359 --> 00:19:55,039
And that right there is what makes studding shit like

328
00:19:55,079 --> 00:19:57,720
this so fun because you can literally see it. And

329
00:19:57,799 --> 00:20:00,440
when you look at things like human selection, shit like

330
00:20:00,480 --> 00:20:02,640
this is amplified. And you look at the fact that

331
00:20:02,680 --> 00:20:07,759
we got broccoli, cauliflower kale bacchoi et cetera from the

332
00:20:07,799 --> 00:20:13,000
same species of Braskabrasca olerasia. Okay, you can and you

333
00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:15,359
think about how quickly we did that, all right, a

334
00:20:15,359 --> 00:20:19,119
few hundred years, maybe a thousand. Then you can see, well,

335
00:20:19,160 --> 00:20:20,599
if we could do that in a thousand, what can

336
00:20:20,640 --> 00:20:26,759
the environment do? What can quote nature do? And the

337
00:20:26,839 --> 00:20:29,440
selective forces in a given region, what can they do

338
00:20:29,559 --> 00:20:31,559
in millions of years? Well, there's your answer. You get

339
00:20:31,599 --> 00:20:36,200
things like silver swords evolving from things like tarweed's. Okay,

340
00:20:36,200 --> 00:20:39,599
here's carl Cristia murii, which that was really already apsis.

341
00:20:39,640 --> 00:20:41,279
Look at you see what they call it tarweeds. It's

342
00:20:41,319 --> 00:20:44,359
got those glandular trichombs, little hairs and shit, little yellow

343
00:20:44,359 --> 00:20:48,720
flooris there's the seeds or the achenes. It's not it's

344
00:20:48,720 --> 00:20:51,920
a single seeded fruit. Okay, So that is actually a

345
00:20:51,960 --> 00:20:55,599
fruit and a seed, all right, single seeded fruit. You

346
00:20:55,640 --> 00:20:58,599
get the PAPIs, the pappi up top. You could see

347
00:20:58,599 --> 00:21:01,000
how that would get stuck in the plumage of a

348
00:21:01,039 --> 00:21:05,119
bird or something. And there's up close of the tarweeds.

349
00:21:05,160 --> 00:21:06,920
Looking at it. You get the parking lot in the background.

350
00:21:08,440 --> 00:21:17,599
Fucking oh god, America. Okay. The Canary Islands are another

351
00:21:17,640 --> 00:21:20,359
hotspot of island speciation anetimism. So you get a lot

352
00:21:20,400 --> 00:21:24,519
of speciation on islands. Islands are great ways for new

353
00:21:24,559 --> 00:21:29,680
things to evolve. They're great examples of isolation. All right.

354
00:21:30,240 --> 00:21:33,359
Islands are isolated and they're surrounded by a moat of

355
00:21:33,400 --> 00:21:38,799
the open ocean that seals them off from the mainland. Okay,

356
00:21:38,839 --> 00:21:42,039
so you get shit like this, some of these weird euphobias.

357
00:21:42,319 --> 00:21:45,480
What is this? Are these some of those dressinas? You

358
00:21:45,519 --> 00:21:48,000
get dressinas over there, et cetera. So great great case.

359
00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:51,119
Here's another great case of island speciation. Echium is a

360
00:21:51,160 --> 00:21:54,440
genus native to much of Europe in the family Baragina.

361
00:21:54,559 --> 00:21:56,720
See all right, there's a couple that there's one or

362
00:21:56,720 --> 00:22:00,640
two that are invasive in the Chicago region, for instance, European.

363
00:22:00,880 --> 00:22:03,319
Of a lot of the invasive plants in the Chicago

364
00:22:03,359 --> 00:22:07,240
region come from Europe. Right, similar latitude, similar climate, also

365
00:22:07,279 --> 00:22:13,000
gets cold winters. And anyway, so what does zekion do

366
00:22:13,079 --> 00:22:15,119
when it gets to the Canary Islands. When it got

367
00:22:15,759 --> 00:22:19,400
to the Canary Islands, turns into this look similar form,

368
00:22:20,160 --> 00:22:25,680
almost a similar form to the silver sorts. It's remarkable,

369
00:22:25,680 --> 00:22:30,359
totally unrelated, but silver similar form to the Hawaiian silver swords.

370
00:22:30,759 --> 00:22:35,640
You have a small herbaceous plant, maybe an herbaceous perennial,

371
00:22:35,920 --> 00:22:38,000
doesn't get that tall, tops out at two or three

372
00:22:38,039 --> 00:22:41,440
feet max. Gets to an island and goes nuts, gets

373
00:22:41,440 --> 00:22:44,480
to an island that's free of herbivores and goes nuts.

374
00:22:44,480 --> 00:22:48,640
And I think that is the main selective force affecting

375
00:22:48,680 --> 00:22:51,960
these things is that they're no longer nibbled down and

376
00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:54,720
they can actually evolve to get big. So you know,

377
00:22:54,960 --> 00:22:56,680
if a plant like this evolved on the mainland, that

378
00:22:56,720 --> 00:23:00,400
we get nibbled down relatively quick, and an island where

379
00:23:00,440 --> 00:23:02,720
there's no herbivores, it's free to grow and so nothing

380
00:23:02,799 --> 00:23:07,359
is selecting against big ass forms like this. You can

381
00:23:07,400 --> 00:23:09,680
go everywhere thinking about this. It's really fun stuff to

382
00:23:09,680 --> 00:23:11,720
think about. Look at it, there's a little what is

383
00:23:11,759 --> 00:23:15,160
that a gecko or not a gecko, a knoll or something.

384
00:23:15,799 --> 00:23:17,440
I don't fucking know. I'm not a herb intelligence, but

385
00:23:17,440 --> 00:23:19,000
you could see look at it. He's not Look he's

386
00:23:19,039 --> 00:23:22,480
pollinating that echium. All right. So the Hawaiian tarweeds follow

387
00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:24,799
the pattern seen many plants when they get to islands,

388
00:23:25,200 --> 00:23:29,799
especially islands lack herbivores, large seeds. Okay, Appendages for wind

389
00:23:29,880 --> 00:23:32,599
dispersal are not as necessary since there's nowhere for seeds

390
00:23:32,640 --> 00:23:36,079
to go, so they are selected against. Okay, all right,

391
00:23:36,359 --> 00:23:39,319
anything that can anything that any seed that has wind

392
00:23:39,359 --> 00:23:42,240
dispersal mechanisms on it, if it's if you're growing on

393
00:23:42,279 --> 00:23:44,079
an island, it's just gonna go out the seeds. It's

394
00:23:44,079 --> 00:23:46,519
gonna be cast off to sea and it's never gonna germinate.

395
00:23:46,559 --> 00:23:48,640
It's never gonna get a chance to reproduce and produce

396
00:23:49,039 --> 00:23:52,880
more seeds. Whereas the seeds if you have phenotypes. Okay,

397
00:23:53,200 --> 00:23:57,839
same species, different phenotypes that are producing large seeds. Those

398
00:23:57,920 --> 00:24:00,319
large seeds are not gonna go very far, and they're

399
00:24:00,319 --> 00:24:03,160
also going to have more endosperm, right, like the little

400
00:24:03,240 --> 00:24:06,640
lunch box that a seed gets sent off with to

401
00:24:07,319 --> 00:24:11,720
feed the ceiling, all right, reduce defenses, less need for

402
00:24:11,799 --> 00:24:15,480
strong defenses against herbivores due to lower herbivore pressure on islands,

403
00:24:16,160 --> 00:24:19,400
you don't need a lot of defenses. Many plants will

404
00:24:20,160 --> 00:24:22,880
if they have spiny relatives in the mainland, they will

405
00:24:23,359 --> 00:24:27,559
lose the spines eventually. And because there's nothing selecting for it,

406
00:24:27,559 --> 00:24:30,279
it's not the plant doesn't know. I don't need to

407
00:24:30,319 --> 00:24:34,400
do this anymore. There's just nothing selecting for it, all right.

408
00:24:34,440 --> 00:24:37,640
Whereas but now there's something selecting against If you're producing

409
00:24:37,720 --> 00:24:41,680
spines that takes energy, that's less energy you can put

410
00:24:41,720 --> 00:24:47,799
into producing leaves, et cetera. And so the plants that

411
00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:51,119
can put the plants the phenotypes that pop up, and

412
00:24:51,160 --> 00:24:56,759
we'll get into phenotypic variation a little bit few slides down.

413
00:24:57,839 --> 00:25:01,519
The phenotypes that produce these phenotypes are new phoenom types

414
00:25:01,559 --> 00:25:05,200
are always being created, right, but there's maybe nothing is

415
00:25:05,240 --> 00:25:10,240
selecting for them, Okay, so there's always anytime you have

416
00:25:10,319 --> 00:25:13,400
sex and as opposed to just asexual reproduction like clone,

417
00:25:13,440 --> 00:25:16,759
anytime you have sex and genetic recombination, new phenotypes are

418
00:25:16,799 --> 00:25:22,640
being created. And that is that is the palette of

419
00:25:23,240 --> 00:25:27,440
available options that evolution has to work with and natural

420
00:25:27,440 --> 00:25:31,359
selection has to work with. All right, So there's gonna

421
00:25:31,359 --> 00:25:35,000
be something selecting against the production of spines, all right,

422
00:25:35,079 --> 00:25:38,119
the ones that don't produce spines but can grow faster

423
00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:40,960
and get more robust because they're taking the energy the

424
00:25:40,960 --> 00:25:44,279
plants that took the energy to put the instead of

425
00:25:44,279 --> 00:25:46,640
putting it into spines, they're putting it into producing more

426
00:25:46,720 --> 00:25:50,400
leaves or growing faster. They're gonna thrive more. Eventually they

427
00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:53,519
will be selected for. If there are no herbivores to

428
00:25:53,640 --> 00:25:58,319
select for the plants that produce spines. There's herbivores on

429
00:25:58,359 --> 00:26:01,640
the island. You know, some sailors, some syphilitic sailors, drop

430
00:26:01,680 --> 00:26:04,920
off a few hundred goats, figuring they can come back,

431
00:26:05,480 --> 00:26:07,559
you know, in a year or two and harvest the goats.

432
00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:10,519
Those goats are gonna nibble everything down. Anything that doesn't

433
00:26:10,519 --> 00:26:15,160
have spines is going to be you know, cold, whereas

434
00:26:15,200 --> 00:26:16,680
the things that have spines won't. So you see how

435
00:26:16,720 --> 00:26:19,079
this is working pretty easy. So same thing humans are

436
00:26:19,079 --> 00:26:23,359
doing with human selection manually, just going and picking out,

437
00:26:24,240 --> 00:26:30,839
you know, the the the plants that produce the best fruit,

438
00:26:31,119 --> 00:26:34,200
or that grow the most vigorously or et cetera. It's

439
00:26:34,240 --> 00:26:38,759
all just selective forces, self compatibility, right, ability to self fertilize.

440
00:26:38,799 --> 00:26:42,119
You could fuck yourself and you don't need you know,

441
00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:46,640
you you're able to produce seeds using just the flowers

442
00:26:46,680 --> 00:26:50,400
on yourself, okay, instead of needing to outcross some plant.

443
00:26:50,559 --> 00:26:53,960
Some plants are obligate outcrossers. If you could do that,

444
00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:57,079
that's an adaptive benefit that's going to be beneficial on

445
00:26:57,160 --> 00:26:59,559
a place like an island right where there may be

446
00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:01,519
only a couple seeds made it, and there's not a

447
00:27:01,519 --> 00:27:06,200
lot of genetic diversity. Unspecialized flowers, less complex flowers with

448
00:27:06,319 --> 00:27:10,839
reduced need to attract specific pollinators. What pollinates the silver swords?

449
00:27:11,480 --> 00:27:13,960
Maybe some kind of bird, I would assume. I don't

450
00:27:13,960 --> 00:27:16,599
know that. I've never actually thought about that. A lot

451
00:27:16,599 --> 00:27:21,319
of birds on Hawaii. The silver stord flowers are pretty showy.

452
00:27:21,440 --> 00:27:25,079
But so there's there's you know, every case is different.

453
00:27:25,440 --> 00:27:29,160
Woody growth forms, higher proportion of woody plants compared the mainland. Again,

454
00:27:29,599 --> 00:27:34,039
less herbivores chewing on things, knocking stuff down. Also, I

455
00:27:34,079 --> 00:27:36,759
think on islands they generally have a milder climate because

456
00:27:36,759 --> 00:27:39,680
they're surrounded entirely by water, which has a moderating effect

457
00:27:39,680 --> 00:27:44,359
on climate and also produces fog. You know, islands are

458
00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:49,839
generally milder and easier to grow and than mainland environments,

459
00:27:49,880 --> 00:27:51,799
especially if you're in a desert. I want to see

460
00:27:51,839 --> 00:27:54,480
some wild shit on islands. Go to Cecotra off the

461
00:27:54,519 --> 00:27:57,559
coast of you men, here's a great case Ariogonum genus

462
00:27:57,559 --> 00:27:59,960
of buckweeds, three hundred species. Most don't get that big.

463
00:28:00,039 --> 00:28:03,720
Here's Ariagonam giganteum from the Channel Islands off the coast

464
00:28:03,720 --> 00:28:08,000
of California. It turns into a large shrub sometimes a

465
00:28:08,039 --> 00:28:10,480
small tree, and I fucking love that species. I miss it.

466
00:28:10,519 --> 00:28:14,039
That's a great fucking plant. There's where the Channel Islands are.

467
00:28:14,079 --> 00:28:17,480
There's Long Beach and all the traffic clogged, polluted streets

468
00:28:17,519 --> 00:28:21,240
of the LA region. Great video right here on the

469
00:28:21,359 --> 00:28:24,920
Channel Islands by PBS. You know, tried to get a

470
00:28:24,960 --> 00:28:30,319
gig with them, you know, doing a speaker series. I'm

471
00:28:30,359 --> 00:28:32,839
just kidding, But they wouldn't that be funny though, if

472
00:28:32,880 --> 00:28:36,359
they had me, you know, if they gave me a spot,

473
00:28:36,440 --> 00:28:38,680
you know, just let me do an episode. Just run

474
00:28:38,720 --> 00:28:41,240
in my mouth, you know, throw a couple of low

475
00:28:41,400 --> 00:28:46,160
jokes in there. Whatever, Okay. Anyway, Generally speaking, when plans

476
00:28:46,200 --> 00:28:47,960
get the islands, ay alt to be bigger. When large

477
00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:51,839
animals get the islands, they evolve and become smaller, right

478
00:28:51,960 --> 00:28:55,720
because it's easier if the food is not that if

479
00:28:55,759 --> 00:28:57,960
there's a shortage of food in an island, which there

480
00:28:58,119 --> 00:29:01,240
probably will be unless it's a very large eeland, it's

481
00:29:01,240 --> 00:29:04,839
gonna be more. It's gonna be beneficial if you don't

482
00:29:05,119 --> 00:29:07,839
get that big, whereas if you got and there's no

483
00:29:07,920 --> 00:29:10,680
predators either, if there's no predators on that island, where

484
00:29:10,720 --> 00:29:13,279
you gotta get big, whereas predators will be selecting for

485
00:29:13,359 --> 00:29:19,279
bigger herbivores that can defend themselves, you know. Okay, keep takeaway.

486
00:29:19,279 --> 00:29:21,079
When plants get the islands and gene flow with the

487
00:29:21,079 --> 00:29:23,599
mainland population ceases, they evolve on a different set of

488
00:29:23,680 --> 00:29:27,359
environmental constraints and evolve into new species that usually exhibit

489
00:29:27,599 --> 00:29:32,279
a similar suite of traits that our result of environmental

490
00:29:32,279 --> 00:29:37,839
factors specific to an island habitat a similar suite of traits,

491
00:29:38,799 --> 00:29:42,799
meaning among all the plants that you might see on

492
00:29:42,839 --> 00:29:48,759
an island, Okay, unrelated plants converging on the same theme, right,

493
00:29:49,079 --> 00:29:51,519
But the same can be said. What we've learned now

494
00:29:51,759 --> 00:29:55,720
about islands is not just I mean, it's the same

495
00:29:55,759 --> 00:29:58,119
can be said for deserts, for alpine zones, for swamps.

496
00:29:58,160 --> 00:30:03,200
You see the same taking shape in deserts, like hairy leaves,

497
00:30:03,559 --> 00:30:10,079
drought dormancy, storage tubers in the ground, stem, succulents, spines. Okay,

498
00:30:10,160 --> 00:30:13,440
alpine zones, things tend to grow lower, more matted, closer

499
00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:16,000
to the ground. The winds and alpine zones can be big,

500
00:30:16,119 --> 00:30:19,319
can be bad, and also the ground heats up faster

501
00:30:19,400 --> 00:30:23,559
than the air in sunlight. Remember alpine zones can be

502
00:30:23,599 --> 00:30:27,240
really really chilly, all right. Swamps, of course, especially if

503
00:30:27,240 --> 00:30:31,319
something's water inundated, maybe there's a nitrogen deficiency, maybe it's

504
00:30:31,319 --> 00:30:34,559
hard to get If you're a tree to become very stable,

505
00:30:35,039 --> 00:30:37,359
you know you're gonna want to tip over on that

506
00:30:37,440 --> 00:30:40,519
soft ground. So they form those buttress trunks, water, tupelo,

507
00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:45,680
bald cypress, same thing, nutrient leached ancient soils such as

508
00:30:45,759 --> 00:30:48,799
quartzite like you might see in South Africa or in

509
00:30:48,839 --> 00:30:52,599
Western Australia, et cetera. Or in Brazil. All right, that

510
00:30:53,240 --> 00:30:58,160
leached sandstone, that metamorphosed sandstone that's been leached of many

511
00:30:58,240 --> 00:31:00,839
nutrients can be very tough to and so you see

512
00:31:00,880 --> 00:31:04,359
convergent forms among plants that grow in such places, such

513
00:31:04,359 --> 00:31:09,000
as ericoid leaves, leaves that named after the Arikacey family

514
00:31:09,119 --> 00:31:11,599
or the genus Erica that are you know, lack of

515
00:31:11,680 --> 00:31:17,279
petiole are very short, kind of waxy sclerophilis, feels like plastic,

516
00:31:17,279 --> 00:31:20,799
et cetera. Toxic soil type such as serpentine, that's another

517
00:31:21,279 --> 00:31:24,759
type of habitat. You see the similar themes evolving among

518
00:31:24,960 --> 00:31:29,720
unrelated plants in different habitats, it's because the habitats are

519
00:31:29,759 --> 00:31:36,200
selecting for a similar suite of traits. Okay, great little diagram.

520
00:31:36,240 --> 00:31:39,240
I did hear about vicarians? What is vicarius? The geographical

521
00:31:39,279 --> 00:31:41,799
separation of a population. I just wanted to draw one

522
00:31:41,799 --> 00:31:43,559
of their little things here. So look, we got this

523
00:31:44,680 --> 00:31:46,599
population of plants. I want to draw a little diagram.

524
00:31:46,680 --> 00:31:48,720
We've got a population of plants. So let's say we

525
00:31:48,759 --> 00:31:51,519
got rain coming from the east, from the right hand

526
00:31:51,519 --> 00:31:53,519
side of the screen. Why is this important Because when

527
00:31:53,519 --> 00:31:56,359
this mountain range, when you know, the lithosphere gets you

528
00:31:56,400 --> 00:31:59,680
stiffy and the mountain range pops up, it's going to

529
00:31:59,720 --> 00:32:03,200
create a rain shadow on the left side, the west side. Uh.

530
00:32:03,720 --> 00:32:06,640
Let's say this is like the Sierra Madre oriental right

531
00:32:06,680 --> 00:32:09,680
of Mexico and the plants on the west side, it's

532
00:32:09,680 --> 00:32:11,640
gonna get drier. The region on the west side of

533
00:32:11,680 --> 00:32:13,799
the mountain is gonna be drier. The region on the

534
00:32:13,880 --> 00:32:15,839
right side is gonna be wetter. Okay, same thing you

535
00:32:15,839 --> 00:32:18,640
see with the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. Oh wonderful. I

536
00:32:18,720 --> 00:32:21,920
love the Atlantic Forest shadow to Rodrigo down to Earth

537
00:32:22,119 --> 00:32:25,440
all right, Uh, Guardian of the Atlantic Forest near Nova

538
00:32:25,519 --> 00:32:29,079
fribergo great man, okay. And then you get but then

539
00:32:29,119 --> 00:32:30,640
you go in. Then you go to you know, start

540
00:32:30,680 --> 00:32:34,079
going towards Minas Mina's your rice and stuff, okay, Or

541
00:32:34,160 --> 00:32:37,559
to fucking central Mexican plateau on the other side of

542
00:32:37,559 --> 00:32:40,400
Sierra Madre and it gets a lot dry and you

543
00:32:40,400 --> 00:32:43,200
start seeing a lot of cactus diversity. You go to

544
00:32:43,240 --> 00:32:45,400
fucking Vera Cruz on the east side of those mountains,

545
00:32:45,680 --> 00:32:48,799
it's like a rainforest beautiful, big fucking oaks, tree ferns,

546
00:32:48,839 --> 00:32:53,279
all the wonderful shit. Okay. Elclo Biosphere reserved fucking epiphytic

547
00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:56,599
orchid's wonderful habitat. Okay, it used to be kind of

548
00:32:56,599 --> 00:32:58,079
scary to go down there. I've been. I went there

549
00:32:58,119 --> 00:33:01,759
once when my daughter was in ams womb and we

550
00:33:03,039 --> 00:33:06,880
I think we saw a cartel King signiora leaving. We

551
00:33:06,920 --> 00:33:09,480
saw a bunch of very expensive trucks and they were

552
00:33:09,480 --> 00:33:12,720
having like a like a cartel members daughters Keen Signior

553
00:33:12,799 --> 00:33:15,160
or something that I don't fucking know, but they were

554
00:33:15,200 --> 00:33:18,880
having some sort of event in Lclo Biosphere Reserve. Good

555
00:33:18,880 --> 00:33:22,839
for them. Okay, those are wet areas, Okay, lcllo Vericus.

556
00:33:22,920 --> 00:33:24,440
You go to the west side of Seria Monder is

557
00:33:24,519 --> 00:33:26,000
very dry, a lot of cagins diverse, and you start

558
00:33:26,039 --> 00:33:29,400
seeing shit like the spiny plants, lots of hairs on leaves,

559
00:33:30,240 --> 00:33:35,359
this bottle shaped tree right, storage like storage stem succulents

560
00:33:35,400 --> 00:33:38,960
and storage mechanisms right the store extra juice at extra

561
00:33:39,039 --> 00:33:43,480
carbs right during the drought season, right during those dry winters,

562
00:33:43,519 --> 00:33:46,680
because they're at the you know, right at the right

563
00:33:46,759 --> 00:33:51,519
latitude for those the itcz you know, the summer, wet, summers,

564
00:33:52,200 --> 00:33:58,160
dry winters. Okay, great example of vicarians, right, but again

565
00:33:58,319 --> 00:34:01,640
you started with the same ancestra population, all right, of

566
00:34:01,720 --> 00:34:04,480
the same species what would be considered the same species

567
00:34:04,799 --> 00:34:07,640
that mountain range pops up. They can no longer inter breed,

568
00:34:07,720 --> 00:34:11,679
inter bang, and you get two different populations which later

569
00:34:11,800 --> 00:34:16,039
become two different species, all right. Of all the plants,

570
00:34:16,159 --> 00:34:19,199
whether it's a fucking euphobia or a gave or whatever.

571
00:34:19,280 --> 00:34:20,719
You look at the agaves on the east side of

572
00:34:20,719 --> 00:34:24,119
the Sarah Matre Serra Madre. They're a lot more fleshy,

573
00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:27,599
they're not as spiny, They're a lot you know, they're

574
00:34:27,639 --> 00:34:33,519
they're set up more for a mild or more rainfall environment.

575
00:34:33,599 --> 00:34:36,280
So there we go, a nice little diagram showing that

576
00:34:36,400 --> 00:34:39,400
great case of vernonia. Here we go Venonia Missourika. I

577
00:34:39,360 --> 00:34:42,480
always already talked about the Vernonia Miszurka, the Midwestern US

578
00:34:42,679 --> 00:34:47,400
music average rainfall environment, temperate zone, et cetera. Uh, this

579
00:34:47,599 --> 00:34:51,599
is outside of Chicagos, in the Miriam Burns Prairie. Great

580
00:34:51,639 --> 00:34:53,559
spot you're gonna have to go take acid down there

581
00:34:53,599 --> 00:34:56,199
or something that'd be a great spot to go take acid.

582
00:34:56,800 --> 00:34:58,880
You know, on like a nice August or September day

583
00:34:59,039 --> 00:35:00,599
or just what. I don't know why I always bring

584
00:35:00,639 --> 00:35:02,559
it to acid. I'm just saying you can do mushrooms.

585
00:35:02,599 --> 00:35:05,920
Any kind of psychedelic psychedelics in nature, though, should be

586
00:35:05,960 --> 00:35:10,119
a mandatory requirement least once or twice for every human

587
00:35:10,159 --> 00:35:12,480
being in this country. I think it would lead to

588
00:35:12,559 --> 00:35:14,599
us all being a lot better off. Right, Go fuck yourself.

589
00:35:14,679 --> 00:35:17,159
You disagree with me, Here we go. Vernonia larcini a

590
00:35:17,239 --> 00:35:21,119
same genus as this, but look at that. Look you

591
00:35:21,119 --> 00:35:24,199
could see it. You can see in the flowers, same flowers,

592
00:35:24,880 --> 00:35:29,159
but a different genus or a different species. Jesus Christ. Sorry,

593
00:35:29,159 --> 00:35:31,840
I got too much up going on upstairs. I gotta

594
00:35:31,880 --> 00:35:34,079
work on this fucking book. I'm get shipped to draw.

595
00:35:34,119 --> 00:35:37,119
I gotta finish your barium labels later. Anyway, same genus,

596
00:35:37,159 --> 00:35:41,000
different species. You can see how it's adapted. This vernonia

597
00:35:41,119 --> 00:35:43,800
is like six feet tall, big broad leaves, green, not

598
00:35:43,920 --> 00:35:46,239
that much hair, A little bit of hair, tiny bit

599
00:35:46,320 --> 00:35:49,800
of hair. This vernonia is growing outside of Sanderston, Texas,

600
00:35:49,800 --> 00:35:54,199
in the beautiful Chihuahua desert limestone deserts with the short

601
00:35:54,639 --> 00:35:59,679
leaves so fucking hairy it's white, very narrow leaves. Look

602
00:35:59,679 --> 00:36:01,519
at how much wh that service area of those leaves

603
00:36:01,559 --> 00:36:03,800
have been reduced. Boom. I could see this and I

604
00:36:03,800 --> 00:36:05,880
would know immediately this is a if I saw it

605
00:36:05,880 --> 00:36:09,639
in a pot, you know, in a fucking home despot

606
00:36:09,760 --> 00:36:11,880
or something, which would be nice. I wish they sold

607
00:36:11,880 --> 00:36:15,000
this plant home despert. You know, I would know that's

608
00:36:15,199 --> 00:36:20,000
that's from a dry region, right, Okay, this this is

609
00:36:20,039 --> 00:36:22,639
a The landowner near here is kind of insane. I

610
00:36:22,639 --> 00:36:24,480
think he's on cocaine. And he went off on a

611
00:36:24,559 --> 00:36:28,280
rant with me about Joe Biden people trespassing on his land.

612
00:36:28,280 --> 00:36:30,119
He wasn't directing it at me. He wanted to know

613
00:36:30,159 --> 00:36:33,000
if I was going to trespass on his land. I said, no, sir,

614
00:36:33,039 --> 00:36:34,960
I'm just looking at plants. And then he went on

615
00:36:35,039 --> 00:36:38,519
a deranged rant about how Joe Biden voters are coming

616
00:36:38,559 --> 00:36:43,039
across the border from his land. Fucking you know. I

617
00:36:43,079 --> 00:36:44,880
don't know what he was going up, but would have

618
00:36:44,920 --> 00:36:47,000
been fun. You know, I wish I had an eight

619
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:48,480
ball to give him, because it would be fun to

620
00:36:48,639 --> 00:36:51,199
just watch someone like that go off on a you know,

621
00:36:51,280 --> 00:36:54,199
diluted rant. I kind of enjoy watching things like that. Okay, anyway,

622
00:36:54,480 --> 00:36:57,639
Alo Patrick's speciation doesn't need to mount to rise up

623
00:36:57,639 --> 00:36:59,960
and split up a population at the same species. However,

624
00:37:00,400 --> 00:37:04,599
if a population occurs over a broad geographic area, but

625
00:37:04,719 --> 00:37:08,199
parts of that area experience of climatic drying is happened

626
00:37:08,199 --> 00:37:10,880
with the North American West millions of years ago, the

627
00:37:10,920 --> 00:37:13,280
segment of that population that grows in the drying climate

628
00:37:13,320 --> 00:37:17,719
will undergo selection for traits. What does selection mean? It

629
00:37:17,760 --> 00:37:23,360
means death for anything that is not fit for that environment.

630
00:37:23,440 --> 00:37:28,679
That's the brutal truth. It's a filter. Death is the filter. Sometimes,

631
00:37:28,679 --> 00:37:30,239
if you want to think about it nicer, it could

632
00:37:30,280 --> 00:37:34,400
just mean those plants don't get to reproduce. But if

633
00:37:34,440 --> 00:37:39,199
you're one of these Vernonias over here, Vernonia Mazurka, and

634
00:37:40,280 --> 00:37:45,280
the population the climate dries especially too rapidly for you

635
00:37:45,400 --> 00:37:49,400
to evolve for the different phenotypic variation within your population

636
00:37:49,519 --> 00:37:53,519
to be selected for, you will go extinct. Okay, you

637
00:37:53,639 --> 00:37:55,360
just does look at how broad those leaves are. You

638
00:37:55,360 --> 00:37:58,760
start getting those harsh West Texas winds and hot temperatures

639
00:37:58,760 --> 00:38:02,880
and low humidity. You're a gunner, my friend, So your

640
00:38:02,920 --> 00:38:06,119
population has to evolve or you're going to go out.

641
00:38:06,119 --> 00:38:10,079
But Remember, the individual doesn't evolve. The individual plant doesn't evolve.

642
00:38:10,159 --> 00:38:14,679
The population does. A population consists of many different individuals,

643
00:38:15,199 --> 00:38:17,400
and not all are one hundred percent alike. They're like

644
00:38:17,519 --> 00:38:20,360
ninety nine point eight percent the like, or ninety nine

645
00:38:20,360 --> 00:38:22,679
point nine probably a little bit more than that actually,

646
00:38:22,960 --> 00:38:26,519
But the little areas in which they differ, those are

647
00:38:26,559 --> 00:38:31,320
the different phenotypes. Okay, And so those phenotypes can then

648
00:38:31,360 --> 00:38:34,719
be selected for, and if the climatic change happens slowly,

649
00:38:36,079 --> 00:38:39,280
life will find a way. Okay, there we go anyway. Great,

650
00:38:39,280 --> 00:38:43,239
another great example of a more music plant and a

651
00:38:43,360 --> 00:38:46,199
dryer plant. Okay, ibravillly a tenuous sector here in the

652
00:38:46,280 --> 00:38:50,199
left from the Chihuahua Desert, dry windy, The winds especially

653
00:38:50,719 --> 00:38:54,599
just desiccate the piss out of any plant, the leaves

654
00:38:54,599 --> 00:38:57,719
of any plant that's grown there, all right, ibvially at

655
00:38:57,760 --> 00:38:59,800
tenuous second from the Chiuahai desert in your big bend.

656
00:38:59,800 --> 00:39:03,159
Can I've heard the leaves of Ibervili Lendheimri from Central

657
00:39:03,159 --> 00:39:06,159
Texas like the Edwards Plateau, et cetera. Dissected leaves with

658
00:39:06,239 --> 00:39:09,119
less surface area are an adaptation to a much drier climate.

659
00:39:09,159 --> 00:39:13,239
Look at this, How recently were these two members of

660
00:39:13,280 --> 00:39:16,519
the same population. Right, if you could visualize it like

661
00:39:16,559 --> 00:39:20,159
a fork on a branch on on a clatagram or

662
00:39:20,199 --> 00:39:23,599
a phylogenetic tree, how far back would you have to

663
00:39:23,639 --> 00:39:27,119
go to those two branches converged back at the same fork,

664
00:39:27,199 --> 00:39:30,239
you know, because you have to look at when the

665
00:39:30,280 --> 00:39:33,760
region started really drying out. Another great example the persimmons

666
00:39:33,840 --> 00:39:37,920
Diasporos texaena Texas Percimmon versus the more eastern occurring diaspors

667
00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:42,039
Virginiana Virginia per simon. The leaves here in Texas Percimon

668
00:39:42,039 --> 00:39:44,119
are about an inch and a half maybe two inches long,

669
00:39:44,159 --> 00:39:46,639
if that covered in a heavy indument of white fuzz

670
00:39:47,000 --> 00:39:50,159
on the ab axial surface. The underside where's the leaves

671
00:39:50,159 --> 00:39:55,000
over here are probably about eight times the length, six

672
00:39:55,079 --> 00:39:58,440
times the width, and the fruits are a lot bigger.

673
00:39:58,639 --> 00:40:03,679
All right, So Virginia Percentmon Diasporas Virginia, same genus, but

674
00:40:04,199 --> 00:40:07,800
obviously one is adapted to a much different environment. All right.

675
00:40:07,840 --> 00:40:10,480
It's a I want to you know, Texas person. If

676
00:40:10,480 --> 00:40:13,480
it was growing in the shade and maybe some of

677
00:40:13,480 --> 00:40:17,119
these eastern climates, Eastern US climates where you get more rain,

678
00:40:17,159 --> 00:40:21,000
maybe it would rot those those short leaves, and or

679
00:40:21,039 --> 00:40:23,519
it would get smother because those short's not going to

680
00:40:23,519 --> 00:40:27,400
grow as fast as the Virginia percentmon. Right. So what's

681
00:40:27,440 --> 00:40:30,039
adaptive in one benefit is not necessarily adaptive in the other.

682
00:40:30,079 --> 00:40:33,400
That's why quotes like only the strong survivor is fucking stupid, right,

683
00:40:33,599 --> 00:40:36,760
only the fit Depending on what environment you're in survive.

684
00:40:36,840 --> 00:40:40,360
What's fit in one environment might be negative maladaptive in

685
00:40:40,400 --> 00:40:43,000
the other. We've seen what traits evolve on plants that

686
00:40:43,079 --> 00:40:45,599
speciate in islands and deserts now. Let's see what traits

687
00:40:45,599 --> 00:40:49,039
evolve on plants that evolve in high elevation alpine environments.

688
00:40:49,119 --> 00:40:51,840
What a what a great example of a high elevation

689
00:40:52,480 --> 00:40:56,199
alpine environment. Fourteen thousand feet in northern Chile, we have

690
00:40:56,280 --> 00:40:59,599
Azarella compact of the Cara family apac looking like some

691
00:40:59,639 --> 00:41:02,880
weird doctor seussy and green lump that just fucking trails

692
00:41:02,920 --> 00:41:05,280
over the rocks. What's this ship next to it? It

693
00:41:05,320 --> 00:41:08,280
looks like, you know, big piles of dog puke. Looks

694
00:41:08,280 --> 00:41:11,679
like when Jack is he's getting older and aging, he's

695
00:41:11,760 --> 00:41:13,559
getting more of a bile, you know, probably from the

696
00:41:13,559 --> 00:41:16,760
acid reflux. I try to spoil him. I try to

697
00:41:16,760 --> 00:41:21,440
give him, you know, slim gems, summer sausage, pork chops sometimes,

698
00:41:21,480 --> 00:41:24,199
but regardless, if he's been eating grass or something, he'll

699
00:41:24,239 --> 00:41:27,760
puke and it'll look like this pile right here. That's uh,

700
00:41:27,920 --> 00:41:31,000
that is a member of Carriophileci Did I not put

701
00:41:31,039 --> 00:41:33,960
that in there? Oh, motherfucker, you really did. I not.

702
00:41:34,119 --> 00:41:35,920
I forget what that anyway, you'd have to go to

703
00:41:35,920 --> 00:41:41,679
my naturalist and look up Carrio PHILESI family and Chile

704
00:41:41,920 --> 00:41:43,639
country to find out what it is. I forget the

705
00:41:43,679 --> 00:41:46,000
genus name. It was a really cool matted plant. It

706
00:41:46,039 --> 00:41:48,079
looks like a puddle of green puke when you're standing

707
00:41:48,079 --> 00:41:51,159
fifteen feet away. But again, this is a great example

708
00:41:51,239 --> 00:41:53,639
of the alpine. If you go to high elevation Wyoming,

709
00:41:53,719 --> 00:41:56,400
you see the same thing. Okay, you're gonna see these

710
00:41:56,559 --> 00:42:03,320
matted saiespotose carpet plants. You go to high alpine Tasmania,

711
00:42:03,320 --> 00:42:07,920
which because it's so high latitude, you only have to

712
00:42:07,960 --> 00:42:09,760
wear like three or four thousand feet and you get

713
00:42:09,760 --> 00:42:13,199
to the alpine zone. We were there in like fucking December,

714
00:42:13,239 --> 00:42:15,800
which is the equivalent of July in the southern Hemisphere,

715
00:42:15,800 --> 00:42:19,639
like midsummer, and it was frigid up there. Okay, a

716
00:42:19,760 --> 00:42:23,239
lot of those those quocushion plants up there, which is

717
00:42:23,280 --> 00:42:26,719
what Azarella compacta is doing. Right, there's the little rosette leaves.

718
00:42:26,760 --> 00:42:30,039
You could see it right when these leaves would break,

719
00:42:30,159 --> 00:42:32,360
or like we found areas where an insect that burrowed

720
00:42:32,400 --> 00:42:36,480
into them and there would be there would be a

721
00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:39,599
you know, this resin coming out that smelled like carrot.

722
00:42:39,639 --> 00:42:42,519
It smelled like celery, like cilantro like you could smell

723
00:42:42,559 --> 00:42:46,000
the similar chemistry. Another great, great hint that it's in

724
00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:48,639
that certain family. But anyway, there individual leaf rosettes off

725
00:42:48,679 --> 00:42:52,880
Azarella compact the carrat family apac converging on a theme

726
00:42:52,920 --> 00:42:57,440
here unrelated Cinesio humulus from Asteraci right the sunflower family

727
00:42:57,880 --> 00:43:01,119
in the same habitat elevation fourteenth feet also doing a

728
00:43:01,119 --> 00:43:04,719
madded thing. Anything that produces a stem that gets too

729
00:43:04,760 --> 00:43:07,400
tall above the ground is going to be selected against

730
00:43:08,400 --> 00:43:11,639
the wind. The wind will take it down. Maybe maybe

731
00:43:11,639 --> 00:43:13,719
even the herbivores that we sell a lot of guanacos

732
00:43:13,760 --> 00:43:16,760
up here, but probably just the wind and the cold.

733
00:43:17,360 --> 00:43:18,960
So the closer you can stay to the ground, the better.

734
00:43:19,039 --> 00:43:22,039
Gentiana set a folio ooh, a blue Gentian i love

735
00:43:22,119 --> 00:43:29,280
gentians elevation fourteen and thirty five feet. Potosia clandestina rush

736
00:43:29,360 --> 00:43:32,760
family junk casey ooh a mino cut elevation fourteen four

737
00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:36,199
hundred and thirty five feet. There's a habitat great example

738
00:43:36,239 --> 00:43:43,880
of Cumulo puntia ignesence, a cactus that looks like a

739
00:43:43,920 --> 00:43:49,920
goddamn fuzzy wallaby or something, you know, dangling off this cliff.

740
00:43:50,519 --> 00:43:53,159
Look at how long those spines are, right, they're protective.

741
00:43:53,159 --> 00:43:56,119
They're also giving it some insulation. And remember the UV.

742
00:43:56,760 --> 00:43:58,880
The ultraviolet is going to be more intense up here

743
00:43:58,920 --> 00:44:02,599
because there's less way less atmosphere fourteen thousand feet less

744
00:44:02,639 --> 00:44:06,039
atmosphere to break up that ultraviolet radiation and there would

745
00:44:06,079 --> 00:44:08,719
be at sea level. See a lot of fuzzy plants

746
00:44:08,760 --> 00:44:11,800
up in the Andes like this Oreo Sirius leucotrichis. It's

747
00:44:11,840 --> 00:44:15,360
got spines and it's also got it's also got fuzz.

748
00:44:15,440 --> 00:44:18,760
It's also got the fuzz, the white fuzz insulation. Okay,

749
00:44:19,119 --> 00:44:24,440
it's low latitude, it's like eighteen degrees latitude south, but

750
00:44:24,599 --> 00:44:27,199
it's at fourteen thousand feet to get summer every day

751
00:44:27,519 --> 00:44:31,840
in winter, every night really really those those high elevation,

752
00:44:32,960 --> 00:44:37,079
low latitude environments, whether it's in fucking Kenya in some

753
00:44:37,159 --> 00:44:40,079
of those high mountains there, or if it's in the Andes,

754
00:44:40,199 --> 00:44:44,239
they're really cool, all right. Or to Paramo in Columbia. Okay,

755
00:44:44,599 --> 00:44:50,599
tropical lineages adapting to alpine environments. Wild shit, Okay, keep

756
00:44:50,639 --> 00:44:53,159
going on, here we go. Poly Lipis tarpakana rose family

757
00:44:53,239 --> 00:44:56,360
Rose see elevation forty seven hundred meters fifteen thousand, four

758
00:44:56,639 --> 00:45:00,840
nineteen feet. Fuck face, there is what we I forget

759
00:45:00,880 --> 00:45:03,760
what was that azarella? Or I forget this little matted

760
00:45:04,159 --> 00:45:08,599
plant right there. This is the tallest growing plant by tall,

761
00:45:08,639 --> 00:45:13,440
I mean elevation wise, the highest elevation tree in rows

762
00:45:13,519 --> 00:45:17,400
in among the flowering plants. This is and it's in

763
00:45:17,400 --> 00:45:20,840
the rose family Rose acy Polylepus turns into like a

764
00:45:20,880 --> 00:45:23,639
big tree at lower elevations in places like Columbia. By lower,

765
00:45:23,639 --> 00:45:26,400
I mean like eight thousand feet instead of fifteen four

766
00:45:26,519 --> 00:45:29,719
hundred and twenty feet. This is a cool habitat. There

767
00:45:29,760 --> 00:45:34,519
was a really cool little mallow here with really weird leaves.

768
00:45:34,559 --> 00:45:39,400
There was a member of oroban Casey, the paintbrush family,

769
00:45:39,400 --> 00:45:43,360
that was parasitizing, probably one of the composites nearby, some

770
00:45:43,480 --> 00:45:46,320
cool grasses. I can't wait to go back to fucking Chile.

771
00:45:46,440 --> 00:45:51,480
Look at the bark on it, polylepus, insulated papery looks

772
00:45:51,559 --> 00:45:55,400
like looks like installation, looks like red insulation papery. Bark

773
00:45:55,440 --> 00:46:00,320
protecting against those frigid nighttime temperatures and the winds. There's

774
00:46:00,360 --> 00:46:04,960
the hair all over the wax he leaves. Okay, ecotypes,

775
00:46:05,000 --> 00:46:07,480
So we have phenotypes. We have ecotypes, right, we've already

776
00:46:07,559 --> 00:46:10,320
kind of talked about what phenotypes are. You get phenotypic

777
00:46:10,440 --> 00:46:14,719
variation as a result of genetic recombination aka banging. You

778
00:46:14,719 --> 00:46:17,199
don't look exactly like either one of your parents. You've

779
00:46:17,239 --> 00:46:22,920
got a mixture of different traits you've inherited from each

780
00:46:23,559 --> 00:46:25,800
set of chromosomes. You get one set of chromosome from

781
00:46:25,800 --> 00:46:29,079
your dad, one set of chromosome from your mom. Haploid

782
00:46:29,119 --> 00:46:34,480
and haploid together makes a diploid. Two copies of chromosomes, Okay, Okay,

783
00:46:35,800 --> 00:46:39,000
So anyway they mixed up, you get dominant recessive in there.

784
00:46:39,039 --> 00:46:42,400
Of course, dominant always overrides the recessive. For the recessive

785
00:46:42,440 --> 00:46:45,519
traits to be expressed, you have to have two recessive traits, etc.

786
00:46:45,800 --> 00:46:50,039
This is all just elementary Mendelian genetics, Okay, and in

787
00:46:50,039 --> 00:46:53,119
remembright that's the raw material that evolution and natural selection

788
00:46:53,239 --> 00:46:55,440
have to work with. So what are ecotypes? Ecotypes are

789
00:46:55,440 --> 00:46:58,320
different populations of the same species, each having adapted to

790
00:46:58,360 --> 00:47:03,719
the specific environmental condition in different environments, Okay, such as climate, soil,

791
00:47:04,039 --> 00:47:06,960
light exposure. The list goes on. Fun shit to think

792
00:47:06,960 --> 00:47:11,719
about anything you can imagine that might select for different ecotypes, Okay,

793
00:47:11,719 --> 00:47:13,280
And this is what's like, it's why some people in

794
00:47:13,400 --> 00:47:16,760
native plant community really fixate on ecotypes. You take a

795
00:47:16,800 --> 00:47:20,039
plant like a cerubrum red maple, which grows in Florida

796
00:47:20,119 --> 00:47:21,840
and also the way the fuck up there in Maine.

797
00:47:22,119 --> 00:47:25,159
What population would you want to draw from If you're

798
00:47:25,199 --> 00:47:28,719
living in a place like South Carolina, right, you're probably

799
00:47:28,760 --> 00:47:30,639
gonna want the more if you've only if you can

800
00:47:30,679 --> 00:47:33,519
only draw from the Florida population or a main population.

801
00:47:33,559 --> 00:47:35,719
Say there's a fucking nursery that's you know, there's there's

802
00:47:35,719 --> 00:47:38,800
no South Carolina, so you're gonna want the stuff that's

803
00:47:39,400 --> 00:47:45,239
probably more southern. Especially with climate changes those those the

804
00:47:45,360 --> 00:47:47,719
range of warmth is going to be moving north. You're

805
00:47:47,760 --> 00:47:50,280
gonna want stuff that's better adapted to high humidity and

806
00:47:50,360 --> 00:47:54,199
high heat, where stuff that is adapted to cold winters

807
00:47:54,239 --> 00:47:56,840
may not do so well in a place like South Carolina. Right,

808
00:47:56,880 --> 00:47:59,039
So different ecotypes, al Right, best always goes with what

809
00:47:59,440 --> 00:48:01,199
you want, the stuff Carolina ecotype. But if all you

810
00:48:01,239 --> 00:48:03,440
can get is anyway, you get the point. All right,

811
00:48:03,480 --> 00:48:08,920
So here case in point panicom brigade and aka Indian grass. Okay,

812
00:48:08,960 --> 00:48:13,199
you got three different dominant ecotypes each. Okay, obviously the one,

813
00:48:13,320 --> 00:48:17,239
the blue one in Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana is going

814
00:48:17,320 --> 00:48:20,760
to be probably much more tolerant of cold winters. Okay,

815
00:48:21,039 --> 00:48:23,599
where's the population out here? This little red band going

816
00:48:23,599 --> 00:48:25,719
from Oklahoma through Texas is going to be much more

817
00:48:25,719 --> 00:48:30,079
tolerant of dryer and hotter temperatures because this is remember,

818
00:48:30,079 --> 00:48:32,199
this is where the continent starts drying out in humidy

819
00:48:32,280 --> 00:48:35,480
levels start really dropping off along with rain. Whereas if

820
00:48:35,519 --> 00:48:39,480
you're getting a lot of humidity, et cetera, you're probably

821
00:48:39,519 --> 00:48:42,519
gonna want to go with the stuff that's from the southeast.

822
00:48:42,519 --> 00:48:44,119
So there's a method to the manners. It's not just

823
00:48:44,159 --> 00:48:46,760
about native purity. It's about what makes sense because the

824
00:48:46,760 --> 00:48:51,880
evolution the evolutionary history of each one of these ecotypes

825
00:48:51,880 --> 00:48:54,960
has already been selected for according to the conditions in

826
00:48:54,960 --> 00:48:59,599
each region. Makes fucking sense. See okay? Great? Another great

827
00:48:59,599 --> 00:49:03,800
way to learn about ecotypes. This is from Jessica Grovitch's

828
00:49:03,880 --> 00:49:07,480
plant or Jessica Grivirich's book Excuse Me Ecology of Plants,

829
00:49:07,480 --> 00:49:12,320
third edition. This is Achilea lnylosa, a species of yarrow.

830
00:49:13,000 --> 00:49:15,239
This is the same species. They can all enter breed,

831
00:49:16,000 --> 00:49:20,559
They can exchange pollen readily and produce fertile seeds. No

832
00:49:20,639 --> 00:49:23,000
big deal each one of these different populations. But if

833
00:49:23,000 --> 00:49:26,079
you grow seed from one of these populations in a greenhouse,

834
00:49:26,119 --> 00:49:28,599
it will stay true to form. The population from the

835
00:49:28,679 --> 00:49:31,840
high elevation Sierra Nevadas by Bighorn Lake will stay small,

836
00:49:32,440 --> 00:49:37,000
smaller in stature, and the one closer to sea level

837
00:49:37,079 --> 00:49:40,400
will get much taller when it grows in milder conditions.

838
00:49:40,440 --> 00:49:43,760
You know, and the only say forty five hundred feet Okay,

839
00:49:43,800 --> 00:49:46,119
wild stuff. When you see this, you've got this graph

840
00:49:46,199 --> 00:49:51,599
marked out with the topography corresponding to each different silhouette

841
00:49:52,000 --> 00:49:56,159
of this plant species. You can really see how ecotypes work,

842
00:49:56,159 --> 00:49:58,159
and it makes sense when you think about it too. Right,

843
00:49:59,119 --> 00:50:04,639
different conditions across the range of this species. Could this

844
00:50:04,719 --> 00:50:09,000
be the forerunner to you know, future speciation of each

845
00:50:09,000 --> 00:50:11,880
one of these ecotypes. Possibly? Yeah, a lot of times

846
00:50:11,920 --> 00:50:14,880
xcotypes probably turn into species cat. I gotta piss, like hell,

847
00:50:15,000 --> 00:50:16,800
can I take a break? I don't think you can

848
00:50:16,880 --> 00:50:18,519
pause this thing, you know what. I'm just gonna have

849
00:50:18,599 --> 00:50:20,840
to have to do this. Hold on, we'll turn it,

850
00:50:20,920 --> 00:50:23,559
We'll turn you around. Okay, I'm gonna go take a leap.

851
00:50:34,559 --> 00:50:41,119
Speaker 3: Oh God, Jesus, oh Christ. I can't pause the thing.

852
00:50:41,119 --> 00:50:43,280
Otherwise I just would have put it on pause. But

853
00:50:43,360 --> 00:50:46,400
I really got to piss. I got, you know, thirty

854
00:50:46,440 --> 00:50:51,760
five ounces of great team in me. You know, my kidneys.

855
00:50:51,760 --> 00:50:53,440
I should really bring some water too.

856
00:50:53,480 --> 00:51:37,840
Speaker 1: My kidneys are really working over time here. Holy hell, yeah,

857
00:51:37,960 --> 00:51:39,880
that feels so much. But okay, there, we're gonna turn

858
00:51:39,880 --> 00:51:41,679
a fan in two. It's getting hot in here, all right.

859
00:51:41,719 --> 00:51:42,840
So let's go back to this.

860
00:51:43,760 --> 00:51:43,920
Speaker 3: Right.

861
00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:46,119
Speaker 1: Distribution of red maple we already talked about that you

862
00:51:46,119 --> 00:51:49,760
could see the rain. This is a very wide ranging

863
00:51:49,840 --> 00:51:54,639
plant species, very wide ranging tree. Okay, okay. Distribution of

864
00:51:54,719 --> 00:51:58,400
Corcas Virginiana southern Livo. Texas is much drier climate than Florida.

865
00:51:58,480 --> 00:52:01,679
Again see this, So there is not vin there is

866
00:52:01,719 --> 00:52:04,920
not environmental homogeneity across the range, very much drier in

867
00:52:04,960 --> 00:52:07,199
the west. So if you live in Texas, you're gonna

868
00:52:07,199 --> 00:52:11,400
want to plant ecotypes of Quircus virginiana that are more

869
00:52:11,400 --> 00:52:13,599
adapted to the dry climate of Texas than they are

870
00:52:13,920 --> 00:52:17,639
to Florida, where dryness is not really something that plants

871
00:52:17,719 --> 00:52:19,599
have to worry about too much because the high rainfall

872
00:52:19,760 --> 00:52:23,039
and the humidity. In order for change via natural selection

873
00:52:23,159 --> 00:52:24,920
to occur, there has to be changed in the first place.

874
00:52:24,920 --> 00:52:26,880
Where does it come from? We talked about this already,

875
00:52:26,920 --> 00:52:30,239
right banging, Okay, only graph I could find was in

876
00:52:30,280 --> 00:52:35,000
Carl Zimmer's book Evolution Making Sense of Life. It's a

877
00:52:35,079 --> 00:52:37,920
human okay, let's not Let's not think about that. Let's

878
00:52:37,920 --> 00:52:40,239
not think about your parents banging. Let's think about plants,

879
00:52:40,960 --> 00:52:47,599
exchanging exchanging pollen, uh, you know, to egg. Let's think

880
00:52:47,599 --> 00:52:49,519
about plants. Right, But there there you go. Either way.

881
00:52:49,519 --> 00:52:53,119
You can see the chromosomes here, right, haployd and haploid

882
00:52:54,960 --> 00:52:58,239
forming a coming together. Oh shit, for coming together form

883
00:52:58,280 --> 00:53:03,480
a diploid zych Right, sperm is haploid, egg is haploid.

884
00:53:03,519 --> 00:53:05,960
Every other cell in your body is diploid, has two

885
00:53:05,960 --> 00:53:09,440
copies of chromosomes. You get myosis. You get a haploid

886
00:53:09,480 --> 00:53:12,679
sperm cell, a haploid egg. They come together, voila. It's

887
00:53:12,719 --> 00:53:16,920
like shaking up the can full of different combinations of alleles.

888
00:53:16,920 --> 00:53:21,760
You can inherit et cetera. Okay. And so in the

889
00:53:21,800 --> 00:53:25,239
case of a plant, the diploid zygo, the seed's a

890
00:53:25,519 --> 00:53:28,920
fully diploid plant. Thereat okay, just different because you know,

891
00:53:30,239 --> 00:53:32,599
with like some of like ferns that put out spores,

892
00:53:33,000 --> 00:53:37,119
spores are not analogous to seeds because uh spores are haploid,

893
00:53:37,119 --> 00:53:39,239
whereas a seed is already diploid. It's a fully formed

894
00:53:39,280 --> 00:53:42,920
plant ready to go. Okay, And the seed is a

895
00:53:42,960 --> 00:53:47,400
new phenotypic individual with a different genetic combination, a combination

896
00:53:47,480 --> 00:53:51,519
of alleles more specifically than either one of the parents

897
00:53:51,800 --> 00:53:53,639
who invited this. Look at this skuy, look at his

898
00:53:53,760 --> 00:53:57,599
sexy man, this beast. They're right, he's a you know,

899
00:53:58,239 --> 00:54:01,719
maybe cruising in a park after you know, after he's

900
00:54:02,239 --> 00:54:05,559
experimenting with his peas. No shade there, definitely you know,

901
00:54:05,840 --> 00:54:09,199
the can't can't shave a man for it. That's just

902
00:54:09,199 --> 00:54:10,639
what I get from him. I don't know, he looks

903
00:54:10,679 --> 00:54:13,079
like a bearl Okay anyway, Well I guess not. Maybe

904
00:54:13,079 --> 00:54:15,760
he's he's he looks like a shade or well shaven bear. Okay, anyway,

905
00:54:15,960 --> 00:54:18,840
I digress. Let's keep going. Different phenotypes of peas. Great

906
00:54:18,840 --> 00:54:22,599
example of different phenotypes. This plant that produces round peas,

907
00:54:24,400 --> 00:54:27,320
round green peas, or a plant that produces yellow peas,

908
00:54:27,920 --> 00:54:31,199
a plant that produces wrinkled peas, round the ringled, yellow,

909
00:54:31,280 --> 00:54:37,719
and green, different phenotypes. Inflated peas, constricted pea fruits, different phenotypes.

910
00:54:37,760 --> 00:54:41,400
Purple flowers, white flowers, different phenotypes. Right, this is the

911
00:54:41,480 --> 00:54:43,440
raw all the same species. But this is the raw

912
00:54:43,480 --> 00:54:46,159
genetic material. This is the raw material that evolution and

913
00:54:46,239 --> 00:54:49,800
natural selection have to work with, have to select for. Okay,

914
00:54:50,440 --> 00:54:54,719
greg Gregor Mendel, wonderful man. He was probably a nice

915
00:54:54,719 --> 00:54:57,559
guy too. Hopefully he wasn't a prick. You know, you

916
00:54:57,639 --> 00:55:00,960
never know, some of these academic types hyat academia and

917
00:55:01,079 --> 00:55:03,280
get egos on him. But he you know, he was

918
00:55:03,320 --> 00:55:06,119
working outside of academia. He was working as a priest or,

919
00:55:06,159 --> 00:55:13,079
a pastor or whatever the hell. Who's anyway, but that's

920
00:55:13,119 --> 00:55:14,480
what he was doing in his past time. He was

921
00:55:14,480 --> 00:55:17,079
fucking around with peace, fatally fucking around with peace and

922
00:55:17,159 --> 00:55:22,239
trying to to figure out what made the different phenotypes.

923
00:55:22,280 --> 00:55:27,239
And he's, you know, obviously discovered an inheritance. Right. The

924
00:55:27,280 --> 00:55:29,800
alleles are there all along, but because they're assessive, they

925
00:55:29,800 --> 00:55:33,480
may not be expressed until in organism. And it inherits

926
00:55:33,519 --> 00:55:37,559
two of them all right, long before DNA was even

927
00:55:37,599 --> 00:55:40,960
though to exist. Okay, phenotypic changes thro raw material evolution, right,

928
00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:42,920
look at it in the background. I got my friend

929
00:55:43,440 --> 00:55:47,760
Jirel's cactus dungeon with astro fight them. These are all

930
00:55:47,800 --> 00:55:50,519
the same species of cactus, a very rare and endangered

931
00:55:50,599 --> 00:55:53,400
cactus from South Texas. And look at what has been

932
00:55:53,440 --> 00:55:55,639
able to be coaxed out by plant breeders in the

933
00:55:55,719 --> 00:56:00,199
last fifty or sixty years. Fucking wild. Okay, all the

934
00:56:00,239 --> 00:56:02,039
same species. You got some that don't have any of

935
00:56:02,079 --> 00:56:04,840
these weird white tricombe patterns or just little hairs and

936
00:56:04,880 --> 00:56:06,840
maybe a little bit of wax. You have some that

937
00:56:06,920 --> 00:56:08,519
have a lot so much that they look like they're

938
00:56:08,519 --> 00:56:14,039
covered in snow, beautiful geometric patterns of white, just the

939
00:56:14,159 --> 00:56:19,559
fucking incredible. Okay, great example of different phenotypes. Why is

940
00:56:19,599 --> 00:56:23,320
astrophyt them so full of different phenotypes, and other cactus

941
00:56:23,360 --> 00:56:27,679
genera for instance, or cactus species. Excuse me, are not

942
00:56:28,079 --> 00:56:30,400
you know? Why is astrophyt the mysterious, so full of

943
00:56:30,559 --> 00:56:35,880
different so full of different phenotypes, so much phenotypic variation,

944
00:56:36,000 --> 00:56:39,760
but something like peyote lafafer wimci is not. I don't

945
00:56:39,760 --> 00:56:43,159
know that's a good question, but it's pretty cool when

946
00:56:43,159 --> 00:56:45,519
we think about artificial selection and human breeding of crops,

947
00:56:45,519 --> 00:56:48,239
that makes it easier to visualize how natural selection works.

948
00:56:48,239 --> 00:56:50,400
We already talked about this. I already mentioned this. Kale,

949
00:56:50,400 --> 00:56:54,360
collared greens, cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouse called robbie, all

950
00:56:54,400 --> 00:56:59,320
the same species Brasca olerasia. All right, all this result

951
00:56:59,440 --> 00:57:02,639
of humane growing a thousand of one thing, picking out

952
00:57:02,639 --> 00:57:05,320
the ones that you like. Dog breeds, same thing, Okay, Pugs,

953
00:57:05,320 --> 00:57:09,519
which shouldn't exist, No offense to them, you know, just

954
00:57:10,119 --> 00:57:15,159
just an example of inbreeding the ones with the weird faces. Okay,

955
00:57:17,199 --> 00:57:20,000
I love pugs. I'm just saying all came from wolves,

956
00:57:20,239 --> 00:57:22,760
German shepherds. I mean, hopefully everybody knows this. I would

957
00:57:22,760 --> 00:57:26,840
assume everybody does. Then again, it's America. You'd be surprised

958
00:57:26,960 --> 00:57:29,159
how stupid people could be. Got I'm such an asshole.

959
00:57:29,159 --> 00:57:31,719
I'm sorry. Here we go, all right, it's everyone's got

960
00:57:31,719 --> 00:57:33,800
the same potent, well not everyone's got the most. People

961
00:57:33,840 --> 00:57:37,920
got a medium the average level of potential. But you know, society,

962
00:57:38,079 --> 00:57:41,679
the consumer society especially conditions us to be stupid, right,

963
00:57:41,880 --> 00:57:44,599
especially when you've been defunding education for forty years. Here

964
00:57:44,639 --> 00:57:47,840
we go. Here's another drawing. I did a population consisting

965
00:57:47,880 --> 00:57:52,480
of different phenotypes being put through a filter selection pressure,

966
00:57:52,519 --> 00:57:56,000
all right. The filter is selection pressure, a change in climate, herbivores,

967
00:57:56,039 --> 00:58:00,840
exposed geology, pollinators, elevations surrounding sympatric plant species, some kind

968
00:58:00,880 --> 00:58:04,039
of stress, all right. One way to visualize natural selection

969
00:58:04,159 --> 00:58:06,320
is like a filter, the old evolutionary filter. It's a

970
00:58:06,360 --> 00:58:10,840
sloppy drawing, only a couple naked through. Some don't. Here's

971
00:58:10,880 --> 00:58:14,239
a drawing I did, showing a hand all right, using

972
00:58:14,280 --> 00:58:19,280
the analogy of human selection. Individuals don't evolve populations do.

973
00:58:19,360 --> 00:58:22,480
When I originally made this that individuals don't change populations do,

974
00:58:23,199 --> 00:58:26,199
I realized that might confuse some people too much. Okay,

975
00:58:26,320 --> 00:58:29,320
And it's not about changing. Evolving is more specific. I mean, yes,

976
00:58:29,360 --> 00:58:32,679
evolution is a kind of change. The population changes, but

977
00:58:34,039 --> 00:58:40,920
the evolve is a more specific. We hear different phenotypes.

978
00:58:41,000 --> 00:58:42,800
This one's got hairs on the leaves, this one's got

979
00:58:43,000 --> 00:58:45,840
cupped leaves. This one's getting a little bit taller than

980
00:58:45,880 --> 00:58:50,679
the rest. You know, different different phenotypes. So instead of

981
00:58:50,719 --> 00:58:53,920
a human hand picking different phenotypes of a batch of seedlings,

982
00:58:53,960 --> 00:58:56,239
the environment is doing the picking. In this case, the

983
00:58:56,400 --> 00:59:00,800
environment consists of the geology, different pollinators present, different herbivores

984
00:59:00,880 --> 00:59:03,880
or insects present, the presence of a certain pathogenic fungus

985
00:59:03,960 --> 00:59:07,800
or insect, the humidity, the elevation, and so on. Right,

986
00:59:08,079 --> 00:59:11,239
there can be a broad spectrum of geologic outcroppings, which

987
00:59:11,280 --> 00:59:16,079
are the mineral basis of soil. Right, Serpentine great example,

988
00:59:16,239 --> 00:59:19,599
Gypsum great example. You get your They cause new plant

989
00:59:19,639 --> 00:59:22,960
species to evolve because they're so fucking hard for plants

990
00:59:22,960 --> 00:59:26,480
to grow on. So it takes some finagling, right to

991
00:59:26,519 --> 00:59:30,079
get the there's not every phenotype it's going to be

992
00:59:30,119 --> 00:59:32,800
able to grow on serpentine soil which is low and nitrogen,

993
00:59:32,880 --> 00:59:35,360
high end nickel, or on gypsum, which produces a really

994
00:59:35,400 --> 00:59:41,320
hard concrete like crust when it's dry. Okay, zoom out,

995
00:59:41,320 --> 00:59:43,639
to think of all everything. Okay, and our last class

996
00:59:43,679 --> 00:59:46,719
about serpentine endemism that I put that up, maybe I did,

997
00:59:46,800 --> 00:59:49,280
I think I did. Okay, we saw how a novel

998
00:59:49,320 --> 00:59:52,159
kind of geology can directly cause new plant species to evolve.

999
00:59:52,719 --> 00:59:56,360
Nice little drawing here, normal soil with a tree, relatively

1000
00:59:56,440 --> 01:00:00,599
robust shrubs, and then serpentine soil, rocky, some what barren.

1001
01:00:01,000 --> 01:00:04,760
A couple plants are growing there, but they're much smaller

1002
01:00:04,800 --> 01:00:06,960
in stature. And here you can see these little errors

1003
01:00:06,960 --> 01:00:09,960
are indicating seeds blowing over into the serpentine soil, with

1004
01:00:10,079 --> 01:00:14,199
the little skull and crossbones indicating the seedlings that germinate

1005
01:00:14,239 --> 01:00:17,039
and then die because they can't tolerate the high levels

1006
01:00:17,079 --> 01:00:20,639
of nickel, the low levels of nitrogen, the open exposure,

1007
01:00:21,079 --> 01:00:25,079
the barren environment, lack of plant cover, lack of shade

1008
01:00:25,159 --> 01:00:29,440
or plant cover from other plants. Because again it's part

1009
01:00:29,480 --> 01:00:32,239
of the part of the issue with serpentine soil is

1010
01:00:32,280 --> 01:00:34,119
it's so toxic that a lot of stuff can grow there,

1011
01:00:34,239 --> 01:00:37,440
which means it's going to get more more solar insulation.

1012
01:00:37,519 --> 01:00:40,440
The actual ground is going to get cooked more, and

1013
01:00:40,800 --> 01:00:43,360
it's gonna be more. It's good, it's gonna be more

1014
01:00:43,400 --> 01:00:46,920
stressful to grow on. Okay, make sure this is still recording.

1015
01:00:46,920 --> 01:00:49,079
It didn't fuck me yet. Okay, there we go. Boy,

1016
01:00:49,239 --> 01:00:51,199
really turn up today, you know. I'm really sorry. Guys.

1017
01:00:51,199 --> 01:00:54,760
Okay from Gervich Ecology of Plants. I really suggest you

1018
01:00:54,920 --> 01:00:58,760
download this book. I did put a link to the

1019
01:00:58,760 --> 01:01:03,599
pdf download. It's on libgen dot is. For the class

1020
01:01:03,639 --> 01:01:06,000
I taught, there was a folder with these don't tell.

1021
01:01:06,519 --> 01:01:08,719
Don't you know? I don't want to get you know,

1022
01:01:09,239 --> 01:01:13,119
copyright violation. I just Girlvich is down. She's on the

1023
01:01:13,199 --> 01:01:15,840
level right her publisher maybe not though not come after

1024
01:01:15,880 --> 01:01:21,159
me anyway. This is about in the nineteen sixties eighty

1025
01:01:21,239 --> 01:01:24,679
Bradshaw and his students, Jane and Bradshaw. Of the nineteen

1026
01:01:24,719 --> 01:01:28,559
sixty six Bradshaw and his students began to study local

1027
01:01:28,599 --> 01:01:32,239
adaptations of grasses to different differences in soil conditions due

1028
01:01:32,280 --> 01:01:35,360
to mind waste contamination in Great Britain, okay, heart of

1029
01:01:35,400 --> 01:01:38,599
the industrial Revolution, zinc and copper up and mind for

1030
01:01:38,719 --> 01:01:41,719
centuries they create tailing piles that are pretty fucking toxic.

1031
01:01:42,119 --> 01:01:49,360
In this study, this mister Bradshaw was able to was

1032
01:01:49,360 --> 01:01:51,400
it a she? I don't fucking know. I'm sorry. They them.

1033
01:01:51,440 --> 01:01:57,239
They then Bradshaw was able to discover that this grass species,

1034
01:01:57,280 --> 01:01:58,800
what genus was it? He was with an a I

1035
01:01:58,880 --> 01:02:03,880
forget now fuck anyway, this this agrostis tenuous. The ones

1036
01:02:03,960 --> 01:02:08,840
that that were growing on these mostly barren tailing piles

1037
01:02:08,920 --> 01:02:14,239
had more tolerance for heavy metals than the population growing

1038
01:02:14,320 --> 01:02:17,639
on non tailing piles on just regular soil, and it

1039
01:02:17,679 --> 01:02:19,599
was he was able to test it. They then fuck

1040
01:02:19,679 --> 01:02:21,920
were able to test it on a lab in a

1041
01:02:22,000 --> 01:02:24,320
lab setting in a greenhow silver to a nice see

1042
01:02:25,320 --> 01:02:29,639
really cool And this is just it's just an example

1043
01:02:30,199 --> 01:02:34,159
of what happens with cercuntine right, or gypsum or fucking

1044
01:02:34,239 --> 01:02:37,920
latterites or no evacuate or any of these weird soil type.

1045
01:02:37,960 --> 01:02:39,960
This is okay, this is that's it. That's great. Great,

1046
01:02:39,960 --> 01:02:41,760
I'm fucking dolerated because I was I gotta go get

1047
01:02:41,800 --> 01:02:45,400
it the water. But this, this, uh, this mind tailing

1048
01:02:46,599 --> 01:02:51,519
experiment was really showed how edaphic endemism being restricted and

1049
01:02:51,559 --> 01:02:54,519
only growing on a certain soil type evolves. Okay, the

1050
01:02:54,639 --> 01:02:57,920
things that make you, if you're a plant, able to tolerate

1051
01:03:00,039 --> 01:03:06,159
high high heavy metal con concentrations and low nitrogen concentrations

1052
01:03:06,239 --> 01:03:10,280
low macro nutrients, et cetera. Uh, there's you know, the

1053
01:03:10,400 --> 01:03:11,960
cost is that you're not going to be able to

1054
01:03:12,000 --> 01:03:16,719
compete with stuff that on normal soil, on the serpentine soil,

1055
01:03:16,800 --> 01:03:18,880
you'll be able. On the heavy metal soil, you'll be

1056
01:03:18,920 --> 01:03:22,119
able to grow. You're not gonna thrive, but you'll be

1057
01:03:22,119 --> 01:03:24,360
able to grow. And the stuff that doesn't have those

1058
01:03:24,440 --> 01:03:28,239
the ancestral populations of plants unquote normal soils won't be

1059
01:03:28,320 --> 01:03:32,280
able to Okay, but then when you go to normal soil,

1060
01:03:32,440 --> 01:03:34,239
you know, so in other words, you don't need these

1061
01:03:34,320 --> 01:03:38,480
these serpentine endemic plants don't need serpentine soil, but they

1062
01:03:38,559 --> 01:03:42,079
can't have They can handle serpentine, but they can't handle competition.

1063
01:03:42,119 --> 01:03:45,480
They will get smothered out, competed for light, for root space,

1064
01:03:45,960 --> 01:03:48,760
et cetera. On normal soil, they grow slower, they don't

1065
01:03:48,760 --> 01:03:51,559
get as big, all right, They're more adapted for the

1066
01:03:51,599 --> 01:03:54,960
harsh environment. Okay, so you know you get to plush

1067
01:03:55,079 --> 01:03:57,199
they start that or health the clients, you know, which

1068
01:03:57,199 --> 01:03:58,760
happens to some of us too. You know, you grow

1069
01:03:58,800 --> 01:04:01,280
up in a you know, to school of hard knocks.

1070
01:04:01,320 --> 01:04:03,960
The next thing you know, you're going you know, going

1071
01:04:04,000 --> 01:04:06,760
out to live in a you know, cul de sac

1072
01:04:06,840 --> 01:04:09,360
and suburbs. You know, you gain a few pounds, come

1073
01:04:09,400 --> 01:04:12,000
down with diabetes at age forty five. You're not walking anymore,

1074
01:04:12,679 --> 01:04:16,519
you know, you've you've softened up, right versus you're not.

1075
01:04:16,760 --> 01:04:18,480
You're not you know, waiting for the bus and Western

1076
01:04:18,480 --> 01:04:23,000
Avenue at two in the morning anymore, you know, having

1077
01:04:23,039 --> 01:04:27,800
a fend off crackheads and urchins and stuff. Anyway, So

1078
01:04:27,920 --> 01:04:31,920
that concludes our lesson on speciation. Fun shit to think

1079
01:04:31,960 --> 01:04:37,480
about plant speciation, natural selection? How do things evolve? How

1080
01:04:37,480 --> 01:04:41,599
does a plant like aerocarpus know what a rock looks like?

1081
01:04:41,719 --> 01:04:44,039
It doesn't. It's the result you got to zoom out,

1082
01:04:44,039 --> 01:04:47,679
the result of baby steps, phenotypic variation and lots of

1083
01:04:47,719 --> 01:04:51,920
fucking time, and probably gradual change to okay, not like

1084
01:04:52,079 --> 01:04:55,360
you know before that was before Aerocarpus living rock hat

1085
01:04:55,360 --> 01:04:58,480
this was growing before that whole habitat was this barren

1086
01:04:58,559 --> 01:05:01,280
limestone deserts with only a few sparse shrubs, et cetera.

1087
01:05:01,320 --> 01:05:03,679
It was probably a little bit more music, uh maybe

1088
01:05:03,719 --> 01:05:06,760
more of a grassland, and Aria Carpus may not have

1089
01:05:06,840 --> 01:05:09,920
looked as quote harsh or as much as much like

1090
01:05:09,920 --> 01:05:13,440
a rock as it does now, probably had a thick cuticle,

1091
01:05:13,559 --> 01:05:17,480
maybe some other adaptations that were stepping stones, initial stepping

1092
01:05:17,519 --> 01:05:20,920
stones to eventually looking like a goddamn rock and being

1093
01:05:20,920 --> 01:05:24,679
able to have this cryptic habit. But slowly over time

1094
01:05:24,719 --> 01:05:29,159
it got selected for. Okay. Remember, phenotypic change is the

1095
01:05:29,280 --> 01:05:34,920
raw material of natural selection of the environment, selecting for

1096
01:05:35,960 --> 01:05:39,719
traits just like a human hand does. Okay, And the

1097
01:05:39,840 --> 01:05:44,000
individual doesn't evolve, the individual doesn't change, the populations do anyway.

1098
01:05:44,039 --> 01:05:45,920
That's all. I gotta have a grocery daego fuck yourself by.

1099
01:05:46,000 --> 01:05:48,239
I'll put some of the uh, I'll put some of

1100
01:05:48,280 --> 01:05:53,880
the texts the PDFs uh in the comments that they

1101
01:05:53,920 --> 01:05:57,280
used to recommended reading. Okay, Evolution Making Sense of Life

1102
01:05:57,280 --> 01:05:59,440
by Carl Zimmer. It's got the one that get the

1103
01:05:59,440 --> 01:06:01,079
one that's got a it's got a little bunny on

1104
01:06:01,119 --> 01:06:05,519
a cover. Okay, not the in Grakham orchid, all right,

1105
01:06:05,559 --> 01:06:08,039
not Darwin's orchid. And it's a pdfic you can download

1106
01:06:08,039 --> 01:06:12,000
that on libgen two. UH. Raven's Biology of Plants goes

1107
01:06:12,000 --> 01:06:16,320
into this as well. Uh and uh. Jessica Gurvich Ecology

1108
01:06:16,360 --> 01:06:18,320
of Plants, third Edition. That's how I got this shit

1109
01:06:18,440 --> 01:06:20,760
is fascinating. It's what I live for. It's really fun,

1110
01:06:20,840 --> 01:06:24,960
gives you great you know, just philosophically, the fucking the

1111
01:06:25,199 --> 01:06:28,039
perspective it gives you on your own life and the

1112
01:06:28,079 --> 01:06:31,119
immense amounts of time evolved in all the life around

1113
01:06:31,159 --> 01:06:33,719
you was so fun and cool to think about. Is

1114
01:06:33,760 --> 01:06:38,519
what makes studying biology and botany funny. Shit, especially plants,

1115
01:06:38,519 --> 01:06:40,679
because I think plants are a lot more interesting than animals.

1116
01:06:40,679 --> 01:06:42,320
All Right, that's really all I got have Grecia, They

1117
01:06:42,360 --> 01:06:52,159
go fuck you, Stuf Bayh