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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to Spotlight Advanced. I'm Alice Irazari.

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<v Speaker 2>And I'm Andrew Davis. Spotlight uses a special English method

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<v Speaker 2>of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand no

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<v Speaker 2>matter where in the world they live.

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<v Speaker 1>A man is working on his home in Drinkuyu, a

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<v Speaker 1>city in Turkey. The build is going well, but there

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<v Speaker 1>is one problem. His pet chickens keep disappearing. He watches

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<v Speaker 1>one of these birds go down a hole in the floor.

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<v Speaker 1>It never returns.

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<v Speaker 2>One day, the man decides to follow his disappearing chickens.

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<v Speaker 2>He starts hitting the side of the hole that leads

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<v Speaker 2>into the ground. The hole opens up onto a large

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<v Speaker 2>passageway in the rock. This is not a natural place.

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<v Speaker 2>The man discovers rooms, doors, and even Christian churches. He

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<v Speaker 2>has found a whole underground city cut into the rock.

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<v Speaker 2>One day, experts will call this place de Linkuyu. They

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<v Speaker 2>will find that it is eighteen stories deep and once

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<v Speaker 2>held twenty thousand people.

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<v Speaker 1>On today's Spotlight, we will explore the mysteries of Dirinkuyu's

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<v Speaker 1>underground city. We will ask how such a huge place

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<v Speaker 1>could remain hidden. We will examine the lives of the

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<v Speaker 1>people who lived there.

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<v Speaker 2>The Dolnkuyu underground city is the largest below ground settlement

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<v Speaker 2>in Turkey's Cappadocia area. This area is known for its

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<v Speaker 2>fairy chimneys. These rock formations seem like tall structures, but

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<v Speaker 2>they formed from a natural process.

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<v Speaker 1>Long ago, ash from volcanoes covered the area. The ash

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<v Speaker 1>ultimately turned into rock called tough. Tough is very soft rock.

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<v Speaker 1>Wind and water can easily push it away. This leaves

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<v Speaker 1>castles of harder stone that stick up out of the surface.

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<v Speaker 2>Tough also makes for easy digging. Andrea dig Giorgi is

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<v Speaker 2>an expert at Florida State University. He told the British Broadcasting.

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<v Speaker 3>Company Cappadocia is specially good for this kind of underground building.

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<v Speaker 3>This is because of the lack of water in the

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<v Speaker 3>dirt and its flexible, easily shaped rock.

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<v Speaker 1>It is difficult to know who first began building in Dirinkuyu.

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<v Speaker 1>Some experts believe some parts of the city were built

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<v Speaker 1>as far back as twelve hundred BCE, but these building

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<v Speaker 1>were only the first parts. Probably many generations of people

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<v Speaker 1>built the city together. Each one used the space for

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<v Speaker 1>different reasons.

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<v Speaker 2>The people who built the first several floors of their

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<v Speaker 2>Incuyu were either the Hittites or the Prigeans. These ancient

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<v Speaker 2>kingdoms either used the city for defense or for storing food.

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<v Speaker 2>In times of war, the underground would be a good

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<v Speaker 2>place to hide. In times of peace, it would keep

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<v Speaker 2>food cool from the hot Cappadocian sun.

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<v Speaker 1>Whatever the reason, whoever built the city hid it with purpose.

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<v Speaker 1>Most entries are cut into natural holes in the rock.

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<v Speaker 1>Builders used the land to hide their buildings. Even ventilation

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<v Speaker 1>shafts holes that brought air to those below ground were hidden.

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<v Speaker 1>Builders hid these as wells places where people pulled up

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<v Speaker 1>water from the ground. Interestingly, this is exactly what Dirinkuu

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<v Speaker 1>means deep well.

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<v Speaker 2>Di Dinkuyu only reached its full size and population in

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<v Speaker 2>the seventh century CE. During this time, the Byzantine Empire

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<v Speaker 2>occupied Cappadocia. This Christian kingdom often wared with nearby Muslim groups.

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<v Speaker 2>Various Arab caliphates controlled parts of Cappadocia from time to time.

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<v Speaker 2>The Byzantine Empire could not always protect its people.

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<v Speaker 1>To stay safe, the Cappadocian Christians dug farther down. Much

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<v Speaker 1>of the Dirinkuu underground city shows their clever inventions. Hidden

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<v Speaker 1>traps caught attackers off guard before reaching the living spaces.

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<v Speaker 1>The holes were very small, Invaders would need to walk

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<v Speaker 1>one by one to reach the inner parts. Secchoal stone

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<v Speaker 1>doors could close off each entrance. Each door had a

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<v Speaker 1>hole in its center. Those inside could fight off invaders

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<v Speaker 1>if needed, but behind the door they would be safe.

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<v Speaker 2>Suliman is a guide who brings visitors through Drinkuyu's underground city.

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<v Speaker 2>He said.

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<v Speaker 4>Life underground was probably very difficult. The citizens used special

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<v Speaker 4>jars as toilets. They lived by the light of fires.

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<v Speaker 4>They placed their dead in special areas.

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<v Speaker 1>Each place in the city had its own purpose. People

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<v Speaker 1>lived in the middle floors. Livestock like cows and goats,

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<v Speaker 1>lived on the upper floors. This had two purposes. First,

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<v Speaker 1>it made the smell from the animals easy to remove. Second,

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<v Speaker 1>it kept the people living underneath warm in the winter.

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<v Speaker 1>The lower floors were probably used for storing food.

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<v Speaker 2>But Duvinkuyu's underground city was not without its pleasures. Explorers

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<v Speaker 2>discovered places in the city used for making wine. The

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<v Speaker 2>city's many churches show their devotion to their religion. Life

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<v Speaker 2>may have been difficult, but these underground people must have

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<v Speaker 2>taken comfort in their community. They were pulled together by

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<v Speaker 2>a common cause and a common fear.

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<v Speaker 1>People lived in this underground city for many centuries. This

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<v Speaker 1>was not a continuous occupation. At first, citizens would have

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<v Speaker 1>fled to this city in times of war. For example,

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<v Speaker 1>they would use the city as protection from the Mongolian

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<v Speaker 1>invasion led by Timor. This model may have changed in

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<v Speaker 1>the twelfth century when the Seljic Turkic people took over

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<v Speaker 1>the area.

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<v Speaker 2>Cappadocia came under control of Muslim rulers. Most Muslims respected Christianity,

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<v Speaker 2>calling them fellow children of the Book, but Christians in

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<v Speaker 2>the area outnumbered their Turkish rulers. These new leaders punished

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<v Speaker 2>the Christians for their faith, trying to weaken their hold

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<v Speaker 2>on the area. Many Christians fled underground for months and

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<v Speaker 2>even years, hoping for a change.

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<v Speaker 1>This change never really came. The Turkish people came to

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<v Speaker 1>Cappadocia and stayed. The state became the Ottoman Empire, one

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<v Speaker 1>of the largest Muslim empires in history. The Ottoman attitudes

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<v Speaker 1>towards Christians changed over the years, and the Christians would

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<v Speaker 1>often flee to their city underground during times of strife.

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<v Speaker 2>The last people to use their Inclu's underground city hid

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<v Speaker 2>there in nineteen nine. These people were fleeing the violence

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<v Speaker 2>of a war between Turkey and Greece. After this war,

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<v Speaker 2>Dirincuyu's inhabitants left the country. People in the area forgot

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<v Speaker 2>it even existed until a man building a house when

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<v Speaker 2>searching for his chickens.

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<v Speaker 1>Today, Dirinkuyu is one of the area's most famous places

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<v Speaker 1>to visit. It is a part of UNESCO's World Heritage

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<v Speaker 1>Site in Cappadocia. For a small price, guides take visitors

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<v Speaker 1>through some of the places that citizens lived. To an invader,

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<v Speaker 1>the underground city would be huge and complex, but now

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<v Speaker 1>guests can wonder at the literal depths a person will

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<v Speaker 1>go to protect their faith. Fernando Serdio is a writer

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<v Speaker 1>at Kultura Collectiva.

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<v Speaker 5>She said, Derinkuyu is not just a wonder of building.

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<v Speaker 5>It is a look into humanity's strength and ability to

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<v Speaker 5>change as we uncover its secrets. This ancient city reminds

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<v Speaker 5>us that modern society is built on layers of history

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<v Speaker 5>waiting to be discovered.

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<v Speaker 2>Are you a person of faith? What would you do

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<v Speaker 2>to keep your faith alive? What things would you do

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<v Speaker 2>to protect your family In times of trouble. You can

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<v Speaker 2>leave a comment on our website at www dot Spotlight

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<v Speaker 2>English dot com. You can also find us on YouTube, Facebook,

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<v Speaker 2>official Spotlight English app.

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<v Speaker 1>The writer and producer of this program was Dan Christman.

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<v Speaker 1>The voices you you heard were from the United States

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<v Speaker 1>and the United Kingdom. All quotes were adapted for this

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<v Speaker 1>program and voiced by Spotlight. This program is called Turkey's

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<v Speaker 1>Ancient Underground Cities.

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<v Speaker 2>We hope you can join us again for the next

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<v Speaker 2>Spotlight program. Goodbye,